The glycemic index: Physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease

JAMA

Volumn 287, Issue 18, 2002, Pages 2414-2423

  Ludwig, David S ^a  

^a BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; INSULIN;

ARTICLE; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE COURSE; GLUCOSE ABSORPTION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE INTAKE; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MEDLINE; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0037042231     PISSN: 00987484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.18.2414     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Experimental studies on diabetes: Production and control of diabetes in the dog: Effects of carbohydrate diets
2. The effect of chain length on glucose absorption and the related metabolic response
3. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses to meals containing different carbohydrates in normal and diabetic subjects
4. On the importance of processing conditions, product thickness and egg addition for the glycaemic and hormonal responses to pasta: A comparison with bread made from "pasta ingredients"
5. Glycemic index of foods: A physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange
6. The glycemic index: Methodology and clinical implications
7. Treating obesity in youth: Should dietary glycemic load be a consideration?
8. International tables of glycemic index
9. Effects of co-ingestion of fat and protein upon carbohydrate-induced hyperglycemia
10. Duodenal and ileal lipid suppresses postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses in man: Possible implications for the dietary management of diabetes mellitus
11. Insulinemic and glycemic indexes of six starch-rich foods taken alone and in a mixed meal by type 2 diabetics
12. Effect of source of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose, insulin, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses to test meals in subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
13. Effect of source of dietary carbohydrate on plasma glucose and insulin responses to mixed meals in subjects with NIDDM
14. Application of glycemic index to mixed meals
15. High glycemic index foods, over-eating, and obesity
16. The use of the glycemic index in predicting the blood glucose response to mixed meals
17. The glycemic index: Variation between subjects and predictive difference
18. Prediction of glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index
19. Metabolic effects of a low-glycemic-index diet
20. Importance of glycemic index in diabetes
21. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women
22. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women
23. Starvation in man
24. Nibbling versus gorging: Metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency
25. Metabolic effects of reducing rate of glucose ingestion by single bolus versus continuous sipping
26. Preexercise carbohydrate ingestion, glucose kinetics, and muscle glycogen use: Effect of the glycemic index
27. Physiological modulation of plasma free fatty acid concentrations by diet: Metabolic implications in nondiabetic subjects
28. Comparative continuous-indirect-calorimetry study of two carbohydrates with different glycemic indices
29. Starvation in man
30. The diagnosis of post-prandial hypoglycemia
31. Evaluation of a standardized hyperglucidic breakfast test in postprandial reactive hypoglycaemia
32. Lag glucose tolerance curves
33. Transient declines in blood glucose signal meal initiation
34. Human eating: Evidence for a physiological basis using a modified paradigm
35. Hunger in humans induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose: Glucoprivic control of taste preference and food intake
36. Food intake and peripheral factors after recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia
37. Effect of insulin and glucose on feeding behavior
38. Verylow-energy diets after the counterregulatory response to falling plasma glucose concentrations
39. Dietary amylose-amylopectin starch content affects glucose and lipid metabolism in adipocytes of normal and diabetic rats
40. A high glycemic index starch diet affects lipid storage-related enzymes in normal and to a lesser extent in diabetic rats
41. Effects of long-term low-glycaemic index starchy food on plasma glucose and lipid concentrations and adipose tissue cellularity in normal and diabetic rats
42. High glycemic index starch promotes hypersecretion of insulin and higher body fat in rats without affecting insulin sensitivity
43. Low post-prandial fat oxidation after a high glycemic index meal leads to increased body fat in chronically fed rats
44. Dietary glycemic index and obesity
45. Effects of a low-insulin-response, energy-restricted diet on weight loss and plasma insulin concentrations in hyperinsulinemic obese females
46. Regulation of lipid metabolism and fat mass distribution by chronic low glycemic index diet in non diabetic subjects [abstract]
47. A low-glycemic index diet in the treatment of pediatric obesity
48. Diet, exercise, and feto-placental growth
49. The impact of pharmacotherapy on weight management in type 2 diabetes
50. Effect of sustained physiologic hyperinsuifnaemia and hyperglycaemia on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in man
51. Hyperinsulinemia and its impact on obesity and insulin resistance
52. Redistribution of substrates to adipose tissue promotes obesity in mice with selective insulin resistance in muscle
53. Glucose toxicity
54. Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake
55. Lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of obesity-dependent NIDDM: Genetic and clinical implications
56. Coupling of beta-cell desensitization by hyperglycemia to excessive stimulation and circulating insulin in glucose-infused rats
57. Overnight inhibition of insulin secretion restores pulsatility and proinsulin/insulin ratio in type 2 diabetes
58. Minimal chronic hyperglycemia is a critical determinant of impaired insulin secretion after an incomplete pancreatectomy
59. Chronic hyperglycemia triggers loss of pancreatic beta cell differentiation in an animal model of diabetes
60. Prevention of glucose toxicity in HIT-T15 cells and Zucker diabetic fatty rats by antioxidants
61. Dysfunctional insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes: Role of metabolic abnormalities
62. Development of insulin resistance in the rat is dependent on the rate of glucose absorption from the diet
63. Amylopectin starch promotes the development of insulin resistance in rats
64. Second-meal effect: Low-glycemic-index foods eaten at dinner improve subsequent breakfast glycemic response
65. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp to assess posthepatic glucose appearance after carbohydrate loading, II: Evaluation of corn and mung bean starches in healthy men
66. Insulin sensitivity in women at risk of coronary heart disease and the effect of a low glycemic index diet
67. Types of carbohydrate in an ordinary diet affect insulin action and muscle substrates in humans
68. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men
69. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women
70. Lowglycaemic index starchy foods improve glucose control and lower serum cholesterol in diabetic children
71. A moderate switch from high to low glycaemic-index foods for 3 weeks improves the metabolic control of type 1 (IDDM) diabetic subjects
72. Lowglycemic-index starchy foods in the diabetic diet
73. Lowglycemic index foods improve long-term glycemic control in NIDDM
74. The use of low glycaemic index foods improves metabolic control of diabetic patients over five weeks
75. Beneficial effect of low-glycemic index diet in overweight NIDDM subjects
76. Beneficial effect of a low glycaemic index diet in type 2 diabetes
77. Dietary advice based on the glycemic index improves dietary profile and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients
78. Effects of different glycaemic index foods and dietary fibre intake on glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic patients on intensive insulin therapy
79. Improved glycemic control and lipid profile and normalized fibrinolytic activity on a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetic patients
80. Long-term dietary treatment with increased amounts of fiberrich low-glycemic index natural foods improves blood glucose control and reduces the number of hypoglycemic events in type 1 diabetic patients
81. The effect of flexible low glycemic index dietary advice versus measured carbohydrate exchange diets on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes
82. Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: Effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM
83. Glycemic index in the diet of European outpatients with type 1 diabetes: Relations to glycated hemoglobin and serum lipids
84. Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications
85. Guidelines for the nutritional management of diabetes in the new millennium: A position statement by the Canadian Diabetes Association
86. Recommendations for the nutritional management of patients with diabetes mellitus
87. Glycaemic index in diabetes management
88. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events: A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years
89. High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for mortality in middle-aged nondiabetic men: 20-Year follow-up in the Whitehall Study, the Paris Prospective Study, and the Helsinki Policemen Study
90. Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: The Hoorn Study
91. Postchallenge plasma glucose and glycemic spikes are more strongly associated with atherosclerosis than fasting glucose or HbA1 c level
92. The post-prandial state and cardiovascular disease: Relevance to diabetes mellitus
93. The postprandial state and risk of cardiovascular disease
94. Antioxidant defences are reduced during the oral glucose tolerance test in normal and non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects
95. Oral glucose loading acutely attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy adults without diabetes: An effect prevented by vitamins C and E
96. Glutathione reverses systemic hemodynamic changes induced by acute hyperglycemia in healthy subjects
97. Meal induced oxidative stress and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in diabetes: The possible role of hyperglycemia
98. Banting lecture 1988: Role of insulin resistance in human disease
99. Exogenous hyperinsulinemia causes insulin re sistance, hyperendothelinemia, and subsequent hypertension in rats
100. Insulin action in the vasculature: Physiology and pathophysiology
101. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease
102. Lowglycemic index carbohydrate foods in the management of hypedipidemia
103. Lowglycemic index diet in hypedipidemia: Use of traditional starchy foods
104. Glycemic index and serum highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol concentration among US adults
105. Glycaemic index as a determinant of serum HDL-cholesterol concentration
106. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women
107. Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women
108. Dietary glycemic index in relation to metabolic risk factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: The Zutphen Elderly Study
109. Diet and syndrome X
110. Much ado about (almost) nothing
111. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: A meta-analysis of 27 trials
112. Hyperinsulinism and dysinsulinism