Molecular and cellular basis of small- and intermediate-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel function in the brain

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 65, Issue 20, 2008, Pages 3196-3217

  Pedarzani, P ^a   Stocker, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Afterhyperpolarization; Apamin; Calcium activated potassium channel; Cerebral blood vessel endothelium; Glial cell; IAHP; Long term potentiation; Pacemaking neuron

Indexed keywords

APAMIN; CALCIUM; CALCIUM ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; TRINUCLEOTIDE;

ATAXIA; BRAIN BLOOD VESSEL; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; BRAIN REGION; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DRUG INHIBITION; EPILEPSY; GLIA CELL; HIPPOCAMPUS; HYPERPOLARIZATION; IC 50; LIMBIC SYSTEM; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; MENTAL DISEASE; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NERVE CELL; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; BRAIN; HUMANS; INTERMEDIATE-CONDUCTANCE CALCIUM-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; NEURONS; SMALL-CONDUCTANCE CALCIUM-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNELS;

MUS;

EID: 53849127475     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: 15691632     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-8216-x     Document Type: Review

References (263)

1. Sah, P. and Faber, E. S. (2002) Channels underlying neuronal calcium-activated potassium currents. Prog. Neurobiol. 66, 345-353.
2. Liegeois, J. F., Mercier, F., Graulich, A., Graulich-Lorge, F., Scuvee-Moreau, J. and Seutin, V. (2003) Modulation of small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels: A new challenge in medicinal chemistry. Curr. Med. Chem. 10, 625-647.
3. Vogalis, F., Storm, J. F. and Lancaster, B. (2003) SK channels and the varieties of slow after-hyperpolarizations in neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 3155-3166.
4. + channels: Molecular determinants and function of the SK family. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 758-770.
5. + channels and afterhyperpolarizations. Toxicon 43, 933-949.
6. Bond, C. T., Maylie, J. and Adelman, J. P. (2005) SK channels in excitability, pacemaking and synaptic integration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 305-311.
7. Wulff, H., Kolski-Andreaco, A., Sankaranarayanan, A., Sabatier, J. M. and Shakkottai, V. G. (2007) Modulators of small- and intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels and their therapeutic indications. Curr. Med. Chem. 14, 1437-1457.
8. Marty, A. (1981) Ca-dependent K channels with large unitary conductance in chromaffin cell membranes. Nature 291, 497-500.
9. + currents in rat muscle cell culture. Nature 293, 471-474.
10. Kaczorowski, G. J., Knaus, H. G., Leonard, R. J., McManus, O. B. and Garcia, M. L. (1996) High-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels; structure, pharmacology, and function. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 28, 255-267.
11. + channels: Function, pharmacology and drugs. Curr. Med. Chem. 9, 1385-1395.
12. Fury, M., Marx, S. O. and Marks, A. R. (2002) Molecular BKology: The study of splicing and dicing. Sci. STKE 2002, pe12.
13. Orio, P., Rojas, P., Ferreira, G. and Latorre, R. (2002) New disguises for an old channel: MaxiK channel beta-subunits. News Physiol. Sci. 17, 156-161.
14. Rothberg, B. S. (2004) Allosteric modulation of ion channels: The case of maxi-K. Sci. STKE 2004, pe16.
15. Ghatta, S., Nimmagadda, D., Xu, X. and O'Rourke, S. T. (2006) Large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels: Structural and functional implications. Pharmacol. Ther. 110, 103-116.
16. 2+ and voltage. Biol. Res. 39, 385-401.
17. Salkoff, L., Butler, A., Ferreira, G., Santi, C. and Wei, A. (2006) High-conductance potassium channels of the SLO family. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 921-931.
18. Kohler, M., Hirschberg, B., Bond, C. T., Kinzie, J. M., Marrion, N. V., Maylie, J. and Adelman, J. P. (1996) Small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels from mammalian brain. Science 273, 1709-1714.
19. Joiner, W. J., Wang, L. Y., Tang, M. D. and Kaczmarek, L. K. (1997) hSK4, a member of a novel subfamily of calcium-activated potassium channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 11013-11018.
20. Logsdon, N. J., Kang, J., Togo, J. A., Christian, E. P. and Aiyar, J. (1997) A novel gene, hKCa4, encodes the calcium-activated potassium channel in human T lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 32723-32726.
21. Ishii, T. M., Silvia, C., Hirschberg, B., Bond, C. T., Adelman, J. P. and Maylie, J. (1997) A human intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 11651-11656.
22. Ca channel gene, KCNN1. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1518, 36-46.
23. Strassmaier, T., Bond, C. T., Sailer, C. A., Knaus, H. G., Maylie, J. and Adelman, J. P. (2005) A novel isoform of SK2 assembles with other SK subunits in mouse brain. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 21231-21236.
24. Tomita, H., Shakkottai, V. G., Gutman, G. A., Sun, G., Bunney, W. E., Cahalan, M. D., Chandy, K. G. and Gargus, J. J. (2003) Novel truncated isoform of SK3 potassium channel is a potent dominant-negative regulator of SK currents: Implications in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 8, 524-535.
25. Wittekindt, O. H., Visan, V., Tomita, H., Imtiaz, F., Gargus, J. J., Lehmann-Horn, F., Grissmer, S. and Morris-Rosendahl, D. J. (2004) An apamin- and scyllatoxin-insensitive isoform of the human SK3 channel. Mol. Pharmacol. 65, 788-801.
26. Xia, X. M., Fakler, B., Rivard, A., Wayman, G., Johnson-Pais, T., Keen, J. E., Ishii, T., Hirschberg, B., Bond, C. T., Lutsenko, S., Maylie, J. and Adelman, J. P. (1998) Mechanism of calcium gating in small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Nature 395, 503-507.
27. + channels by calcium. J. Gen. Physiol. 111, 565-581.
28. Ca channel, IKCa1. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 5746-5754.
29. 2+-activated potassium channels. J. Neurosci. 19, 8830-8838.
30. 2+/calmodulin. Nature 410, 1120-1124.
31. Rimini, R., Rimland, J. M. and Terstappen, G. C. (2000) Quantitative expression analysis of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, SK1, SK2 and SK3, in human brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 85, 218-220.
32. + channel subunits, SK1, SK2, and SK3, in the adult rat central nervous system. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 15, 476-493.
33. + channels mediating the afterhyperpolarization in cultured rat SCG neurones. J. Physiol. 535, 323-334.
34. Tacconi, S., Carletti, R., Bunnemann, B., Plumpton, C., Merlo Pich, E. and Terstappen, G. C. (2001) Distribution of the messenger RNA for the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel SK3 in the adult rat brain and correlation with immunoreactivity. Neuroscience 102, 209-215.
35. + channels in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 22, 9698-9707.
36. 2+-activated potassium channel subunits, SK1, SK2, and SK3 in mouse brain. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 26, 458-469.
37. Bahia, P. K., Suzuki, R., Benton, D. C., Jowett, A. J., Chen, M. X., Trezise, D. J., Dickenson, A. H. and Moss, G. W. (2005) A functional role for small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in sensory pathways including nociceptive processes. J. Neurosci. 25, 3489-3498.
38. Mongan, L. C., Hill, M. J., Chen, M. X., Tate, S. N., Collins, S. D., Buckby, L. and Grubb, B. D. (2005) The distribution of small and intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in the rat sensory nervous system. Neuroscience 131, 161-175.
39. Thompson-Vest, N., Shimizu, Y., Hunne, B. and Furness, J. B. (2006) The distribution of intermediate-conductance, calcium-activated, potassium (IK) channels in epithelial cells. J. Anat. 208, 219-229.
40. Boettger, M. K., Till, S., Chen, M. X., Anand, U., Otto, W. R., Plumpton, C., Trezise, D. J., Tate, S. N., Bountra, C., Coward, K., Birch, R. and Anand, P. (2002) Calcium-activated potassium channel SK1- and IK1-like immunoreactivity in injured human sensory neurones and its regulation by neurotrophic factors. Brain 125, 252-263.
41. Furness, J. B., Robbins, H. L., Selmer, I. S., Hunne, B., Chen, M. X., Hicks, G. A., Moore, S. and Neylon, C. B. (2003) Expression of intermediate conductance potassium channel immunoreactivity in neurons and epithelial cells of the rat gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res. 314, 179-189.
42. Furness, J. B., Kearney, K., Robbins, H. L., Hunne, B., Selmer, I. S., Neylon, C. B., Chen, M. X. and Tjandra, J. J. (2004) Intermediate conductance potassium (IK) channels occur in human enteric neurons. Auton. Neurosci. 112, 93-97.
43. Neylon, C. B., Nurgali, K., Hunne, B., Robbins, H. L., Moore, S., Chen, M. X. and Furness, J. B. (2004) Intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in enteric neurones of the mouse: Pharmacological, molecular and immunochemical evidence for their role in mediating the slow afterhyperpolarization. J. Neurochem. 90, 1414-1422.
44. Roncarati, R., Di Chio, M., Sava, A., Terstappen, G. C. and Fumagalli, G. (2001) Presynaptic localization of the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel SK3 at the neuromuscular junction. Neuroscience 104, 253-262.
45. + channel SK3 is localized in nerve terminals of excitatory synapses of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 721-731.
46. v1.2) L-type calcium channels in rat CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, RC175.
47. + channels formed by the expression of rat SK1 and SK2 genes in HEK 293 cells. J. Physiol. 553, 13-19.
48. D'hoedt, D., Hirzel, K., Pedarzani, P. and Stocker, M. (2004) Domain analysis of the calcium-activated potassium channel SK1 from rat brain. Functional expression and toxin sensitivity. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 12088-12092.
49. Ishii, T. M., Maylie, J. and Adelman, J. P. (1997) Determinants of apamin and d-tubocurarine block in SK potassium channels. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 23195-23200.
50. + channels. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 3478-3486.
51. Kharrat, R., Mabrouk, K., Crest, M., Darbon, H., Oughideni, R., Martin-Eauclaire, M. F., Jacquet, G., el Ayeb, M., Van Rietschoten, J., Rochat, H. and Sabatier, J. M. (1996) Chemical synthesis and characterization of maurotoxin, a short scorpion toxin with four disulfide bridges that acts on K+ channels. Eur. J. Biochem. 242, 491-498.
52. Legros, C., Oughuideni, R., Darbon, H., Rochat, H., Bougis, P. E. and Martin-Eauclaire, M. F. (1996) Characterization of a new peptide from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom which is a ligand of the apamin-binding site. FEBS Lett. 390, 81-84.
53. + channel. Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 48, 514-521.
54. + channels. Proteins 29, 359-369.
55. Lecomte, C., Ferrat, G., Fajloun, Z., Van Rietschoten, J., Rochat, H., Martin-Eauclaire, M. F., Darbon, H. and Sabatier, J. M. (1999) Chemical synthesis and structure-activity relationships of Ts kappa, a novel scorpion toxin acting on apamin-sensitive SK channel. J. Pept. Res. 54, 369-376.
56. + channels. Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 5149-5155.
57. + channel, SkCa2. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 43145-43151.
58. Castle, N. A. and Strong, P. N. (1986) Identification of two toxins from scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus) venom which block distinct classes of calcium-activated potassium channel. FEBS Lett. 209, 117-121.
59. Chicchi, G. G., Gimenez Gallego, G., Ber, E., Garcia, M. L., Winquist, R. and Cascieri, M. A. (1988) Purification and characterization of a unique potent inhibitor of apamin binding from Leiurus-Quinquestriatus-Hebraeus venom. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10192-10197.
60. + channels. Chemical synthesis, radiolabeling, and receptor characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 4753-4759.
61. Zerrouk, H., Mansuelle, P., Benslimane, A., Rochat, H. and Martin-Eauclaire, M. F. (1993) Characterization of a new leiurotoxin I-like scorpion toxin. PO5 from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus. FEBS Lett. 320, 189-192.
62. + channels and afterhyperpolarization currents in central neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 46101-46109.
63. + channel. Am. J. Physiol. 271, L775-784.
64. + channel. Am. J. Physiol. 275, C848-856.
65. 2+-dependent. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1420, 231-240.
66. + channels. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 9762-9769.
67. + channels. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 278, C570-581.
68. + channels by the muscle relaxant chlorzoxazone and structurally related compounds. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 296, 683-689.
69. Cao, Y. J., Dreixler, J. C., Couey, J. J. and Houamed, K. M. (2002) Modulation of recombinant and native neuronal SK channels by the neuroprotective drug riluzole. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 449, 47-54.
70. Grunnet, M., Jespersen, T., Angelo, K., Frokjaer-Jensen, C., Klaerke, D. A., Olesen, S. P. and Jensen, B. S. (2001) Pharmacological modulation of SK3 channels. Neuropharmacology 40, 879-887.
71. Singh, S., Syme, C. A., Singh, A. K., Devor, D. C. and Bridges, R. J. (2001) Benzimidazolone activators of chloride secretion: Potential therapeutics for cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 296, 600-611.
72. AHP and modulates the firing properties of hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 41404-41411.
73. + channels by NS309 (6,7-dichloro-1Hindole-2,3-dione 3-oxime). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1665, 1-5.
74. + channels. Br. J. Pharmacol. 151, 655-665.
75. + channels by the synthetic compound (R)-N-(benzimidazol-2-yl)-1,2, 3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphtylamine (NS8593) reduces afterhyperpolarizing current in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Mol. Pharmacol. 70, 1771-1782.
76. Dreixler, J. C., Bian, J., Cao, Y., Roberts, M. T., Roizen, J. D. and Houamed, K. M. (2000) Block of rat brain recombinant SK channels by tricyclic antidepressants and related compounds. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 401, 1-7.
77. Terstappen, G. C., Pula, G., Carignani, C., Chen, M. X. and Roncarati, R. (2001) Pharmacological characterisation of the human small conductance calcium- activated potassium channel hSK3 reveals sensitivity to tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotic phenothiazines. Neuropharmacology 40, 772-783.
78. Terstappen, G. C., Pellacani, A., Aldegheri, L., Graziani, F., Carignani, C., Pula, G. and Virginio, C. (2003) The antidepressant fluoxetine blocks the human small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels SK1, SK2 and SK3. Neurosci. Lett. 346, 85-88.
79. + channel subunit, SK3. Science 289, 1942-1946.
80. 2+-activated potassium channel Kcnn4. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 47681-47687.
81. + channel knock-out mice reveal the identity of calcium-dependent afterhyperpolarization currents. J. Neurosci. 24, 5301-5306.
82. Shakkottai, V. G., Chou, C. H., Oddo, S., Sailer, C. A., Knaus, H. G., Gutman, G. A., Barish, M. E., LaFerla, F. M. and Chandy, K. G. (2004) Enhanced neuronal excitability in the absence of neurodegeneration induces cerebellar ataxia. J. Clin. Invest. 113, 582-590.
83. + current in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 4662-4667.
84. Lin, M. T., Lujan, R., Watanabe, M., Adelman, J. P. and Maylie, J. (2008) SK2 channel plasticity contributes to LTP at Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 170-177.
85. Savic, N., Pedarzani, P. and Sciancalepore, M. (2001) Medium afterhyperpolarization and firing pattern modulation in interneurons of stratum radiatum in the CA3 hippocampal region. J. Neurophysiol. 85, 1986-1997.
86. + channel SK3 generates age-related memory and LTP deficits. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 911-912.
87. Schwindt, P. C., Spain, W. J., Foehring, R. C., Chubb, M. C. and Crill, W. E. (1988) Slow conductances in neurons from cat sensorimotor cortex in vitro and their role in slow excitability changes. J. Neurophysiol. 59, 450-467.
88. Lorenzon, N. M. and Foehring, R. C. (1992) Relationship between repetitive firing and afterhyperpolarizations in human neocortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 67, 350-363.
89. Schwindt, P. C., Spain, W. J. and Crill, W. E. (1992) Calcium-dependent potassium currents in neurons from cat sensorimotor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 67, 216-226.
90. 2+- dependent AHPs and firing behavior in neocortical pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 2522-2534.
91. 2+ release in a feedback regulation of pyramidal cell excitability. J. Neurophysiol. 91, 2322-2329.
92. Gulledge, A. T., Park, S. B., Kawaguchi, Y. and Stuart, G. J. (2007) Heterogeneity of phasic cholinergic signaling in neocortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 97, 2215-2229.
93. Sourdet, V., Russier, M., Daoudal, G., Ankri, N. and Debanne, D. (2003) Long-term enhancement of neuronal excitability and temporal fidelity mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5. J. Neurosci. 23, 10238-10248.
94. Villalobos, C., Shakkottai, V. G., Chandy, K. G., Michelhaugh, S. K. and Andrade, R. (2004) SKCa channels mediate the medium but not the slow calcium-activated afterhyperpolarization in cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 24, 3537-3542.
95. Oh, M. M., Power, J. M., Thompson, L. T. and Disterhoft, J. F. (2000) Apamin increases excitability of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Neurosci. Res. Commun. 27, 135-142.
96. Kramar, E. A., Lin, B., Lin, C. Y., Arai, A. C., Gall, C. M. and Lynch, G. (2004) A novel mechanism for the facilitation of theta-induced long-term potentiation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Neurosci. 24, 5151-5161.
97. Shah, M. M., Javadzadeh-Tabatabaie, M., Benton, D. C., Ganellin, C. R. and Haylett, D. G. (2006) Enhancement of hippocampal pyramidal cell excitability by the novel selective slow-afterhyperpolarization channel blocker 3-(triphenylmethylaminomethyl) pyridine (UCL2077). Mol. Pharmacol. 70, 1494-1502.
98. Cai, X., Wei, D. S., Gallagher, S. E., Bagal, A., Mei, Y. A., Kao, J. P., Thompson, S. M. and Tang, C. M. (2007) Hyperexcitability of distal dendrites in hippocampal pyramidal cells after chronic partial deafferentation. J. Neurosci. 27, 59-68.
99. Kaczorowski, C. C., Disterhoft, J. and Spruston, N. (2007) Stability and plasticity of intrinsic membrane properties in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons: Effects of internal anions. J. Physiol. 578, 799-818.
100. Ca2/SK channels, contribute to the somatic medium after-hyperpolarization and excitability control in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells. J. Physiol. 566, 689-715.
101. + currents generated by NMDA receptor activation in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 87, 2983-2989.
102. Cai, X., Liang, C. W., Muralidharan, S., Kao, J. P., Tang, C. M. and Thompson, S. M. (2004) Unique roles of SK and Kv4.2 potassium channels in dendritic integration. Neuron 44, 351-364.
103. Faber, E. S., Delaney, A. J. and Sah, P. (2005) SK channels regulate excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity in the lateral amygdala. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 635-641.
104. 2+-mediated feedback loop in dendritic spines. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 642-649.
105. V2.3 voltage-sensitive calcium channels located in dendritic spines. Neuron 53, 249-260.
106. Lynch, M. A. (2004) Long-term potentiation and memory. Physiol. Rev. 84, 87-136.
107. 2+ and synaptic plasticity. Cell Calcium 38, 355-367.
108. Behnisch, T. and Reymann, K. G. (1998) Inhibition of apamin-sensitive calcium dependent potassium channels facilitate the induction of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of rat hippocampus in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 253, 91-94.
109. + channels modulate synaptic plasticity and memory encoding. J. Neurosci. 22, 10163-10171.
110. + channel type 2 (SK2) modulates hippocampal learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity. J. Neurosci. 26, 1844-1853.
111. Ca2.2, SK2) channels are caused by an encoding deficit. Learn Mem 15, 208-213.
112. Faber, E. S. and Sah, P. (2002) Physiological role of calcium-activated potassium currents in the rat lateral amygdala. J. Neurosci. 22, 1618-1628.
113. Sah, P., Faber, E. S., Lopez De Armentia, M. and Power, J. (2003) The amygdaloid complex: Anatomy and physiology. Physiol. Rev. 83, 803-834.
114. + channels and regulates channel gating. Neuron 43, 847-858.
115. + channel multiprotein complexes. J. Neurosci. 27, 2369-2376.
116. Gallo, G., Ernst, A. F., McLoon, S. C. and Letourneau, P. C. (2002) Transient PKA activity is required for initiation but not maintenance of BDNF-mediated protection from nitric oxide-induced growth-cone collapse. J. Neurosci. 22, 5016-5023.
117. 2+-activated potassium channel, Sk2, through direct phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 11769-11779.
118. Martina, M., Turcotte, M. E., Halman, S. and Bergeron, R. (2007) The sigma-1 receptor modulates NMDA receptor synaptic transmission and plasticity via SK channels in rat hippocampus. J. Physiol. 578, 143-157.
119. Sarpal, D., Koenig, J. I., Adelman, J. P., Brady, D., Prendeville, L. C. and Shepard, P. D. (2004) Regional distribution of SK3 mRNA-containing neurons in the adult and adolescent rat ventral midbrain and their relationship to dopamine-containing cells. Synapse 53, 104-113.
120. Wolfart, J., Neuhoff, H., Franz, O. and Roeper, J. (2001) Differential expression of the small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel SK3 is critical for pacemaker control in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 3443-3456.
121. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1999) The physiological approach: Functional architecture of working memory and disordered cognition in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 46, 650-661.
122. Kitai, S. T., Shepard, P. D., Callaway, J. C. and Scroggs, R. (1999) Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing patterns. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 9, 690-697.
123. Spanagel, R. and Weiss, F. (1999) The dopamine hypothesis of reward: Past and current status. Trends Neurosci. 22, 521-527.
124. Schultz, W. (2000) Multiple reward signals in the brain. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1, 199-207.
125. Floresco, S. B., West, A. R., Ash, B., Moore, H. and Grace, A. A. (2003) Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 968-973.
126. Wilson, C. J., Young, S. J. and Groves, P. M. (1977) Statistical properties of neuronal spike trains in the substantia nigra: Cell types and their interactions. Brain Res. 136, 243-260.
127. Sanghera, M. K., Trulson, M. E. and German, D. C. (1984) Electrophysiological properties ofmouse dopamine neurons: In vivo and in vitro studies. Neuroscience 12, 793-801.
128. Grace, A. A. and Bunney, B. S. (1984) The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: Burst firing. J. Neurosci. 4, 2877-2890.
129. Grace, A. A. and Bunney, B. S. (1984) The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: Single spike firing. J. Neurosci. 4, 2866-2876.
130. Freeman, A. S., Meltzer, L. T. and Bunney, B. S. (1985) Firing properties of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in freely moving rats. Life Sci. 36, 1983-1994.
131. Waroux, O., Massotte, L., Alleva, L., Graulich, A., Thomas, E., Liegeois, J. F., Scuvee-Moreau, J. and Seutin, V. (2005) SK channels control the firing pattern of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 22, 3111-3121.
132. Kita, T., Kita, H. and Kitai, S. T. (1986) Electrical membrane properties of rat substantia nigra compacta neurons in an in vitro slice preparation. Brain Res. 372, 21-30.
133. Grace, A. A. and Onn, S. P. (1989) Morphology and electrophysiological properties of immunocytochemically identified rat dopamine neurons recorded in vitro. J. Neurosci. 9, 3463-3481.
134. Lacey, M. G., Mercuri, N. B. and North, R. A. (1989) Two cell types in rat substantia nigra zona compacta distinguished by membrane properties and the actions of dopamine and opioids. J. Neurosci. 9, 1233-1241.
135. Kang, Y. and Kitai, S. T. (1993) Calcium spike underlying rhythmic firing in dopaminergic neurons of the rat substantia nigra. Neurosci. Res. 18, 195-207.
136. Overton, P. G. and Clark, D. (1997) Burst firing in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 25, 312-334.
137. Wolfart, J. and Roeper, J. (2002) Selective coupling of T-type calcium channels to SK potassium channels prevents intrinsic bursting in dopaminergic midbrain neurons. J. Neurosci. 22, 3404-3413.
138. Shepard, P. D. and Bunney, B. S. (1988) Effects of apamin on the discharge properties of putative dopamine-containing neurons in vitro. Brain Res. 463, 380-384.
139. + conductance. Exp. Brain Res. 86, 141-150.
140. Gu, X., Blatz, A. L. and German, D. C. (1992) Subtypes of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons revealed by apamin: Autoradiographic and electrophysiological studies. Brain Res. Bull. 28, 435-440.
141. + channels regulate pacemaker activity in nigral dopamine neurons. Neuroreport 7, 809-814.
142. Seutin, V., Johnson, S. W. and North, R. A. (1993) Apamin increases NMDA-induced burst-firing of rat mesencephalic dopamine neurons. Brain Res. 630, 341-344.
143. + currents. Neurosci. Lett. 231, 13 -16.
144. + channel ligands alter the firing pattern of dopamine-containing neurons in vivo. Neuroscience 140, 623-633.
145. Riegel, A. C. and Lupica, C. R. (2004) Independent presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms regulate endocannabinoid signaling at multiple synapses in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 24, 11070-11078.
146. Yanovsky, Y., Zhang, W. and Misgeld, U. (2005) Two pathways for the activation of small-conductance potassium channels in neurons of substantia nigra pars reticulata. Neuroscience 136, 1027-1036.
147. 2+ release-dependent hyperpolarizations modulate the firing pattern of juvenile GABA neurons in mouse substantia nigra pars reticulata in vitro. J. Physiol. 577, 879-890.
148. Seutin, V., Massotte, L., Scuvee-Moreau, J. and Dresse, A. (1998) Spontaneous apamin-sensitive hyperpolarizations in dopaminergic neurons of neonatal rats. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 3361-3364.
149. Seutin, V., Mkahli, F., Massotte, L. and Dresse, A. (2000) Calcium release from internal stores is required for the generation of spontaneous hyperpolarizations in dopaminergic neurons of neonatal rats. J. Neurophysiol. 83, 192-197.
150. Hallworth, N. E., Wilson, C. J. and Bevan, M. D. (2003) Apamin-sensitive small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, through their selective coupling to voltage-gated calcium channels, are critical determinants of the precision, pace, and pattern of action potential generation in rat subthalamic nucleus neurons in vitro. J. Neurosci. 23, 7525-7542.
151. Wichmann, T., Bergman, H. and DeLong, M. R. (1994) The primate subthalamic nucleus. I. Functional properties in intact animals. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 494-506.
152. Levy, R., Hutchison, W. D., Lozano, A. M. and Dostrovsky, J. O. (2000) High-frequency synchronization of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus of parkinsonian patients with limb tremor. J. Neurosci. 20, 7766-7775.
153. Reynolds, J. N., Hyland, B. I. and Wickens, J. R. (2004) Modulation of an afterhyperpolarization by the substantia nigra induces pauses in the tonic firing of striatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 24, 9870-9877.
154. Wilson, C. J. and Goldberg, J. A. (2006) Origin of the slow afterhyperpolarization and slow rhythmic bursting in striatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 196-204.
155. Bennett, B. D., Callaway, J. C. and Wilson, C. J. (2000) Intrinsic membrane properties underlying spontaneous tonic firing in neostriatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 20, 8493-8503.
156. Goldberg, J. A. and Wilson, C. J. (2005) Control of spontaneous firing patterns by the selective coupling of calcium currents to calcium-activated potassium currents in striatal cholinergic interneurons. J. Neurosci. 25, 10230-10238.
157. + channel expression and function in rat Purkinje neurons. J. Neurosci. 22, 4456-4467.
158. + channels to rat Purkinje neuron function. J. Physiol. 548, 53-69.
159. Womack, M. D. and Khodakhah, K. (2003) Somatic and dendritic small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels regulate the output of cerebellar purkinje neurons. J. Neurosci. 23, 2600-2607.
160. Womack, M. D., Chevez, C. and Khodakhah, K. (2004) Calcium-activated potassium channels are selectively coupled to P/Q-type calcium channels in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. J. Neurosci. 24, 8818-8822.
161. Womack, M. D. and Khodakhah, K. (2004) Dendritic control of spontaneous bursting in cerebellar Purkinje cells. J. Neurosci. 24, 3511-3521.
162. Forti, L., Cesana, E., Mapelli, J. and D'Angelo, E. (2006) Ionic mechanisms of autorhythmic firing in rat cerebellar Golgi cells. J. Physiol. 574, 711-729.
163. Aizenman, C. D. and Linden, D. J. (1999) Regulation of the rebound depolarization and spontaneous firing patterns of deep nuclear neurons in slices of rat cerebellum. J. Neurophysiol. 82, 1697-1709.
164. Czubayko, U., Sultan, F., Thier, P. and Schwarz, C. (2001) Two types of neurons in the rat cerebellar nuclei as distinguished by membrane potentials and intracellular fillings. J. Neurophysiol. 85, 2017-2029.
165. Alvina, K. and Khodakhah, K. (2008) Selective regulation of spontaneous activity of neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei by N-type calcium channels in juvenile rats. J. Physiol. 586, 2523-2538.
166. Jahnsen, H. (1986) Electrophysiological characteristics of neurones in the guinea-pig deep cerebellar nuclei in vitro. J. Physiol. 372, 129-147.
167. Armstrong, W. E., Rubrum, A., Teruyama, R., Bond, C. T. and Adelman, J. P. (2005) Immunocytochemical localization of small-conductance, calcium-dependent potassium channels in astrocytes of the rat supraoptic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 491, 175-185.
168. + channel, SK3, in the olfactory ensheathing glial cells of rat brain. Cell Tissue Res. 313, 187-193.
169. Verkhratsky, A., Orkand, R. K. and Kettenmann, H. (1998) Glial calcium: Homeostasis and signaling function. Physiol. Rev. 78, 99-141.
170. Jalonen, T. O., Margraf, R. R., Wielt, D. B., Charniga, C. J., Linne, M. L. and Kimelberg, H. K. (1997) Serotonin induces inward potassium and calcium currents in rat cortical astrocytes. Brain Res. 758, 69-82.
171. + currents by ET-1 in cultured striatal astrocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 281, C1373-1384.
172. Rock, R. B., Gekker, G., Hu, S., Sheng, W. S., Cheeran, M., Lokensgard, J. R. and Peterson, P. K. (2004) Role of microglia in central nervous system infections. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17, 942-964.
173. + channels and the microglial respiratory burst. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 280, C796-806.
174. + channels. Neuroscience 109, 827-835.
175. + channels for lysophosphatidic acid-induced microglial migration. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 1469-1474.
176. + channel KCNN4/KCa3.1 contributes to microglia activation and nitric oxide-dependent neurodegeneration. J. Neurosci. 27, 234-244.
177. Feletou, M. and Vanhoutte, P. M. (2006) Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor: Where are we now? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 1215-1225.
178. Busse, R., Edwards, G., Feletou, M., Fleming, I., Vanhoutte, P. M. and Weston, A. H. (2002) EDHF: Bringing the concepts together. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 23, 374-380.
179. Edwards, G. and Weston, A. H. (2004) Potassium and potassium clouds in endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations. Pharmacol. Res. 49, 535-541.
180. Taylor, S. G. and Weston, A. H. (1988) Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor: A new endogenous inhibitor from the vascular endothelium. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 9, 272-274.
181. + (SK3) channels modulates arterial tone and blood pressure. Circ. Res. 93, 124-131.
182. + channel. Circ. Res. 99, 537-544.
183. + channel in porcine coronary artery endothelium: Relevance to EDHF. Br. J. Pharmacol. 135, 1133-1143.
184. + channel in porcine coronary endothelium: Relevance to EDHF. Br. J. Pharmacol. 137, 1346-1354.
185. Ca channels in cerebral EDHF-mediated dilations. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 285, H1590-1599.
186. + in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-linked dilatation in rat middle cerebral artery. Stroke 36, 1526-1532.
187. Ca channels in hyperpolarizing responses of the rat middle cerebral artery. Stroke 37, 1277-1282.
188. Faraci, F. M., Lynch, C. and Lamping, K. G. (2004) Responses of cerebral arterioles to ADP: eNOS-dependent and eNOS-independent mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 287, H2871-2876.
189. Sander, T., Scholz, L., Janz, D., Epplen, J. T. and Riess, O. (1999) Length variation of a polyglutamine array in the gene encoding a small-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel (hKCa3) and susceptibility to idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 33, 227-233.
190. Fernandez de Sevilla, D., Garduno, J., Galvan, E. and Buno, W. (2006) Calcium-activated afterhyperpolarizations regulate synchronization and timing of epileptiform bursts in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 96, 3028-3041.
191. 2+ dependent afterhyperpolarisation in hippocampal CA3. Neuroscience 102, 297-306.
192. Garduno, J., Galvan, E., Fernandez de Sevilla, D. and Buno, W. (2005) 1-Ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (EBIO) suppresses epileptiform activity in in vitro hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 49, 376-388.
193. Lappin, S. C., Dale, T. J., Brown, J. T., Trezise, D. J. and Davies, C. H. (2005) Activation of SK channels inhibits epileptiform bursting in hippocampal CA3 neurons. Brain Res. 1065, 37-46.
194. Ca (SK) channel activator 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO) as a potential anticonvulsant. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 546, 48-53.
195. Pietrobon, D. (2005) Function and dysfunction of synaptic calcium channels: Insights from mouse models. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 257-265.
196. 2J mutation in Cacna2d2 results in reduced spontaneous Purkinje cell activity and altered gene expression. J. Neurosci. 26, 12576-12586.
197. Walter, J. T., Alvina, K., Womack, M. D., Chevez, C. and Khodakhah, K. (2006) Decreases in the precision of Purkinje cell pacemaking cause cerebellar dysfunction and ataxia. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 389-397.
198. Otis, T. S. and Jen, J. C. (2006) Blessed are the pacemakers. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 297-298.
199. Figueroa, K. P., Chan, P., Schols, L., Tanner, C., Riess, O., Perlman, S. L., Geschwind, D. H. and Pulst, S. M. (2001) Association of moderate polyglutamine tract expansions in the slow calcium-activated potassium channel type 3 with ataxia. Arch. Neurol. 58, 1649-1653.
200. Gonon, F. G. and Buda, M. J. (1985) Regulation of dopamine release by impulse flow and by autoreceptors as studied by in vivo voltammetry in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 14, 765-774.
201. Bean, A. J. and Roth, R. H. (1991) Extracellular dopamine and neurotensin in rat prefrontal cortex in vivo: Effects of median forebrain bundle stimulation frequency, stimulation pattern, and dopamine autoreceptors. J. Neurosci. 11, 2694-2702.
202. Grace, A. A. (1991) Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: A hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 41, 1-24.
203. Dunnett, S. B. and Bjorklund, A. (1999) Prospects for new restorative and neuroprotective treatments in Parkinson's disease. Nature 399, A32-39.
204. Grace, A. A. (2000) Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 31, 330-341.
205. Svensson, T. H. (2000) Dysfunctional brain dopamine systems induced by psychotomimetic NMDA-receptor antagonists and the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 31, 320-329.
206. Salthun-Lassalle, B., Hirsch, E. C., Wolfart, J., Ruberg, M. and Michel, P. P. (2004) Rescue of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in culture by low-level stimulation of voltage-gated sodium channels. J. Neurosci. 24, 5922-5930.
207. Gargus, J. J., Fantino, E. and Gutman, G. A. (1998) A piece in the puzzle: An ion channel candidate gene for schizophrenia. Mol. Med. Today 4, 518-524.
208. Wittekindt, O., Jauch, A., Burgert, E., Scharer, L., Holtgreve-Grez, H., Yvert, G., Imbert, G., Zimmer, J., Hoehe, M. R., Macher, J. P., Chiaroni, P., van Calker, D., Crocq, M. A. and Morris-Rosendahl, D. J. (1998) The human small conductance calcium-regulated potassium channel gene (hSKCa3) contains two CAG repeats in exon 1, is on chromosome 1q21.3, and shows a possible association with schizophrenia. Neurogenetics 1, 259-265.
209. Brzustowicz, L. M., Hodgkinson, K. A., Chow, E. W., Honer, W. G. and Bassett, A. S. (2000) Location of a major susceptibility locus for familial schizophrenia on chromosome 1q21-q22. Science 288, 678-682.
210. Chandy, K. G., Fantino, E., Wittekindt, O., Kalman, K., Tong, L. L., Ho, T. H., Gutman, G. A., Crocq, M. A., Ganguli, R., Nimgaonkar, V., Morris-Rosendahl, D. J. and Gargus, J. J. (1998) Isolation of a novel potassium channel gene hSKCa3 containing a polymorphic CAG repeat: A candidate for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder? Mol. Psychiatry 3, 32-37.
211. Bowen, T., Guy, C. A., Craddock, N., Cardno, A. G., Williams, N. M., Spurlock, G., Murphy, K. C., Jones, L. A., Gray, M., Sanders, R. D., McCarthy, G., Chandy, K. G., Fantino, E., Kalman, K., Gutman, G. A., Gargus, J. J., Williams, J., McGuffin, P., Owen, M. J. and O'Donovan, M. C. (1998) Further support for an association between a polymorphic CAG repeat in the hKCa3 gene and schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 3, 266-269.
212. Dror, V., Shamir, E., Ghanshani, S., Kimhi, R., Swartz, M., Barak, Y., Weizman, R., Avivi, L., Litmanovitch, T., Fantino, E., Kalman, K., Jones, E. G., Chandy, K. G., Gargus, J. J., Gutman, G. A. and Navon, R. (1999) hKCa3/KCNN3 potassium channel gene: Association of longer CAG repeats with schizophrenia in Israeli Ashkenazi Jews, expression in human tissues and localization to chromosome 1q21. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 254-260.
213. Ivkovic, M., Rankovic, V., Tarasjev, A., Orolicki, S., Damjanovic, A., Paunovic, V. R. and Romac, S. (2006) Schizophrenia and polymorphic CAG repeats array of calcium-activated potassium channel (KCNN3) gene in Serbian population. Int. J. Neurosci. 116, 157-164.
214. Ritsner, M., Modai, I., Ziv, H., Amir, S., Halperin, T., Weizman, A. and Navon, R. (2002) An association of CAG repeats at the KCNN3 locus with symptom dimensions of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry. 51, 788-794.
215. Ritsner, M., Amir, S., Koronyo-Hamaoui, M., Gak, E., Ziv, H., Halperin, T., Kitain, L. and Navon, R. (2003) Association study of CAG repeats in the KCNN3 gene in Israeli patients with major psychosis. Psychiatr. Genet. 13, 143-150.
216. Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Laurent, C., Campion, D., Thibaut, F., Lafargue, C., Charbonnier, F., Deleuze, J. F., Menard, J. F., Jay, M., Petit, M., Frebourg, T. and Mallet, J. (1999) No evidence for involvement of KCNN3 (hSKCa3) potassium channel gene in familial and isolated cases of schizophrenia. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 7, 247-250.
217. Joober, R., Benkelfat, C., Brisebois, K., Toulouse, A., Lafreniere, R. G., Turecki, G., Lal, S., Bloom, D., Labelle, A., Lalonde, P., Fortin, D., Alda, M., Palmour, R. and Rouleau, G. A. (1999) Lack of association between the hSKCa3 channel gene CAG polymorphism and schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 88, 154-157.
218. Tsai, M. T., Shaw, C. K., Hsiao, K. J. and Chen, C. H. (1999) Genetic association study of a polymorphic CAG repeats array of calcium-activated potassium channel (KCNN3) gene and schizophrenia among the Chinese population from Taiwan. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 271-273.
219. Saleem, Q., Sreevidya, V. S., Sudhir, J., Savithri, J. V., Gowda, Y., C, B. R., Benegal, V., Majumder, P. P., Anand, A., Brahmachari, S. K. and Jain, S. (2000) Association analysis of CAG repeats at the KCNN3 locus in Indian patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. 96, 744-748.
220. Imamura, A., Tsujita, T., Kayashima, T., Oda, R., Kikuchi, T., Hayashida, M., Hamada, A., Fujimaru, K., Matsumoto, S., Hashida, A., Nakane, Y. and Okazaki, Y. (2001) Lack of association between the hKCa3 gene and Japanese schizophrenia patients. Psychiatr. Genet. 11, 227-229.
221. Ujike, H., Yamamoto, A., Tanaka, Y., Takehisa, Y., Takaki, M., Taked, T., Kodama, M. and Kuroda, S. (2001) Association study of CAG repeats in the KCNN3 gene in Japanese patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 101, 203-207.
222. Laurent, C., Niehaus, D., Bauche, S., Levinson, D. F., Soubigou, S., Pimstone, S., Hayden, M., Mbanga, I., Emsley, R., Deleuze, J. F. and Mallet, J. (2003) CAG repeat polymorphisms in KCNN3 (HSKCa3) and PPP2R2B show no association or linkage to schizophrenia. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 116, 45-50.
223. Li, T., Hu, X., Chandy, K. G., Fantino, E., Kalman, K., Gutman, G., Gargus, J. J., Freeman, B., Murray, R. M., Dawson, E., Liu, X., Bruinvels, A. T., Sham, P. C. and Collier, D. A. (1998) Transmission disequilibrium analysis of a triplet repeat within the hKCa3 gene using family trios with schizophrenia. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251, 662-665.
224. Stober, G., Jatzke, S., Meyer, J., Okladnova, O., Knapp, M., Beckmann, H. and Lesch, K. P. (1998) Short CAG repeats within the hSKCa3 gene associated with schizophrenia: Results of a family-based study. Neuroreport 9, 3595-3599.
225. Antonarakis, S. E., Blouin, J. L., Lasseter, V. K., Gehrig, C., Radhakrishna, U., Nestadt, G., Housman, D. E., Kazazian, H. H., Kalman, K., Gutman, G., Fantino, E., Chandy, K. G., Gargus, J. J. and Pulver, A. E. (1999) Lack of linkage or association between schizophrenia and the polymorphic trinucleotide repeat within the KCNN3 gene on chromosome 1q21. Am. J. Med. Genet. 88, 348-351.
226. Austin, C. P., Holder, D. J., Ma, L., Mixson, L. A. and Caskey, C. T. (1999) Mapping of hKCa3 to chromosome 1q21 and investigation of linkage of CAG repeat polymorphism to schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 261-266.
227. Hawi, Z., Mynett-Johnson, L., Murphy, V., Straub, R. E., Kendler, K. S., Walsh, D., McKeon, P. and Gill, M. (1999) No evidence to support the association of the potassium channel gene hSKCa3 CAG repeat with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in the Irish population. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 488-491.
228. Meissner, B., Purmann, S., Schurmann, M., Zuhlke, C., Lencer, R., Arolt, V., Muller-Myhsok, B., Morris-Rosendahl, D. J. and Schwinger, E. (1999) hSKCa3: A candidate gene for schizophrenia? Psychiatr. Genet. 9, 91-96.
229. Wittekindt, O., Schwab, S. G., Burgert, E., Knapp, M., Albus, M., Lerer, B., Hallmayer, J., Rietschel, M., Segman, R., Borrmann, M., Lichtermann, D., Crocq, M. A., Maier, W., Morris-Rosendahl, D. J. and Wildenauer, D. B. (1999) Association between hSKCa3 and schizophrenia not confirmed by transmission disequilibrium test in 193 offspring/parents trios. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 267-270.
230. Chowdari, K. V., Wood, J., Ganguli, R., Gottesman, II and Nimgaonkar, V. L. (2000) Lack of association between schizophrenia and a CAG repeat polymorphism of the hSKCa3 gene in a north eastern US sample. Mol. Psychiatry 5, 237-238.
231. Bowen, T., Williams, N., Norton, N., Spurlock, G., Wittekindt, O. H., Morris-Rosendahl, D. J., Williams, H., Brzustowicz, L., Hoogendoorn, B., Zammit, S., Jones, G., Sanders, R. D., Jones, L. A., McCarthy, G., Jones, S., Bassett, A., Cardno, A. G., Owen, M. J. and O'Donovan, M. C. (2001) Mutation screening of the KCNN3 gene reveals a rare frameshift mutation. Mol. Psychiatry 6, 259-260.
232. Miller, M. J., Rauer, H., Tomita, H., Rauer, H., Gargus, J. J., Gutman, G. A., Cahalan, M. D. and Chandy, K. G. (2001) Nuclear localization and dominant-negative suppression by a mutant SKCa3 N-terminal channel fragment identified in a patient with schizophrenia. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 27753-27756.
233. Guy, C. A., Bowen, T., Williams, N., Jones, I. R., McCandless, F., McGuffin, P., Owen, M. J., Craddock, N. and O'Donovan, M. C. (1999) No association between a polymorphic CAG repeat in the human potassium channel gene hSKCa3 and bipolar disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. 88, 57-60.
234. McInnis, M. G., Breschel, T. S., Margolis, R. L., Chellis, J., MacKinnon, D. F., McMahon, F. J., Simpson, S. G., Lan, T. H., Chen, H., Ross, C. A. and DePaulo, J. R. (1999) Family-based association analysis of the hSKCa3 potassium channel gene in bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 4, 217-219.
235. Rohrmeier, T., Putzhammer, A., Schoeler, A., Sartor, H., Dallinger, P., Nothen, M. M., Propping, P., Knapp, M., Albus, M., Borrmann, M., Knothe, K., Kreiner, R., Franzek, E., Lichtermann, D., Rietschel, M., Maier, W., Klein, H. E. and Eichhammer, P. (1999) hSKCa3: No association of the polymorphic CAG repeat with bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Genet. 9, 169-175.
236. Bowen, T., Ashworth, L., Kirov, G., Guy, C. A., Jones, I. R., McCandless, F., Craddock, N., O'Donovan, M. C. and Owen, M. J. (2000) No evidence of association from transmission disequilibrium analysis of the hKCa3 gene in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2, 328-331.
237. Jin, D. K., Hwang, H. Z., Oh, M. R., Kim, J. S., Lee, M., Kim, S., Lim, S. W., Seo, M. Y., Kim, J. H. and Kim, D. K. (2001) CAG repeats of CTG18.1 and KCNN3 in Korean patients with bipolar affective disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 66, 19-24.
238. Meira-Lima, I. V., Zhao, J., Sham, P., Pereira, A. C., Krieger, J. E. and Vallada, H. (2001) Association and linkage studies between bipolar affective disorder and the polymorphic CAG/CTG repeat loci ERDA1, SEF2-1B, MAB21L and KCNN3. Mol. Psychiatry 6, 565-569.
239. Glatt, S. J., Faraone, S. V. and Tsuang, M. T. (2003) CAG-repeat length in exon 1 of KCNN3 does not influence risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder: A meta-analysis of association studies. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 121, 14-20.
240. Koronyo-Hamaoui, M., Danziger, Y., Frisch, A., Stein, D., Leor, S., Laufer, N., Carel, C., Fennig, S., Minoumi, M., Apter, A., Goldman, B., Barkai, G., Weizman, A. and Gak, E. (2002) Association between anorexia nervosa and the hsKCa3 gene: A family-based and case control study. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 82-85.
241. Koronyo-Hamaoui, M., Gak, E., Stein, D., Frisch, A., Danziger, Y., Leor, S., Michaelovsky, E., Laufer, N., Carel, C., Fennig, S., Mimouni, M., Apter, A., Goldman, B., Barkai, G. and Weizman, A. (2004) CAG repeat polymorphism within the KCNN3 gene is a significant contributor to susceptibility to anorexia nervosa: A case-control study of female patients and several ethnic groups in the Israeli Jewish population. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 131, 76-80.
242. + channel to genetic predisposition to anorexia nervosa. J. Psychiatr. Res. 41, 160-167.
243. Mossner, R., Weichselbaum, A., Marziniak, M., Freitag, C. M., Lesch, K. P., Sommer, C. and Meyer, J. (2005) A highly polymorphic poly-glutamine stretch in the potassium channel KCNN3 in migraine. Headache 45, 132-136.
244. Curtain, R., Sundholm, J., Lea, R., Ovcaric, M., MacMillan, J. and Griffiths, L. (2005) Association analysis of a highly polymorphic CAG Repeat in the human potassium channel gene KCNN3 and migraine susceptibility. BMC Med. Genet. 6, 32.
245. + channels. Pflugers Arch. 441, 544-550.
246. 2+-activated potassium channels. Mol. Pharmacol. 63, 409-418.
247. + channels stably expressed in HEK 293 cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 129, 991-999.
248. + channels expressed in mammalian cell lines. Br. J. Pharmacol. 129, 627-630.
249. + channels stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 366, 470-477.
250. + channels. J. Biomol. Screen. 12, 50-60.
251. + channel rSK2. Toxicon 43, 951-960.
252. Khawaled, R., Bruening-Wright, A., Adelman, J. P. and Maylie, J. (1999) Bicuculline block of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Pflugers Arch. 438, 314-321.
253. Fanger, C. M., Rauer, H., Neben, A. L., Miller, M. J., Rauer, H., Wulff, H., Rosa, J. C., Ganellin, C. R., Chandy, K. G. and Cahalan, M. D. (2001) Calcium-activated potassium channels sustain calcium signaling in T lymphocytes. Selective blockers and manipulated channel expression levels. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12249-12256.
254. Scuvee-Moreau, J., Boland, A., Graulich, A., Van Overmeire, L., D'hoedt, D., Graulich-Lorge, F., Thomas, E., Abras, A., Stocker, M., Liegeois, J. F. and Seutin, V. (2004) Electrophysiological characterization of the SK channel blockers methyl-laudanosine and methyl-noscapine in cell lines and rat brain slices. Br. J. Pharmacol. 143, 753-764.
255. + channels interacts with both SK1 and SK2 subunits in a heterologous expression system. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 1003-1009.
256. Ghanshani, S., Wulff, H., Miller, M. J., Rohm, H., Neben, A., Gutman, G. A., Cahalan, M. D. and Chandy, K. G. (2000) Upregulation of the IKCa1 potassium channel during T-cell activation. Molecular mechanism and functional consequences. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 37137-37149.
257. Visan, V., Sabatier, J. M. and Grissmer, S. (2004) Block of maurotoxin and charybdotoxin on human intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (hIKCa1). Toxicon 43, 973-980.
258. + channel types targeted by synthetic OSK1, a toxin from Orthochirus scrobiculosus scorpion venom. Biochem. J. 385, 95-104.
259. Rauer, H., Pennington, M., Cahalan, M. and Chandy, K. G. (1999) Structural conservation of the pores of calcium-activated and voltage-gated potassium channels determined by a sea anemone toxin. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21885-21892.
260. Wulff, H., Gutman, G. A., Cahalan, M. D. and Chandy, K. G. (2001) Delineation of the clotrimazole/TRAM-34 binding site on the intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, IKCa1. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 32040-32045.
261. + channel, IKCa1: A potential immunosuppressant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 8151-8156.
262. + channel, IK, can be blocked by the tricyclic antihistamine promethazine. Neuropharmacology 50, 458-467.
263. Rodriguez, F. A., Contreras, C., Bolanos-Garcia, V. and Allende, J. E. (2008) Protein kinase CK2 as an ectokinase: The role of the regulatory CK2beta subunit. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105, 5693-5698.