G-protein-coupled receptor expression, function, and signaling in macrophages

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

Volumn 82, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 16-32

  Lattin, Jane ^a   Zidar, David A ^b   Schroder, Kate ^a   Kellie, Stuart ^a   Hume, David A ^a   Sweet, Matthew J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

arrestin; Heterotrimeric; Immune; Inflammation; Kinase; Toll like receptor

Indexed keywords

COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C5A RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN 1; FORMYLPEPTIDE RECEPTOR LIKE 1; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 2; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 5; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR KINASE 6; LEUKOTRIENE B4 RECEPTOR; NEUROKININ 1 RECEPTOR; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 1; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 2; SUBSTANCE P; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR RECEPTOR;

DESENSITIZATION; HUMAN; LITERATURE; MACROPHAGE; MACROPHAGE FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MACROPHAGES; RECEPTOR CROSS-TALK; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS;

EID: 34347405300     PISSN: 07415400     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0107051     Document Type: Review

References (269)

1. Flower, D. R. (1999) Modeling G-protein-coupled receptors for drug design. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1422, 207-234.
2. Gether, U., Kobilka, B. K. (1998) G protein-coupled receptors. II. Mechanism of agonist activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 17979-17982.
3. Pierce, K. L., Premont, R. T., Lefkowitz, R. J. (2002) Seven-transmembrane receptors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 639-650.
4. Metpally, R. P., Sowdhamini, R. (2005) Cross genome phylogenetic analysis of human and Drosophila G protein-coupled receptors: application to functional annotation of orphan receptors. BMC Genomics 6, 106.
5. Downes, G. B., Gautam, N. (1999) The G protein subunit gene families. Genomics 62, 544-552.
6. Wettschureck, N., Offermanns, S. (2005) Mammalian G proteins and their cell type specific functions. Physiol. Rev. 85, 1159-1204.
7. Neer, E. J. (1995) Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane signals. Cell 80, 249-257.
8. Hubbard, K. B., Hepler, J. R. (2006) Cell signaling diversity of the Gqα family of heterotrimeric G proteins. Cell. Signal. 18, 135-150.
9. Lefkowitz, R. J. (1993) G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Cell 74, 409-412.
10. Ferguson, S. S., Downey III, W. E., Colapietro, A. M., Barak, L. S., Menard, L., Caron, M. G. (1996) Role of β-arrestin in mediating agonist-promoted G protein-coupled receptor internalization. Science 271, 363-366.
11. Zhang, J., Barak, L. S., Winkler, K. E., Caron, M. G., Ferguson, S. S. (1997) A central role for β-arrestins and clathrin-coated vesicle-mediated endocytosis in β2-adrenergic receptor resensitization. Differential regulation of receptor resensitization in two distinct cell types. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 27005-27014.
12. Bouvier, M., Hausdorff, W. P., De Blasi, A., O'Dowd, B. F., Kobilka, B. K., Caron, M. G., Lefkowitz, R. J. (1988) Removal of phosphorylation sites from the β 2-adrenergic receptor delays onset of agonist-promoted desensitization. Nature 333, 370-373.
13. Eason, M. G., Moreira, S. P., Liggett, S. B. (1995) Four consecutive serines in the third intracellular loop are the sites for β-adrenergic receptor kinase-mediated phosphorylation and desensitization of the α 2A-adrenergic receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 4681-4688.
14. Brannock, M. T., Weng, K., Robinson, P. R. (1999) Rhodopsin's carboxyl-terminal threonines are required for wild-type arrestin-mediated quench of transducin activation in vitro. Biochemistry 38, 3770-3777.
15. Laporte, S. A., Miller, W. E., Kim, K. M., Caron, M. G. (2002) β-Arrestin/AP-2 interaction in G protein-coupled receptor internalization: identification of a β-arrestin binging site in β 2-adaptin. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 9247-9254.
16. Laporte, S. A., Oakley, R. H., Holt, J. A., Barak, L. S., Caron, M. G. (2000) The interaction of β-arrestin with the AP-2 adaptor is required for the clustering of β 2-adrenergic receptor into clathrin-coated pits. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 23120-23126.
17. Fessart, D., Simaan, M., Laporte, S. A. (2005) c-Src regulates clathrin adapter protein 2 interaction with β-arrestin and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor during clathrin-mediated internalization. Mol. Endocrinol. 19, 491-503.
18. Oakley, R. H., Laporte, S. A., Holt, J. A., Barak, L. S., Caron, M. G. (2001) Molecular determinants underlying the formation of stable intracellular G protein-coupled receptor-β-arrestin complexes after receptor endocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 19452-19460.
19. Oakley, R. H., Laporte, S. A., Holt, J. A., Caron, M. G., Barak, L. S. (2000) Differential affinities of visual arrestin, β arrestin1, and β arrestin2 for G protein-coupled receptors delineate two major classes of receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 17201-17210.
20. Barak, L. S., Wilbanks, A. M., Caron, M. G. (2003) Constitutive desensitization: a new paradigm for G protein-coupled receptor regulation. Assay Drug Dev. Technol. 1, 339-346.
21. Gainetdinov, R. R., Premont, R. T., Bohn, L. M., Lefkowitz, R. J., Caron, M. G. (2004) Desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors and neuronal functions. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 107-144.
22. Schroder, K., Hertzog, P. J., Ravasi, T., Hume, D. A. (2004) Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75, 163-189.
23. Sweet, M. J., Hume, D. A. (1996) Endotoxin signal transduction in macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 60, 8-26.
24. Locati, M., Otero, K., Schioppa, T., Signorelli, P., Perrier, P., Baviera, S., Sozzani, S., Mantovani, A. (2002) The chemokine system: tuning and shaping by regulation of receptor expression and coupling in polarized responses. Allergy 57, 972-982.
25. Mantovani, A. (1999) The chemokine system: redundancy for robust outputs. Immunol. Today 20, 254-257.
26. Locati, M., Riboldi, E., Otero, K., Martinez, F. O., Riva, F., Perrier, P., Baviera, S., Signorelli, P., Bonecchi, R., Allavena, P., Sozzani, S., Mantovani, A. (2001) Regulation of the chemokine system at the level of chemokine receptor expression and signaling activity. Immunobiology 204, 536-542.
27. Gerard, C., Gerard, N. P. (1994) C5A anaphylatoxin and its seven transmembrane-segment receptor. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 775-808.
28. Mollnes, T. E., Brekke, O. L., Fung, M., Fure, H., Christiansen, D., Bergseth, G., Videm, V., Lappegard, K. T., Kohl, J., Lambris, J. D. (2002) Essential role of the C5a receptor in E. coli-induced oxidative burst and phagocytosis revealed by a novel lepirudin-based human whole blood model of inflammation. Blood 100, 1869-1877.
29. Kunkel, S. L., Kaercher, K., Plewa, M., Fantone, J. C., Ward, P. A. (1982) Production of cyclooxygenase products and superoxide anion by macrophages in response to chemotactic factors. Prostaglandins 24, 789-799.
30. Cavaillon, J. M., Fitting, C., Haeffner-Cavaillon, N. (1990) Recombinant C5a enhances interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes and macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol. 20, 253-257.
31. Goodman, M. G., Chenoweth, D. E., Weigle, W. O. (1982) Induction of interleukin 1 secretion and enhancement of humoral immunity by binding of human C5a to macrophage surface C5a receptors. J. Exp. Med. 156, 912-917.
32. Grant, E. P., Picarella, D., Burwell, T., Delaney, T., Croci, A., Avitahl, N., Humbles, A. A., Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C., Briskin, M., Gerard, C., Coyle, A. J. (2002) Essential role for the C5a receptor in regulating the effector phase of synovial infiltration and joint destruction in experimental arthritis. J. Exp. Med. 196, 1461-1471.
33. Wang, Y., Rollins, S. A., Madri, J. A., Matis, L. A. (1995) Anti-C5 monoclonal antibody therapy prevents collagen-induced arthritis and ameliorates established disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8955-8959.
34. Guo, R. F., Ward, P. A. (2005) Role of C5a in inflammatory responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23, 821-852.
35. De Boer, J. P., Creasey, A. A., Chang, A., Roem, D., Eerenberg, A. J., Hack, C. E., Taylor Jr., F. B. (1993) Activation of the complement system in baboons challenged with live Escherichia coli: correlation with mortality and evidence for a biphasic activation pattern. Infect. Immun. 61, 4293-4301.
36. Nakae, H., Endo, S., Inada, K., Takakuwa, T., Kasai, T., Yoshida, M. (1994) Serum complement levels and severity of sepsis. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 84, 189-195.
37. Stevens, J. H., O'Hanley, P., Shapiro, J. M., Mihm, F. G., Satoh, P. S., Collins, J. A., Raffin, T. A. (1986) Effects of anti-C5a antibodies on the adult respiratory distress syndrome in septic primates. J. Clin. Invest. 77, 1812-1816.
38. Huber-Lang, M., Sarma, V. J., Lu, K. T., McGuire, S. R., Padgaonkar, V. A., Guo, R. F., Younkin, E. M., Kunkel, R. G., Ding, J., Erickson, R., Curnutte, J. T., Ward, P. A. (2001) Role of C5a in multiorgan failure during sepsis. J. Immunol. 166, 1193-1199.
39. Dai, Y., Major, J., Novotny, M., Hamilton, T. A. (2005) IL-4 inhibits expression of the formyl peptide receptor gene in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 25, 11-19.
40. Mandal, P., Novotny, M., Hamilton, T. A. (2005) Lipopolysaccharide induces formyl peptide receptor 1 gene expression in macrophages and neutrophils via transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. J. Immunol. 175, 6085-6091.
41. Sullivan, R., Griffin, J. D., Malech, H. L. (1987) Acquisition of formyl peptide receptors during normal human myeloid differentiation. Blood 70, 1222-1224.
42. Yang, D., Chen, Q., Le, Y., Wang, J. M., Oppenheim, J. J. (2001) Differential regulation of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 expression during the differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells and macrophages. J. Immunol. 166, 4092-4098.
43. Panaro, M. A., Acquafredda, A., Sisto, M., Lisi, S., Maffione, A. B., Mitolo, V. (2006) Biological role of the N-formyl peptide receptors. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 28, 103-127.
44. Boulay, F., Tardif, M., Brouchon, L., Vignais, P. (1990) Synthesis and use of a novel N-formyl peptide derivative to isolate a human N-formyl peptide receptor cDNA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 168, 1103-1109.
45. Durstin, M., Gao, J. L., Tiffany, H. L., McDermott, D., Murphy, P. M. (1994) Differential expression of members of the N-formylpeptide receptor gene cluster in human phagocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201, 174-179.
46. Migeotte, I., Riboldi, E., Franssen, J. D., Gregoire, F., Loison, C., Wittamer, V., Detheux, M., Robberecht, P., Costagliola, S., Vassart, G., Sozzani, S., Parmentier, M., Communi, D. (2005) Identification and characterization of an endogenous chemotactic ligand specific for FPRL2. J. Exp. Med. 201, 83-93.
47. Betten, A., Bylund, J., Christophe, T., Boulay, F., Romero, A., Hellstrand, K., Dahlgren, C. (2001) A proinflammatory peptide from Helicobacter pylori activates monocytes to induce lymphocyte dysfunction and apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 1221-1228.
48. Ernst, S., Lange, C., Wilbers, A., Goebeler, V., Gerke, V., Rescher, U. (2004) An annexin 1 N-terminal peptide activates leukocytes by triggering different members of the formyl peptide receptor family. J. Immunol. 172, 7669-7676.
49. Su, S. B., Gong, W., Gao, J. L., Shen, W., Murphy, P. M., Oppenheim, J. J., Wang, J. M. (1999) A seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor, FPRL1, mediates the chemotactic activity of serum amyloid A for human phagocytic cells. J. Exp. Med. 189, 395-402.
50. Le, Y., Gong, W., Tiffany, H. L., Tumanov, A., Nedospasov, S., Shen, W., Dunlop, N. M., Gao, J. L., Murphy, P. M., Oppenheim, J. J., Wang, J. M. (2001) Amyloid ()42 activates a G-protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor, FPR-like-1. J. Neurosci. 21, RC123.
51. Sodhi, A., Biswas, S. K. (2002) fMLP-induced in vitro nitric oxide production and its regulation in murine peritoneal macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 71, 262-270.
52. Arbour, N., Tremblay, P., Oth, D. (1996) N-formyl-methionyl- leucylphenylalanine induces and modulates IL-1 and IL-6 in human PBMC. Cytokine 8, 468-475.
53. Gao, J. L., Lee, E. J., Murphy, P. M. (1999) Impaired antibacterial host defense in mice lacking the N-formylpeptide receptor. J. Exp. Med. 189, 657-662.
54. Berger, E. A., Murphy, P. M., Farber, J. M. (1999) Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 657-700.
55. Oppermann, M. (2004) Chemokine receptor CCR5: insights into structure, function, and regulation. Cell. Signal. 16, 1201-1210.
56. Samson, M., Libert, F., Doranz, B. J., Rucker, J., Liesnard, C., Farber, C. M., Saragosti, S., Lapoumeroulie, C., Cognaux, J., Forceille, C., et al. (1996) Resistance to HIV-1 infection in caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene. Nature 382, 722-725.
57. Liu, R., Paxton, W. A., Choe, S., Ceradini, D., Martin, S. R., Horuk, R., MacDonald, M. E., Stuhlmann, H., Koup, R. A., Landau, N. R. (1996) Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 86, 367-377.
58. Shen, W., Proost, P., Li, B., Gong, W., Le, Y., Sargeant, R., Murphy, P. M., Van Damme, J., Wang, J. M. (2000) Activation of the chemotactic peptide receptor FPRL1 in monocytes phosphorylates the chemokine receptor CCR5 and attenuates cell responses to selected chemokines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 272, 276-283.
59. Le, Y., Shen, W., Li, B., Gong, W., Dunlop, N. M., Wang, J. M. (1999) A new insight into the role of quot;oldquot; chemotactic peptide receptors FPR and FPRL1: down-regulation of chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4. Forum (Genova) 9, 299-314.
60. Colognato, R., Slupsky, J. R., Jendrach, M., Burysek, L., Syrovets, T., Simmet, T. (2003) Differential expression and regulation of protease-activated receptors in human peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells. Blood 102, 2645-2652.
61. Johansson, U., Lawson, C., Dabare, M., Syndercombe-Court, D., Newland, A. C., Howells, G. L., Macey, M. G. (2005) Human peripheral blood monocytes express protease receptor-2 and respond to receptor activation by production of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1{β}. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78, 967-975.
62. Cirino, G., Napoli, C., Bucci, M., Cicala, C. (2000) Inflammation- coagulation network: are serine protease receptors the knot? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21, 170-172.
63. Nelken, N. A., Soifer, S. J., O'Keefe, J., Vu, T. K., Charo, I. F., Coughlin, S. R. (1992) Thrombin receptor expression in normal and atherosclerotic human arteries. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 1614-1621.
64. Yang, Y. H., Hall, P., Little, C. B., Fosang, A. J., Milenkovski, G., Santos, L., Xue, J., Tipping, P., Morand, E. F. (2005) Reduction of arthritis severity in protease-activated receptor-deficient mice. Arthritis Rheum. 52, 1325-1332.
65. Lindner, J. R., Kahn, M. L., Coughlin, S. R., Sambrano, G. R., Schauble, E., Bernstein, D., Foy, D., Hafezi-Moghadam, A., Ley, K. (2000) Delayed onset of inflammation in protease-activated receptor-2-deficient mice. J. Immunol. 165, 6504-6510.
66. Ferrell, W. R., Lockhart, J. C., Kelso, E. B., Dunning, L., Plevin, R., Meek, S. E., Smith, A. J., Hunter, G. D., McLean, J. S., McGarry, F., Ramage, R., Jiang, L., Kanke, T., Kawagoe, J. (2003) Essential role for proteinase-activated receptor-2 in arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 111, 35-41.
67. Bost, K. L., Breeding, S. A., Pascual, D. W. (1992) Modulation of the mRNAs encoding substance P and its receptor in rat macrophages by LPS. Reg. Immunol. 4, 105-112.
68. Ho, W. Z., Lai, J. P., Zhu, X. H., Uvaydova, M., Douglas, S. D. (1997) Human monocytes and macrophages express substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor. J. Immunol. 159, 5654-5660.
69. Maggi, C. A. (2000) Principles of tachykininergic co-transmission in the peripheral and enteric nervous system. Regul. Pept. 93, 53-64.
70. Ho, W. Z., Kaufman, D., Uvaydova, M., Douglas, S. D. (1996) Substance P augments interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α release by human cord blood monocytes and macrophages. J. Neuroimmunol. 71, 73-80.
71. Lotz, M., Vaughan, J. H., Carson, D. A. (1988) Effect of neuropeptides on production of inflammatory cytokines by human monocytes. Science 241, 1218-1221.
72. Murris-Espin, M., Pinelli, E., Pipy, B., Leophonte, P., Didier, A. (1995) Substance P and alveolar macrophages: effects on oxidative metabolism and eicosanoid production. Allergy 50, 334-339.
73. Germonpre, P. R., Bullock, G. R., Lambrecht, B. N., Van De Velde, V., Luyten, W. H., Joos, G. F., Pauwels, R. A. (1999) Presence of substance P and neurokinin 1 receptors in human sputum macrophages and U-937 cells. Eur. Respir. J. 14, 776-782.
74. Bedoui, S., Kawamura, N., Straub, R. H., Pabst, R., Yamamura, T., von Horsten, S. (2003) Relevance of neuropeptide Y for the neuroimmune crosstalk. J. Neuroimmunol. 134, 1-11.
75. Felten, D. L., Felten, S. Y., Carlson, S. L., Olschowka, J. A., Livnat, S. (1985) Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissue. J. Immunol. 135, 755s-765s.
76. Elenkov, I. J., Wilder, R. L., Chrousos, G. P., Vizi, E. S. (2000) The sympathetic nerve - an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol. Rev. 52, 595-638.
77. De la Fuente, M., Bernaez, I., Del Rio, M., Hernanz, A. (1993) Stimulation of murine peritoneal macrophage functions by neuropeptide Y and peptide YY. Involvement of protein kinase C. Immunology 80, 259-265.
78. Dimitrijevic, M., Stanojevic, S., Vujic, V., Beck-Sickinger, A., von Horsten, S. (2005) Neuropeptide Y and its receptor subtypes specifically modulate rat peritoneal macrophage functions in vitro: counter regulation through Y1 and Y2/5 receptors. Regul. Pept. 124, 163-172.
79. De la Fuente, M., Del Rio, M., Medina, S. (2001) Changes with aging in the modulation by neuropeptide Y of murine peritoneal macrophage functions. J. Neuroimmunol. 116, 156-167.
80. Dureus, P., Louis, D., Grant, A. V., Bilfinger, T. V., Stefano, G. B. (1993) Neuropeptide Y inhibits human and invertebrate immunocyte chemotaxis, chemokinesis, and spontaneous activation. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 13, 541-546.
81. Motte, S., McEntee, K., Naeije, R. (2006) Endothelin receptor antagonists. Pharmacol. Ther. 110, 386-414.
82. Luscher, T. F., Barton, M. (2000) Endothelins and endothelin receptor antagonists: therapeutic considerations for a novel class of cardiovascular drugs. Circulation 102, 2434-2440.
83. Wanecek, M., Weitzberg, E., Rudehill, A., Oldner, A. (2000) The endothelin system in septic and endotoxin shock. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 407, 1-15.
84. Battistini, B., Forget, M. A., Laight, D. (1996) Potential roles for endothelins in systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a particular relationship to cytokines. Shock 5, 167-183.
85. Shimada, K., Yonetani, Y., Kita, T., Suzumura, A., Takayanagi, T., Nakashima, T. (1998) Cyclooxygenase 2 expression by endothelin-1-stimulated mouse resident peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 356, 73-80.
86. Ruetten, H., Thiemermann, C. (1997) Endothelin-1 stimulates the biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor in macrophages: ET-receptors, signal transduction and inhibition by dexamethasone. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 48, 675-688.
87. Cunningham, M. E., Huribal, M., Bala, R. J., McMillen, M. A. (1997) Endothelin-1 and endothelin-4 stimulate monocyte production of cytokines. Crit. Care Med. 25, 958-964.
88. Kojima, T., Hattori, K., Hirata, Y., Aoki, T., Sasai-Takedatsu, M., Kino, M., Kobayashi, Y. (1996) Endothelin-1 has a priming effect on production of superoxide anion by alveolar macrophages: its possible correlation with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr. Res. 39, 112-116.
89. Grimshaw, M. J., Hagemann, T., Ayhan, A., Gillett, C. E., Binder, C., Balkwill, F. R. (2004) A role for endothelin-2 and its receptors in breast tumor cell invasion. Cancer Res. 64, 2461-2468.
90. Hagemann, T., Binder, C., Binder, L., Pukrop, T., Trumper, L., Grimshaw, M. J. (2005) Expression of endothelins and their receptors promotes an invasive phenotype of breast tumor cells but is insufficient to induce invasion in benign cells. DNA Cell Biol. 24, 766-776.
91. Grimshaw, M. J. (2005) Endothelins in breast tumor cell invasion. Cancer Lett. 222, 129-138.
92. Wahl, J. R., Goetsch, N. J., Young, H. J., Van Maanen, R. J., Johnson, J. D., Pea, A. S., Brittingham, A. (2005) Murine macrophages produce endothelin-1 after microbial stimulation. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 230, 652-658.
93. Aung, H. T., Schroder, K., Himes, S. R., Brion, K., van Zuylen, W., Trieu, A., Suzuki, H., Hayashizaki, Y., Hume, D. A., Sweet, M. J., Ravasi, T. (2006) LPS regulates proinflammatory gene expression in macrophages by altering histone deacetylase expression. FASEB J. 20, 1315-1327.
94. Ebihara, I., Nakamura, T., Shimada, N., Shoji, H., Koide, H. (1998) Effect of hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber on plasma endothelin-1 and endothelin-1 mRNA in monocytes from patients with sepsis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 32, 953-961.
95. Liu, B., Zhou, J., Chen, H., Wang, D., Hu, D., Wen, Y., Xiao, N. (1997) Expression and cellular location of endothelin-1 mRNA in rat liver following endotoxemia. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 110, 932-935.
96. Lundblad, R., Giercksky, K. E. (1995) Endothelin concentrations in experimental sepsis: profiles of big endothelin and endothelin 1-21 in lethal peritonitis in rats. Eur. J. Surg. 161, 9-16.
97. Xu, J., Zhong, N. S. (1997) The interaction of tumor necrosis factor α and endothelin-1 in pathogenetic models of asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy 27, 568-573.
98. Salh, B., Hoeflick, K., Kwan, W., Pelech, S. (1998) Granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3 potentiate interferon-γ-mediated endothelin production by human monocytes: role of protein kinase C. Immunology 95, 473-479.
99. Hay, D. W. (2000) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: emerging therapies. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 4, 412-419.
100. Ihara, M., Ishikawa, K., Fukuroda, T., Saeki, T., Funabashi, K., Fukami, T., Suda, H., Yano, M. (1992) In vitro biological profile of a highly potent novel endothelin (ET) antagonist BQ-123 selective for the ETA receptor. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 20 (Suppl. 12), S11-S14.
101. Ishikawa, K., Ihara, M., Noguchi, K., Mase, T., Mino, N., Saeki, T., Fukuroda, T., Fukami, T., Ozaki, S., Nagase, T., et al. (1994) Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a potent and selective endothelin B-receptor antagonist, BQ-788. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 4892-4896.
102. Sharma, R., Coats, A. J., Anker, S. D. (2000) The role of inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: cytokines, nitric oxide, and endothelin-1. Int. J. Cardiol. 72, 175-186.
103. Spieker, L. E., Noll, G., Luscher, T. F. (2001) Therapeutic potential for endothelin receptor antagonists in cardiovascular disorders. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs 1, 293-303.
104. Tostes, R. C., Muscara, M. N. (2005) Endothelin receptor antagonists: another potential alternative for cardiovascular diseases. Curr. Drug Targets Cardiovasc. Haematol. Disord. 5, 287-301.
105. Hanahan, D. J. (1986) Platelet activating factor: a biologically active phosphoglyceride. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55, 483-509.
106. Snyder, F. (1985) Chemical and biochemical aspects of platelet activating factor: a novel class of acetylated ether-linked choline-phospholipids. Med. Res. Rev. 5, 107-140.
107. Prpic, V., Uhing, R. J., Weiel, J. E., Jakoi, L., Gawdi, G., Herman, B., Adams, D. O. (1988) Biochemical and functional responses stimulated by platelet-activating factor in murine peritoneal macrophages. J. Cell Biol. 107, 363-372.
108. Quarck, R., De Geest, B., Stengel, D., Mertens, A., Lox, M., Theilmeier, G., Michiels, C., Raes, M., Bult, H., Collen, D., Van Veldhoven, P., Ninio, E., Holvoet, P. (2001) Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase prevents injury-induced neointima formation and reduces spontaneous atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation 103, 2495-2500.
109. Aliberti, J. C., Machado, F. S., Gazzinelli, R. T., Teixeira, M. M., Silva, J. S. (1999) Platelet-activating factor induces nitric oxide synthesis in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected macrophages and mediates resistance to parasite infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 67, 2810-2814.
110. Mustafa, S. B., Flickinger, B. D., Olson, M. S. (1999) Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase expression by platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists in the rat liver and cultured rat Kupffer cells. Hepatology 30, 1206-1214.
111. Szabo, C., Wu, C. C., Mitchell, J. A., Gross, S. S., Thiemermann, C., Vane, J. R. (1993) Platelet-activating factor contributes to the induction of nitric oxide synthase by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Circ. Res. 73, 991-999.
112. Anderson, B. O., Bensard, D. D., Harken, A. H. (1991) The role of platelet activating factor and its antagonists in shock, sepsis and multiple organ failure. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 172, 415-424.
113. Van der Poll, T., Lowry, S. F. (1995) Tumor necrosis factor in sepsis: mediator of multiple organ failure or essential part of host defense? Shock 3, 1-12.
114. Albert, D. H., Luo, G., Magoc, T. J., Tapang, P., Holms, J. H., Davidsen, S. K., Summers, J. B., Carter, G. W. (1996) ABT-299, a novel PAF antagonist, attenuates multiple effects of endotoxemia in conscious rats. Shock 6, 112-117.
115. Soares, A. C., Pinho, V. S., Souza, D. G., Shimizu, T., Ishii, S., Nicoli, J. R., Teixeira, M. M. (2002) Role of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor during pulmonary infection with gram negative bacteria. Br. J. Pharmacol. 137, 621-628.
116. Weijer, S., Leemans, J. C., Florquin, S., Shimizu, T., Ishii, S., van der Poll, T. (2003) Host response of platelet-activating factor receptor-deficient mice during pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunology 109, 552-556.
117. Cundell, D. R., Gerard, N. P., Gerard, C., Idanpaan-Heikkila, I., Tuomanen, E. I. (1995) Streptococcus pneumoniae anchor to activated human cells by the receptor for platelet-activating factor. Nature 377, 435-438.
118. Braquet, P., Touqui, L., Shen, T. Y., Vargaftig, B. B. (1987) Perspectives in platelet-activating factor research. Pharmacol. Rev. 39, 97-145.
119. Im, S. Y., Ko, H. M., Kim, J. W., Lee, H. K., Ha, T. Y., Lee, H. B., Oh, S. J., Bai, S., Chung, K. C., Lee, Y. B., Kang, H. S., Chun, S. B. (1996) Augmentation of tumor metastasis by platelet-activating factor. Cancer Res. 56, 2662-2665.
120. Yokomizo, T., Izumi, T., Chang, K., Takuwa, Y., Shimizu, T. (1997) A G-protein-coupled receptor for leukotriene B4 that mediates chemotaxis. Nature 387, 620-624.
121. Yokomizo, T., Kato, K., Terawaki, K., Izumi, T., Shimizu, T. (2000) A second leukotriene B(4) receptor, BLT2. A new therapeutic target in inflammation and immunological disorders. J. Exp. Med. 192, 421-432.
122. Huang, W. W., Garcia-Zepeda, E. A., Sauty, A., Oettgen, H. C., Rothenberg, M. E., Luster, A. D. (1998) Molecular and biological characterization of the murine leukotriene B4 receptor expressed on eosinophils. J. Exp. Med. 188, 1063-1074.
123. Weller, C. L., Collington, S. J., Brown, J. K., Miller, H. R., Al-Kashi, A., Clark, P., Jose, P. J., Hartnell, A., Williams, T. J. (2005) Leukotriene B4, an activation product of mast cells, is a chemoattractant for their progenitors. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1961-1971.
124. Mencia-Huerta, J. M., Razin, E., Ringel, E. W., Corey, E. J., Hoover, D., Austen, K. F., Lewis, R. A. (1983) Immunologic and ionophore-induced generation of leukotriene B4 from mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. J. Immunol. 130, 1885-1890.
125. Fels, A. O., Pawlowski, N. A., Cramer, E. B., King, T. K., Cohn, Z. A., Scott, W. A. (1982) Human alveolar macrophages produce leukotriene B4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 7866-7870.
126. Du, J. T., Foegh, M., Maddox, Y., Ramwell, P. W. (1983) Human peritoneal macrophages synthesize leukotrienes B4 and C4. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 753, 159-163.
127. Shao, W. H., Del Prete, A., Bock, C. B., Haribabu, B. (2006) Targeted disruption of leukotriene B4 receptors BLT1 and BLT2: a critical role for BLT1 in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J. Immunol. 176, 6254-6261.
128. Aiello, R. J., Bourassa, P. A., Lindsey, S., Weng, W., Freeman, A., Showell, H. J. (2002) Leukotriene B4 receptor antagonism reduces monocytic foam cells in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22, 443-449.
129. Bailie, M. B., Standiford, T. J., Laichalk, L. L., Coffey, M. J., Strieter, R., Peters-Golden, M. (1996) Leukotriene-deficient mice manifest enhanced lethality from Klebsiella pneumonia in association with decreased alveolar macrophage phagocytic and bactericidal activities. J. Immunol. 157, 5221-5224.
130. Mancuso, P., Standiford, T. J., Marshall, T., Peters-Golden, M. (1998) 5-Lipoxygenase reaction products modulate alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 66, 5140-5146.
131. Gaudreault, E., Stankova, J., Rola-Pleszczynski, M. (2005) Involvement of leukotriene B4 receptor 1 signaling in platelet-activating factor-mediated neutrophil degranulation and chemotaxis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 75, 25-34.
132. Serezani, C. H., Aronoff, D. M., Jancar, S., Mancuso, P., Peters-Golden, M. (2005) Leukotrienes enhance the bactericidal activity of alveolar macrophages against Klebsiella pneumoniae through the activation of NADPH oxidase. Blood 106, 1067-1075.
133. Talvani, A., Machado, F. S., Santana, G. C., Klein, A., Barcelos, L., Silva, J. S., Teixeira, M. M. (2002) Leukotriene B(4) induces nitric oxide synthesis in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected murine macrophages and mediates resistance to infection. Infect. Immun. 70, 4247-4253.
134. Park, J. Y., Pillinger, M. H., Abramson, S. B. (2006) Prostaglandin E2 synthesis and secretion: the role of PGE2 synthases. Clin. Immunol. 119, 229-240.
135. Davies, P., Bailey, P. J., Goldenberg, M. M., Ford-Hutchinson, A. W. (1984) The role of arachidonic acid oxygenation products in pain and inflammation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2, 335-357.
136. Bombardieri, S., Cattani, P., Ciabattoni, G., Di Munno, O., Pasero, G., Patrono, C., Pinca, E., Pugliese, F. (1981) The synovial prostaglandin system in chronic inflammatory arthritis: differential effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br. J. Pharmacol. 73, 893-901.
137. Hardy, M. M., Seibert, K., Manning, P. T., Currie, M. G., Woerner, B. M., Edwards, D., Koki, A., Tripp, C. S. (2002) Cyclooxygenase 2-dependent prostaglandin E2 modulates cartilage proteoglycan degradation in human osteoarthritis explants. Arthritis Rheum. 46, 1789-1803.
138. Westman, M., Korotkova, M., af Klint, E., Stark, A., Audoly, L. P., Klareskog, L., Ulfgren, A. K., Jakobsson, P. J. (2004) Expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Arthritis Rheum. 50, 1774-1780.
139. Claria, J., Romano, M. (2005) Pharmacological intervention of cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase pathways. Impact on inflammation and cancer. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11, 3431-3447.
140. Sugimoto, Y., Narumiya, S., Ichikawa, A. (2000) Distribution and function of prostanoid receptors: studies from knockout mice. Prog. Lipid Res. 39, 289-314.
141. Kobayashi, T., Narumiya, S. (2002) Prostanoids in health and disease; lessons from receptor-knockout mice. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 507, 593-597.
142. Kobayashi, T., Narumiya, S. (2002) Function of prostanoid receptors: studies on knockout mice. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 68-69, 557-573.
143. Segi, E., Sugimoto, Y., Yamasaki, A., Aze, Y., Oida, H., Nishimura, T., Murata, T., Matsuoka, T., Ushikubi, F., Hirose, M., Tanaka, T., Yoshida, N., Narumiya, S., Ichikawa, A. (1998) Patent ductus arteriosus and neonatal death in prostaglandin receptor EP4-deficient mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 246, 7-12.
144. Miyaura, C., Inada, M., Suzawa, T., Sugimoto, Y., Ushikubi, F., Ichikawa, A., Narumiya, S., Suda, T. (2000) Impaired bone resorption to prostaglandin E2 in prostaglandin E receptor EP4-knockout mice. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 19819-19823.
145. Ushikubi, F., Segi, E., Sugimoto, Y., Murata, T., Matsuoka, T., Kobayashi, T., Hizaki, H., Tuboi, K., Katsuyama, M., Ichikawa, A., Tanaka, T., Yoshida, N., Narumiya, S. (1998) Impaired febrile response in mice lacking the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3. Nature 395, 281-284.
146. Takeuchi, K., Ukawa, H., Kato, S., Furukawa, O., Araki, H., Sugimoto, Y., Ichikawa, A., Ushikubi, F., Narumiya, S. (1999) Impaired duodenal bicarbonate secretion and mucosal integrity in mice lacking prostaglandin E-receptor subtype EP(3). Gastroenterology 117, 1128-1135.
147. Hizaki, H., Segi, E., Sugimoto, Y., Hirose, M., Saji, T., Ushikubi, F., Matsuoka, T., Noda, Y., Tanaka, T., Yoshida, N., Narumiya, S., Ichikawa, A. (1999) Abortive expansion of the cumulus and impaired fertility in mice lacking the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP(2). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10501-10506.
148. Tilley, S. L., Audoly, L. P., Hicks, E. H., Kim, H. S., Flannery, P. J., Coffman, T. M., Koller, B. H. (1999) Reproductive failure and reduced blood pressure in mice lacking the EP2 prostaglandin E2 receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 1539-1545.
149. Watanabe, K., Kawamori, T., Nakatsugi, S., Ohta, T., Ohuchida, S., Yamamoto, H., Maruyama, T., Kondo, K., Ushikubi, F., Narumiya, S., Sugimura, T., Wakabayashi, K. (1999) Role of the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP1 in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 59, 5093-5096.
150. Kunkel, S. L., Wiggins, R. C., Chensue, S. W., Larrick, J. (1986) Regulation of macrophage tumor necrosis factor production by prostaglandin E2. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137, 404-410.
151. Bailly, S., Ferrua, B., Fay, M., Gougerot-Pocidalo, M. A. (1990) Differential regulation of IL 6, IL 1 A, IL 1 β and TNF α production in LPS-stimulated human monocytes: role of cyclic AMP. Cytokine 2, 205-210.
152. Knudsen, P. J., Dinarello, C. A., Strom, T. B. (1986) Prostaglandins posttranscriptionally inhibit monocyte expression of interleukin 1 activity by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. J. Immunol. 137, 3189-3194.
153. Standiford, T. J., Kunkel, S. L., Rolfe, M. W., Evanoff, H. L., Allen, R. M., Strieter, R. M. (1992) Regulation of human alveolar macrophage- and blood monocyte-derived interleukin-8 by prostaglandin E2 and dexamethasone. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6, 75-81.
154. Van der Pouw Kraan, T. C., Boeije, L. C., Smeenk, R. J., Wijdenes, J., Aarden, L. A. (1995) Prostaglandin-E2 is a potent inhibitor of human interleukin 12 production. J. Exp. Med. 181, 775-779.
155. Shinomiya, S., Naraba, H., Ueno, A., Utsunomiya, I., Maruyama, T., Ohuchida, S., Ushikubi, F., Yuki, K., Narumiya, S., Sugimoto, Y., Ichikawa, A.,
156. Kuroda, E., Sugiura, T., Okada, K., Zeki, K., Yamashita, U. (2001) Prostaglandin E2 up-regulates macrophage-derived chemokine production but suppresses IFN-inducible protein-10 production by APC. J. Immunol. 166, 1650-1658.
157. Betz, M., Fox, B. S. (1991) Prostaglandin E2 inhibits production of Th1 lymphokines but not of Th2 lymphokines. J. Immunol. 146, 108-113.
158. Demeure, C. E., Yang, L. P., Desjardins, C., Raynauld, P., Delespesse, G. (1997) Prostaglandin E2 primes naive T cells for the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 3526-3531.
159. Katamura, K., Shintaku, N., Yamauchi, Y., Fukui, T., Ohshima, Y., Mayumi, M., Furusho, K. (1995) Prostaglandin E2 at priming of naive CD4+ T cells inhibits acquisition of ability to produce IFN-γ and IL-2, but not IL-4 and IL-5. J. Immunol. 155, 4604-4612.
160. Wu, C. Y., Wang, K., McDyer, J. F., Seder, R. A. (1998) Prostaglandin E2 and dexamethasone inhibit IL-12 receptor expression and IL-12 responsiveness. J. Immunol. 161, 2723-2730.
161. Tigyi, G. (2001) Physiological responses to lysophosphatidic acid and related glycero-phospholipids. Prostaglandins 64, 47-62.
162. Goetzl, E. J., An, S. (1998) Diversity of cellular receptors and functions for the lysophospholipid growth factors lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate. FASEB J. 12, 1589-1598.
163. Hla, T., Lee, M. J., Ancellin, N., Paik, J. H., Kluk, M. J. (2001) Lysophospholipids - receptor revelations. Science 294, 1875-1878.
164. Balazs, L., Okolicany, J., Ferrebee, M., Tigyi, G. (2000) Topical application of LPA accelerates wound healing. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 905, 270-273.
165. Balazs, L., Okolicany, J., Ferrebee, M., Tolley, B., Tigyi, G. (2001) Topical application of the phospholipid growth factor lysophosphatidic acid promotes wound healing in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280, R466-R472.
166. Rizza, C., Leitinger, N., Yue, J., Fischer, D. J., Wang, D. A., Shih, P. T., Lee, H., Tigyi, G., Berliner, J. A. (1999) Lysophosphatidic acid as a regulator of endothelial/leukocyte interaction. Lab. Invest. 79, 1227-1235.
167. Hornuss, C., Hammermann, R., Fuhrmann, M., Juergens, U. R., Racke, K. (2001) Human and rat alveolar macrophages express multiple EDG receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 429, 303-308.
168. Sester, D. P., Brion, K., Trieu, A., Goodridge, H. S., Roberts, T. L., Dunn, J., Hume, D. A., Stacey, K. J., Sweet, M. J. (2006) CpG DNA activates survival in murine macrophages through TLR9 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway. J. Immunol. 177, 4473-4480.
169. Koh, J. S., Lieberthal, W., Heydrick, S., Levine, J. S. (1998) Lysophosphatidic acid is a major serum noncytokine survival factor for murine macrophages which acts via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 716-727.
170. Baud, V., Chissoe, S.L., Viegas-Pequignot, E., Diriong, S., N'Guyen, V. C., Roe, B. A., Lipinski, M. (1995) EMR1, an unusual member in the family of hormone receptors with seven transmembrane segments. Genomics 26, 334-344.
171. McKnight, A. J., Macfarlane, A. J., Dri, P., Turley, L., Willis, A. C., Gordon, S. (1996) Molecular cloning of F4/80, a murine macrophage-restricted cell surface glycoprotein with homology to the G-proteinlinked transmembrane 7 hormone receptor family. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 486-489.
172. Gordon, S., Crocker, P. R., Morris, L., Lee, S. H., Perry, V. H., Hume, D. A. (1986) Localization and function of tissue macrophages. Ciba Found. Symp. 118, 54-67.
173. Lin, H. H., Faunce, D. E., Stacey, M., Terajewicz, A., Nakamura, T., Zhang-Hoover, J., Kerley, M., Mucenski, M. L., Gordon, S., Stein-Streilein, J. (2005) The macrophage F4/80 receptor is required for the induction of antigen-specific efferent regulatory T cells in peripheral tolerance. J. Exp. Med. 201, 1615-1625.
174. Stacey, M., Chang, G. W., Davies, J. Q., Kwakkenbos, M. J., Sanderson, R. D., Hamann, J., Gordon, S., Lin, H. H. (2003) The epidermal growth factor-like domains of the human EMR2 receptor mediate cell attachment through chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans. Blood 102, 2916-2924.
175. Stacey, M., Chang, G. W., Sanos, S. L., Chittenden, L. R., Stubbs, L., Gordon, S., Lin, H. H. (2002) EMR4, a novel epidermal growth factor (EGF)-TM7 molecule up-regulated in activated mouse macrophages, binds to a putative cellular ligand on B lymphoma cell line A20. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 29283-29293.
176. Jaspars, L. H., Vos, W., Aust, G., Van Lier, R. A., Hamann, J. (2001) Tissue distribution of the human CD97 EGF-TM7 receptor. Tissue Antigens 57, 325-331.
177. Eichler, W., Hamann, J., Aust, G. (1997) Expression characteristics of the human CD97 antigen. Tissue Antigens 50, 429-438.
178. Kop, E. N., Kwakkenbos, M. J., Teske, G. J., Kraan, M. C., Smeets, T. J., Stacey, M., Lin, H. H., Tak, P. P., Hamann, J. (2005) Identification of the epidermal growth factor-TM7 receptor EMR2 and its ligand dermatan sulfate in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 52, 442-450.
179. Stacey, M., Lin, H. H., Hilyard, K. L., Gordon, S., McKnight, A. J. (2001) Human epidermal growth factor (EGF) module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor 3 is a new member of the EGF-TM7 family that recognizes a ligand on human macrophages and activated neutrophils. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 18863-18870.
180. Su, A. I., Wiltshire, T., Batalov, S., Lapp, H., Ching, K. A., Block, D., Zhang, J., Soden, R., Hayakawa, M., Kreiman, G., Cooke, M. P., Walker, J. R., Hogenesch, J. B. (2004) A gene atlas of the mouse and human protein-encoding transcriptomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 6062-6067.
181. Martinez, F. O., Gordon, S., Locati, M., Mantovani, A. (2006) Transcriptional profiling of the human monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and polarization: new molecules and patterns of gene expression. J. Immunol. 177, 7303-7311.
182. Nataraj, C., Thomas, D. W., Tilley, S. L., Nguyen, M. T., Mannon, R., Koller, B. H., Coffman, T. M. (2001) Receptors for prostaglandin E(2) that regulate cellular immune responses in the mouse. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 1229-1235.
183. Fennekohl, A., Sugimoto, Y., Segi, E., Maruyama, T., Ichikawa, A., Puschel, G. P. (2002) Contribution of the two Gs-coupled PGE2-receptors EP2-receptor and EP4-receptor to the inhibition by PGE2 of the LPS-induced TNFα-formation in Kupffer cells from EP2- or EP4-receptor-deficient mice. Pivotal role for the EP4-receptor in wild type Kupffer cells. J. Hepatol. 36, 328-334.
184. Carninci, P., Kasukawa, T., Katayama, S., Gough, J., Frith, M. C., Maeda, N., Oyama, R., Ravasi, T., Lenhard, B., Wells, C., et al. (2005) The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science 309, 1559-1563.
185. Xie, Y., von Gavel, S., Cassady, A. I., Stacey, K. J., Dunn, T. L., Hume, D. A. (1993) The resistance of macrophage-like tumor cell lines to growth inhibition by lipopolysaccharide and pertussis toxin. Br. J. Haematol. 84, 392-401.
186. Jakway, J. P., DeFranco, A. L. (1986) Pertussis toxin inhibition of B cell and macrophage responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Science 234, 743-746.
187. Daniel-Issakani, S., Spiegel, A. M., Strulovici, B. (1989) Lipopolysaccharide response is linked to the GTP binding protein, Gi2, in the promonocytic cell line U937. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 20240-20247.
188. Zhang, X., Morrison, D. C. (1993) Pertussis toxin-sensitive factor differentially regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide production in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J. Immunol. 150, 1011-1018.
189. Katakami, Y., Nakao, Y., Koizumi, T., Katakami, N., Ogawa, R., Fujita, T. (1988) Regulation of tumor necrosis factor production by mouse peritoneal macrophages: the role of cellular cyclic AMP. Immunology 64, 719-724.
190. Fan, H., Peck, O. M., Tempel, G. E., Halushka, P. V., Cook, J. A. (2004) Toll-like receptor 4 coupled GI protein signaling pathways regulate extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation and AP-1 activation independent of NFκB activation. Shock 22, 57-62.
191. Ferlito, M., Romanenko, O. G., Guyton, K., Ashton, S., Squadrito, F., Halushka, P. V., Cook, J. A. (2002) Implication of Gα i proteins and Src tyrosine kinases in endotoxin-induced signal transduction events and mediator production. J. Endotoxin Res. 8, 427-435.
192. Ferlito, M., Squadrito, F., Halushka, P. V., Cook, J. A. (2001) Signal transduction events in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human CD14; effect of endotoxin desensitization. Shock 15, 291-296.
193. Fan, H., Zingarelli, B., Peck, O. M., Teti, G., Tempel, G. E., Halushka, P. V., Cook, J. A. (2005) Lipopolysaccharide- and gram-positive bacteria-induced cellular inflammatory responses: role of heterotrimeric Gα(i) proteins. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 289, C293-C301.
194. Triantafilou, K., Triantafilou, M., Dedrick, R. L. (2001) A CD14-independent LPS receptor cluster. Nat. Immunol. 2, 338-345.
195. Hsu, M. H., Wang, M., Browning, D. D., Mukaida, N., Ye, R. D. (1999) NF-κB activation is required for C5a-induced interleukin-8 gene expression in mononuclear cells. Blood 93, 3241-3249.
196. Wu, D., LaRosa, G. J., Simon, M. I. (1993) G protein-coupled signal transduction pathways for interleukin-8. Science 261, 101-103.
197. Amatruda III, T. T., Gerard, N. P., Gerard, C., Simon, M. I. (1993) Specific interactions of chemoattractant factor receptors with G-proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10139-10144.
198. Yang, M., Sang, H., Rahman, A., Wu, D., Malik, A. B., Ye, R. D. (2001) G α 16 couples chemoattractant receptors to NF-κ B activation. J. Immunol. 166, 6885-6892.
199. Spiegelberg, B. D., Hamm, H. E. (2005) G βγ binds histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) and inhibits its transcriptional co-repression activity. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 41769-41776.
200. Croze, E., Usacheva, A., Asarnow, D., Minshall, R. D., Perez, H. D., Colamonici, O. (2000) Receptor for activated C-kinase (RACK-1), a WD motif-containing protein, specifically associates with the human type I IFN receptor. J. Immunol. 165, 5127-5132.
201. Usacheva, A., Smith, R., Minshall, R., Baida, G., Seng, S., Croze, E., Colamonici, O. (2001) The WD motif-containing protein receptor for activated protein kinase C (RACK1) is required for recruitment and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 through the type I interferon receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 22948-22953.
202. Zhang, W., Zong, C. S., Hermanto, U., Lopez-Bergami, P., Ronai, Z., Wang, L. H. (2006) RACK1 recruits STAT3 specifically to insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors for activation, which is important for regulating anchorage-independent growth. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 413-424.
203. Wieland, T., Mittmann, C. (2003) Regulators of G-protein signaling: multifunctional proteins with impact on signaling in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol. Ther. 97, 95-115.
204. Hepler, J. R. (1999) Emerging roles for RGS proteins in cell signaling. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20, 376-382.
205. Hausmann, O. N., Hu, W. H., Keren-Raifman, T., Witherow, D. S., Wang, Q., Levay, K., Frydel, B., Z Slepak, V., Bethea, J. (2002) Spinal cord injury induces expression of RGS7 in microglia/macrophages in rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 602-612.
206. Bowman, E. P., Campbell, J. J., Druey, K. M., Scheschonka, A., Kehrl, J. H., Butcher, E. C. (1998) Regulation of chemotactic and proadhesive responses to chemoattractant receptors by RGS (regulator of G-protein signaling) family members. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28040-28048.
207. Moratz, C., Kang, V. H., Druey, K. M., Shi, C. S., Scheschonka, A., Murphy, P. M., Kozasa, T., Kehrl, J. H. (2000) Regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) markedly impairs Gi α signaling responses of B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 164, 1829-1838.
208. Lippert, E., Yowe, D. L., Gonzalo, J. A., Justice, J. P., Webster, J. M., Fedyk, E. R., Hodge, M., Miller, C., Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C., Borrego, F., Keane-Myers, A., Druey, K. M. (2003) Role of regulator of G protein signaling 16 in inflammation-induced T lymphocyte migration and activation. J. Immunol. 171, 1542-1555.
209. Reif, K., Cyster, J. G. (2000) RGS molecule expression in murine B lymphocytes and ability to down-regulate chemotaxis to lymphoid chemokines. J. Immunol. 164, 4720-4729.
210. Moratz, C., Hayman, J. R., Gu, H., Kehrl, J. H. (2004) Abnormal B-cell responses to chemokines, disturbed plasma cell localization, and distorted immune tissue architecture in Rgs1-/- mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 5767-5775.
211. Denecke, B., Meyerdierks, A., Bottger, E. C. (1999) RGS1 is expressed in monocytes and acts as a GTPase-activating protein for G-protein-coupled chemoattractant receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 26860-26868.
212. Kuemmerle, J. F., Murthy, K. S. (2001) Coupling of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinase to Gi2 in human intestinal smooth muscle: Gβγ-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and growth. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 7187-7194.
213. Luttrell, L. M., van Biesen, T., Hawes, B. E., Koch, W. J., Touhara, K., Lefkowitz, R. J. (1995) G β γ subunits mediate mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by the tyrosine kinase insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 16495-16498.
214. De Vries, L., Lou, X., Zhao, G., Zheng, B., Farquhar, M. G. (1998) GIPC, a PDZ domain containing protein, interacts specifically with the C terminus of RGS-GAIP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12340-12345.
215. Booth, R. A., Cummings, C., Tiberi, M., Liu, X. J. (2002) GIPC participates in G protein signaling downstream of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 6719-6725.
216. Lou, X., Yano, H., Lee, F., Chao, M. V., Farquhar, M. G. (2001) GIPC and GAIP form a complex with TrkA: a putative link between G protein and receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 615-627.
217. Long, E., Huynh, H. T., Zhao, X. (1998) Involvement of insulin-like growth factor-1 and its binding proteins in proliferation and differentiation of murine bone marrow-derived macrophage precursors. Endocrine 9, 185-192.
218. Smith, J. R., Benghuzzi, H., Tucci, M., Puckett, A., Hughes, J. L. (2000) The effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor on the proliferation rate and morphology of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 36, 111-116.
219. Pitcher, J. A., Freedman, N. J., Lefkowitz, R. J. (1998) G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67, 653-692.
220. Penn, R. B., Pronin, A. N., Benovic, J. L. (2000) Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 10, 81-89.
221. Chuang, T. T., Sallese, M., Ambrosini, G., Parruti, G., De Blasi, A. (1992) High expression of β-adrenergic receptor kinase in human peripheral [-blood leukocytes. Isoproterenol and platelet activating factor can induce kinase translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 6886-6892.
222. Loudon, R. P., Perussia, B., Benovic, J. L. (1996) Differentially regulated expression of the G-protein-coupled receptor kinases, βARK and GRK6, during myelomonocytic cell development in vitro. Blood 88, 4547-4557.
223. Mak, J. C., Hisada, T., Salmon, M., Barnes, P. J., Chung, K. F. (2002) Glucocorticoids reverse IL-1β-induced impairment of β-adrenoceptor- mediated relaxation and up-regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases. Br. J. Pharmacol. 135, 987-996.
224. Lombardi, M. S., Kavelaars, A., Penela, P., Scholtens, E. J., Roccio, M., Schmidt, R. E., Schedlowski, M., Mayor Jr., F., Heijnen, C. J. (2002) Oxidative stress decreases G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in lymphocytes via a calpain-dependent mechanism. Mol. Pharmacol. 62, 379-388.
225. Lombardi, M. S., Kavelaars, A., Schedlowski, M., Bijlsma, J. W., Okihara, K. L., Van de Pol, M., Ochsmann, S., Pawlak, C., Schmidt, R. E., Heijnen, C. J. (1999) Decreased expression and activity of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. FASEB J. 13, 715-725.
226. Fan, J., Malik, A. B. (2003) Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling augments chemokine-induced neutrophil migration by modulating cell surface expression of chemokine receptors. Nat. Med. 9, 315-321.
227. Vroon, A., Lombardi, M. S., Kavelaars, A., Heijnen, C. J. (2003) Changes in the G-protein-coupled receptor desensitization machinery during relapsing-progressive experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 137, 79-86.
228. Vroon, A., Kavelaars, A., Limmroth, V., Lombardi, M. S., Goebel, M. U., Van Dam, A. M., Caron, M. G., Schedlowski, M., Heijnen, C. J. (2005) G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 174, 4400-4406.
229. Vroon, A., Heijnen, C. J., Lombardi, M. S., Cobelens, P. M., Mayor Jr., F., Caron, M. G., Kavelaars, A. (2004) Reduced GRK2 level in T cells potentiates chemotaxis and signaling in response to CCL4. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75, 901-909.
230. Ribas, C., Penela, P., Murga, C., Salcedo, A., Garcia-Hoz, C., Jurado-Pueyo, M., Aymerich, I., Mayor Jr., F. (2007) The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) interactome: role of GRKs in GPCR regulation and signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1768, 913-922.
231. Vroon, A., Heijnen, C. J., Kavelaars, A. (2006) GRKs and arrestins: regulators of migration and inflammation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80, 1214-1221.
232. Pitcher, J. A., Hall, R. A., Daaka, Y., Zhang, J., Ferguson, S. S., Hester, S., Miller, S., Caron, M. G., Lefkowitz, R. J., Barak, L. S. (1998) The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 is a microtubule-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates tubulin. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 12316-12324.
233. Pronin, A. N., Morris, A. J., Surguchov, A., Benovic, J. L. (2000) Synucleins are a novel class of substrates for G protein-coupled receptor kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 26515-26522.
234. Ruiz-Gomez, A., Humrich, J., Murga, C., Quitterer, U., Lohse, M. J., Mayor Jr., F. (2000) Phosphorylation of phosducin and phosducin-like protein by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29724-29730.
235. Naga Prasad, S. V., Laporte, S. A., Chamberlain, D., Caron, M. G., Barak, L., Rockman, H. A. (2002) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates β2-adrenergic receptor endocytosis by AP-2 recruitment to the receptor/β-arrestin complex. J. Cell Biol. 158, 563-575.
236. Day, P. W., Carman, C. V., Sterne-Marr, R., Benovic, J. L., Wedegaertner, P. B. (2003) Differential interaction of GRK2 with members of the G α q family. Biochemistry 42, 9176-9184.
237. Premont, R. T., Claing, A., Vitale, N., Freeman, J. L., Pitcher, J. A., Patton, W. A., Moss, J., Vaughan, M., Lefkowitz, R. J. (1998) β2-Adrenergic receptor regulation by GIT1, a G protein-coupled receptor kinase-associated ADP ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14082-14087.
238. Sallese, M., Mariggio, S., D'Urbano, E., Iacovelli, L., De Blasi, A. (2000) Selective regulation of Gq signaling by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2: direct interaction of kinase N terminus with activated gαq. Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 826-831.
239. Jimenez-Sainz, M. C., Murga, C., Kavelaars, A., Jurado-Pueyo, M., Krakstad, B. F., Heijnen, C. J., Mayor Jr., F., Aragay, A. M. (2006) G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 negatively regulates chemokine signaling at a level downstream from G protein subunits. Mol. Biol. Cell 17, 25-31.
240. Liu, S., Premont, R. T., Kontos, C. D., Zhu, S., Rockey, D. C. (2005) A crucial role for GRK2 in regulation of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase function in portal hypertension. Nat. Med. 11, 952-958.
241. Carman, C. V., Parent, J. L., Day, P. W., Pronin, A. N., Sternweis, P. M., Wedegaertner, P. B., Gilman, A. G., Benovic, J. L., Kozasa, T. (1999) Selective regulation of Gα(q/11) by an RGS domain in the G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK2. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 34483-34492.
242. Tesmer, V. M., Kawano, T., Shankaranarayanan, A., Kozasa, T., Tesmer, J. J. (2005) Snapshot of activated G proteins at the membrane: the Gαq-GRK2-Gβγ complex. Science 310, 1686-1690.
243. Usui, H., Nishiyama, M., Moroi, K., Shibasaki, T., Zhou, J., Ishida, J., Fukamizu, A., Haga, T., Sekiya, S., Kimura, S. (2000) RGS domain in the amino-terminus of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 inhibits Gq-mediated signaling. Int. J. Mol. Med. 5, 335-340.
244. Parameswaran, N., Pao, C. S., Leonhard, K. S., Kang, D. S., Kratz, M., Ley, S. C., Benovic, J. L. (2006) Arrestin-2 and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 interact with NFκ B1 p105 and negatively regulate lipopolysaccharide-stimulated ERK1/2 activation in macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 34159-34170.
245. Gao, J., Li, J., Chen, Y., Ma, L. (2005) Activation of tyrosine kinase of EGFR induces Gβγ-dependent GRK-EGFR complex formation. FEBS Lett. 579, 122-126.
246. Ho, J., Cocolakis, E., Dumas, V. M., Posner, B. I., Laporte, S. A., Lebrun, J. J. (2005) The G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 is a TGFβ-inducible antagonist of TGFβ signal transduction. EMBO J. 24, 3247-3258.
247. Pierce, K. L., Lefkowitz, R. J. (2001) Classical and new roles of β-arrestins in the regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 727-733.
248. Lefkowitz, R. J., Whalen, E. J. (2004) β-Arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 16, 162-168.
249. Shenoy, S. K., Lefkowitz, R. J. (2003) Multifaceted roles of β-arrestins in the regulation of seven-membrane-spanning receptor trafficking and signaling. Biochem. J. 375, 503-515.
250. Sun, Y., Cheng, Z., Ma, L., Pei, G. (2002) β-Arrestin2 is critically involved in CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis, and this is mediated by its enhancement of p38 MAPK activation. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 49212-49219.
251. Ge, L., Ly, Y., Hollenberg, M., DeFea, K. (2003) A β-arrestin- dependent scaffold is associated with prolonged MAPK activation in pseudopodia during protease-activated receptor-2-induced chemotaxis. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 34418-34426.
252. Azzi, M., Charest, P. G., Angers, S., Rousseau, G., Kohout, T., Bouvier, M., Pineyro, G. (2003) β-Arrestin-mediated activation of MAPK by inverse agonists reveals distinct active conformations for G protein-coupled receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 11406-11411.
253. Luttrell, L. M., Roudabush, F. L., Choy, E. W., Miller, W. E., Field, M. E., Pierce, K. L., Lefkowitz, R. J. (2001) Activation and targeting of extracellular signal-regulated kinases by β-arrestin scaffolds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2449-2454.
254. DeFea, K. A., Zalevsky, J., Thoma, M. S., Dery, O., Mullins, R. D., Bunnett, N. W. (2000) β-Arrestin-dependent endocytosis of proteinase-activated receptor 2 is required for intracellular targeting of activated ERK1/2. J. Cell Biol. 148, 1267-1281.
255. Ahn, S., Wei, H., Garrison, T. R., Lefkowitz, R. J. (2004) Reciprocal regulation of angiotensin receptor-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases by β-arrestins 1 and 2. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 7807-7811.
256. Luttrell, L. M., Ferguson, S. S., Daaka, Y., Miller, W. E., Maudsley, S., Della Rocca, G. J., Lin, F., Kawakatsu, H., Owada, K., Luttrell, D. K., Caron, M. g., Lefkowitz, R. J. (1999) β-Arrestin-dependent formation of β2 adrenergic receptor-Src protein kinase complexes. Science 283, 655-661.
257. Dai, X. M., Ryan, G. R., Hapel, A. J., Dominguez, M. G., Russell, R. G., Kapp, S., Sylvestre, V., Stanley, E. R. (2002) Targeted disruption of the mouse colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor gene results in osteopetrosis, mononuclear phagocyte deficiency, increased primitive progenitor cell frequencies, and reproductive defects. Blood 99, 111-120.
258. Fowles, L. F., Martin, M. L., Nelsen, L., Stacey, K. J., Redd, D., Clark, Y. M., Nagamine, Y., McMahon, M., Hume, D. A., Ostrowski, M. C. (1998) Persistent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases p42 and p44 and ets-2 phosphorylation in response to colony-stimulating factor 1/c-fms signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 5148-5156.
259. Lin, F. T., Daaka, Y., Lefkowitz, R. J. (1998) β-Arrestins regulate mitogenic signaling and clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 31640-31643.
260. Dalle, S., Ricketts, W., Imamura, T., Vollenweider, P., Olefsky, J. M. (2001) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors utilize different G protein signaling components. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 15688-15695.
261. Miller, W. E., McDonald, P. H., Cai, S. F., Field, M. E., Davis, R. J., Lefkowitz, R. J. (2001) Identification of a motif in the carboxyl terminus of β-arrestin2 responsible for activation of JNK3. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 27770-27777.
262. McDonald, P. H., Chow, C. W., Miller, W. E., Laporte, S. A., Field, M. E., Lin, F. T., Davis, R. J., Lefkowitz, R. J. (2000) β-Arrestin 2: a receptor-regulated MAPK scaffold for the activation of JNK3. Science 290, 1574-1577.
263. Himes, S. R., Sester, D. P., Ravasi, T., Cronau, S. L., Sasmono, T., Hume, D. A. (2006) The JNK are important for development and survival of macrophages. J. Immunol. 176, 2219-2228.
264. Gao, H., Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Luan, B., Wang, Y., Qu, B., Pei, G. (2004) Identification of β-arrestin2 as a G protein-coupled receptor-stimulated regulator of NF-κB pathways. Mol. Cell 14, 303-317.
265. Witherow, D. S., Garrison, T. R., Miller, W. E., Lefkowitz, R. J. (2004) β-Arrestin inhibits NF-κB activity by means of its interaction with the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 8603- 8607.
266. Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Teng, L., Wu, Y., Zhao, X., Pei, G. (2006) Association of β-arrestin and TRAF6 negatively regulates Toll-like receptor-interleukin 1 receptor signaling. Nat. Immunol. 7, 139-147.
267. Deng, L., Wang, C., Spencer, E., Yang, L., Braun, A., You, J., Slaughter, C., Pickart, C., Chen, Z. J. (2000) Activation of the I[κ]B kinase complex by TRAF6 requires a dimeric ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex and a unique polyubiquitin chain. Cell 103, 351-361.
268. Lomaga, M. A., Yeh, W. C., Sarosi, I., Duncan, G. S., Furlonger, C., Ho, A., Morony, S., Capparelli, C., Van, G., Kaufman, S., et al. (1999) TRAF6 deficiency results in osteopetrosis and defective interleukin-1, CD40, and LPS signaling. Genes Dev. 13, 1015-1024.
269. Wang, Y., Tang, Y., Teng, L., Wu, Y., Zhao, X., Pei, G. (2006) Association of β-arrestin and TRAF6 negatively regulates Toll-like receptor-interleukin 1 receptor signaling. Nat. Immunol. 7, 139-147.