Therapeutic targets for the management of peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain

CNS and Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 589-609

  Jaggi, Amteshwar Singh ^a   Singh, Nirmal ^a  

^a PUNJABI UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Endocannabinoids; Map kinases; Neuropathic pain; Neuropeptides; Pro inflammatory cytokines

Indexed keywords

BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BRADYKININ; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CALCIUM CHANNEL; CHOLECYSTOKININ; DEXTRO AMINO ACID OXIDASE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; ENDOCANNABINOID; ENDOTHELIN; GROWTH FACTOR; HISTAMINE RECEPTOR; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; NEUROTRANSMITTER; NICOTINIC RECEPTOR; NITRIC OXIDE; NORADRENALIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN ANTAGONIST; SIGMA RECEPTOR LIGAND; SODIUM CHANNEL; TACHYKININ; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

ANALGESIA; ARTICLE; ASTROCYTE; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME ACTIVATION; FIBROMYALGIA; HUMAN; HYPERALGESIA; INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS; IRRITABLE COLON; MICROGLIA; NERVE INJURY; NERVE LIGATION; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY; PHANTOM PAIN; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; SCIATIC NERVE; SODIUM CALCIUM EXCHANGE; SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN; SPINAL NERVE;

EID: 79959955209     PISSN: 18715273     EISSN: 19963181     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152711796235041     Document Type: Article

References (285)

1. Alston, R.P.; Pechon, P. Dysesthesia associated with sternotomy for heart surgery. Br. J. Anaesth., 2005, 95, 153-158.
2. Inoue, N.; Ito, S.; Tajima, K.; Nogawa, M.; Takahashi, Y.; Sasagawa, T.; Nakamura, A.; Kyoi, T. Etodolac attenuates mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2009, 109, 600-605.
3. Attal, N.; Cruccu, G.; Haanpää, M.; Hansson, P.; Jensen, T.S.; Nurmikko, T. EFNS guidelines on pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Eur. J. Neurol., 2006, 13, 1153-1169.
4. Dworkin, R.H.; O'Connor, A.B.; Backonja, M.; Farrar, J.T.; Jensen, T.S.; Kalso, E.A.; Loeser, J.D.; Miakowski, C.; Nurmikko, T.J.; Portenoy, R.K.; Rice, A.S.C.; Stacey, B.R.; Treede, R.D.; Turk, D.C.; Wallace, M.S. Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations. Pain, 2007, 132, 237-251.
5. Vo, T.; Rice, A.S.; Dworkin, R.H. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for neuropathic pain: how do we explain continued widespread use? Pain, 2009, 143, 169-171.
6. Khoromi, S.; Cui, L.; Nackers, L.; Max, M.B. Morphine, nortriptyline and their combination vs placebo in patients with chronic lumbar root pain. Pain, 2007, 130, 65-75.
7. Daniell, H.W. Hypogonadism in men consuming sustained-action oral opioids. J. Pain, 2002, 3, 377-384.
8. Vallejo, R.; de Leon-Casasola, O.; Benyamin, R. Opioid therapy and immunosuppression: a review. Am. J. Ther., 2004, 11, 354-365.
9. Angst, M.S.; Clark, J.D. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a qualitative systematic review. Anesthesiology, 2006, 104, 570-587.
10. Collins, S.L.; Moore, R.A.; McQuay, H.J.; Wiffen, P. Antidepressants and anticonvulsants for diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia: a quantitative systematic review. J. Pain Symptom Manage., 2000, 20, 449-458.
11. Robinson, L.R.; Czerniecki, J.M.; Ehde, D.M.; Edwards, W.T.; Judish, D.A.; Goldberg, M.L.; Campbell, K.M.; Smith, D.G.; Jensen, M.P. Trial of amitriptyline for relief of pain in amputees: results of a randomized controlled study. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 2004, 85, 1-6.
12. Yasuda, T.; Miki, S.; Yoshinaga, N.; Senba, E. Effects of amitriptyline and gabapentin on bilateral hyperalgesia observed in an animal model of unilateral axotomy. Pain, 2005, 115, 161-170.
13. Arsenault, A.; Sawynok, J. Perisurgical amitriptyline produces a preventive effect on afferent hypersensitivity following spared nerve injury. Pain, 2009, 146, 308-314.
14. Whiteside, GT.; Dwyer, J.M.; Harrison, J.E.; Beyer, C.E.; Cummons, T.; Manzino, L.; Mark, L.; Johnston, G.H.; Strassle, B.W.; Adedoyin, A.; Lu, P.; Piesla, M.J.; Pulicicchio, C.M.; Erve, J.C.; Platt, B.J.; Hughes, Z.A.; Rogers, K.E.; Deecher, D.C.; Trybulski, E.J.; Kennedym, J.D.; Zhang, P.; Leventhal, L. WAY-318068: a novel, potent and selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor with activity in rodent models of pain and depression. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2010, 160, 1105-1118.
15. Ikeda, T.; Ishida, Y.; Naono, R.; Takeda, R.; Abe, H.; Nakamura, T.; Nishimori, T. Effects of intrathecal administration of newer antidepressants on mechanical allodynia in rat models of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Res., 2009, 63, 42-46.
16. Takeda, K.; Muramatsu, M.; Chikuma, T.; Kato, T. Effect of memantine on the levels of neuropeptides and microglial cells in the brain regions of rats with neuropathic pain. J. Mol. Neurosci., 2009, 39, 380-390.
17. Obata, H.; Saito, S.; Koizuka, S.; Nishikawa, K.; Goto, F. The monoaminemediated antiallodynic effects of intrathecally administered milnacipran, a serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Anesth. Analg., 2005, 100, 1406-1410.
18. Leventhal, L.; Smith, V.; Hornby, G.; Andree, T.H.; Brandt, M.R.; Rogers, K.E. Differential and synergistic effects of selective norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors in rodent models of pain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2007, 320, 1178-1185.
19. England, J.D.; Happel, L.T.; Kline, D.G.; Gamboni, F.; Thouron, C.L.; Liu, Z.P.; Levinson, S.R. Sodium channel accumulation in humans with painful neuromas. Neurology, 1996, 47, 272-276.
20. Mantegazza, M.; Curia, G.; Biagini, G.; Ragsdale, D.S.; Avoli, M. Voltage-gated sodium channels as therapeutic targets in epilepsy and other neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol., 2010, 9, 413-424.
21. Zuliani, V.; Rivara, M.; Fantini, M.; Costantino, G. Sodium channel blockers for neuropathic pain. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat., 2010, 20, 755-779.
22. Isose, S.; Misawa, S.; Sakurai, K.; Kanai, K.; Shibuya, K.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Nasu, S.; Noto, Y.; Fujimaki, Y.; Yokote, K.; Kuwabara, S. Mexiletine suppresses nodal persistent sodium currents in sensory axons of patients with neuropathic pain. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2010, 121, 719-724.
23. Dong, X.W.; Goregoaker, S.; Engler, H.; Zhou, X.; Mark, L.; Crona, J.; Terry, R.; Hunter, J.; Priestley, T. Small interfering RNA-mediated selective knockdown of Na(V)1.8 tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel reverses mechanical allodynia in neuropathic rats. Neuroscience, 2007, 146, 812-821.
24. McGaraughty, S.; Chu, K.L.; Scanio, M.J.; Kort, M.E.; Faltynek, C.R.; Jarvis, M.F. A selective Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker, A- 803467 [5-(4-chlorophenyl-N-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)furan-2- carboxamide], attenuates spinal neuronal activity in neuropathic rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2008, 324, 1204-1211.
25. Thakor, D.K.; Lin, A.; Matsuka, Y.; Meyer, E.M.; Ruangsri, S.; Nishimura, I.; Spigelman, I. Increased peripheral nerve excitability and local NaV1.8 mRNA up-regulation in painful neuropathy. Mol. Pain, 2009, 5, 14.
26. Hudmon, A.; Choi, J.S.; Tyrrell, L.; Black, J.A.; Rush, A.M.; Waxman, S.G.; Dib-Hajj, S.D. Phosphorylation of sodium channel Na(v)1.8 by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase increases current density in dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28, 3190-3201.
27. Leo, S.; D'Hooge, R.; Meert, T. Exploring the role of nociceptor-specific sodium channels in pain transmission using Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 knockout mice. Behav. Brain Res., 2010, 208, 149-157.
28. McGowan, E.; Hoyt, S.B.; Li, X.; Lyons, K.A.; Abbadie, C.A. Peripherally acting Na(v)1.7 sodium channel blocker reverses hyperalgesia and allodynia on rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Anesth. Analg., 2009, 109, 951-958.
29. Hains, B.C.; Saab, C.Y.; Klein, J.P.; Craner, M.J.; Waxman, S.G. Altered sodium channel expression in second-order spinal sensory neurons contributes to pain after peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci., 2004, 24, 4832-4939.
30. Zhao, P.; Waxman, S.G.; Hains, B.C. Sodium channel expression in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus after peripheral nerve injury. Mol. Pain, 2006, 2, 27.
31. Lampert, A.; Hains, B.C.; Waxman, S.G. Upregulation of persistent and ramp sodium current in dorsal horn neurons after spinal cord injury. Exp. Brain Res., 2006, 174, 660-666.
32. + channels and central pain. Trends Neurosci., 2006, 29, 207-215.
33. Hains, B.C.; Saab, C.Y.; Waxman, S.G. Alterations in burst firing of thalamic VPL neurons and reversal by Na(v)1.3 antisense after spinal cord injury. J. Neurophysiol., 2006, 95, 3343-3352.
34. Bee, L.A.; Dickenson, A.H. Effects of lacosamide, a novel sodium channel modulator, on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy. Neuropharmacology, 2009, 57, 472-479.
35. Yaksh, T.L. Calcium channels as therapeutic targets in neuropathic pain. J. Pain, 2006; 7, S13-S30.
36. Matthews, E.A.; Dickenson, A.H. Effects of spinally delivered N-and P-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists on dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of neuropathy. Pain, 2001, 92, 235-246.
37. 2+ channels in the rat spinal cord following chronic constrictive nerve injury. Exp. Brain Res., 2002, 147, 456-463.
38. Snutch, T.P. Targeting chronic and neuropathic pain, the N-type calcium channel comes of age. NeuroRx, 2005, 2, 662-670.
39. Matthews, E.A.; Bee, L.A.; Stephens, G.J.; Dickenson, A.H. The Cav2.3 calcium channel antagonist SNX-482 reduces dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2007, 25, 3561-3569.
40. Jagodic, M.M.; Pathirathna, S.; Joksovic, P.M.; Lee, W.; Nelson, M.T.; Naik, A.K.; Su, P.; Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.; Todorovic, S.M. Upregulation of the T-type calcium current in small rat sensory neurons after chronic constrictive injury of the sciatic nerve. J. Neurophysiol., 2008, 99, 3151-3156.
41. Wen, X.J.; Li, Z.J.; Chen, Z.X.; Fang, Z.Y.; Yang, C.X.; Li, H.; Zeng, Y.M. Intrathecal administration of Cav3.2 and Cav3.3 antisense oligonucleotide reverses tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in rats following chronic compression of dorsal root of ganglion. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2006, 27, 1547-1552.
42. Na, H.S.; Choi, S.; Kim, J.; Park, J.; Shin, H.S. Attenuated neuropathic pain in Cav3.1 null mice. Mol. Cells, 2008, 25, 242-246.
43. Fossat, P.; Dobremez, E.; Bouali-Benazzouz, R.; Favereaux, A.; Bertrand, S.S.; Kilk, K.; Léger, C.; Cazalets, J.R.; Langel, U.; Landry, M.; Nagy, F. Knockdown of L calcium channel subtypes, differential effects in neuropathic pain. J. Neurosci., 2010, 30, 1073-1085.
44. Li, C.Y.; Song, Y.H.; Higuera, E.S.; Luo, Z.D. Spinal dorsal horn calcium channel subunit upregulation contributes to peripheral nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia. J. Neurosci., 2004, 24, 8494-8499.
45. Li, C.Y.; Zhang, X.L.; Matthews, E.A.; Li, K.W.; Kurwa, A.; Boroujerdi, A.; Gross, J.; Gold, M.S.; Dickenson, A.H.; Feng, G.; Luo, Z.D. Calcium channel alpha(2)delta(1) subunit mediates spinal hyperexcitability in pain modulation. Pain, 2006, 125, 20-34.
46. Nguyen, D.; Deng, P.; Matthews, E.A.; Kim, D.S.; Feng, G.; Dickenson, A.H.; Xu, Z.C.; Luo, Z.D. Enhanced pre-synaptic glutamate release in deep-dorsal horn contributes to calcium channel alpha-2-delta-1 protein-mediated spinal sensitization and behavioral hypersensitivity. Mol. Pain, 2009, 5, 6.
47. Boroujerdi, A.; Kim, H.K.; Lyu, Y.S.; Kim, D.S.; Figueroa, K.W.; Chung, J.M.; Luo, Z.D. Injury discharges regulate calcium channel alpha-2-delta-1 subunit upregulation in the dorsal horn that contributes to initiation of neuropathic pain. Pain, 2008, 139, 358-366.
48. Hahm, T.S.; Ahn, H.J.; Bae, C.D.; Kim, H.S.; Lim, S.W.; Cho, H.S.; Lee, S.M.; Sim, W.S.; Kim, J.A.; Gwak, M.S.; Choi, S.J. Protective effects of gabapentin on allodynia and alpha 2 delta 1-subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channel in spinal nerve-ligated rats. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2009, 24, 146-151.
49. Bauer, C.S.; Nieto-Rostro, M.; Rahman, W.; Tran-Van-Minh, A.; Ferron, L.; Douglas, L.; Kadurin, I.; Sri Ranjan, Y.; Fernandez-Alacid, L.; Millar, N.S.; Dickenson, A.H.; Lujan, R.; Dolphin, A.C. The increased trafficking of the calcium channel subunit alpha2delta-1 to presynaptic terminals in neuropathic pain is inhibited by the alpha2delta ligand pregabalin. J. Neurosci., 2009, 29, 4076-4088.
50. Kawano, T.; Zoga, V.; Gemes, G.; McCallum, J.B.; Wu, H.E.; Pravdic, D.; Liang, M.Y.; Kwok, W.M.; Hogan, Q.; Sarantopoulos, C. Suppressed Ca2+/CaM/CaMKII-dependent K(ATP) channel activity in primary afferent neurons mediates hyperalgesia after axotomy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106, 8725-8730.
51. Zoga, V.; Kawano, T.; Liang, M.Y.; Bienengraeber, M.; Weihrauch, D.; McCallum, B.; Gemes, G.; Hogan, Q.; Sarantopoulos, C. KATP channel subunits in rat dorsal root ganglia, alterations by painful axotomy. Mol. Pain, 2010, 6, 6.
52. Robbins, J. KCNQ potassium channels, physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Ther., 2001, 90, 1-19.
53. Roza, C.; Lopez-Garcia, J.A. Retigabine, the specific KCNQ channel opener, blocks ectopic discharges in axotomized sensory fibres. Pain, 2008, 138, 537-545.
54. Fritch, P.C.; McNaughton-Smith, G.; Amato, G.S.; Burns, J.F.; Eargle, C.W.; Roeloffs, R.; Harrison, W.; Jones, L.; Wickenden, A.D. Novel KCNQ2/Q3 agonists as potential therapeutics for epilepsy and neuropathic pain. J. Med. Chem., 2010, 53, 887-896.
55. + channel function in rat dorsal vagal neurones. J. Physiol., 2000, 527, 283-290.
56. Mongan, L.C.; Hill, M.J.; Chen, M.X.; Tate, S.N.; Collins, S.D.; Buckby, L.; Grubb, B.D. The distribution of small and intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in the rat sensory nervous system. Neurosciences, 2005, 1, 161-175.
57. Sarantopoulos, C.D.; McCallum, J.B.; Rigaud, M.; Fuchs, A.; Kwok, W.M.; Hogan, Q.H. Opposing effects of spinal nerve ligation on calcium-activated potassium currents in axotomized and adjacent mammalian primary afferent neurons. Brain Res., 2007, 1132, 84-99.
58. Furukawa, N.; Takasusuki, T.; Fukushima, T.; Hori, Y. Presynaptic large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels control synaptic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn of the mouse. Neurosci. Lett., 2008, 444, 79-82.
59. Chen, S.R.; Cai, Y.Q.; Pan, H.L. Plasticity and emerging role of BKCa channels in nociceptive control in neuropathic pain. J. Neurochem., 2009, 110, 352-362.
60. Enna, S.J.; McCarson, K.E. The role of GABA in the mediation and perception of pain. Adv. Pharmacol., 2006, 54, 1-27.
61. Meisner, J.G.; Marsh, A.D.; Marsh, D.R. Loss of GABAergic interneurons in laminae I-III of the spinal cord dorsal horn contributes to reduced GABAergic tone and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. J. Neurotrauma, 2010, 27, 729-737.
62. Eaton, M.J.; Plunkett, J.A.; Karmally, S.; Martinez, M.A.; Montanez, K. Changes in GAD- and GABA-immunoreactivity in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury and promotion of recovery by lumbar transplant of immortalized serotonergic precursors. J. Chem. Neuroanat., 1998, 16, 57-72.
63. Lee, J.; Back, S.K.; Lim, E.J.; Cho, G.C.; Kim, M.A.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, M.H.; Na, H.S. Are spinal GABAergic elements related to the manifestation of neuropathic pain in rat? Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2010, 14, 59-69.
64. Xu, Y.F.; Cai, Y.Q.; Cai, G.Q.; Jiang, J.; Sheng, Z.J.; Wang, Z.G.; Fei, J. Hypoalgesia in mice lacking GABA transporter subtype 1. J. Neurosci. Res., 2008, 86, 465-470.
65. Daemen, M.A.; Hoogland, G.; Cijntje, J.M.; Spincemaille, G.H. Upregulation of the GABA-transporter GAT-1 in the spinal cord contributes to pain behaviour in experimental neuropathy. Neurosci. Lett., 2008, 444, 112-115.
66. Gosselin, R.D.; Bebber, D.; Decosterd, I. Upregulation of the GABA transporter GAT-1 in the gracile nucleus in the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Lett., 2010, Jun 11. [Epub ahead of print]
67. Bleakman, D.; Alt, A.; Nisenbaum, E.S. Glutamate receptors and pain. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 2006, 17, 592-604.
68. Somers, D.L.; Clemente, F.R. Dorsal horn synaptosomal content of aspartate, glutamate, glycine and GABA are differentially altered following chronic constriction injury to the rat sciatic nerve. Neurosci. Lett., 2002, 23, 171-174.
69. Kumar, N.; Laferriere, A.; Yu, J.S.; Leavitt, A.; Coderre, T.J. Evidence that pregabalin reduces neuropathic pain by inhibiting the spinal release of glutamate. J. Neurochem., 2010, 113, 552-561.
70. Fisher, K.; Lefebvre, C.; Coderre, T.J. Antinociceptive effects following intrathecal pretreatment with selective metabotropic glutamate receptor compounds in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2002, 73, 411-418.
71. Mills, C.D.; Xu, G.Y.; Johnson, K.M.; Hulsebosch, C.E. AIDA reduces glutamate release and attenuates mechanical allodynia after spinal cord injury. Neuroreport, 2000, 11, 3067-3070.
72. Gwak, Y.S.; Hulsebosch, C.E. Upregulation of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in neurons and astrocytes in the dorsal horn following spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol., 2005, 195, 236-243.
73. Osikowicz, M.; Mika, J.; Makuch, W.; Przewlocka, B. Glutamate receptor ligands attenuate allodynia and hyperalgesia and potentiate morphine effects in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. Pain, 2008, 139, 117-126.
74. Leem, J.W.; Kim, H.K.; Hulsebosch, C.E.; Gwak, Y.S. Ionotropic glutamate receptors contribute to maintained neuronal hyperexcitability following spinal cord injury in rats. Exp. Neurol., 2010, 224, 321-324.
75. Nie, H.; Weng, H.R. Impaired glial glutamate uptake induces extrasynaptic glutamate spillover in the spinal sensory synapses of neuropathic rats. J. Neurophysiol., 2010, 103, 2570-2580.
76. Rashid, H.; Inoue, M.; Matsumoto, M.; Ueda, H. Switching of bradykinin-mediated nociception following partial sciatic nerve injury in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2004, 308, 1158-1164.
77. Rajpal, S.; Gerovac, T.A.; Turner, N.A.; Tilghman, J.I.; Allcock, B.K.; McChesney, S.L.; Miranpuri, G.S.; Park, S.W.; Resnick, D.K. Antihyperalgesic effects of vanilloid-1 and bradykinin-1 receptor antagonists following spinal cord injury in rats. J. Neurosurg. Spine, 2007, 6, 420-424.
78. Ferreira, J.; Beirith, A.; Mori, M.A.S.; Araujo, R.C.; Bader, M.; Pesquero, J.B.; Calixto, J.B. Reduced nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain in kinin B1 receptor knock-out mice. J. Neurosci., 2005, 25, 2405-2415.
79. Petcu, M.; Dias, J.P.; Ongali, B.; Thibault, G.; Neugebauer, W.; Couture, R. Role of kinin B1 and B2 receptors in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2008, 8, 188-196.
80. Quintão, N.L.; Passos, G.F.; Medeiros, R.; Paszcuk, A.F.; Motta, F.L.; Pesquero, J.B.; Campos, M.M.; Calixto, J.B. Neuropathic pain-like behavior after brachial plexus avulsion in mice, the relevance of kinin B1 and B2 receptors. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28, 2856-2863.
81. Lee, Y.J.; Zachrisson, O.; Tonge, D.A.; MacNaugton, P.A. Upregulation of bradykinin B2 receptor expression by neurotrophic factors and nerve injury in mouse sensory neurons. Mol. Cell Neurosci., 2002, 19, 186-200.
82. Vellani, V.; Zachrisson, O.; McNaughton, P.A. Functional bradykinin B1 receptors are expressed in nociceptive neurons and are up-regulated by the neurotrophin GDNF. J. Physiol., 2004, 560, 391-401.
83. Severini, C.; Improta, G.; Falconieri-Erspamer, G.; Salvadori, S.; Erspamer, V. The tachykinin peptide family. Pharmacol. Rev., 2002, 54, 285-322.
84. Marchand, J.E.; Wurm, W.H.; Kato, T.; Kream, R.M. Altered tachykinin expression by dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain, 1994, 58, 219-231.
85. Datta, S.; Chatterjee, K.; Kline, R.H., 4th.; Wiley, R.G. Behavioral and anatomical characterization of the bilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction (bCCI) injury, correlation of anatomic changes and responses to cold stimuli. Mol. Pain, 2010, 6, 7.
86. Yoshimura, M.; Yonehara, N. Alteration in sensitivity of ionotropic glutamate receptors and tachykinin receptors in spinal cord contribute to development and maintenance of nerve injury-evoked neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Res., 2006, 56, 21-28.
87. Matsumura, T.; Sakai, A.; Nagano, M.; Sawada, M.; Suzuki, H.; Umino, M.; Suzuki, H. Increase in hemokinin-1 mRNA in the spinal cord during the early phase of a neuropathic pain state. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 155, 767-774.
88. Kim, J.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, Y.; Cho, H.Y.; Hong, S.K.; Yoon, Y.W. Role of spinal cholecystokinin in neuropathic pain after spinal cord hemisection in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 2009, 462, 303-307.
89. Yamamoto, T.; Nozaki-Taguchi, N. Role of cholecystokinin-B receptor in the maintenance of thermal hyperalgesia induced by unilateral constriction injury to the sciatic nerve in the rat. Neurosci. Lett., 1995, 202, 89-92.
90. Kovelowski, C.J.; Ossipov, M.H.; Sun, H.; Lai, J.; Malan, T.P.; Porreca, F. Supraspinal cholecystokinin may drive tonic descending facilitation mechanisms to maintain neuropathic pain in the rat. Pain, 2000, 87, 265-273.
91. Zhang, W.; Gardell, S.; Zhang, D.; Xie, J.Y.; Agnes, R.S.; Badghisi, H.; Hruby, VJ.; Rance, N.; Ossipov, M.H.; Vanderah, T.W.; Porreca, F.; Lai, J. Neuropathic pain is maintained by brainstem neurons co-expressing opioid and cholecystokinin receptors. Brain, 2009, 132, 778-787.
92. Ma, W.; Bisby, M.A. Partial and complete sciatic nerve injuries induce similar increases of neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivities in primary sensory neurons and their central projections. Neuroscience, 1998, 86, 1217-1234.
93. Son, S.J.; Lee, K.M.; Jeon, S.M.; Park, E.S.; Park, K.M.; Cho, H.J. Activation of transcription factor c-jun in dorsal root ganglia induces VIP and NPY upregulation and contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Exp. Neurol., 2007, 204, 467-472.
94. Taylor, B.K.; Abhyankar, S.S.; Vo, N.T.; Kriedt, C.L.; Churi, S.B.; Urban, J.H. Neuropeptide Y acts at Y1 receptors in the rostral ventral medulla to inhibit neuropathic pain. Pain, 2007, 131, 83-95.
95. Intondi, A.B.; Dahlgren, M.N.; Eilers, M.A.; Taylor, B.K. Intrathecal neuropeptide Y reduces behavioral and molecular markers of inflammatory or neuropathic pain. Pain, 2008, 137, 352-365.
96. Tsai, Y.J.; Lin, C.T.; Huang, C.T.; Wang, H.Y.; Tien, L.T.; Chen, S.H.; Lue, J.H. Neuropeptide Y modulates c-Fos protein expression in the cuneate nucleus and contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity following rat median nerve injury. J. Neurotrauma, 2009, 26, 1609-1621.
97. Kajander, K.C.; Xu, J. Quantitative evaluation of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P levels in rat spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci. Lett., 1995, 186, 184-188.
98. Bennett, A.D.; Chastain, K.M.; Hulsebosch, C.E. Alleviation of mechanical and thermal allodynia by CGRP (8-37) in a rodent model of chronic central pain. Pain, 2000, 86, 163-175.
99. Lee, S.E.; Kim, J.H. Involvement of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in development and maintenance of neuropathic pain from spinal nerve injury model of rat. Neurosci. Res., 2007, 58, 245-249.
100. Wang, D.; Gao, Y.; Ji, H.; Hong, Y. Topical and systemic administrations of ketanserin attenuate hypersensitivity and expression of CGRP in rats with spinal nerve ligation. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2010, 627, 124-130.
101. Khan, N.; Singh, N.; Jaggi, A.S. Possible role of spleen-derived factors, vanilloid receptors and calcitonin gene-related peptide in diabetes induced hyperalgesia in mice. Yakugaku Zasshi, 2008, 128, 1699-1705.
102. Eftekhari, S.; Salvatore, C.A.; Calamari, A.; Kane, S.A.; Tajti, J.; Edvinsson, L. Differential distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor components in the human trigeminal ganglion. Neuroscience, 2010, 169, 683-696.
103. Fischer, M.J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists for migraine. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2010, 19, 815-823.
104. Schelstraete, C.; Paemeleire, K. CGRP antagonists, hope for a new era in acute migraine treatment. Acta Neurol. Belg., 2009, 109, 252-261.
105. Durham, P.L.; Vause, C.V. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists in the treatment of migraine. CNS Drugs, 2010, 24, 539-548.
106. Katsura, H.; Obata, K.; Mizushima, T.; Sakurai, J.; Kobayashi, K.; Yamanaka, H.; Dai, Y.; Fukuoka, T.; Sakagami, M.; Noguchi, K. Activation of Src-family kinases in spinal microglia contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity after nerve injury. J. Neurosci., 2006, 26, 8680-8690.
107. Wen, Y.R.; Suter, M.R.; Kawasaki, Y.; Huang, J.; Pertin, M.; Kohno, T.; Berde, C.B.; Decosterd, I.; Ji, R.R. Nerve conduction blockade in the sciatic nerve prevents but does not reverse the activation of p38 mitogen- activated protein kinase in spinal microglia in the rat spared nerve injury model. Anesthesiology, 2007, 107, 312-321.
108. Tsuda, M.; Mizokoshi, A.; Shigemoto-Mogami, Y.; Koizumi, S.; Inoue, K. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in spinal hyperactive microglia contributes to pain hypersensitivity following peripheral nerve injury. Glia, 2004, 45, 9-95.
109. Milligan, E.D.; Twining, C; Chacur, M.; Biedenkapp, J.; O'Connor, K.; Poole, S.; Tracey, K.; Martin, D.; Maier, S.F.; Watkins, L.R. Spinal glia and proinflammatory cytokines mediate mirror-image neuropathic pain in rats. J. Neurosci., 2003, 23, 1026-1040.
110. Svensson, C.I.; Fitzsimmons, B.; Azizi, S.; Powell, H.C.; Hua, X.Y.; Yaksh, T.L. Spinal p38beta isoform mediates tissue injury-induced hyperalgesia and spinal sensitization. J. Neurochem., 2005, 92, 1508-1520.
111. Zhuang, Z.Y.; Gerner, P.; Woolf, C.J.; Ji, R.R. ERK is sequentially activated in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes by spinal nerve ligation and contributes to mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model. Pain, 2005, 114, 149-159.
112. Zhao, P.; Waxman, S.G.; Hains, B.C. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-regulated microglia-neuron signaling by prostaglandin E2 contributes to pain after spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci., 2007, 27, 2357-2368.
113. Crown, E.D.; Gwak, Y.S.; Ye, Z.; Johnson, K.M.; Hulsebosch, C.E. Activation of p38 MAP kinase is involved in central neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol, 2008, 213, 257-267.
114. Zhong, Y.; Zhou, L.J.; Ren, W.J.; Xin, W.J.; Li, Y.Y.; Zhang, T.; Liu, X.G. The direction of synaptic plasticity mediated by C-fibers in spinal dorsal horn is decided by Src-family kinases in microglia: the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Brain. Behav. Immun., 2010, 24(6), 874-880.
115. Peng, G.; Han, M.; Du, Y.; Lin, A.; Yu, L.; Zhang, Y.; Jing, N. SIP30 is regulated by ERK in peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. J. Biol. Chem., 2009, 284, 30138-30147.
116. Dominguez, E.; Mauborgne, A.; Mallet, J.; Desclaux, M.; Pohl, M. SOCS3-mediated blockade of JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway reveals its major contribution to spinal cord neuroinflammation and mechanical allodynia after peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci., 2010, 30, 5754-5766.
117. Leung, L.; Cahill, CM. TNF-alpha and neuropathic pain-a review. J. Neuroinflammation, 2010, 7, 27.
118. Empl, M.; Renaud, S.; Erne, B.; Fuhr, P.; Straube, A.; Schaeren-Wiemers, N.; Steck, A.J. TNF-alpha expression in painful and nonpainful neuropathies. Neurology, 2001, 56, 1371-1377.
119. George, A.; Buehl, A.; Sommer, C. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 and 2 proteins are differentially regulated during Wallerian degeneration of mouse sciatic nerve. Exp. Neurol, 2005, 192, 163-166.
120. Sommer, C; Lindenlaub, T.; Teuteberg, P.; Schafers, M.; Hartung, T.; Toyka, K.V. Anti-TNF-neutralizing antibodies reduce pain-related behavior in two different mouse models of painful mononeuropathy. Brain Res., 2001, 913, 86-89.
121. Jancálek, R.; Dubovy, P.; Svízenská, I.; Klusáková, I. Bilateral changes of TNF-alpha and IL-10 protein in the lumbar and cervical dorsal root ganglia following a unilateral chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. J. Neuroinflammation, 2010, 7, 11.
122. Jin, X.; Gereau, R.W. Acute p38-mediated modulation of tetrodotoxin resistant sodium channels in mouse sensory neurons by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J. Neurosci., 2006, 26, 246-255.
123. Schafers, M.; Lee, D.H.; Brors, D.; Yaksh, T.L.; Sorkin, L.S. Increased sensitivity of injured and adjacent uninjured rat primary sensory neurons to exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha after spinal nerve ligation. J. Neurosci., 2003, 23, 3028-3038.
124. Xu, L.; Huang, Y.; Yu, X.; Yue, J.; Yang, N.; Zuo, P. The influence of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor on synthesis of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha in spinal cord of rats with chronic constriction injury. Anesth. Analg., 2007, 105, 1838-1844.
125. Sekiguchi, M.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Konno, S.; Kobayashi, H.; Homma, Y.; Kikuchi, S. Comparison of neuropathic pain and neuronal apoptosis following nerve root or spinal nerve compression. Eur. Spine. J., 2009, 18, 1978-1985.
126. Wolf, G.; Gabay, E.; Tal, M.; Yirmiya, R.; Shavit, Y. Genetic impairment of interleukin-1 signaling attenuates neuropathic pain, autotomy, and spontaneous ectopic neuronal activity, following nerve injury in mice. Pain, 2006, 120, 315-324.
127. Gustafson-Vickers, S.L.; Lu, V.B.; Lai, A.Y.; Todd, K.G.; Ballanyi, K.; Smith, P.A. Long-term actions of interleukin-1beta on delay and tonic firing neurons in rat superficial dorsal horn and their relevance to central sensitization. Mol Pain, 2008, 4, 63.
128. Norman, G.J.; Karelina, K.; Zhang, N.; Walton, J.C.; Morris, J.S.; Devries, A.C. Stress and IL-1beta contribute to the development of depressive-like behavior following peripheral nerve injury. Mol. Psychiatry, 2010, 15, 404-414.
129. Siniscalco, D.; Giordano, C; Galderisi, U.; Luongo, L.; Alessio, N.; Di Bernardo, G.; de Novellis, V.; Rossi, F.; Maione, S. Intra-brain microinjection of human mesenchymal stem cells decreases allodynia in neuropathic mice. Cell Mol. Life Sci., 2010, 67, 655-669.
130. Brázda, V.; Klusáková, I.; Svízenská, I.; Veselková, Z.; Dubovy, P. Bilateral changes in IL-6 protein, but not in its receptor gp130, in rat dorsal root ganglia following sciatic nerve ligature. Cell Mol. Neurobiol, 2009, 29, 1053-1062.
131. Martucci, C; Trovato, A.E.; Costa, B.; Borsani, E.; Franchi, S.; Magnaghi, V.; Panerai, A.E.; Rodella, L.F.; Valsecchi, A.E.; Sacerdote, P.; Colleoni, M. The purinergic antagonist PPADS reduces pain related behaviours and interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, iNOS and nNOS overproduction in central and peripheral nervous system after peripheral neuropathy in mice. Pain, 2008, 137, 81-95.
132. Lee, K.M.; Jeon, S.M.; Cho, H.J. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 induces interleukin-6 upregulation through NF-kappaB in a rat neuropathic pain model. Eur. J. Pain, 2009, 13, 794-806.
133. Fu, E.S.; Zhang, Y.P.; Sagen, J.; Candiotti, K.A.; Morton, P.D.; Liebl, D.J.; Bethea, J.R.; Brambilla, R. Transgenic inhibition of glial NF-kappa B reduces pain behavior and inflammation after peripheral nerve injury. Pain, 2010, 148, 509-518.
134. Yamaguchi, S.; Tanabe, K.; Takai, S.; Matsushima-Nishiwaki, R.; Adachi, S.; Iida, H.; Kozawa, O.; Dohi, S. Involvement of Rho-kinase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced interleukin-6 release from C6 glioma cells. Neurochem. Int., 2009, 55, 438-445.
135. Parish, C.L. The role of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and glia in inducing growth of neuronal terminal arbors in mice. J. Neurosci., 2002, 22, 8034-8041.
136. Kawasaki, Y.; Zhang, L.; Cheng, J.K.; Ji, R.R. Cytokine mechanisms of central sensitization, distinct and overlapping role of interleukin-1(3, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a in regulating synaptic and neuronal activity in the superficial spinal cord. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28, 5189-5194.
137. Lee, K.M.; Jeon, S.M.; Cho, H.J. Interleukin-6 induces microglial CX3CR1 expression in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury through the activation of p38 MAPK. Eur. J. Pain, 2010, 14(7), 682.e1-682.e12.
138. Owolabi, S.A.; Saab, C.Y. Fractalkine and minocycline alter neuronal activity in the spinal cord dorsal horn. FEBS Lett, 2006, 580, 4306-4310.
139. Whitehead, K.J.; Smith, C.G.; Delaney, S.A.; Curnow, S.J.; Salmon, M.; Hughes, J.P.; Chessell, I.P. Dynamic regulation of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokine release in the rat in vivo following peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav. Immun., 2010, 24, 569-576.
140. Mika, J.; Osikowicz, M.; Makuch, W.; Przewlocka, B. Minocycline and pentoxifylline attenuate allodynia and hyperalgesia and potentiate the effects of morphine in rat and mouse models of neuropathic pain. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 2007, 560, 142-149.
141. Fukuoka, T.; Kondo, E.; Dai, Y.; Hashimoto, N.; Noguchi, K. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor increases in the uninjured dorsal root ganglion neurons in selective spinal nerve ligation model. J. Neurosci., 2001, 21, 4891-4900.
142. Vivoli, E.; Mannelli, L.D.; Salvicchi, A.; Bartolini, A.; Koverech, A.; Nicolai, R.; Benatti, P.; Ghelardini, C. Acetyl-l-carnitine increases artemin level and prevents neurotrophic factor alterations during neuropathy. Neuroscience, 2010, 167, 1168-1174.
143. Obata, K.; Yamanaka, H.; Kobayashi, K.; Dai, Y.; Mizushima, T.; Katsura, H.; Fukuoka, T.; Tokunaga, A.; Noguchi, K. Role of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in injured and intact primary afferent neurons for mechanical and heat hypersensitivity after spinal nerve ligation. J. Neurosci., 2004, 24, 10211-10222.
144. Wilson-Gerwing, T.D.; Stucky, C.L.; McComb, G.W.; Verge, V.M. Neurotrophin-3 significantly reduces sodium channel expression linked to neuropathic pain states. Exp. Neurol, 2008, 213, 303-314.
145. Cirillo, G.; Cavaliere, C; Bianco, M.R.; De Simone, A.; Colangelo, A.M.; Sellitti, S.; Alberghina, L.; Papa, M. Intrathecal NGF administration reduces reactive astrocytosis and changes neurotrophin receptors expression pattern in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Cell Mol. Neurobiol., 2010, 30, 51-62.
146. Capelle, H.H.; Weigel, R.; Schmelz, M.; Krauss, J.K. Neurotrophins in the cerebrospinal fluid of patient cohorts with neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain, or normal pressure hydrocephalus. Clin. J. Pain, 2009, 25, 729-733.
147. Ceyhan, G.O.; Schäfer, K.H.; Kerscher, A.G.; Rauch, U.; Demir, I.E.; Kadihasanoglu, M.; Böhm, C.; Müller, M.W.; Büchler, M.W.; Giese, N.A.; Erkan, M.; Friess, H. Nerve growth factor and artemin are paracrine mediators of pancreatic neuropathy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Ann. Surg., 2010, 251, 923-931.
148. Rukwied, R.; Mayer, A.; Kluschina, O.; Obreja, O.; Schley, M.; Schmelz, M. NGF induces non-inflammatory localized and lasting mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in human skin. Pain, 2010, 148, 407-413.
149. Watson, J.J.; Allen, S.J.; Dawbarn, D. Targeting nerve growth factor in pain, what is the therapeutic potential? BioDrugs, 2008, 22, 349-359.
150. Cattaneo, A. Tanezumab, a recombinant humanized mAb against nerve growth factor for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., 2010, 12, 94-106.
151. Quintão, N.L.; Santos, A.R.; Campos, M.M.; Calixto, J.B. The role of neurotrophic factors in genesis and maintenance of mechanical hypernociception after brachial plexus avulsion in mice. Pain, 2008, 136, 125-133.
152. Tender, G.C.; Li, Y.Y.; Cui, J.G. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor redistribution in the dorsal root ganglia correlates with neuropathic pain inhibition after resiniferatoxin treatment. Spine J., 2010, 10(8), 715-720.
153. Geng, S.J.; Liao, F.F.; Dang, W.H.; Ding, X.; Liu, X.D.; Cai, J.; Han, J.S.; Wan, Y.; Xing, G.G. Contribution of the spinal cord BDNF to the development of neuropathic pain by activation of the NR2B-containing NMDA receptors in rats with spinal nerve ligation. Exp. Neurol., 2010, 222, 256-266.
154. Zhou, L.J.; Ren, W.J.; Zhong, Y.; Yang, T.; Wei, X.H.; Xin, W.J.; Liu, C.C.; Zhou, L.H.; Li, Y.Y.; Liu, X.G. Limited BDNF contributes to the failure of injury to skin afferents to produce a neuropathic pain condition. Pain, 2010, 148, 148-157.
155. Adler, J.E.; Nico, L., Vande, Vord. P.; Skoff, A.M. Modulation of neuropathic pain by a glial-derived factor. Pain Med., 2009, 10, 1229-1236.
156. Sakai, A.; Asada, M.; Seno, N.; Suzuki, H. Involvement of neural cell adhesion molecule signaling in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-induced analgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain, 2008, 137, 378-388.
157. Chen, S.; Velardez, M.O.; Warot, X.; Yu, Z.X.; Miller, S.J.; Cros, D.; Corfas, G. Neuregulin 1-erbB signaling is necessary for normal myelination and sensory function. J. Neurosci., 2006, 26, 3079-3086.
158. Calvo, M.; Zhu, N.; Tsantoulas, C.; Ma, Z.; Grist, J.; Loeb, J.A.; Bennett, D.L. Neuregulin-ErbB signaling promotes microglial proliferation and chemotaxis contributing to microgliosis and pain after peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci., 2010, 30, 5437-5450.
159. McKemy, D.D. How cold is it? TRPM8 and TRPA1 in the molecular logic of cold sensation. Mol. Pain, 2005, 1, 16.
160. McKemy, D.D.; Neuhausser, W.M.; Julius, D. Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation. Nature, 2002, 416, 52-58.
161. Colburn, R.W.; Lubin, M.L.; Stone, D.J., Jr.; Wang, Y.; Lawrence, D.; D'Andrea, M.R.; Brandt, M.R.; Liu, Y.; Flores, C.M.; Qin, N. Attenuated cold sensitivity in TRPM8 null mice. Neuron, 2007, 54, 379-386.
162. Frederick, J.; Buck, M.E.; Matson, D.J.; Cortright, D.N. Increased TRPA1, TRPM8, and TRPV2 expression in dorsal root ganglia by nerve injury. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2007, 358, 1058-1064.
163. Proudfoot, C.J.; Garry, E.M.; Cottrell, D.F.; Rosie, R.; Anderson, H.; Robertson, D.C.; Fleetwood-Walker, S.M.; Mitchell, R. Analgesia mediated by the TRPM8 cold receptor in chronic neuropathic pain. Curr. Biol., 2006, 16, 1591-1605.
164. Xing, H.; Chen, M.; Ling, J.; Tan, W.; Gu, J.G. TRPM8 mechanism of cold allodynia after chronic nerve injury. J. Neurosci., 2007, 27, 13680-13690.
165. Hammond, D.L.; Ackerman, L.; Holdsworth, R.; Elzey, B. Effects of spinal nerve ligation on immunohistochemically identified neurons in the L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol, 2004, 475, 575-589.
166. Katsura, H.; Obata, K.; Mizushima, T.; Yamanaka, H.; Kobayashi, K.; Dai, Y.; Fukuoka, T.; Tokunaga, A.; Sakagami, M.; Noguchi, K. Antisense knock down of TRPA1, but not TRPM8, alleviates cold hyperalgesia after spinal nerve ligation in rats. Exp. Neurol, 2006, 200, 112-123.
167. Caspani, O.; Zurborg, S.; Labuz, D.; Heppenstall, P.A. The contribution of TRPM8 and TRPA1 channels to cold allodynia and neuropathic pain. PLoS One, 2009, 4, e7383.
168. Vellani, V.; Mappleback, S.; Moriondo, A.; Davis, J.B.; McNaughton, P.A. Protein kinase C activation gating of the vanilloid receptor VR1 by capsaicin, protons, heat and anandamide. J. Physiol, 2001, 534, 813-825
169. Chen, Y.; Willcockson, H.H.; Valtschanoff, J.G. Influence of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1 on the activation of spinal cord glia in mouse models of pain. Exp. Neurol, 2009, 220, 383-390.
170. Bley, K.R. Recent developments in transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 agonist-based therapies. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2004, 13, 1445-1456.
171. Wang, H.L.; Katon, J.; Balan, C; Bannon, A.W.; Bernard, C.; Doherty, E.M.; Dominguez, C; Gavva, N.R.; Gore, V.; Ma, V.; Nishimura, N.; Surapaneni, S.; Tang, P.; Tamir, R.; Thiel, O.; Treanor, J.J.; Norman, M.H. Vanilloid receptor-1 antagonists, 3. the identification of a second-generation clinical candidate with improved physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. J. Med. Chem., 2007, 50, 3528-3539.
172. Walker, K.M.; Urban, L.; Medhurst, S.J.; Patel, S.; Panesar, M.; Fox, A.J.; McIntyre, P. The VR1 antagonist capsazepine reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2003, 304, 56-62.
173. Christoph, T.; Grunweller, A.; Mika, J.; Schafer, M.K.; Wade, E.J.; Weihe, E.; Erdmann, V.A.; Frank, R.; Gillen, C; Kurreck, J. Silencing of vanilloid receptor TRPV1 by RNAi reduces neuropathic and visceral pain in vivo. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2006, 350, 238-243.
174. Mitrirattanakul, S.; Ramakul, N.; Guerrero, A.V.; Matsuka, Y.; Ono, T.; Iwase, H.; Mackie, K.; Faull, K.F.; Spigelman, I. Site-specific increases in peripheral cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands in a model of neuropathic pain. Pain, 2006, 126, 102-114.
175. Hoot, M.R.; Sim-Selley, L.J.; Poklis, J.L.; Abdullah, R.A.; Scoggins, K.L.; Selley, D.E.; Dewey, W.L. Chronic constriction injury reduces cannabinoid receptor 1 activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex of mice. Brain Res., 2010, 1339, 18-25.
176. Sagar, D.R.; Kelly, S.; Millns, P.J.; O'Shaughnessey, C.T.; Kendall, D.A.; Chapman, V. Inhibitory effects of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists on responses of DRG neurons and dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic rats. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2005, 22, 371-379.
177. Scott, DA.; Wright, C.E.; Angus, J.A. Evidence that CB-1 and CB-2 cannabinoid receptors mediate antinociception in neuropathic pain in the rat. Pain, 2004, 109, 124-131.
178. Ibrahim, M.M.; Deng, H.F.; Zvonok, A.; Cockayne, D.A.; Kwan, J.; Mata, H.P.; Vanderah, T.W.; Lai, J.; Porreca, F.; Makriyannis, A.; Malan, T.P. Activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors by AM 1241 inhibits experimental neuropathic pain, paininhibition by receptors not present in the CNS. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2003, 100, 10529-10533.
179. Elmes, S.J.R; Jhaveri, M.D.; Smart, D.; Kendall, D.A.; Chapman, V. Cannabinoid CB2 receptor activation inhibits mechanically evoked responses of wide dynamic range dorsal horn neurons in naïve rats and in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2004, 20, 2311-2320.
180. Jayamanne, A.; Greenwood, R.; Mitchell, V.A.; Aslan, S.; Piomelli, D.; Vaughan, C.W. Actions of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 in neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain models. Br. J. Pharmacol, 2006, 147, 281-288.
181. Russo, R.; LoVerme, J.; La Rana, G.; Compton, T.R.; Parrott, J.; Duranti, A.; Tontini, A.; Mor, M.; Tarzia, G.; Calignano, A.; Piomelli, D. The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 (cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester) reduces neuropathic pain after oral administration in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2007, 322, 236-242.
182. Kinsey, S.G.; Long, J.Z.; O'Neal, S.T.; Abdullah, R.A.; Poklis, J.L.; Boger, D.L.; Cravatt, B.F.; Lichtman, A.H. Blockade of endocannabinoid-degrading enzymes attenuates neuropathic pain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2009, 330, 902-910.
183. Maione, S.; Morera, E.; Marabese, I.; Ligresti, A.; Luongo, L.; Ortar, G.; Di Marzo, V. Antinociceptive effects of tetrazole inhibitors of endocannabinoid inactivation, cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptor-mediated mechanisms. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 155, 775-782.
184. Bishay, P.; Schmidt, H.; Marian, C.; Häussler, A.; Wijnvoord, N.; Ziebell, S.; Metzner, J.; Koch, M.; Myrczek, T.; Bechmann, I.; Kuner, R.; Costigan, M.; Dehghani, F.; Geisslinger, G.; Tegeder, I. R-flurbiprofen reduces neuropathic pain in rodents by restoring endogenous cannabinoids. PLoS One, 2010, 5, e10628.
185. Meller, S.T.; Dykstra, C.; Gebhart, G.F. Production of endogenous nitric oxide and activation of soluble guanylate cyclase are required for N-methyl-D-aspartate-produced facilitation of the nociceptive tail-flick reflex. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 1992, 214, 93-96.
186. Hervera, A.; Negrete, R.; Leanez, S.; Martin-Campos, J.; Pol, O. The role of nitric oxide in the local antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects and expression of {delta}-opioid and cannabinoid-2 receptors during neuropathic pain in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2010, 334(3), 887-896.
187. Levy, D.; Tal, M.; Höke, A.; Zochodne, D.W. Transient action of the endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) mediates the development of thermal hypersensitivity following peripheral nerve injury. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2000, 12, 2323-2332.
188. Guan, Y.; Yaster, M.; Raja, S.N.; Tao, Y.X. Genetic knockout and pharmacologic inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase attenuate nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in mice. Mol. Pain, 2007, 3, 29.
189. Chacur, M.; Matos, R.J.; Alves, A.S.; Rodrigues, A.C.; Gutierrez, V.; Cury, Y.; Britto, L.R. Participation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in experimental neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve transection. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 2010, 43, 367-376.
190. De Alba, J.; Clayton, N.M.; Collins, S.D.; Colthup, P.; Chessell, I.; Knowles, R.G. GW274150: a novel and highly selective inhibitor of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), shows analgesic effects in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain, 2006, 120, 170-181.
191. Dudhgaonkar, S.P.; Tandan, S.K.; Kumar, D.; Naik, A.K.; Raviprakash, V. Ameliorative effect of combined administration of inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in neuropathic pain in rats. Eur. J. Pain, 2007, 11, 528-534.
192. Levy, D.; Höke, A.; Zochodne, D.W. Local expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in an animal model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Lett., 1999, 260, 207-209.
193. Burnstock, G. Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission. Physiol. Rev., 2007, 87, 659-797.
194. Andó, R.D.; Méhész, B.; Gyires, K.; Illes, P.; Sperlágh, B. A comparative analysis of the activity of ligands acting at P2X and P2Y receptor subtypes in models of neuropathic, acute and inflammatory pain. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2010, 159, 1106-1117.
195. Sharp, C.J.; Reeve, A.J.; Collins, S.D.; Martindale, J.C.; Summerfield, S.G.; Sargent, B.S.; Bate, S.T.; Chessell, I.P. Investigation into the role of P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors in neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury in the rat, an electrophysiological study. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2006, 148, 845-852.
196. Dorn, G.; Patel, S.; Wotherspoon, G.; Hemmings-Mieszczak, M.; Barclay, J.; Natt, F.J.; Martin, P.; Bevan, S.; Fox, A.; Ganju, P.; Wishart, W.; Hall, J. siRNA relieves chronic neuropathic pain. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32, e49.
197. Inoue, K. The function of microglia through purinergic receptors, neuropathic pain and cytokine release. Pharmacol. Ther., 2006, 109, 210-226.
198. Tsuda, M.; Shigemoto-Mogami, Y.; Koizumi, S.; Mizokoshi, A.; Kohsaka, S.; Salter, M.W.; Inoue, K. P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury. Nature, 2003, 424, 778-783.
199. Ulmann, L.; Hatcher, J.P.; Hughes, J.P.; Chaumont, S.; Green, P.J.; Conquet, F.; Buell, G.N.; Reeve, A.J.; Chessell, I.P.; Rassendren, F. Up-regulation of P2X4 receptors in spinal microglia after peripheral nerve injury mediates BDNF release and neuropathic pain. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28, 11263-11268.
200. Nagata, K.; Imai, T.; Yamashita, T.; Tsuda, M.; Tozaki-Saitoh, H.; Inoue, K. Antidepressants inhibit P2X4 receptor function, a possible involvement in neuropathic pain relief. Mol. Pain, 2009, 5, 20.
201. Chessell, I.P.; Hatcher, J.P.; Bountra, C.; Michel, A.D.; Hughes, J.P.; Green, P.; Egerton, J.; Murfin, M.; Richardson, J.; Peck, W.L.; Grahames, C.B.; Casula, M.A.; Yiangou, Y.; Birch, R.; Anand, P.; Buell, G.N. Disruption of the P2X7 purinoceptor gene abolishes chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain, 2005, 114, 386-396.
202. Perez-Medrano, A.; Donnelly-Roberts, D.L.; Honore, P.; Hsieh, G.C.; Namovic, M.T.; Peddi, S.; Shuai, Q.; Wang, Y.; Faltynek, C.R.; Jarvis, M.F.; Carroll, W.A. Discovery and biological evaluation of novel cyanoguanidine P2X7 antagonists with analgesic activity in a rat model of neuropathic pain. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52, 3366-3376.
203. Xiao, H.S.; Huang, Q.H.; Zhang, F.X.; Bao, L.; Lu, Y.J.; Guo, C.; Yang, L.; Huang, W.J.; Fu, G.; Xu, S.H.; Cheng, X.P.; Yan, Q.; Zhu, Z.D.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Z.; Han, Z.G.; Zhang, X. Identification of gene expression profile of dorsal root ganglion in the rat peripheral axotomy model of neuropathic pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002, 99, 8360-8365.
204. Okada, M.; Nakagawa, T.; Minami, M.; Satoh, M. Analgesic effects of intrathecal administration of P2Y nucleotide receptor agonists UTP and UDP in normal and neuropathic pain model rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 303, 66-73.
205. Kobayashi, K.; Yamanaka, H.; Fukuoka, T.; Dai, Y.; Obata, K.; Noguchi, K. P2Y12 receptor upregulation in activated microglia is a gateway of p38 signaling and neuropathic pain. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28, 2892-2902.
206. Tozaki-Saitoh, H.; Tsuda, M.; Miyata, H.; Ueda, K.; Kohsaka, S.; Inoue, K. P2Y12 receptors in spinal microglia are required for neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci., 2008, 28, 4949-4956.
207. Ohsawa, K.; Irino, Y.; Nakamura, Y.; Akazawa, C.; Inoue, K.; Kohsaka, S. Involvement of P2X4 and P2Y12 receptors in ATP-induced microglial chemotaxis. Glia, 2007, 55, 604-616.
208. Vincler, M. Neuronal nicotinic receptors as targets for novel analgesics. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2005, 14, 1191-1198.
209. Jain, K.K. Modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as analgesics. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2004, 5, 76-81.
210. Bannon, A.W.; Decker, M.W.; Kim, D.J.; Campbell, J.E.; Arneric, S.P. ABT-594, a novel cholinergic channel modulator, is efficacious in nerve ligation and diabetic neuropathy models of neuropathic pain. Brain Res., 1998, 801, 158-163.
211. Rowbotham, M.C.; Duan, W.R.; Thomas, J.; Nothaft, W.; Backonja, M.M. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of ABT-594 in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain, 2009, 146, 245-252.
212. Rueter, L.E.; Kohlhaas, K.L.; Curzon, P.; Surowy, C.S.; Meyer, M.D. Peripheral and central sites of action for A-85380 in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. Pain, 2003, 103, 269-276.
213. Ueda, M.; Iida, Y.; Tominaga, A.; Yoneyama, T.; Ogawa, M.; Magata, Y.; Nishimura, H.; Kuge, Y.; Saji, H. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in the ventralposterolateral thalamic nucleus play an important role in anti-allodynic effects. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2010, 159, 1201-1210.
214. Hasbargen, T.; Ahmed, M.M.; Miranpuri, G.; Li, L.; Kahle, K.T.; Resnick, D.; Sun, D. Role of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the development of chronic neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 2010, 1198, 168-172.
215. -cotransporter blockers on formalin-induced nociception in rats. Pain, 2005, 114, 231-238.
216. Miletic, G.; Miletic, V. Loose ligation of the sciatic nerve is associated with TrkB receptor-dependent decreases in KCC2 protein levels in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn. Pain, 2008, 137, 532-539.
217. Vinay, L.; Jean-Xavier, C. Plasticity of spinal cord locomotor networks and contribution of cation-chloride cotransporters. Brain Res. Rev., 2008, 57, 103-110.
218. Galan, A.; Cervero, F. Painful stimuli induce in vivo phosphorylation and membrane mobilization of mouse spinal cord NKCC1 co-transporter. Neuroscience, 2005, 133, 245-252.
219. Cramer, S.W.; Baggott, C.; Cain, J.; Tilghman, J.; Allcock, B.; Miranpuri, G.; Rajpal, S.; Sun, D.; Resnick, D. The role of cation-dependent chloride transporters in neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury. Mol. Pain, 2008, 4, 36.
220. Nabekura, J.; Ueno, T.; Okabe, A.; Furuta, A.; Iwaki, T.; Shimizu-Okabe, C.; Fukuda, A.; Akaike, N. Reduction of KCC2 expression and GABA-A receptor-mediated excitation after in-vivo axonal injury. J. Neurosci., 2002, 22, 4412-4417.
221. Kaur, B.; Singh, N.; Jaggi, A.S. Exploring mechanism of pioglitazone-induced memory restorative effect in experimental dementia. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 2009, 23, 557-566.
222. Park, S.W.; Yi, J.H.; Miranpuri, G.; Satriotomo, I.; Bowen, K.; Resnick, D.K.; Vemuganti, R. Thiazolidinedione class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists prevents neuronal damage, motor dysfunction, myelin loss, neuropathic pain, and inflammation after spinal cord injury in adult rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2007, 320, 1002-1012.
223. Maeda, T.; Kiguchi, N.; Kobayashi, Y.; Ozaki, M.; Kishioka, S. Pioglitazone attenuates tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in mice subjected to peripheral nerve injury. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2008, 108, 341-347.
224. Yamagishi, S.; Ogasawara, S.; Mizukami, H.; Yajima, N.; Wada, R.; Sugawara, A.; Yagihashi, S. Correction of protein kinase C activity and macrophage migration in peripheral nerve by pioglitazone, peroxisome proliferator activated-gamma-ligand, in insulin-deficient diabetic rats. J. Neurochem., 2008, 104, 491-499.
225. van Neerven, S.; Mey, J. RAR/RXR and PPAR-/RXR signaling in spinal cord injury. PPAR Res., 2007, 2007, 29275.
226. Churi, S.B.; Abdel-Aleem, O.S.; Tumber, K.K.; Scuderi-Porter, H.; Taylor, B.K. Intrathecal rosiglitazone acts at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma to rapidly inhibit neuropathic pain in rats. J. Pain, 2008, 9, 639-649.
227. Costa, B.; Comelli, F.; Bettoni, I.; Colleoni, M.; Giagnoni, G. The endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitoylethanolamide, has anti-allodynic and anti-hyperalgesic effects in a murine model of neuropathic pain, involvement of CB(1), TRPV1 and PPARgamma receptors and neurotrophic factors. Pain, 2008, 139, 541-550.
228. Jain, V.; Jaggi, A.S.; Singh, N. Ameliorative potential of rosiglitazone in tibial and sural nerve transection-induced painful neuropathy in rats. Pharmacol. Res., 2009, 59, 385-392.
229. 2+ ions in nerve growth factor induced histamine secretion from rat mast cells. Inflamm. Res., 2003, 52(2), 74-78.
230. 2+ exchanger, from molecular biology to therapeutic perspectives. Pharmacol. Rev. 2004, 56, 633-654.
231. 2+ exchanger in mammalian myelinated axons. Brain Res., 1997, 776(1-2), 1-9.
232. Petrescu, N.; Micu, I.; Malek, S.; Ouardouz, M.; Stys, P.K. Sources of axonal calcium loading during in vitro ischemia of rat dorsal roots. Muscle Nerve, 2007, 35, 451-457.
233. LoPachin, R.M., Jr.; Lehning, E.J. Acrylamide-induced distal axon degeneration, a proposed mechanism of action. Neurotoxicology, 1994, 15, 247-259.
234. 2+ Exchanger Activation by Hydrogen Peroxide in Guinea-Pig Ventricular Myocytes. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2007, 103, 283-292.
235. Craner, M.J.; Hains, B.C.; Lo, A.C.; Black, J.A.; Waxman, S.G. Co-localization of sodium channel Nav1.6 and the sodium-calcium exchanger at sites of axonal injury in the spinal cord in EAE. Brain, 2004, 127, 294-303.
236. 2+ channels. Neuropharmacology, 2005, 48, 566-575.
237. Muthuraman, A.; Jaggi, A.S.; Singh, N.; Singh, D. Ameliorative effects of amiloride and pralidoxime in chronic constriction injury and vincristine induced painful neuropathy in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 587, 104-111.
238. Kaur, G.; Jaggi, A.S.; Singh, N. Ameliorative potential of pralidoxime in tibial and sural nerve transection-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2010, 33(8), 1331-1336.
239. 2+ exchange current in guinea-pig cardiac ventricular myocytes. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2001, 132, 1317-1325.
240. Eisenberg, E.; Shtahl, S.; Geller, R.; Reznick, A.Z.; Sharf, O.; Ravbinovich, M.; Erenreich, A.; Nagler, R.M. Serum and salivary oxidative analysis in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pain, 2008, 138, 226-232.
241. Liu, D.; Liu, J.; Sun, D.; Wen, J. The time course of hydroxyl radical formation following spinal cord injury, the possible role of the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction. J. Neurotrauma, 2004, 21, 805-816.
242. Taoka, Y.; Naruo, M.; Koyanagi, E.; Urakado, M.; Inoue, M. Superoxide radicals play important roles in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. Paraplegia, 1995, 33, 450-453.
243. Padi, S.S.; Kulkarni, S.K. Minocycline prevents the development of neuropathic pain, but not acute pain, possible anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 601, 79-87.
244. Muthuraman, A.; Diwan, V.; Jaggi, A.S.; Singh, N.; Singh, D. Ameliorative effects of Ocimum sanctum in sciatic nerve transection-induced neuropathy in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2008, 120, 56-62.
245. Valsecchi, A.E.; Franchi, S.; Panerai, A.E.; Sacerdote, P.; Trovato, A.E.; Colleoni, M. Genistein, a natural phytoestrogen from soy, relieves neuropathic pain following chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury in mice, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. J. Neurochem., 2008, 107, 230-240.
246. Beirowski, B.; Adalbert, R.; Wagner, D. The progressive nature of Wallerian degeneration in wild-type and slow Wallerian degeneration (WldS) nerves. B.M.C. Neurosci., 2005, 6, 6.
247. Page-McCaw, A.; Ewald, A.J.; Werb, Z. Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 2007, 8, 221-233.
248. Parks, W.C.; Wilson, C.L.; López-Boado, Y.S. Matrix metalloproteinases as modulators of inflammation and innate immunity. Net. Rev. Immunol., 2004, 4, 617-629
249. Teles, R.M.; Antunes, S.L.; Jardim, M.R.; Oliveira, A.L.; Nery, J.A.; Sales, A.M.; Sampaio, E.P.; Shubayev, V.; Sarno, E.N. Expression of metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9, and TACE) and TNF-alpha in the nerves of leprosy patients. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst., 2007, 12, 195-204.
250. Liu, H.; Kim, Y.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Shubayev, I.; Dolkas, J.; Shubayev, V.I. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition enhances the rate of nerve regeneration in vivo by promoting dedifferentiation and mitosis of supporting Schwann cells. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2010, 69, 386-395.
251. Bar-Or, A.; Nuttall, R.K., Duddy, M.; Alter, A.; Kim, H.J.; Ifergan, I.; Pennington, C.J.; Bourgoin, P.; Edwards, D.R.; Yong, V.W. Analyses of all matrix metalloproteinase members in leukocytes emphasize monocytes as major inflammatory mediators in multiple sclerosis. Brain, 2003, 126, 2738-2749.
252. Komori, K.; Nonaka, T.; Okada, A.; Kinoh, H.; Hayashita-Kinoh, H.; Yoshida, N.; Yana, I.; Seiki, M. Absence of mechanical allodynia and Abeta-fiber sprouting after sciatic nerve injury in mice lacking membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase. FEBS Lett., 2004, 557, 125-128.
253. Folgueras, A.R.; Valdés-Sánchez, T.; Llano, E.; Menéndez, L.; Baamonde, A.; Denlinger, B.L.; Belmonte, C.; Juárez, L.; Lastra, A.; García-Suárez, O.; Astudillo, A.; Kirstein, M.; Pendás, A.M.; Fariñas, I.; López-Otín, C. Metalloproteinase MT5-MMP is an essential modulator of neuro-immune interactions in thermal pain stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2009, 106, 16451-16456.
254. Chattopadhyay, S.; Myers, R.R.; Janes, J.; Shubayev, V. Cytokine regulation of MMP-9 in peripheral glia, implications for pathological processes and pain in injured nerve. Brain Behav. Immun., 2007, 21, 561-568.
255. Kobayashi, H.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Kato, K.; Dolkas, J.; Kikuchi, S.; Myers, R.R.; Shubayev, V.I. MMPs initiate Schwann cell-mediated MBP degradation and mechanical nociception after nerve damage. Mol. Cell Neurosci., 2008, 39, 619-627.
256. Kawasaki, Y.; Xu, Z.Z.; Wang, X.; Park, J.Y.; Zhuang, Z.Y.; Tan, P.H.; Gao, Y.J.; Roy, K.; Corfas, G.; Lo, E.H.; Ji, R.R. Distinct roles of matrix metalloproteases in the early- and late-phase development of neuropathic pain. Nat. Med., 2008, 14, 331-336.
257. Nishida, K.; Kuchiiwa, S.; Oiso, S.; Futagawa, T.; Masuda, S.; Takeda, Y.; Yamada, K. Up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-3 in the dorsal root ganglion of rats with paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Cancer Sci., 2008, 99, 1618-1625.
258. Tsirka, S.E. Tissue plasminogen activator as a modulator of neuronal survival and function. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 2002, 30, 222-225.
259. Seeds, N.W.; Akison, L.; Minor, K. Role of plasminogen activator in spinal cord remodeling after spinal cord injury. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol., 2009, 169, 141-149.
260. Siconolfi, L.B.; Seeds, N.W. Mice lacking tPA, uPA, or plasminogen genes showed delayed functional recovery after sciatic nerve crush. J. Neurosci., 2001, 21, 4348-4355.
261. Zou, T.; Ling, C.; Xiao, Y.; Tao X.; Ma, D.; Chen, Z.L.; Strickland, S.; Song, H. Exogenous tissue plasminogen activator enhances peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery after injury in mice. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2006, 65, 78-86.
262. Kozai, T.; Yamanaka, H.; Dai, Y.; Obata, K.; Kobayashi, K.; Mashimo, T.; Noguchi, K. Tissue type plasminogen activator induced in rat dorsal horn astrocytes contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity following dorsal root injury. Glia, 2007, 55, 595-603.
263. Yamanaka, H.; Obata, K.; Fukuoka, T.; Dai, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Tokunaga, A.; Noguchi, K. Tissue plasminogen activator in primary afferents induces dorsal horn excitability and pain response after peripheral nerve injury. Eur. J. Neurosci., 2004, 19, 93-102.
264. Nilsson, A.; Moller, K.; Dahlin, L.; Lundborg, G.; Kanje, M. Early changes in gene expression in the dorsal root ganglia after transection of the sciatic nerve; effects of amphiregulin and PAI-1 on regeneration. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 2005, 136, 65-74.
265. Yamanaka, H.; Obata, K.; Fukuoka, T.; Dai, Y.; Kobayashi, K.; Tokunaga, A.; Noguchi, K. Induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 in dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience, 2005, 132, 183-191.
266. Yong, N.; Guoping, C. The role and mechanism of the up-regulation of fibrinolytic activity in painful peripheral nerve injury. Neurochem. Res., 2009, 34, 587-592.
267. Zhao, W.J.; Gao, Z.Y.; Wei, H.; Nie, H.Z.; Zhao, Q.; Zhou, X.J.; Wang, Y.X. Spinal D-amino acid oxidase contributes to neuropathic pain in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2010, 332, 248-254.
268. Nicholson, R.; Dixon, A.; Spanswick, D.; Lee, K. Noradrenergic receptor mRNA expression in adult rat superficial dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurosci. Lett., 2005, 380, 316-321.
269. Diatchenko, L.; Anderson, A.D.; Slade, G.D.; Fillingim, R.B.; Shabalina, S.A.; Higgins, T.J.; Sama, S.; Belfer, I.; Goldman, D.; Max, M.B.; Weir, B.S.; Maixner, W. Three major haplotypes of the beta2 adrenergic receptor define psychological profile, blood pressure, and the risk for development of a common musculoskeletal pain disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B. Neuropsychiatr. Genet., 2006, 141, 449-462.
270. Yalcin, I.; Choucair-Jaafar, N.; Benbouzid, M.; Tessier, L.H.; Muller, A.; Hein, L.; Freund-Mercier, M.J.; Barrot, M. beta(2)-adrenoceptors are critical for antidepressant treatment of neuropathic pain. Ann. Neurol., 2009, 65, 218-225.
271. Yalcin, I.; Tessier, L.H.; Petit-Demoulière, N.; Waltisperger, E.; Hein, L.; Freund-Mercier, M.J.; Barrot, M. Chronic treatment with agonists of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors in neuropathic pain. Exp. Neurol., 2010, 221, 115-121.
272. Huang, L.; Adachi, N.; Nagaro, T.; Liu, K.; Arai, T. Histaminergic involvement in neuropathic pain produced by partial ligation of the sciatic nerve in rats. Reg. Anesth. Pain Med., 2007, 32, 124-129.
273. Cannon, K.E.; Hough, L.B. Inhibition of chemical and low-intensity mechanical nociception by activation of histamine H3 receptors. J. Pain, 2005, 6, 193-200.
274. Medhurst, S.J.; Collins, S.D.; Billinton, A.; Bingham, S.; Dalziel, R.G.; Brass, A.; Roberts, J.C.; Medhurst, A.D.; Chessell, I.P. Novel histamine H3 receptor antagonists GSK189254 and GSK334429 are efficacious in surgically-induced and virally-induced rat models of neuropathic pain. Pain, 2008, 138, 61-69.
275. Breunig, E.; Michel, K.; Zeller, F.; Seidl, S.; Weyhern, C.W.; Schemann, M. Histamine excites neurones in the human submucous plexus through activation of H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors. J. Physiol., 2007, 583, 731-742.
276. Strakhova, M.I.; Nikkel, A.L.; Manelli, A.M.; Hsieh, G.C.; Esbenshade, T.A.; Brioni, J.D.; Bitner, R.S. Localization of histamine H4 receptors in the central nervous system of human and rat. Brain Res., 2009, 1250, 41-48.
277. de Esch, I.J.; Thurmond, R.L.; Jongejan, A.; Leurs, R. The histamine H4 receptor as a new therapeutic target for inflammation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 2005, 26, 462-469.
278. Hsieh, G.C.; Chandran, P.; Salyers, A.K.; Pai, M.; Zhu, C.Z.; Wensink, E.J.; Witte, D.G.; Miller, T.R.; Mikusa, J.P.; Baker, S.J.; Wetter, J.M.; Marsh, K.C.; Hancock, A.A.; Cowart, M.D.; Esbenshade, T.A.; Brioni, J.D.; Honore, P. H4 receptor antagonism exhibits anti-nociceptive effects in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2010, 95, 41-50.
279. Khodorova, A.; Montmayeur, J.P.; Strichartz, G. Endothelin receptors and pain. J. Pain, 2009, 10, 4-28.
280. Motta, E.M.; Chichorro, J.G.; Rae, G.A. Role of ET(A) and ET(B) endothelin receptors on endothelin-1-induced potentiation of nociceptive and thermal hyperalgesic responses evoked by capsaicin in rats. Neurosci. Lett., 2009, 457, 146-150.
281. Werner, M.F.; Trevisani, M.; Campi, B.; André, E.; Geppetti, P.; Rae, G.A. Contribution of peripheral endothelin ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve ligation in rats. Eur. J. Pain, 2010, 14(9), 911-917.
282. Roh, D.H.; Kim, H.W.; Yoon, S.Y.; Seo, H.S.; Kwon, Y.B.; Kim, K.W.; Han, H.J.; Beitz, A.J.; Na, H.S.; Lee, J.H. Intrathecal injection of the sigma(1) receptor antagonist BD1047 blocks both mechanical allodynia and increases in spinal NR1 expression during the induction phase of rodent neuropathic pain. Anesthesiology, 2008, 109, 879-889.
283. de la Puente, B.; Nadal, X.; Portillo-Salido, E.; Sánchez-Arroyos, R.; Ovalle, S.; Palacios, G.; Muro, A.; Romero, L.; Entrena, J.M.; Baeyens, J.M.; López-García, J.A.; Maldonado, R.; Zamanillo, D.; Vela, J.M. Sigma-1 receptors regulate activity-induced spinal sensitization and neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Pain, 2009, 145, 294-303.
284. Sakurai, E.; Kurihara, T.; Kouchi, K.; Saegusa, H.; Zong, S.; Tanabe, T. Upregulation of casein kinase 1epsilon in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord after mouse spinal nerve injury contributes to neuropathic pain. Mol. Pain, 2009, 5, 74.
285. Dang, Y.H.; Zhao, Y.; Xing, B.; Zhao, X.J.; Huo, F.Q.; Tang, J.S.; Qu, C.L.; Chen, T. The role of dopamine receptors in ventrolateral orbital cortex-evoked anti-nociception in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience, 2010, 169(4), 1872-1880.