Nuclear receptors as new perspective for the management of liver diseases

Gastroenterology

Volumn 140, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 1120-1125.e12

  Trauner, Michael ^a   Halilbasic, Emina ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BILE ACID; BUDESONIDE; CELL NUCLEUS RECEPTOR; CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; CONSTITUTIVE ANDROSTANE RECEPTOR; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; FARNESOID X RECEPTOR; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; INSULIN; LIGAND; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PHENOBARBITAL; PREGNANE X RECEPTOR; RETINOID X RECEPTOR; RIFAMPICIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BILE DUCT DISEASE; BILE SECRETION; BILIARY TRACT DISEASE; CHOLESTASIS; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFECT; FATTY LIVER; GALLSTONE; GALLSTONE FORMATION; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B VIRUS; HEPATITIS C; HEPATITIS C VIRUS; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CARCINOGENESIS; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER METABOLISM; LIVER REGENERATION; LIVER RESECTION; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; REVIEW; RISK; VIRUS HEPATITIS; VIRUS REPLICATION; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM;

EID: 79953173235     PISSN: 00165085     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.044     Document Type: Article

References (274)

1. D.J. Mangelsdorf, C. Thummel, and M. Beato The nuclear receptor superfamily: the second decade Cell 83 1995 835 839
2. S.J. Karpen Nuclear receptor regulation of hepatic function J Hepatol 36 2002 832 850 (Pubitemid 35177416)
3. A. Aranda, and A. Pascual Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression Physiol Rev 81 2001 1269 1304 (Pubitemid 32606670)
4. D.M. Lonard, and B.W. O'Malley Nuclear receptor coregulators: judges, juries, and executioners of cellular regulation Mol Cell 27 2007 691 700 (Pubitemid 47333229)
5. D.J. Mangelsdorf, and R.M. Evans The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors Cell 83 1995 841 850 (Pubitemid 26006526)
6. D.M. Lonard, and B.W. O'Malley The expanding cosmos of nuclear receptor coactivators Cell 125 2006 411 414
7. D.M. Lonard, R.B. Lanz, and B.W. O'Malley Nuclear receptor coregulators and human disease Endocr Rev 28 2007 575 587 (Pubitemid 47236337)
8. R. Metivier, G. Reid, and F. Gannon Transcription in four dimensions: nuclear receptor-directed initiation of gene expression EMBO Rep 7 2006 161 167
9. M. Trauner, P.J. Meier, and J.L. Boyer Molecular pathogenesis of cholestasis N Engl J Med 339 1998 1217 1227
10. M. Makishima, A.Y. Okamoto, and J.J. Repa Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids Science 284 1999 1362 1365 (Pubitemid 29289663)
11. J.L. Staudinger, B. Goodwin, and S.A. Jones The nuclear receptor PXR is a lithocholic acid sensor that protects against liver toxicity Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 3369 3374 (Pubitemid 32220852)
12. W. Xie, A. Radominska-Pandya, and Y. Shi An essential role for nuclear receptors SXR/PXR in detoxification of cholestatic bile acids Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 3375 3380 (Pubitemid 32220853)
13. M. Makishima, T.T. Lu, and W. Xie Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor Science 296 2002 1313 1316 (Pubitemid 34522785)
14. W. Huang, J. Zhang, and S.S. Chua Induction of bilirubin clearance by the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2003 4156 4161 (Pubitemid 36418173)
15. M. Wagner, G. Zollner, and M. Trauner Nuclear receptor regulation of the adaptive response of bile acid transporters in cholestasis Semin Liver Dis 30 2010 160 177
16. J.L. Boyer Nuclear receptor ligands: rational and effective therapy for chronic cholestatic liver disease? Gastroenterology 129 2005 735 740 (Pubitemid 41102188)
17. J.L. Boyer New perspectives for the treatment of cholestasis: lessons from basic science applied clinically J Hepatol 46 2007 365 371 (Pubitemid 46201718)
18. J.A. Holt, G. Luo, and A.N. Billin Definition of a novel growth factor-dependent signal cascade for the suppression of bile acid biosynthesis Genes Dev 17 2003 1581 1591 (Pubitemid 36828786)
19. T. Inagaki, M. Choi, and A. Moschetta Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis Cell Metab 2 2005 217 225
20. I. Kim, S.H. Ahn, and T. Inagaki Differential regulation of bile acid homeostasis by the farnesoid X receptor in liver and intestine J Lipid Res 48 2007 2664 2672 (Pubitemid 350272851)
21. S.W. Van Mil, A. Milona, and P.H. Dixon Functional variants of the central bile acid sensor FXR identified in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy Gastroenterology 133 2007 507 516 (Pubitemid 47187340)
22. A. Tanaka, S. Nezu, and S. Uegaki Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with increased susceptibility to primary biliary cirrhosis in Japanese and Italian populations J Hepatol 50 2009 1202 1209
23. L. Adorini Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in primary biliary cirrhosis: a functional connection? J Hepatol 50 2009 1071 1073
24. A. Vogel, C.P. Strassburg, and M.P. Manns Genetic association of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms with primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis Hepatology 35 2002 126 131 (Pubitemid 34032552)
25. T.H. Karlsen, B.A. Lie, and K. Frey Froslie Polymorphisms in the steroid and xenobiotic receptor gene influence survival in primary sclerosing cholangitis Gastroenterology 131 2006 781 787 (Pubitemid 44307062)
26. G. Zollner, H.U. Marschall, and M. Wagner Role of nuclear receptors in the adaptive response to bile acids and cholestasis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations Mol Pharm 3 2006 231 251 (Pubitemid 44021431)
27. M. Trauner, M. Arrese, and H. Lee Endotoxin downregulates rat hepatic ntcp gene expression via decreased activity of critical transcription factors J Clin Invest 101 1998 2092 2100 (Pubitemid 28244093)
28. E. Assenat, S. Gerbal-Chaloin, and D. Larrey Interleukin 1beta inhibits CAR-induced expression of hepatic genes involved in drug and bilirubin clearance Hepatology 40 2004 951 960 (Pubitemid 39288129)
29. A.P. Beigneux, A.H. Moser, and J.K. Shigenaga The acute phase response is associated with retinoid X receptor repression in rodent liver J Biol Chem 275 2000 16390 16399 (Pubitemid 30366957)
30. M.S. Kim, J. Shigenaga, and A. Moser Repression of farnesoid X receptor during the acute phase response J Biol Chem 278 2003 8988 8995 (Pubitemid 36800376)
31. S. Teng, and M. Piquette-Miller The involvement of the pregnane X receptor in hepatic gene regulation during inflammation in mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 312 2005 841 848 (Pubitemid 40189587)
32. L.A. Denson, K.L. Auld, and D.S. Schiek Interleukin-1beta suppresses retinoid transactivation of two hepatic transporter genes involved in bile formation J Biol Chem 275 2000 8835 8843 (Pubitemid 30180239)
33. A. Geier, M. Wagner, and C.G. Dietrich Principles of hepatic organic anion transporter regulation during cholestasis, inflammation and liver regeneration Biochim Biophys Acta 1773 2007 283 308 (Pubitemid 46275063)
34. D. Alvaro, P. Invernizzi, and P. Onori Estrogen receptors in cholangiocytes and the progression of primary biliary cirrhosis J Hepatol 41 2004 905 912 (Pubitemid 39575656)
35. F. Chen, M. Ananthanarayanan, and S. Emre Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, type 1, is associated with decreased farnesoid X receptor activity Gastroenterology 126 2004 756 764 (Pubitemid 38298324)
36. P.C. ter Borg, A. Hagendorf, and H.R. van Buuren A pilot study exploring the role of glucocorticoid receptor variants in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis Neth J Med 62 2004 326 331 (Pubitemid 39406484)
37. G. Zollner, M. Wagner, and P. Fickert Expression of bile acid synthesis and detoxification enzymes and the alternative bile acid efflux pump MRP4 in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis Liver Int 27 2007 920 929 (Pubitemid 47261945)
38. K.S. Bramlett, S. Yao, and T.P. Burris Correlation of farnesoid X receptor coactivator recruitment and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene repression by bile acids Mol Genet Metab 71 2000 609 615 (Pubitemid 32039347)
39. J.L. Lew, A. Zhao, and J. Yu The farnesoid X receptor controls gene expression in a ligand- and promoter-selective fashion J Biol Chem 279 2004 8856 8861 (Pubitemid 38295944)
40. E.G. Schuetz, S. Strom, and K. Yasuda Disrupted bile acid homeostasis reveals an unexpected interaction among nuclear hormone receptors, transporters, and cytochrome P450 J Biol Chem 276 2001 39411 39418 (Pubitemid 37371319)
41. C. Weitzel, D. Stark, and F. Kullmann Ursodeoxycholic acid induced activation of the glucocorticoid receptor in primary rat hepatocytes Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17 2005 169 177 (Pubitemid 40349530)
42. H. Tanaka, and I. Makino Ursodeoxycholic acid-dependent activation of the glucocorticoid receptor Biochem Biophys Res Commun 188 1992 942 948
43. H.U. Marschall, M. Wagner, and G. Zollner Complementary stimulation of hepatobiliary transport and detoxification systems by rifampicin and ursodeoxycholic acid in humans Gastroenterology 129 2005 476 485 (Pubitemid 41096635)
44. F. Arenas, I. Hervias, and M. Uriz Combination of ursodeoxycholic acid and glucocorticoids upregulates the AE2 alternate promoter in human liver cells J Clin Invest 118 2008 695 709 (Pubitemid 351206558)
45. J. Prieto, C. Qian, and N. Garcia Abnormal expression of anion exchanger genes in primary biliary cirrhosis Gastroenterology 105 1993 572 578 (Pubitemid 23213546)
46. J.F. Medina, A. Martinez, and J.J. Vazquez Decreased anion exchanger 2 immunoreactivity in the liver of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis Hepatology 25 1997 12 17 (Pubitemid 27014978)
47. R. Poupon, C. Ping, and Y. Chretien Genetic factors of susceptibility and of severity in primary biliary cirrhosis J Hepatol 49 2008 1038 1045
48. P. Angulo, R.A. Jorgensen, and J.C. Keach Oral budesonide in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid Hepatology 31 2000 318 323 (Pubitemid 30078594)
49. M. Leuschner, K.P. Maier, and J. Schlichting Oral budesonide and ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a prospective double-blind trial Gastroenterology 117 1999 918 925 (Pubitemid 29468235)
50. H. Rautiainen, P. Karkkainen, and A.L. Karvonen Budesonide combined with UDCA to improve liver histology in primary biliary cirrhosis: a three-year randomized trial Hepatology 41 2005 747 752 (Pubitemid 40462936)
51. A.L. Mason, A.V. Luketic, and K.D. Lindor Farnesoid-X receptor agonists: a new class of drugs for the treatment of PBC? An international study evaluating the addition of obeticholic acid (INT-747) to ursodeoxycholic acid Hepatology 52 2010 357A
52. L. Bachs, A. Pares, and M. Elena Comparison of rifampicin with phenobarbitone for treatment of pruritus in biliary cirrhosis Lancet 1 1989 574 576 (Pubitemid 19074002)
53. W. Huang, J. Zhang, and D.D. Moore A traditional herbal medicine enhances bilirubin clearance by activating the nuclear receptor CAR J Clin Invest 113 2004 137 143 (Pubitemid 38541640)
54. S.M. Post, H. Duez, and P.P. Gervois Fibrates suppress bile acid synthesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha-mediated downregulation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase expression Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 2001 1840 1845 (Pubitemid 34219790)
55. N. Roglans, M. Vazquez-Carrera, and M. Alegret Fibrates modify the expression of key factors involved in bile-acid synthesis and biliary-lipid secretion in gallstone patients Eur J Clin Pharmacol 59 2004 855 861 (Pubitemid 38333675)
56. F.X. Caroli-Bosc, P. Le Gall, and P. Pugliese Role of fibrates and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in gallstone formation: epidemiological study in an unselected population Dig Dis Sci 46 2001 540 544 (Pubitemid 32299807)
57. M. Choi, A. Moschetta, and A.L. Bookout Identification of a hormonal basis for gallbladder filling Nat Med 12 2006 1253 1255 (Pubitemid 44706926)
58. H. Wittenburg, M.A. Lyons, and R. Li FXR and ABCG5/ABCG8 as determinants of cholesterol gallstone formation from quantitative trait locus mapping in mice Gastroenterology 125 2003 868 881 (Pubitemid 37070703)
59. S. Kitsiou-Tzeli, E. Giannatou, and I. Spanos Steroid hormones polymorphisms and cholelithiasis in Greek population Liver Int 27 2007 61 68 (Pubitemid 46139428)
60. A. Moschetta, A.L. Bookout, and D.J. Mangelsdorf Prevention of cholesterol gallstone disease by FXR agonists in a mouse model Nat Med 10 2004 1352 1358 (Pubitemid 40022717)
61. S.M. Grundy, S.P. Lan, and J. Lachin The effects of chenodiol on biliary lipids and their association with gallstone dissolution in the National Cooperative Gallstone Study (NCGS) J Clin Invest 73 1984 1156 1566
62. S.B. Biddinger, J.T. Haas, and B.B. Yu Hepatic insulin resistance directly promotes formation of cholesterol gallstones Nat Med 14 2008 778 782
63. F. Kuipers, and A.K. Groen Chipping away at gallstones Nat Med 14 2008 715 716 (Pubitemid 351951511)
64. P. Kovacs, R. Kress, and J. Rocha Variation of the gene encoding the nuclear bile salt receptor FXR and gallstone susceptibility in mice and humans J Hepatol 48 2008 116 124 (Pubitemid 350191984)
65. C.Z. Larter, S. Chitturi, and D. Heydet A fresh look at NASH pathogenesis Part 1: the metabolic movers J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25 2010 672 690
66. P. Angulo Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease N Engl J Med 346 2002 1221 1231
67. M. Trauner, M. Arrese, and M. Wagner Fatty liver and lipotoxicity Biochim Biophys Acta 1801 2010 299 310
68. J.M. Peters, I. Rusyn, and M.L. Rose Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is restricted to hepatic parenchymal cells, not Kupffer cells: implications for the mechanism of action of peroxisome proliferators in hepatocarcinogenesis Carcinogenesis 21 2000 823 826 (Pubitemid 30214043)
69. O. Braissant, F. Foufelle, and C. Scotto Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): tissue distribution of PPAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma in the adult rat Endocrinology 137 1996 354 366 (Pubitemid 26005011)
70. T. Lemberger, O. Braissant, and C. Juge-Aubry PPAR tissue distribution and interactions with other hormone-signaling pathways Ann N Y Acad Sci 804 1996 231 251 (Pubitemid 27056613)
71. R.A. Memon, L.H. Tecott, and K. Nonogaki Up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-alpha) and PPAR-gamma messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the liver in murine obesity: troglitazone induces expression of PPAR-gamma-responsive adipose tissue-specific genes in the liver of obese diabetic mice Endocrinology 141 2000 4021 4031
72. M. Nakamuta, M. Kohjima, and S. Morizono Evaluation of fatty acid metabolism-related gene expression in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Int J Mol Med 16 2005 631 635
73. T. Hashimoto, W.S. Cook, and C. Qi Defect in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-inducible fatty acid oxidation determines the severity of hepatic steatosis in response to fasting J Biol Chem 275 2000 28918 28928
74. T. Hashimoto, T. Fujita, and N. Usuda Peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation in mice nullizygous for both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase Genotype correlation with fatty liver phenotype J Biol Chem 274 1999 19228 19236
75. O. Gavrilova, M. Haluzik, and K. Matsusue Liver peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma contributes to hepatic steatosis, triglyceride clearance, and regulation of body fat mass J Biol Chem 278 2003 34268 34276 (Pubitemid 37553270)
76. K. Matsusue, M. Haluzik, and G. Lambert Liver-specific disruption of PPARgamma in leptin-deficient mice improves fatty liver but aggravates diabetic phenotypes J Clin Invest 111 2003 737 747 (Pubitemid 36278592)
77. D.M. Flavell, Y. Jamshidi, and E. Hawe Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene variants influence progression of coronary atherosclerosis and risk of coronary artery disease Circulation 105 2002 1440 1445 (Pubitemid 34263275)
78. J.L. Gonzalez Sanchez, M. Serrano Rios, and C. Fernandez Perez Effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 gene on adiposity, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in the Spanish population Eur J Endocrinol 147 2002 495 501 (Pubitemid 35238145)
79. J.K. Wolford, K.A. Yeatts, and S.K. Dhanjal Sequence variation in PPARG may underlie differential response to troglitazone Diabetes 54 2005 3319 3325 (Pubitemid 43334389)
80. A.J. Sanyal, N. Chalasani, and K.V. Kowdley Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis N Engl J Med 362 2010 1675 1685
81. C. Fernandez-Miranda, M. Perez-Carreras, and F. Colina A pilot trial of fenofibrate for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Dig Liver Dis 40 2008 200 205 (Pubitemid 351181792)
82. J. Laurin, K.D. Lindor, and J.S. Crippin Ursodeoxycholic acid or clofibrate in the treatment of non-alcohol-induced steatohepatitis: a pilot study Hepatology 23 1996 1464 1467
83. V. Ratziu, F. Charlotte, and C. Bernhardt Long-term efficacy of rosiglitazone in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of the fatty liver improvement by rosiglitazone therapy (FLIRT 2) extension trial Hepatology 51 2010 445 453
84. V. Ratziu, P. Giral, and S. Jacqueminet Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial Gastroenterology 135 2008 100 110 (Pubitemid 351916703)
85. X. Qin, X. Xie, and Y. Fan Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta induces insulin-induced gene-1 and suppresses hepatic lipogenesis in obese diabetic mice Hepatology 48 2008 432 441
86. J.I. Odegaard, R.R. Ricardo-Gonzalez, and A. Red Eagle Alternative M2 activation of Kupffer cells by PPARdelta ameliorates obesity-induced insulin resistance Cell Metab 7 2008 496 507 (Pubitemid 351729205)
87. Tsutsumi, and S. Takase Effect of fenofibrate on fatty liver in rats treated with alcohol Alcohol Clin Exp Res 25 2001 75S 79S (Pubitemid 32553356)
88. T. Nakajima, Y. Kamijo, and N. Tanaka Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha protects against alcohol-induced liver damage Hepatology 40 2004 972 980 (Pubitemid 39288131)
89. S.K. Manna, A.D. Patterson, and Q. Yang Identification of noninvasive biomarkers for alcohol-induced liver disease using urinary metabolomics and the Ppara-null mouse J Proteome Res 9 2010 4176 4188
90. M. Trauner, T. Claudel, and P. Fickert Bile acids as regulators of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism Dig Dis 28 2010 220 224
91. O. Leiss, and K. von Bergmann Different effects of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid on serum lipoprotein concentrations in patients with radiolucent gallstones Scand J Gastroenterol 17 1982 587 592 (Pubitemid 12080439)
92. H.R. Kast, C.M. Nguyen, and C.J. Sinal Farnesoid X-activated receptor induces apolipoprotein C-II transcription: a molecular mechanism linking plasma triglyceride levels to bile acids Mol Endocrinol 15 2001 1720 1728 (Pubitemid 32939302)
93. T. Claudel, Y. Inoue, and O. Barbier Farnesoid X receptor agonists suppress hepatic apolipoprotein CIII expression Gastroenterology 125 2003 544 555 (Pubitemid 36929436)
94. P.P. Toth Drug treatment of hyperlipidaemia: a guide to the rational use of lipid-lowering drugs Drugs 70 2010 1363 1379
95. M. Watanabe, S.M. Houten, and L. Wang Bile acids lower triglyceride levels via a pathway involving FXR, SHP, and SREBP-1c J Clin Invest 113 2004 1408 1418 (Pubitemid 39071696)
96. J. Huang, J. Iqbal, and P.K. Saha Molecular characterization of the role of orphan receptor small heterodimer partner in development of fatty liver Hepatology 46 2007 147 157 (Pubitemid 47171931)
97. I. Pineda Torra, T. Claudel, and C. Duval Bile acids induce the expression of the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha gene via activation of the farnesoid X receptor Mol Endocrinol 17 2003 259 272 (Pubitemid 36183149)
98. C.J. Sinal, M. Tohkin, and M. Miyata Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis Cell 102 2000 731 744
99. B. Cariou, K. van Harmelen, and D. Duran-Sandoval The farnesoid X receptor modulates adiposity and peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice J Biol Chem 281 2006 11039 11049 (Pubitemid 43855527)
100. K. Ma, P.K. Saha, and L. Chan Farnesoid X receptor is essential for normal glucose homeostasis J Clin Invest 116 2006 1102 1109
101. L. Fu, L.M. John, and S.H. Adams Fibroblast growth factor 19 increases metabolic rate and reverses dietary and leptin-deficient diabetes Endocrinology 145 2004 2594 2603 (Pubitemid 38686202)
102. T. Inagaki, P. Dutchak, and G. Zhao Endocrine regulation of the fasting response by PPARalpha-mediated induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 Cell Metab 5 2007 415 425 (Pubitemid 46825496)
103. M.K. Badman, P. Pissios, and A.R. Kennedy Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is regulated by PPARalpha and is a key mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism in ketotic states Cell Metab 5 2007 426 437 (Pubitemid 46825495)
104. M. Trauner A little orphan runs to fat: the orphan receptor small heterodimer partner as a key player in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism Hepatology 46 2007 1 5 (Pubitemid 47171912)
105. C.C. Hung, I.S. Farooqi, and K. Ong Contribution of variants in the small heterodimer partner gene to birthweight, adiposity, and insulin levels: mutational analysis and association studies in multiple populations Diabetes 52 2003 1288 1291 (Pubitemid 36523371)
106. S.M. Echwald, K.L. Andersen, and T.I. Sorensen Mutation analysis of NR0B2 among 1545 Danish men identifies a novel c.278G>A (p.G93D) variant with reduced functional activity Hum Mutat 24 2004 381 387 (Pubitemid 39473663)
107. S.I. Kring, L.H. Larsen, and C. Holst Genotype-phenotype associations in obesity dependent on definition of the obesity phenotype Obes Facts 1 2008 138 145
108. S.M. Mitchell, M.N. Weedon, and K.R. Owen Genetic variation in the small heterodimer partner gene and young-onset type 2 diabetes, obesity, and birth weight in U.K. subjects Diabetes 52 2003 1276 1279 (Pubitemid 36523368)
109. S.S. Sundaram, P.F. Whitington, and R.M. Green Steatohepatitis develops rapidly in transgenic mice overexpressing Abcb11 and fed a methionine-choline- deficient diet Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288 2005 G1321 G1327
110. G. Andreotti, I. Menashe, and J. Chen Genetic determinants of serum lipid levels in Chinese subjects: a population-based study in Shanghai, China Eur J Epidemiol 24 2009 763 774
111. F. Takeuchi, T. Katsuya, and S. Chakrewarthy Common variants at the GCK, GCKR, G6PC2-ABCB11 and MTNR1B loci are associated with fasting glucose in two Asian populations Diabetologia 53 2010 299 308
112. M. Acalovschi, S. Tirziu, and E. Chiorean Common variants of ABCB4 and ABCB11 and plasma lipid levels: a study in sib pairs with gallstones, and controls Lipids 44 2009 521 526
113. S.M. Houten, M. Watanabe, and J. Auwerx Endocrine functions of bile acids EMBO J 25 2006 1419 1425
114. C. Thomas, A. Gioiello, and L. Noriega TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis Cell Metab 10 2009 167 177
115. C. Thomas, R. Pellicciari, and M. Pruzanski Targeting bile-acid signalling for metabolic diseases Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 2008 678 693
116. M. Watanabe, S.M. Houten, and C. Mataki Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation Nature 439 2006 484 489 (Pubitemid 43152840)
117. S. Zhang, J. Wang, and Q. Liu Farnesoid X receptor agonist WAY-362450 attenuates liver inflammation and fibrosis in murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis J Hepatol 51 2009 380 388
118. S. Cipriani, A. Mencarelli, and G. Palladino FXR activation reverses insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities and protects against liver steatosis in Zucker (fa/fa) obese rats J Lipid Res 51 2010 771 784
119. Y. Zhang, F.Y. Lee, and G. Barrera Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 2006 1006 1011 (Pubitemid 43212212)
120. T.Q. Vallim, and P.A. Edwards Bile acids have the gall to function as hormones Cell Metab 10 2009 162 164
121. A.J. Sanyal, S. Mudaliar, and R.R. Henry A new therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes? INT-747the first FXR hepatic therapeutic study Hepatology 50 2009 389A
122. J. Gao, J. He, and Y. Zhai The constitutive androstane receptor is an anti-obesity nuclear receptor that improves insulin sensitivity J Biol Chem 284 2009 25984 25992
123. Y. Yamazaki, S. Kakizaki, and N. Horiguchi The role of the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Gut 56 2007 565 574 (Pubitemid 46580514)
124. S. Sookoian, G.O. Castano, and A.L. Burgueno The nuclear receptor PXR gene variants are associated with liver injury in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Pharmacogenet Genomics 20 2010 1 8
125. M. Hoekstra, B. Lammers, and R. Out Activation of the nuclear receptor PXR decreases plasma LDL-cholesterol levels and induces hepatic steatosis in LDL receptor knockout mice Mol Pharm 6 2009 182 189
126. J.J. Repa, G. Liang, and J. Ou Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta Genes Dev 14 2000 2819 2830
127. J.R. Schultz, H. Tu, and A. Luk Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis Genes Dev 14 2000 2831 2838
128. M. Ricote, A.C. Li, and T.M. Willson The peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-gamma is a negative regulator of macrophage activation Nature 391 1998 79 82 (Pubitemid 28079218)
129. S. Ogawa, J. Lozach, and C. Benner Molecular determinants of crosstalk between nuclear receptors and toll-like receptors Cell 122 2005 707 721 (Pubitemid 41242636)
130. P.R. Devchand, H. Keller, and J.M. Peters The PPARalpha-leukotriene B4 pathway to inflammation control Nature 384 1996 39 43
131. S.B. Joseph, A. Castrillo, and B.A. Laffitte Reciprocal regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by liver X receptors Nat Med 9 2003 213 219 (Pubitemid 36227724)
132. S.B. Joseph, M.N. Bradley, and A. Castrillo LXR-dependent gene expression is important for macrophage survival and the innate immune response Cell 119 2004 299 309 (Pubitemid 39360910)
133. Y.Y. Wang, M.K. Dahle, and J. Agren Activation of the liver X receptor protects against hepatic injury in endotoxemia by suppressing Kupffer cell activation Shock 25 2006 141 146
134. Y.D. Wang, W.D. Chen, and M. Wang Farnesoid X receptor antagonizes nuclear factor kappaB in hepatic inflammatory response Hepatology 48 2008 1632 1643
135. S. Zhang, Q. Liu, and J. Wang Suppression of interleukin-6-induced C-reactive protein expression by FXR agonists Biochem Biophys Res Commun 379 2009 476 479
136. Y.T. Li, K.E. Swales, and G.J. Thomas Farnesoid x receptor ligands inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell inflammation and migration Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 2007 2606 2611 (Pubitemid 350158912)
137. C. Ramiere, C. Scholtes, and O. Diaz Transactivation of the hepatitis B virus core promoter by the nuclear receptor FXRalpha J Virol 82 2008 10832 10840 (Pubitemid 352691199)
138. C. Scholtes, O. Diaz, and V. Icard Enhancement of genotype 1 hepatitis C virus replication by bile acids through FXR J Hepatol 48 2008 192 199
139. H.Y. Kim, H.K. Cho, and Y.H. Choi Bile acids increase hepatitis B virus gene expression and inhibit interferon-alpha activity FEBS J 277 2010 2791 2802
140. F. Jorquera, M.J. Monte, and J. Guerra Usefulness of combined measurement of serum bile acids and ferritin as additional prognostic markers to predict failure to reach sustained response to antiviral treatment in chronic hepatitis C J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 2005 547 554 (Pubitemid 40755266)
141. P. Podevin, O. Rosmorduc, and F. Conti Bile acids modulate the interferon signalling pathway Hepatology 29 1999 1840 1847 (Pubitemid 29247059)
142. N. Fujita, M. Kaito, and M. Kai Effects of bezafibrate in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: combination with interferon and ribavirin J Viral Hepat 13 2006 441 448
143. N. Fujita, M. Kaito, and H. Tanaka Reduction of serum HCV RNA titer by bezafibrate therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C Am J Gastroenterol 99 2004 2280 (Pubitemid 39524721)
144. M. Khattab, M. Emad, and A. Abdelaleem Pioglitazone improves virological response to peginterferon alpha-2b/ribavirin combination therapy in hepatitis C genotype 4 patients with insulin resistance Liver Int 30 2010 447 454
145. K. Hayashida, I. Shoji, and L. Deng 17beta-estradiol inhibits the production of infectious particles of hepatitis C virus Microbiol Immunol 54 2010 684 690
146. D. Bitetto, C. Fabris, and E. Fornasiere Vitamin D supplementation improves response to antiviral treatment for recurrent hepatitis C Transpl Int 24 2011 43 50
147. S. Petta, C. Camma, and C. Scazzone Low vitamin D serum level is related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferon-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C Hepatology 51 2010 1158 1167
148. L. Shen Vitamin D controls T cell activation: implication for causal association between vitamin D deficiency and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C Hepatology 52 2010 1864
149. G.S. Hotamisligil Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease Cell 140 2010 900 917
150. R. Kleemann, L. Verschuren, and B.J. de Rooij Evidence for anti-inflammatory activity of statins and PPARalpha activators in human C-reactive protein transgenic mice in vivo and in cultured human hepatocytes in vitro Blood 103 2004 4188 4194 (Pubitemid 38685361)
151. I. Inoue, F. Itoh, and S. Aoyagi Fibrate and statin synergistically increase the transcriptional activities of PPARalpha/RXRalpha and decrease the transactivation of NFkappaB Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290 2002 131 139 (Pubitemid 34694475)
152. N. Terasaka, A. Hiroshima, and A. Ariga Liver X receptor agonists inhibit tissue factor expression in macrophages FEBS J 272 2005 1546 1556 (Pubitemid 40444942)
153. N. Zelcer, and P. Tontonoz Liver X receptors as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling J Clin Invest 116 2006 607 614 (Pubitemid 43326865)
154. Y. Kawamata, R. Fujii, and M. Hosoya A G protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids J Biol Chem 278 2003 9435 9440 (Pubitemid 36800434)
155. V. Keitel, M. Donner, and S. Winandy Expression and function of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in Kupffer cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 372 2008 78 84 (Pubitemid 351778164)
156. E. D'Aldebert, and M.J. Biyeyeme Bi Mve Bile salts control the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin through nuclear receptors in the human biliary epithelium Gastroenterology 136 2009 1435 1443
157. E.F. Stange For bugs in bile: the times they are a-changin' Gastroenterology 136 2009 1164 1167
158. F. Marra, E. Efsen, and R.G. Romanelli Ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulate profibrogenic and proinflammatory actions in hepatic stellate cells Gastroenterology 119 2000 466 478 (Pubitemid 30621997)
159. K. Hellemans, P. Verbuyst, and E. Quartier Differential modulation of rat hepatic stellate phenotype by natural and synthetic retinoids Hepatology 39 2004 97 108 (Pubitemid 38461472)
160. M.T. Milliano, and B.A. Luxon Rat hepatic stellate cells become retinoid unresponsive during activation Hepatol Res 33 2005 225 233 (Pubitemid 41794211)
161. A. Galli, D.W. Crabb, and E. Ceni Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones inhibit collagen synthesis and hepatic stellate cell activation in vivo and in vitro Gastroenterology 122 2002 1924 1940 (Pubitemid 34651436)
162. F. Marra, R. DeFranco, and G. Robino Thiazolidinedione treatment inhibits bile duct proliferation and fibrosis in a rat model of chronic cholestasis World J Gastroenterol 11 2005 4931 4938 (Pubitemid 41227188)
163. H. Chen, Y.W. He, and W.Q. Liu Rosiglitazone prevents murine hepatic fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum World J Gastroenterol 14 2008 2905 2911
164. L. Yang, S.A. Stimpson, and L. Chen Effectiveness of the PPARgamma agonist, GW570, in liver fibrosis Inflamm Res 59 2010 1061 1071
165. A. Baghdasaryan, T. Claudel, and A. Kosters Curcumin improves sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2-/- mice by inhibition of cholangiocyte inflammatory response and portal myofibroblast proliferation Gut 59 2010 521 530
166. T. Poynard, V. Ratziu, and F. Charlotte Rates and risk factors of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C J Hepatol 34 2001 730 739 (Pubitemid 32488789)
167. L. Codes, T. Asselah, and D. Cazals-Hatem Liver fibrosis in women with chronic hepatitis C: evidence for the negative role of the menopause and steatosis and the potential benefit of hormone replacement therapy Gut 56 2007 390 395 (Pubitemid 46579771)
168. L. Codes, L. Matos, and R. Parana Chronic hepatitis C and fibrosis: evidences for possible estrogen benefits Braz J Infect Dis 11 2007 371 374 (Pubitemid 47616503)
169. J. Massard, V. Ratziu, and D. Thabut Natural history and predictors of disease severity in chronic hepatitis C J Hepatol 44 2006 S19 S24
170. T. Inagaki, A. Moschetta, and Y.K. Lee Regulation of antibacterial defense in the small intestine by the nuclear bile acid receptor Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 2006 3920 3925 (Pubitemid 43376656)
171. A.F. Hofmann, and L. Eckmann How bile acids confer gut mucosal protection against bacteria Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 2006 4333 4334
172. V. Lorenzo-Zuniga, R. Bartoli, and R. Planas Oral bile acids reduce bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia in cirrhotic rats Hepatology 37 2003 551 557 (Pubitemid 36258776)
173. B. Renga, A. Mencarelli, and M. Migliorati Bile-acid-activated farnesoid X receptor regulates hydrogen sulfide production and hepatic microcirculation World J Gastroenterol 15 2009 2097 2108
174. B. Vairappan, V. Sharma, and A. Winstanley Modulation of the DDAH-ADMA pathway with the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist INT-747 restores hepatic eNOS activity and lowers portal pressure in cirrhotic rats Hepatology 50 2009 336A 337A
175. P. Vavassori, A. Mencarelli, and B. Renga The bile acid receptor FXR is a modulator of intestinal innate immunity J Immunol 183 2009 6251 6261
176. A. Coste, L. Dubuquoy, and R. Barnouin LRH-1-mediated glucocorticoid synthesis in enterocytes protects against inflammatory bowel disease Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 13098 13103 (Pubitemid 351737599)
177. A. Martinez, A. Marquez, and J. Mendoza Role of the PXR gene locus in inflammatory bowel diseases Inflamm Bowel Dis 13 2007 1484 1487
178. M.M. Dring, C.A. Goulding, and V.I. Trimble The pregnane X receptor locus is associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease Gastroenterology 130 2006 341 348 (Pubitemid 43202034)
179. J.R. Hov, V. Keitel, and J.K. Laerdahl Mutational characterization of the bile acid receptor TGR5 in primary sclerosing cholangitis PLoS One 5 2010 e12403
180. L. Chen, J. McNulty, and D. Anderson Cholestyramine reverses hyperglycemia and enhances glucose-stimulated glucagon-like peptide 1 release in Zucker diabetic fatty rats J Pharmacol Exp Ther 334 2010 164 170
181. W. Huang, K. Ma, and J. Zhang Nuclear receptor-dependent bile acid signaling is required for normal liver regeneration Science 312 2006 233 236
182. F. Yang, X. Huang, and T. Yi Spontaneous development of liver tumors in the absence of the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor Cancer Res 67 2007 863 867
183. I. Kim, K. Morimura, and Y. Shah Spontaneous hepatocarcinogenesis in farnesoid X receptor-null mice Carcinogenesis 28 2007 940 946 (Pubitemid 47072176)
184. Y. Zhang, P. Xu, and K. Park Orphan receptor small heterodimer partner suppresses tumorigenesis by modulating cyclin D1 expression and cellular proliferation Hepatology 48 2008 289 298 (Pubitemid 351975553)
185. N. He, K. Park, and Y. Zhang Epigenetic inhibition of nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner is associated with and regulates hepatocellular carcinoma growth Gastroenterology 134 2008 793 802 (Pubitemid 351312736)
186. Y. Zhang, J. Soto, and K. Park Nuclear receptor SHP, a death receptor that targets mitochondria, induces apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth Mol Cell Biol 30 2010 1341 1356
187. W.D. Chen, Y.D. Wang, and L. Zhang Farnesoid X receptor alleviates age-related proliferation defects in regenerating mouse livers by activating forkhead box m1b transcription Hepatology 51 2010 953 962
188. A.S. Knisely, S.S. Strautnieks, and Y. Meier Hepatocellular carcinoma in ten children under five years of age with bile salt export pump deficiency Hepatology 44 2006 478 486 (Pubitemid 44214888)
189. A. De Gottardi, F. Touri, and C.A. Maurer The bile acid nuclear receptor FXR and the bile acid binding protein IBABP are differently expressed in colon cancer Dig Dis Sci 49 2004 982 989 (Pubitemid 39012282)
190. F. Journe, V. Durbecq, and C. Chaboteaux Association between farnesoid X receptor expression and cell proliferation in estrogen receptor-positive luminal-like breast cancer from postmenopausal patients Breast Cancer Res Treat 115 2009 523 535
191. G. Murillo, and R.G. Mehta Chemoprevention of chemically-induced mammary and colon carcinogenesis by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5 J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 97 2005 129 136 (Pubitemid 41546222)
192. J.M. Pascussi, A. Robert, and A. Moreau Differential regulation of constitutive androstane receptor expression by hepatocyte nuclear factor4alpha isoforms Hepatology 45 2007 1146 1153 (Pubitemid 46775776)
193. E. Falleti, D. Bitetto, and C. Fabris Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic cirrhosis World J Gastroenterol 16 2010 3016 3024
194. M. Sherman Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, surveillance, and diagnosis Semin Liver Dis 30 2010 3 16
195. C.J. Sinal, M. Tohkin, and M. Miyata Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis Cell 102 2000 731 744
196. S. Anakk, M. Watanabe, and S.A. Ochsner Combined deletion of Fxr and Shp in mice induces Cyp17a1 and results in juvenile onset cholestasis J Clin Invest 121 2011 86 95
197. L. Wang, Y. Han, and C.S. Kim Resistance of SHP-null mice to bile acid-induced liver damage J Biol Chem 278 2003 44475 44481 (Pubitemid 37377199)
198. Y.J. Park, M. Qatanani, and S.S. Chua Loss of orphan receptor small heterodimer partner sensitizes mice to liver injury from obstructive cholestasis Hepatology 47 2008 1578 1586 (Pubitemid 351702741)
199. W. Xie, A. Radominska-Pandya, and Y. Shi An essential role for nuclear receptors SXR/PXR in detoxification of cholestatic bile acids Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 2001 3375 3380 (Pubitemid 32220853)
200. C.A. Stedman, C. Liddle, and S.A. Coulter Nuclear receptors constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor ameliorate cholestatic liver injury Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 2005 2063 2068 (Pubitemid 40262012)
201. J. Zhang, W. Huang, and M. Qatanani The constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor function coordinately to prevent bile acid-induced hepatotoxicity J Biol Chem 279 2004 49517 49522 (Pubitemid 39625839)
202. H. Uppal, S.P. Saini, and A. Moschetta Activation of LXRs prevents bile acid toxicity and cholestasis in female mice Hepatology 45 2007 422 432 (Pubitemid 46374599)
203. M. Wagner, P. Fickert, and G. Zollner Role of farnesoid X receptor in determining hepatic ABC transporter expression and liver injury in bile duct-ligated mice Gastroenterology 125 2003 825 838 (Pubitemid 37070700)
204. H.U. Marschall, M. Wagner, and K. Bodin Fxr(-/-) mice adapt to biliary obstruction by enhanced phase I detoxification and renal elimination of bile acids J Lipid Res 47 2006 582 592 (Pubitemid 43345599)
205. C. Stedman, C. Liddle, and S. Coulter Benefit of farnesoid X receptor inhibition in obstructive cholestasis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 2006 11323 111328
206. G. Zollner, P. Fickert, and A. Fuchsbichler Role of nuclear bile acid receptor, FXR, in adaptive ABC transporter regulation by cholic and ursodeoxycholic acid in mouse liver, kidney and intestine J Hepatol 39 2003 480 488 (Pubitemid 37204645)
207. F. Chen, M. Ananthanarayanan, and S. Emre Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, type 1, is associated with decreased farnesoid X receptor activity Gastroenterology 126 2004 756 764 (Pubitemid 38298324)
208. D. Alvaro, P. Invernizzi, and P. Onori Estrogen receptors in cholangiocytes and the progression of primary biliary cirrhosis J Hepatol 41 2004 905 912 (Pubitemid 39575656)
209. P.C. ter Borg, A. Hagendorf, and H.R. van Buuren A pilot study exploring the role of glucocorticoid receptor variants in primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis Neth J Med 62 2004 326 331 (Pubitemid 39406484)
210. G. Zollner, M. Wagner, and P. Fickert Expression of bile acid synthesis and detoxification enzymes and the alternative bile acid efflux pump MRP4 in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis Liver Int 27 2007 920 929 (Pubitemid 47261945)
211. H.H. Wang, M. Liu, and D.J. Clegg New insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying effects of estrogen on cholesterol gallstone formation Biochim Biophys Acta 1791 2009 1037 1047
212. A.R. Hart, R. Luben, and A. Welch Hormone replacement therapy and symptomatic gallstonesa prospective population study in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort Digestion 77 2008 4 9 (Pubitemid 351552971)
213. D.J. Cirillo, R.B. Wallace, and R.J. Rodabough Effect of estrogen therapy on gallbladder disease JAMA 293 2005 330 339 (Pubitemid 40116088)
214. M.L. Uhler, J.W. Marks, and B.J. Voigt Comparison of the impact of transdermal versus oral estrogens on biliary markers of gallstone formation in postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 1998 410 414 (Pubitemid 28496514)
215. R.K. Dhiman, P.K. Sarkar, and A. Sharma Alterations in gallbladder emptying and bile retention in the absence of changes in bile lithogenicity in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy Dig Dis Sci 49 2004 1335 1341 (Pubitemid 39178108)
216. H.H. Wang, N.H. Afdhal, and D.Q. Wang Estrogen receptor alpha, but not beta, plays a major role in 17beta-estradiol-induced murine cholesterol gallstones Gastroenterology 127 2004 239 249 (Pubitemid 38962291)
217. H.H. Wang, N.H. Afdhal, and D.Q. Wang Overexpression of estrogen receptor alpha increases hepatic cholesterogenesis, leading to biliary hypersecretion in mice J Lipid Res 47 2006 778 786
218. M.L. Akin, H. Uluutku, and C. Erenoglu Tamoxifen and gallstone formation in postmenopausal breast cancer patients: retrospective cohort study World J Surg 27 2003 395 399 (Pubitemid 36920109)
219. A. Mohamed, D. Kadambari, and V. Bhuvaneswari Tamoxifen use and gallstone formation in postmenopausal breast cancer patients in south Indian population Indian J Cancer 46 2009 151 154
220. H. Uppal, Y. Zhai, and A. Gangopadhyay Activation of liver X receptor sensitizes mice to gallbladder cholesterol crystallization Hepatology 47 2008 1331 1342 (Pubitemid 351547919)
221. M. Wagner, E. Halilbasic, and H.U. Marschall CAR and PXR agonists stimulate hepatic bile acid and bilirubin detoxification and elimination pathways in mice Hepatology 42 2005 420 430 (Pubitemid 41061095)
222. W. Huang, J. Zhang, and D.D. Moore A traditional herbal medicine enhances bilirubin clearance by activating the nuclear receptor CAR J Clin Invest 113 2004 137 143 (Pubitemid 38541640)
223. M. Watanabe, S.M. Houten, and C. Mataki Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation Nature 439 2006 484 489 (Pubitemid 43152840)
224. S.M. Houten, M. Watanabe, and J. Auwerx Endocrine functions of bile acids EMBO J 25 2006 1419 1425
225. C. Thomas, A. Gioiello, and L. Noriega TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis Cell Metab 10 2009 167 177
226. C. Thomas, R. Pellicciari, and M. Pruzanski Targeting bile-acid signalling for metabolic diseases Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 2008 678 693
227. J. Eiris, M.I. Novo-Rodriguez, and M. Del Rio The effects on lipid and apolipoprotein serum levels of long-term carbamazepine, valproic acid and phenobarbital therapy in children with epilepsy Epilepsy Res 41 2000 1 7 (Pubitemid 30621396)
228. F.M. Sonmez, E. Demir, and A. Orem Effect of antiepileptic drugs on plasma lipids, lipoprotein (a), and liver enzymes J Child Neurol 21 2006 70 74 (Pubitemid 43778769)
229. J. Gao, J. He, and Y. Zhai The constitutive androstane receptor is an anti-obesity nuclear receptor that improves insulin sensitivity J Biol Chem 284 2009 25984 25992
230. Y. Yamazaki, S. Kakizaki, and N. Horiguchi The role of the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Gut 56 2007 565 574 (Pubitemid 46580514)
231. J.R. Schultz, H. Tu, and A. Luk Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis Genes Dev 14 2000 2831 2838
232. J.J. Repa, G. Liang, and J. Ou Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta Genes Dev 14 2000 2819 2830
233. M. Trauner, T. Claudel, and P. Fickert Bile acids as regulators of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism Dig Dis 28 2010 220 224
234. T.Y. Na, Y.K. Shin, and K.J. Roh Liver X receptor mediates hepatitis B virus X protein-induced lipogenesis in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatology 49 2009 1122 1131
235. K. Kim, K.H. Kim, and H.H. Kim Hepatitis B virus X protein induces lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1 and fatty acid synthase through the activation of nuclear receptor LXRalpha Biochem J 416 2008 219 230
236. E. Lima-Cabello, M.V. Garcia-Mediavilla, and M.E. Miquilena-Colina Enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and liver X-receptor-regulated lipogenic genes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C Clin Sci (Lond) 120 2010 239 250
237. K. Moriishi, R. Mochizuki, and K. Moriya Critical role of PA28gamma in hepatitis C virus-associated steatogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 1661 1666 (Pubitemid 46214647)
238. F. Negro Abnormalities of lipid metabolism in hepatitis C virus infection Gut 59 2010 1279 1287
239. E. Herker, C. Harris, and C. Hernandez Efficient hepatitis C virus particle formation requires diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 Nat Med 16 2010 1295 1298
240. Y. Miyanari, K. Atsuzawa, and N. Usuda The lipid droplet is an important organelle for hepatitis C virus production Nat Cell Biol 9 2007 1089 1097 (Pubitemid 47338147)
241. A. Shlomai, N. Paran, and Y. Shaul PGC-1alpha controls hepatitis B virus through nutritional signals Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 2006 16003 16008 (Pubitemid 44657582)
242. G. Lu, I. Shimizu, X. Cui, and M. Itonaga Antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities of idoxifene and estradiol in hepatic fibrosis in rats Life Sci 74 2004 897 907 (Pubitemid 37501138)
243. J.W. Xu, J. Gong, and X.M. Chang Estrogen reduces CCL4- induced liver fibrosis in rats World J Gastroenterol 8 2002 883 887
244. J.W. Xu, J. Gong, and X.M. Chang Effects of estradiol on liver estrogen receptor-alpha and its mRNA expression in hepatic fibrosis in rats World J Gastroenterol 10 2004 250 254 (Pubitemid 38195272)
245. M. Yasuda, I. Shimizu, and M. Shiba Suppressive effects of estradiol on dimethylnitrosamine-induced fibrosis of the liver in rats Hepatology 29 1999 719 727 (Pubitemid 29109585)
246. Y. Zhou, I. Shimizu, and G. Lu Hepatic stellate cells contain the functional estrogen receptor beta but not the estrogen receptor alpha in male and female rats Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286 2001 1059 1065 (Pubitemid 32924879)
247. I. Shimizu, Y. Mizobuchi, and M. Yasuda Inhibitory effect of oestradiol on activation of rat hepatic stellate cells in vivo and in vitro Gut 44 1999 127 136 (Pubitemid 29143293)
248. T. Itagaki, I. Shimizu, and X. Cheng Opposing effects of oestradiol and progesterone on intracellular pathways and activation processes in the oxidative stress induced activation of cultured rat hepatic stellate cells Gut 54 2005 1782 1789 (Pubitemid 41697679)
249. M. Gascon-Barre, C. Demers, and A. Mirshahi The normal liver harbors the vitamin D nuclear receptor in nonparenchymal and biliary epithelial cells Hepatology 37 2003 1034 1042 (Pubitemid 36538680)
250. S.W. Beaven, K. Wroblewski, and J. Wang Liver X receptor signaling is a determinant of stellate cell activation and susceptibility to fibrotic liver disease Gastroenterology 2010 Dec 4 [Epub ahead of print]
251. P. Fickert, A. Fuchsbichler, and T. Moustafa Farnesoid X receptor critically determines the fibrotic response in mice but is expressed to a low extent in human hepatic stellate cells and periductal myofibroblasts Am J Pathol 175 2009 2392 2405
252. A. Columbano, G.M. Ledda-Columbano, and M. Pibiri Gadd45beta is induced through a CAR-dependent, TNF-independent pathway in murine liver hyperplasia Hepatology 42 2005 1118 1126 (Pubitemid 43112679)
253. W. Huang, J. Zhang, and M. Washington Xenobiotic stress induces hepatomegaly and liver tumors via the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor Mol Endocrinol 19 2005 1646 1653 (Pubitemid 41002992)
254. Y. Yamamoto, R. Moore, and T.L. Goldsworthy The orphan nuclear receptor constitutive active/androstane receptor is essential for liver tumor promotion by phenobarbital in mice Cancer Res 64 2004 7197 7200 (Pubitemid 39372050)
255. M.H. Wu, W.L. Ma, and C.L. Hsu Androgen receptor promotes hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis through modulation of hepatitis B virus RNA transcription Sci Transl Med 2 2010 32 35
256. F.J. Martinez Cerezo, A. Tomas, and L. Donoso Controlled trial of tamoxifen in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma J Hepatol 20 1994 702 706 (Pubitemid 24216879)
257. F. Farinati, M. Salvagnini, and N. de Maria Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective controlled trial with tamoxifen J Hepatol 11 1990 297 301
258. C. Gallo, E. De Maio, and M. Di Maio Tamoxifen is not effective in good prognosis patients with hepatocellular carcinoma BMC Cancer 6 2006 196
259. F. Perrone, C. Gallo, and B. Daniele Tamoxifen in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: 5-year results of the CLIP-1 multicentre randomised controlled trial Curr Pharm Des 8 2002 1013 1019 (Pubitemid 34506402)
260. J.M. Llovet, and J. Bruix Systematic review of randomized trials for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Chemoembolization improves survival Hepatology 37 2003 429 442 (Pubitemid 36152543)
261. A.K. Nowak, M.R. Stockler, and P.K. Chow Use of tamoxifen in advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma A systematic review Cancer 103 2005 1408 1414 (Pubitemid 40410736)
262. E. Villa, A. Dugani, and E. Fantoni Type of estrogen receptor determines response to antiestrogen therapy Cancer Res 56 1996 3883 3885 (Pubitemid 26284732)
263. E. Villa, L. Camellini, and A. Dugani Variant liver estrogen and response to tamoxifen Gastroenterology 111 1996 271 272 (Pubitemid 26226916)
264. J.M. Peters, R.C. Cattley, and F.J. Gonzalez Role of PPAR alpha in the mechanism of action of the nongenotoxic carcinogen and peroxisome proliferator Wy-14,643 Carcinogenesis 18 1997 2029 2033 (Pubitemid 28134725)
265. K. Morimura, C. Cheung, and J.M. Ward Differential susceptibility of mice humanized for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha to Wy-14,643-induced liver tumorigenesis Carcinogenesis 27 2006 1074 1080
266. C. Cheung, T.E. Akiyama, and J.M. Ward Diminished hepatocellular proliferation in mice humanized for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha Cancer Res 64 2004 3849 3854 (Pubitemid 38697295)
267. S. Blumcke, W. Schwartzkopff, and H. Lobeck Influence of fenofibrate on cellular and subcellular liver structure in hyperlipidemic patients Atherosclerosis 46 1983 105 116 (Pubitemid 13180790)
268. K.L. Schaefer, K. Wada, and H. Takahashi Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma inhibition prevents adhesion to the extracellular matrix and induces anoikis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells Cancer Res 65 2005 2251 2259 (Pubitemid 40490134)
269. J. Yu, L. Qiao, and L. Zimmermann Troglitazone inhibits tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo Hepatology 43 2006 134 143 (Pubitemid 43733600)
270. M.A. Rumi, H. Sato, and S. Ishihara Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand-induced growth inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma Br J Cancer 84 2001 1640 1647 (Pubitemid 32612496)
271. K. Yoshizawa, D.P. Cioca, and S. Kawa Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand troglitazone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines Cancer 95 2002 2243 2251 (Pubitemid 35253388)
272. M. Toyoda, H. Takagi, and N. Horiguchi A ligand for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human liver cancer cells Gut 50 2002 563 567 (Pubitemid 34638879)
273. I. Borbath, I. Leclercq, and P. Moulin The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone inhibits early neoplastic occurrence in the rat liver Eur J Cancer 43 2007 1755 1763 (Pubitemid 47042376)
274. J. Yu, B. Shen, and E.S. Chu Inhibitory role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in hepatocarcinogenesis in mice and in vitro Hepatology 51 2010 2008 2019