PASSCLAIM - Body weight regulation, insulin sensitivity and diabetes risk

European Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 43, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2004, Pages

  Riccardi, Gabriele ^a   Aggett, Peter ^b   Brighenti, Furio ^c   Delzenne, Nathalie ^d   Frayn, Keith ^e   Nieuwenhuizen, Arie ^f   Pannemans, Daphne ^g   Theis, Stephan ^h   Tuijtelaars, Sandra ^g   Vessby, Bengt ⁱ  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^f NUMICO RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^g International Life Sciences Institute of Europe   (Belgium)

^h Sudzucker AG Mannheim/Ochsenfurt   (Germany)

ⁱ UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Diet; Functional foods; Insulin resistance; Insulin sensitivity; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CATECHOLAMINE; CHROMIUM; COPPER; GLUCAGON; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE; GROWTH HORMONE; HORMONE; INSULIN; LEPTIN; MAGNESIUM; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; SEX HORMONE; TRACE ELEMENT; VANADIUM; ZINC;

BODY FAT; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; DISEASE MARKER; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE UTILIZATION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIPID COMPOSITION; LIPID OXIDATION; LIPID STORAGE; LIPOTOXICITY; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL SCIENCE; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY WEIGHT; DENSITOMETRY, X-RAY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES; DIET; ENERGY INTAKE; ENERGY METABOLISM; FOOD; HEALTH FOOD; HEALTH PROMOTION; HORMONES; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NEUROTRANSMITTER AGENTS; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; TRACE ELEMENTS;

EID: 3242702033     PISSN: 14366207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (282)

1. Shils ME (1994) Modern nutrition in health and disease, 8 edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore
2. World Health Organization (1999) Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic, WHO technical report series no. 894 edn
3. Chagnon YC, Rankinen T (2003) The human obesity gene map: the 2002 update. Obes Res 11:313-367
4. Doucet E, Tremblay A (1997) Food intake, energy balance and body weight control. Eur J Clin Nutr 51:846-855
5. Weck M (1998) Atiology of Obesity. Akt Ernähr Med 23:166-171
6. Saris WH (1998) Fit, fat and fat free: the metabolic aspects of weight control. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22 (Suppl 2): S15-S21
7. Saris WH, Antoine JM, Brouns F, Fogelholm M, Gleeson M, Hespel P, Jeukendrup AE, Maughan RJ, Pannemans D, Stich V (2003) PASSCLAIM - Physical Performance and Fitness. Eur J Nutr 42 (Suppl 1):I50-I95
8. Maggio CA, Pi-Sunyer FX (1997) The prevention and treatment of obesity. Diabetes Care 20:1744-1766
9. Van Itallie TB (1985) Health implications of overweight and obesity in the United States. Ann Intern Med 103:983
10. Bjorntorp P (1992) Abdominal fat distribution and disease: an overview of epidemiological data. Ann Med 24:15-18
11. Abate N, Garg A, Peshock RM, Stray Gundersen L, Grundy SM V (1997) Relationships of generalized and regional adiposity to insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Investigation 96:88-98
12. Samaras K, Campbell LV (2000) Increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in the third millennium: is abdominal fat the central issue? Diabetes Care 23:441-442
13. Henry RR, Wallace P, Olefsky JM (1986) Effects of weight loss on mechanism of hyperglycaemia in obese non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 35:990
14. Albu J, Konnarides C, Pi-Suniyer FX (1995) Weight control: metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Diabetes Reviews 3:335-347
15. Tuomilehto J, Undstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TI, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa MftFDPSG (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. New Engl J Med 344:1343-1350
16. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine. New Engl J Med 346:393-403
17. American Diabetes Association (2003) The prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:S62-S69
18. Wang ZM, Heshka S, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB (1995) Systematic organization of body-composition methodology: an overview with emphasis on component-based methods. Am J Clin Nutr 61:457-465
19. Clasey JL, Kanaley JA, Wideman L, Heymsfield SB, Teates CD, Gutgesell ME, Horner MO, Hartman ML, Weltman A (1999) Validity of methods of body composition assessment in young and older men and women. J Appl Physiol 86:1728-1738
20. Heymsfield SB, Lichtman S, Baumgartner RN, Wang J, Kamen Y, Aliprantis A, Pierson RN (1990) Body composition of humans: comparison of two improved four compartment models that differ in expense, technical complexity, and radiation exposure. Am J Clin Nutr 52:52-58
21. Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Lichtman S, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr (1991) Body composition in elderly people: effect of criterion estimates on predictive equations. Am J Clin Nutr 53:1345-1353
22. Wang Z, Deurenberg P, Wang W, Pietrobelli A, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB (1999) Hydration of fat-free body mass: new physiological modeling approach. Am J Physiol 276:E995-E1003
23. Van Kreel BK, Van der Vegt F, Meers M (1996) Determination of total body water by a simple and rapid mass spectrometric method. J Mass Spectrom 31:108-111
24. Van Kreel BK (1994) An improved bromide assay for the estimation of extracellular water volume by capillary gas chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 231:117-128
25. Pierson RNJ, Wang J, Thornton JC, Van Itallie TB, Colt EWD (1984) Body potassium by four-pi 40K counting: an anthropometric correction. Am J Physiol 245:F234-F239
26. Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC (1991) Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. Br J Nutr 65:105-114
27. Jackson AS, Pollock ML (1978) Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr 40:497-504
28. Jackson AS, Pollock ML, Ward A (1980) Generalized equations for predicting body density of women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 12:175-182
29. Williams DP, Going SB, Lohman TG, Hewitt MJ, Haber AE (1992) Estimation of body fat from skinfold thicknesses in middle-aged and older men and women: a multiple component. Am J Hum Biol 4:595-605
30. Sievenpiper JL, Jenkins DJ, Josse RG, Leiter LA, Vuksan V (2001) Simple skinfold-thickness measurements complement conventional anthropometric assessments in predicting glucose tolerance. Am J Clin Nutr 73:567-573
31. Tran ZV, Weltman A (1988) Predicting body composition of men from girth measurements. Hum Biol 60:167-175
32. Tran ZV, Weltman A (1989) Generalized equation for predicting body density of women from girth measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc 21:101-104
33. Lukasky HC, Bolonchuk WW, Hall CB, Siders WA (1986) Validation of tetrapolar bioelectric impedance method to assess human body composition. J Appl Physiol 60:1327-1332
34. Rössner S, Bo WJ, Hiltbrandt E, Hinson W, Karstaedt N, Santag P, Sobol WT, Crouse JR (1990) Adipose tissue determinations in cadavers - a comparison between cross-sectional planimetry and computed tomography. Int J Obes 14:893-902
35. Ross R (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging provides new insights into the characterization of adipose and lean tissue distribution. Can J Clin Pharmacol 74:778-785
36. National Institutes of Health (2000) The practical guide for identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. NIH publication no. 00-4084 Bethesda
37. Wang J, Thornton JC, Bari S, Williamson B, Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Horlick M, Kotler D, Laferre B, Mayer L, Pi-Sunyer FX, Pierson RN Jr (2003) Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. Am J Clin Nutr 77:379-384
38. Saris WH, Asp NG, Bjorck I, Blaak E, Bornet F, Brouns F, Frayn KN, Furst P, Riccardi G, Roberfroid M, Vogel M (1998) Functional food science and substrate metabolism. Br J Nutr 80 (Suppl 1):S47-S75
39. Rolls BJ (2000) The role of energy density in the overconsumption of fat. J Nutr 130:268S-271S
40. Dye L, Blundell J (2002) Functional foods: psychological and behavioural functions. Br J Nutr 88 (Suppl 2): S187-S211
41. Kissileff HR, Pi-Suniyer FX, Thornton JC, Smith GP (1981) C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in man. Am J Clin Nutr 34:154-160
42. Blundell JE, Rogers PJ (1991) Satiating power of food. Encyclopedia of Human Biology 6:723-733
43. Stubbs J, Ferres S, Horgan G (2000) Energy density of foods: effects on energy intake. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 40:481-515
44. Stubbs RJ (1999) Peripheral signals affecting food intake. Nutrition 15:614-625
45. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Taylor RH, Barker H, Fielden H, Baldwin JM, Bowling AC, Newman HC, Jenkins AL, Goff DV (1981) Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 34:362-366
46. Yao M, Roberts SB (2001) Dietary energy density and weight regulation. Nutr Rev 59:247-258
47. Ludwig DS (2002) The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. JAMA 287:2414-2423
48. Roberts SB (2000) High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: is there a connection? Nutr Rev 58:163-169
49. Hill JO, Peters JC (2002) Biomarkers and functional foods for obesity and diabetes. Br J Nutr 88 (Suppl 2):S213-S218
50. Hauner H (2001) Current pharmacological approaches to the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25 (Suppl 1):S102-S106
51. Hauptmann J (2000) Orlistat: selective inhibition of caloric absorption can affect lon-term body weight. Endocrine 13:201-206
52. Juhel C (2000) Green tea extracct (AR24) inhibits lipolysis of triglycerides in gastric and duodenal medium in vitro. J Nutr Biochem 11:S51
53. Astrup A (2001) Healthy lifestyles in Europe: prevention of obesity and type II diabetes by diet and physical activity. Public Health Nutr 4:499-515
54. Astrup A (1999) Dietary approaches to reducing body weight. Baillieres. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 13:109-120
55. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL (2001) Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 357:505-508
56. Bellisle F, Blundell JE, Dye L, Fantino M, Fern E, Fletcher RJ, Lambert J, Roberfroid M, Specter S, Westenhöfer J, Weserterp-Plangenga M (1998) Functional food science and behaviour and psychological functions. Br J Nutr 80: S173-S193
57. Trabulsi J, Schoeller DA (2001) Evaluation of dietary assessment instruments agqainst doubly labeled water, a biomarker of habitual energy intake. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:891-899
58. Westerterp KR, Goris AH (2002) Validity of the assessment of dietary intake: problems of misreporting. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5:489-493
59. Himaya A, Fantino M, Antoine JM, Brondel L, Louis-Sylvestre J (1997) The satiety power of dietary fat: a new appraisal. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1410-1418
60. Holt SHA, Brand Miller J, Petocz P, Farmakalidis E (1995) A satiety index of common foods. Eur J Clin Nutr 49:675-690
61. Schoeller DA (1998) Balancing energy expenditure and body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 68:956S-961S
62. Goran MI (2000) Energy metabolism and obesity. Med Clin North Am 84:347-362
63. Saltzman E, Roberts SB (1995) The role of energy expenditure in energy regulation: findings from a decade of research. Nutr Rev 53:209-220
64. Levine JA, Eberhardt NL, Jensen MD (1999) Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans. Science 283:212-214
65. Levine JA, Schleusner SJ, Jensen MD (2000) Energy expenditure of nonexercise activity. Am J Clin Nutr 72:1451-1454
66. Bell SJ, Goodrick GK (2002) A functional food product for the management of weight. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 42:163-178
67. Jequier E, Felber JP (1987) Indirect calorimetry. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1:911-935
68. Schutz Y (1997) On problems of calculating energy expenditure and substrate utilization from respiratory exchange data. Z Ernahrungswiss 36:255-262
69. Schoeller DA (1988) Measurement of energy expenditure in free-living humans by using doubly labeled water. J Nutr 118:1278-1289
70. Ravussin E, Harper IT, Rising R, Bogardus C (1991) Energy expenditure by doubly labeled water: validation in lean and obese subjects. Am J Physiol 261: E402-E409
71. McCrory MA, Mole PA, Nommsen-Rivers LA, Dewey KG (1997) Between-day and within-day variability in the relation between heart rate and oxygen consumption: effect on the estimation of energy expenditure by heart-rate monitoring. Am J Clin Nutr 66:18-25
72. Giacco R, Clemente G, Busiello L, Lasorella G, Rivieccio AM, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G (2003) Insulin sensitivita is increased and fat oxidation after a high-fat meal is reduced in normal-weight healthy men with strong familial predisposition to overweight. Int J Obesity 27:790-796
73. Raben A, Andersen HB, Christensen NJ, Madsen J, Holst JJ, Astrup A (1994) Evidence for an abnormal postprandial response to a high-fat meal in women predisposed to obesity. Am J Physiol 267:E549-E559
74. Schutz Y (1995) Macronutrients and energy balance in obesity. Metabolism 9:7-11
75. Golay A, Bobbioni E (1997) The role of dietary fat in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21:S2-S11
76. Ravussin E, Smith SR (2002) Increased fat intake, impaired fat oxidation, and failure of fat cell proliferation result in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 967:363-378
77. Valtuena S, Salas-Salvado J, Lorda PG (1997) The respiratory quotient as a prognostic factor in weight-loss rebound. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 21:811-817
78. Weir JV (1949) New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. J Physiol 109:1-9
79. Hofbauer KG (2002) Molecular pathways to obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:S18-S27
80. McMinn JE, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW (2000) Neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating food intake and body weight. Obes Rev 1:37-46
81. Havel PJ (2002) Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin. Curr Opin Lipidol 13:51-9
82. Cummings DE, Merriam GR (2003) Growth hormone therapy in adults. Annu Rev Med 54:513-533
83. Schrauwen P, Walder K, Ravussin E (1999) Human uncoupling proteins and obesity. Obes Res 7:97-105
84. Drucker DJ (2002) Biological actions and therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptides. Gastroenterology 122:531-544
85. Drucker DJ (2001) Minireview: the glucagon-like peptides. Endocrinology 142:521-527
86. Flint A, Raben A, Astrup A, Holst JJ (1998) Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans. J Clin Invest 101:515-520
87. Hill AJ, Peikin SR, Ryan CA, Blundell JE (1990) Oral administration of proteinase inhibitor II from potatoes reduces energy intake in man. Physiol Behav 48:24-246
88. Wang G, Lee HM, Englander E, Greeley GH Jr. (2002) Ghrelin-not just another stomach hormone. Regul Pept 105:75-81
89. Muccioli G, Tschop M, Pappoti M, Deghenghi R, Heiman M, Ghigo E (2002) Neuroendocrine and peripheral activities of ghrelin: implications in metabolism and obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 12:235-254
90. Lee HM, Wang G, Englander EW, Kojima M, Greeley GH Jr (2002) Ghrelin, a new gastrointestinal endocrine peptide that stimulates insulin secretion: enteric distribution, ontogeny, influence of endocrine, and dietary manipulations. Endocrinology 143:185-190
91. Tschöp M, Statnick MA, Suter TM, Heiman ML (2002) GH-releasing peptide-2 increases fat mass in mice lacking NPY: indication for a crucial mediating role of hypothalamic agouti-related protein. Endocrinology 143:558-568
92. Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, Matsukura S (2001) A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 409:194-198
93. Mechoulam R, Fride E (2001) Physiology. A hunger for cannabinoids. Nature 410:763-765
94. Cota D, Marsicano G, Lutz B, Viccenati V, Stalla G, Pasquali R, Pagotto U (2003) Endogenous cannabinoid system as a modulator of food intake. Int J Obesity 27:289-301
95. Dhillo WS, Bloom SR (2001) Hypothalamic peptides as drug targets for obesity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 1:651-655
96. Little P, Barnett J, Margetts B, Kinmonth AL, Gabbay J, Thompson R, Warm D, Warwick H, Wooton S (1999) The validity of dietary assessment in general practice. J Epidemiol Community Health 53:165-172
97. Lissner L, Heitmann BL, Bengtsson C (2000) Population studies of diet and obesity. Br J Nutr 83 (Suppl 1):S21-S24
98. Sanchez-Lugo L, Mayer-Davis EJ, Howard G, Selby JV, Ayad MF, Rewers M, Haffner S (1997) Insulin sensitivity and intake of vitamins E and C in African American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white men and women: the Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Am J Clin Nutr 66:1224-1231
99. Zethelius B, Hales CN, Berne C (2003) Insulin resistance, proinsulin and coronary heart disease. A population based, follow-up study using the euglycemic clamp. Diabetologia 46 (Suppl 2):A76
100. Alberti KGMM, Zimmet PZftWc (1998) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Diabet Med 15:539-553
101. Balkau B, Charles MAftEG (1999) Comment on the provisional report from the WHO consultation. Diabet Med 16:442-443
102. Balkau B, Charles MA, Drivsholm T, Borch-Jonsen K, Wareham Yudkin JS, Morris R, Zavaroni I, van Dam R, Feskins E, Gabriel RM, Nilsson P, Hedblad B (2002) The European Group for The Study Of Insulin Resistance (EGIR). Frequency of the WHO metabolic syndrome in European cohorts, and alternative definition of an insulin resistance syndrome. Diabet Med 28:364-376
103. NCEP (2001) Executive summary of the third Report of the national Cholesterol education Program Expert Panel on detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285:2486-2497
104. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH (2002) Prevalence of the metabolic Syndrome among US adults. JAMA 287:356-359
105. Grundy SM (1999) Hypertryglyceridaemia, insulin resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome. Am J Cardiol 83: F25-F29
106. Reaven GM (1988) Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595-1607
107. Saltiel AR, Kahn CR (2001) Insulin signalling and the regulation of gluscose and lipid metabolism. Nature 414:799-806
108. Reaven GM (2001) Insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and coronary heart disease: syndrome X revisited. In: Jefferson LS, Cherrington AD (eds) Handbook of Physiology. Section 7: The endocrine system. Vol. II The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. American Physiological Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 1169-1197
109. DeFronzo RA, Tobin J, Andres R (1979) Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 237: E214-E223
110. nd edn. Wiley & Sons, pp 595-610
111. Bergman RN, Phillips LS, Cobelli C (1981) Physiologic evaluation of factors controlling glucose tolerance in man. Measurement of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell sensitivity from the response to intravenous glucose. J Clin Invest 68:1456-1467
112. Steil GM, Volund A, Kahn SE, Bergman RN (1992) Reduced sample numbers for calculation of insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness from the minimal model: suitability for use in population studies. Diabetes 42:250-256
113. Mather KJ, Hunt AE, Steinberg HO, Paradisi G, Hook G, Katz A, Quon MJ, Baron AD (2001) Repeatability characteristics of simple indices of insulin resistance: implications for research applications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5457-5464
114. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC (1985) Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 28:412-419
115. Fery FD, Attellis NP, Balasse EO (1990) Mechanisms of starvation diabetes: study with double tracer and indirect calorimetry. Am J Physiol 259: E770-E777
116. Frayn KN, Macdonald IA (1997) Assessment of substrate and energy metabolism in vivo. In: Draznin B, Rizza R (eds) Clinical Research in Diabetes and Obesity, Part 1: Methods, Assessment, and Metabolic Regulation. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 101-124
117. Kelley DE, Mintun MA, Watkins SC, Simoneau JA, Jadali F, Fredrickson A, Beattie J, Theriault R (1996) The effect of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity on glucose transport and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 97:2705-2713
118. 18F]FDG) and PET in combination with microdialysis. Diabetologia 44:2171-2179
119. Skarfors ET, Selinus KI, Lithell HO (1991) Risk factors for developing non-insulin dependent diabetes: a 10 year follow up of men in Uppsala. Br Med J 303:755-760
120. Lillioja S, Mott DM, Spraul M, Ferraro R, Foley JE, Ravussin E, Knowler WC, Bennett PH, Bogardus C (1993) Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N Engl J Med 329:1988-1992
121. Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN, Newsholme EA (1963) The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1:785-789
122. Ferrannini E, Barrett EJ, Bevilacqua S, DeFronzo RA (1983) Effect of fatty acids on glucose production and utilization in man. J Clin Invest 72:1737-1747
123. Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, White JV, Rossetti L (1994) Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake. J Clin Invest 93:2438-2446
124. Frayn KN, Williams CM, Arner P (1996) Are increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations a risk marker for coronary heart disease and other chronic diseases? Clin Sci 90:243-253
125. Reaven GM, Hollenbeck C, Jeng C-Y, Wu MS, Chen Y-DI (1988) Measurement of plasma glucose, free fatty acid, lactate, and insulin for 24 h in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 37:1020-1024
126. Phillips DIW, Caddy S, Ilic V, Fielding BA, Frayn KN, Borthwick AC, Taylor R (1996) Intramuscular triglyceride and muscle insulin sensitivity: evidence for a relationship in non-diabetic subjects. Metabolism 45:947-950
127. Forouhi NG, Jenkinson G, Thomas EL, Mullick S, Mierisova S, Bhonsle U, McKeigue PM, Bell JD (1999) Relation of triglyceride stores in skeletal muscle cells to central obesity and insulin sensitivity in European and South Asian men. Diabetologia 42:932-935
128. Goto T, Onuma T, Takebe K, Kral JG (1995) The influence of fatty liver on insulin clearance and insulin resistance in non-diabetic Japanese subjects. Int J Obesity 19:841-845
129. Ryysy L, Häkkinen A-M, Goto T, Vehkavaara S, Westerbacka J, Halavaara J, Yki-Järvinen H (2000) Hepatic fat content and insulin action on free fatty acids and glucose metabolism rather than insulin absorption are associated with insulin requirements during insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 49:749-758
130. Seppälä Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Häkkinen A-M, Goto T, Westerbacka J, Sovijarvi A, Halavaara J, Yki-Järvinen H (2002) Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3023-3028
131. Koyama K, Chen G, Lee Y, Unger RH (1997) Tissue triglycerides, insulin resistance, and insulin production: implications for hyperinsulinemia of obesity. Am J Physiol 273:E708-E713
132. Boden G, Lebed B, Schatz M, Homko C, Lemieux S (2001) Effects of acute changes of plasma free fatty acids on intramyocellular fat content and insulin resistance in healthy subjects. Diabetes 50:1612-1617
133. Worm D, Henriksen JE, Vaag A, ThyeRønn P, Melander A, Beck-Nielsen H (1994) Pronounced blood glucose-lowering effect of the antilipolytic drug acipimox in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients during a 3-day intensified treatment period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:717-721
134. Daly ME, Vale C, Walker M, Littlefield A, Alberti KG, Mathers JC (1998) Acute effects on insulin sensitivity and diurnal metabolic profiles of a high-sucrose compared with a high-starch diet. Am J Clin Nutr 67:1186-1196
135. Storlien LH, Higgins JA, Thomas TC, Brown MA, Wang HQ, Huang XF, Else PL (2000) Diet composition and insulin action in animal models. Br J Nutr 83:S85-S90
136. Vessby B (2000) Dietary fat and insulin action in humans. Br J Nutr 83: S91-S96
137. Kissebah AH, Krakower GR (1994) Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 74:761-811
138. Montague CT, O'Rahilly S (2000) The perils of portliness: causes and consequences of visceral adiposity. Diabetes 49:883-888
139. Hu FB, van Dam RM, Liu S (2001) Diet and risk of Type II diabetes: the role of types of fat and carbohydrate. Diabetologia 44:805-817
140. Feskens E (2001) Can diabetes be prevented by vegetable fat? Diabetes Care 24:1517-1518
141. Storlien LH, Jenkins AB, Chisholm DP, Pascoe WS, Kraegen EW (1991) Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats: relationship to muscle triglyceride and omega-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipids. Diabetes 40:280-289
142. Glatz FCG, Soffers AEMF, Katan MB (1989) Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters and erythrocyte membranes as indicators of linoleic acid intake in man. Am J Clin Nutr 49:296-276
143. Ma J, Folsom AR, Shahar E, Eckfelt JH (1995) Plasma fatty acid composition as an indicator of habitual dietary fat intake in middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr 62:264-271
144. Nikkari T, Lukkainen P, Pietinen P, Puska P (1995) Fatty acid composition of serum lipid fractions in relation to gender and quality of fat. Ann Med 27:491-498
145. Katan MB, Deslypere JP, van Birgelen APJM, et al. (1997) Kinetics of incorporation of dietary fatty acids into serum cholesterol esters, erythrocyte membranes, and adipose tissue: an 18-month controlled study. J Lipid Res 38:2012-2022
146. Wolk A, Furuheim M, Vessby B (2001) Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and serum lipids are valid markers of dairy fat intake in men. J Nutr 131:828-833
147. Vessby B, Gustafsson I-B, Tengblad S, et al. (2002) Desaturation and elongation of fatty acids and insulin action. Ann N Y Acad Sci 967:183-195
148. Vessby B, Uusitupa M, Hermansen K, et al. (2001) Substituting dietary saturated fat for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women. Diabetologia 44:312-319
149. Pérez-Jiménez F, Lopez-Miranda J, Pinillos MD, et al. (2001) A Mediterranean and a high carbohydrate diet improves glucose metabolism in healthy young persons. Diabetologia 44:2038-2043
150. Summers LKM, Fiewlding BA, Bradshaw HA, et al. (2002) Substituting dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat changes abdominal fat distribution and improves insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 45:369-377
151. Ruhe RC, McDonald RB (2001) Use of antioxidant nutrients in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 20:363S-369S
152. Aydin A, Orhan H, Sayal A, Ozata M, Sahin G, Isimer A (2001) Oxidative stress and nitric oxide related parameters in type II diabetes mellitus: effects of glycemic control. Clinical Biochemistry 34:65-70
153. Mayer-Davis EJ, Costacou T, King I, Zaccaro DJ, Bell RA (2002) The Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Plasma and dietary vitamin E in relation to incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:2172-2177
154. Bonnefont-Rousselot D (2002) Glucose and reactive oxygen species. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5:561-568
155. Jones RD, Hancock JT, Morice AH (2000) NADPH oxidase: a universal oxygen sensor? Free Radic. Biol Med 29:416-424
156. Ceriello A (2000) Oxidative stress and glycemic regulation. Metabolism 49:27-29
157. Paolisso G, Balbi V, Volpe C, Varrihio G, Gambardella A, Saccomanno F, Ammendola S, Varrichio M, D'Onofrio F (1995) Metabolic benefits deriving from chronic vitamin C supplementation in aged non-insulin dependent diabetics. Am J Coll Nutr 14:387-392
158. Jacob S, Streeper RS, Fogt DL, Hokama JY, Tritschler HJ, Dietze GJ, Henriksen EJ (1996) The antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid enhances insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. Diabetes 45:1024-1029
159. Griffiths HR, Moller L, Bartosz G, Bast A, Bertoni-Freddari C, Collins A, Cooke M, Coolen S, Haenen G, Hoberg AM, Loft S, Lunec J, Olinski R, Parry J, Pompella A, Poulsen H, Verhagen H, Astley SB (2002) Biomarkers. Mol Aspects Med 1-3:101-208
160. Mensink RP, Aro A, Den Hond E, German JB, Griffin BA, Ten Meer HU, Mutanen M, Pannemans D, Stahl W (2003) PASSCLAIM - Diet related cardiovascular disease. Eur J Nutr 42 (Suppl 1):16-127
161. Cracowski JL, Durand T, Bessard G (2002) Isoprostanes as a biomarker of lipid peroxidation in humans: physiology, pharmacology and clinical implications. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:360-366
162. Inouye M, Mio T, Sumino K (2000) Dicarboxylic acids as markers of fatty acid peroxidation in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 148:197-202
163. Grimble RF (2002) Inflammatory status and insulin resistance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 5:551-559
164. Boden G, Shulman GI (2002) Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Eur J Clin Invest 32 (Suppl 3):14-23
165. Yasunari K, Maeda K, Nakamura M, Yoshikawa J (2002) Oxidative stress in leukocytes is a possible link between blood pressure, blood glucose, and C-reacting protein. Hypertension 39:777-780
166. Hak A, Pols H, et al. (2000) Markers of inflammation and cellular adhesion molecules in relation to insulin resistance in nondiabetic elderly: the Rotterdam study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4398-4405
167. Dandona P, Aljada A (2002) A rational approach to pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 90:27G-33G
168. Das UN (2001) Is obesity an inflammatory condition. Nutrition 17:953-966
169. Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, Siegert G, Bergmann S, Henkel E, Koehler C, Jaross W, Hanefeld M (2002) Subclinical inflammation is strongly related to insulin resistance but not to impaired insulin secretion in a high risk population for diabetes. Metabolism 51:743-749
170. Huerta MG, Nadler JL (2002) Role of inflammatory pathways in the development and cardiovascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2:396-402
171. McVeigh GE, Cohn JN (2003) Endothelial dysfunction and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep 3:87-92
172. Baron AD, Tarshoby M, Hook G, Lazaridis EN, Cronin J, Johnson A, Steinberg HO (2000) Interaction between insulin sensitivity and muscle perfusion on glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle: evidence for capillary recruitment. Diabetes 49:768-774
173. Clark MG, Wallis MG, Barrett EJ, Vincent MA, Richards SM, Clerk LH, Rattigan S (2003) Blood flow and muscle metabolism: a focus on insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284: E241-E258
174. Karpe F, Fielding BA, Ilic V, Macdonald IA, Summers LK, Frayn KN (2002) Impaired postprandial adipose tissue blood flow response is related to aspects of insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 51:2467-2473
175. Calles-Escandon J, Cipolla M (2001) Diabetes and endothelial dysfunction: a clinical perspective. Endocr Rev 22:36-52.
176. Farkas K, Sarman B, Jermendy G, Somogyi A (2000) Endothelial nitric oxide in diabetes mellitus: too much or not enough. Diabetes Nutr Metab 13:287-297
177. Balletshofer BM, Rittig K, Volk A, Maerker E, Jacob S, Rett K, Haring H (2001) Impaired non-esterified fatty acid suppression is associated with endothelial dysfunction in insulin resistant subjects. Horm Metab Res 33:428-431
178. Tripathy D, Aljada A, Dandona P (2003) Free Fatty acids (FFA) and endothelial dysfunction; role of increased oxidative stress and inflammation-to: Steinberg etal. (2002) Vascular function, insulin resistance and fatty acids. Diabetologia 46:300-301
179. Pleiner J, Schaller G, Mittermayer F, Bayerle-Eder M, Roden M, Wolzt M (2002) FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction can be corrected by vitamin C. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2913-2917
180. Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, Quagliaro L, Piconi L, Bais B, Da Ros R, Motz E (2002) Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation: effects of short- and long-term simvastatin treatment. Circulation 106:1211-1218
181. Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Candigliota M, Ventura G, Iacopino S, Sinopoli F, Mattioli PL (2001) Obesity and body fat distribution induce endothelial dysfunction by oxidative stress: protective effect of vitamin C. Diabetes 50:159-165
182. Hirashima O, Kawano H, Motoyama T, Hirai N, Ohgushi M, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H, Yasue H (2000) Improvement of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity with vitamin C in patients with coronary spastic angina: possible role of reactive oxygen species. J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1860-1866
183. Katusic ZS (2001) Vascular endothelial dysfunction: does tetrahydrobiopterin play a role? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 281:H981-H986
184. Sato J, O'Brien T, Katusic ZS, Fu A, Nygren J, Singh R, Nair KS (2002) Dietary antioxidants preserve endothelium dependent vasorelaxation in overfed rats. Atherosclerosis 161:327-333
185. Lager I (1991) The insulin-antagonistic effect of the counterregulatory hormones. J Intern Med (Suppl 735): 41-47
186. Andrews RC, Walker BR (1999) Glucocorticoids and insulin resistance: old hormones, new targets. Clin Sci (Lond) 96:513-23
187. Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R (1999) Hypothalamic origin of the metabolic syndrome X Ann N Y Acad Sci 892:297-307
188. Bjorntorp P, Rosmond R (2000) Neuroendocrine abnormalities in visceral obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:80-85
189. Walker BR (2001) Steroid metabolism in metabolic syndrome X Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 15:111-122
190. Wolf G (2002) Glucocorticoids in adipocytes stimulate visceral obesity. Nutr Rev 60:148-151
191. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, Morton NM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR, Flier JS (2001) A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 294:2166-2170
192. Rizza RA (2000) Androgen effect on insulin action and glucose metabolism. Mayo Clin Proc 75:61-64
193. Livingstone C, Collison M (2002) Sex steroids and insulin resistance. Clin Sci (Lond) 102:151-166
194. Haffner SM (2000) Sex hormones, obesity, fat distribution, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance: epidemiological and clinical correlation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:56-58
195. Moller N, Jorgensen JO, Abildgard N, Orskov L, Schmitz O, Christiansen JS (1991) Effects of growth hormone on glucose metabolism. Horm Res 36:32-35
196. Holt RI, Simpson HL, Sonksen PH (2003) The role of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in glucose homeostasis. Diabet Med 203-15
197. Svensson J, Fowelin J, Landin K, Bengtsson BA, Johansson JO (2002) Effects of seven years of GH-replacement therapy on insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2121-2127
198. Yuen K, Cook D, Ong K, Chatelain P, Fryklund L, Gluckman P, Ranke MB, Rosenfeld R, Dunger D (2002) The metabolic effects of short-term administration of physiological versus high doses of GH therapy in GH deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:333-341
199. Alford FP, Hew FL, Christopher MC, Rantzau C (1999) Insulin sensitivity in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults and effect of GH replacement therapy. J Endocrinol Invest 22:28-32
200. Unger RH, Orci L (1982) The role of glucagon in diabetes. Compr Ther 8:53-59
201. Butler PC, Rizza RA (1989) Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and response to hypoglycemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 18:1-25
202. Reach G, Assan R (1979) Glucagon and diabetes mellitus. Diabete Metab 5:63-70
203. Landsberg L (1999) Role of the sympathetic adrenal system in the pathogenesis of the insulin resistance syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 892:84-90
204. Young JB, Macdonald IA (1992) Sympathoadrenal activity in human obesity: heterogeneity of findings since 1980. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 16:959-967
205. Ceddia RB, William WN Jr, Curi R (2001) The response of skeletal muscle to leptin. Front Biosci 6:90-97
206. Christensen JO, Svendsen OL, Hassager C, Christiansen C (1998) Leptin in overweight postmenopausal women: no relationship with metabolic syndrome X or effect of exercise in addition to diet. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22:195-199
207. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA (2001) The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409:307-312
208. Beltowski J (2003) Adiponectin and resistin-new hormones of white adipose tissue. Med Sci Monit 9:55-61
209. Ukkola O (2002) Resistin - a mediator of obesity-associated insulin resistance or an innocent bystander? Eur J Endocrinol 147:571-574
210. Stefan N, Stumvoll M (2002) Adiponectin - its role in metabolism and beyond. Horm Metab Res 34:469-474
211. Kersten S, Desvergne B, Wahli W (2000) Roles of PPARs in health and disease. Nature 405:421-424
212. Oliver WR Jr, Shenk JL, Snaith MR, Russell CS, Plunket KD, Bodkin NL, Lewis MC, Winegar DA, Sznaidman ML, Lambert MH, Xu HE, Sternbach DD, Kliewer SA, Hansen BC, Willson TM (2001) A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5306-5311
213. Altshuler D, Hirschhorn JN, Klannemark M, Lindgren CM, Vohl MC, Nemesh J, Lane CR, Schaffner SF, Bolk S, Brewer C, Tuomi T, Gaudet D, Hudson TJ, Daly M, Groop L, Lander ES (2000) The common PPARgamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 26:76-80
214. Vaccaro O, Mancini FP, Ruffa G, Sabatino L, Colantuoni V, Riccardi G (2000) Pro12Ala mutation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2) and severe obesity: a case-control study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:1195-1199
215. Brown RO, Forloines-Lynn S, Cross RE, Heizer WD (1986) Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition. Dig Dis Sci 31:661-664
216. Anderson RA (2000) Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab 26:22-27
217. Striffler JS, Law JS, Polansky MM, Bhathena SJ, Anderson RA (1995) Chromium improves insulin response to glucose in rats. Metabolism 44:1314-1320
218. Vincent JB (2000) The biochemistry of chromium. J Nutr 130:715-718
219. Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Chi J, Feng J (1997) Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 46:1786-1791
220. Althuis MD, Jordan NE, Ludington EA, Wittes JT (2002) Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 76:148-155
221. Stearns DM, Wise JP Sr, Patierno SR, Wetterhahn KE (1995) Chromium(III) picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Faseb J 9:1643-1648
222. Bagchi D, Stohs SJ, Downs BW, Bagchi M, Preuss HG (2002) Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Toxicology 180:5-22
223. Verma S, Cam MC, McNeill JH (1998) Nutritional factors that can favorably influence the glucose/insulin system: vanadium. J Am Coll Nutr 17:11-18
224. Cusi K, Cukier S, DeFronzo RA, Torres M, Puchulu FM, Redondo JC (2001) Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1410-1417
225. Boden G, Chen X, Ruiz J, van Rossum GD, Turco S (1996) Effects of vanadyl sulfate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 45:1130-1135
226. Lima Mde L, Cruz T, Pousada JC, Rodrigues LE, Barbosa K, Cangucu V (1998) The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21:682-686
227. Paolisso G, Sgambato S, Pizza G, Passariello N, Varricchio M, D'Onofrio F (1989) Improved insulin response and action by chronic magnesium administration in aged NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 12:265-269
228. Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F (2003) Oral Magnesium Supplementation Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. Diabetes Care 26:1147-1152
229. Eibl NL, Kopp HP, Nowak HR, Schnack CJ, Hopmeier PG, Schernthaner G (1995) Hypomagnesemia in type II diabetes: effect of a 3-month replacement therapy. Diabetes Care 18:188-192
230. Yeh GY, Eisenberg DM, Kaptchuk TJ, Phillips RS (2003) Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:1277-1294
231. Faure P, Roussel AM,Martinie M, Osman M, Favier A, Halimi S (1991) Insulin sensitivity in zinc-depleted rats: assessment with the euglycaemic hyperinsulinic clamp technique. Diabete Metab 17:325-331
232. Faure P, Roussel A, Coudray C, Richard MJ, Halimi S, Favier A (1992) Zinc and insulin sensitivity. Biol Trace Elem Res 32:305-310
233. Chausmer AB (1998) Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 17:109-115
234. Draznin B (1993) Cytosolic calcium and insulin resistance. Am J Kidney Dis 21:32-38
235. Zemel MB (1995) Insulin resistance vs. hyperinsulinemia in hypertension: insulin regulation of Ca2+ transport and Ca(2+)-regulation of insulin sensitivity. J Nutr 125:1738S-1743S
236. Teegarden D (2003) Calcium intake and reduction in weight or fat mass. J Nutr 133:249S-251S
237. Zemel MB (2003) Mechanisms of dairy modulation of adiposity. J Nutr 133:252S-256S
238. Anderson RA (2000) Role of dietary factors: micronutrients. Nutr Rev 58:10-11
239. Furnsinn C, Noe C, Herdlicka R, Roden M, Nowotny P, Leighton B, Waldhausl W (1997) More marked stimulation by lithium than insulin of the glycogenic pathway in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 273:514-520
240. Barbera A, Rodriguez-Gil JE, Guinovart JJ (1994) Insulin-like actions of tungstate in diabetic rats. Normalization of hepatic glucose metabolism. J Biol Chem 269:20047-20053
241. Munoz MC, Barbera A, Dominguez J, Fernandez-Alvarez J, Gomis R, Guinovart JJ (2001) Effects of tungstate, a new potential oral antidiabetic agent, in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes 50:131-138
242. Stapleton SR (2000) Selenium: an insulin-mimetic. Cell Mol Life Sci 57:1874-1879
243. ADA (1997) Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 20:1183-1197
244. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH (1998) Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates and projections. Diabetes Care 21:1414-1431
245. Choi BCK, Shi F (2001) Risk factors for diabetes mellitus by age and sex: results of the National Population Health Survey. Diabetologia 44:1221-1231
246. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth DftM (1993) Diabetes, other risk factors and 12 yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the MRFIT. Diabetes Care 16:434-444
247. Uusitupa MI, Niskanen LK, Siitonen O, Voutilainen E, Pyorala K (1993) Ten-year cardiovascular mortality in relation to risk factors and abnormalities in lipoprotein composition in type 2 diabetic and non diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 36:1175-1184
248. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M (1998) Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in non diabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 339:229-234
249. Gillum RF, Mussolino ME, Madans JH (2000) Diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease incident, and death from all causes in Mexican American and European American women: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. J Clin Epidemiol 53:511-518
250. Alberti KGMM (1996) The clinical implications of impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetic Med 13:927-937
251. Edelsrein SL, Knowler WC, Bain RP, et al. (1997) Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDMM: an analysis of six prospective studies. Diabetes 46:701-710
252. UKPDS23 (1998) Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non insulin dependent diabetes. BMJ 16:823-828
253. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1995) The relationship of glycemic exposure to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the DCCT. Diabetes 44:968-983
254. Bonadonna RC, De Fronzo RA (1991) Glucose metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 17:112
255. deVegt F, Dekker JM, Jager A, et al. (2001) Relation of impaired fasting and postload glucose with incident type 2 diabetes in a Dutch population: the Hoorn Study. JAMA 285:2109-2113
256. Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M (2002) Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 359:2072-2077
257. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 329:977-986
258. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group (1998) Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS33). Lancet 352:837-853
259. Decode Study Group (1999) Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American diabetes association diagnostic criteria. Diabetes epidemiology: collaborative analysis of diagnosis criteria in Europe. Lancet 354:617-622
260. Brownlee M (2001) Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 414:813-820
261. Heidland A, Sebekova K, Schinzel R (2001) Advanced glycation end products and the progressive course of renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 38: S100-S106
262. Kankova K, Zahejsky J, Marova I, Muzik J, Kuhrova V, Blazkova M, Znojil V, Beranek M, Vacha J (2001) Polymorphisms in the RAGE gene influence susceptibility to diabetes-associated microvascular dermatoses in NIDDMJ Diabetes Complications. 15:185-192
263. van Dam RM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB (2002) Dietary patterns and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus in US men. Annals Internal Medicine 136:201-209
264. Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Hennekens CH, Manson JE (2000) A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1455-1461
265. Riccardi G, Clemente G, Giaco R (2003) Glycemic index of local foods and diets: the Mediterranean experience. Nutr Rev 61:S56-S60
266. Giacco R, Brighenti F, Parillo M, Capuano M, Ciardullo AV, Rivierccio A, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G (2001) Characteristics of some wheat-based foods of the Italian diet in relation to their influence on postprandial glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr 85:33-40
267. Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. (1997) Dietary fibre, glycemic load and risk of non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 277:472-477
268. American Diabetes Association (2003) Tests of Glycemia in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:S106-S108
269. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Simonson DC (1989) Fasting hyperglycemia in non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus: contributions of excessive hepatic glucose production and impaired tissue glucose uptake. Metabolism 38:387-395
270. Fery F, Melot C, Balasse EO (1993) Glucose fluxes and oxidation after an oral glucose load in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of variable severity. Metabolism 42:522-530
271. Fery F, Balasse EO (1994) Glucose metabolism during the starved-to-fed transition in obese patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 43:1418-1425
272. Coppack SW, Fisher RM, Humphreys SM, Clark ML, Pointon JJ, Frayn KN (1996) Carbohydrate metabolism in insulin resistance: glucose uptake and lactate production by adipose and forearm tissues in vivo before and after a mixed meal. Clin Sci 90:409-415
273. Basu A, Basu R, Shah P, Vella A, Johnson CM, Jensen M, Nair KS, Schwenk WF, Rizza RA (2001) Type 2 diabetes impairs splanchnic uptake of glucose but does not alter intestinal glucose absorption during enteral glucose feeding: additional evidence for a defect in hepatic glucokinase activity. Diabetes 50:1351-1362
274. Reaven GM, Chen Y-DI, Donner CC, Fraze E, Hollenbeck CB (1985) How insulin resistant are patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocr Metab 61:32-36
275. Bonadonna RC, Del Prato S, Saccomani MP, Bonora E, Gulli G, Ferrannini E, Bier D, Cobelli C, DeFronzo RA (1993) Transmembrane glucose transport in skeletal muscle of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. J Clin Invest 92:486-494
276. Shulman GI, Rothman DL, Jue T, Stein P, DeFronzo RA, Shulman RG (1990) Quantitation of muscle glycogen synthesis in normal subjects and subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. New Engl J Med 322:223-228
277. Cline GW, Petersen KF, Krssak M, Shen J, Hundal RS, Trajanoski Z, Inzucchi S, Dresner A, Rothman DL, Shulman GI (1999) Impaired glucose transport as a cause of decreased insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 341:240-246
278. Polonsky KS, O'Meara NM (2001) Endocrinology, 4th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia
279. Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS (2001) Type 1 Diabetes: new perspectives on disease pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet 358:221-229
280. Nagi DK, Knowler WC, Charles MA, et al. (1995) Early and late insulin response as predictors of NIDDM in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 38:187-192
281. Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA (1997) In vivo measurement of insulin sensitivity in humans. In: Draznin B, Rizza R (eds) Clinical Research in Diabetes and Obesity, Part 1: Methods, Assessment, and Metabolic Regulation. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp 23-65
282. Soonthornpun S, Setasuban W, Thamprasit A, Chayanunnukul W, Rattarasarn C, Geater A (2003) Novel insulin sensitivity index derived from oral glucose tolerance test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1019-1023