Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans

Science

Volumn 283, Issue 5399, 1999, Pages 212-214

  Levine, James A ^a   Eberhardt, Norman L ^a   Jensen, Michael D ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FAT;

ARTICLE; CALORIC INTAKE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; HUMAN; LIPID STORAGE; OVERNUTRITION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THERMOGENESIS; WEIGHT GAIN;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; BASAL METABOLISM; BODY COMPOSITION; CALORIMETRY, INDIRECT; ENERGY INTAKE; ENERGY METABOLISM; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERPHAGIA; MALE; MOVEMENT; POSTURE; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 0033534524     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5399.212     Document Type: Article

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24. If total daily energy expenditure measured with doubly labeled water is assumed to equal weight maintenance requirements (rather than the measures of weight maintenance dietary intake), the relation between the increase in NEAT and the efficiency of energy storage (excess kilocalories stored/number of excess kilocalories provided) is almost identical to the relation we report in Fig. 1C (r = -0.80, P < 0.001, compared with r = -0.77, P < 0.001).
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27. The 16 (12 males and 4 females) healthy volunteers were 25 to 36 years old. Volunteers were excluded if they used any medication at the time of the study or within 6 months of the study, exercised more than twice each week, smoked, used alcohol were pregnant, had any acute or chronic illness, or reported unstable body weight.
28. Volunteers were studied as outpatients for 10 weeks. Meals were prepared in the metabolic kitchen at the Mayo Clinic General Clinical Research Center (GCRC). All foods were weighed to within 1 g. For the first 2 weeks, volunteers were fed so as to establish the dietary intake necessary to maintain steady-state body weight. For the remaining 8 weeks, each volunteer received 1000 kcal in addition to weight maintenance requirements. The diet composition remained constant throughout the study at 40% carbohydrate, 40% fat, and 20% protein. The volunteer's body weight was measured each morning under standardized conditions (with an empty bladder, without shoes, and wearing consistent, light clothing); these measures were made by GCRC personnel. Volunteers were instructed not to adopt new exercise practices and were questioned daily regarding activities. In addition, volunteers' family and friends underwent structured interviews before and after feeding to determine compliance with exercise restrictions. During weeks 2 and 10, volunteers wore accelerometers (with disabled liquid crystal displays) (Caltrac; Muscle Dynamics, Torrance, CA) to measure the extent of free-living exercise-related activity. To ensure compliance with the feeding regimen, volunteers were instructed to eat all foods provided, and almost all meals were consumed under supervision at the GCRC. Plates were inspected for solid or liquid remainders. When food items were eaten outside of the GCRC, preweighed food items were provided by the investigators, and empty food containers were inspected. On occasion, volunteers' home garbage was checked. Family members, friends, and work colleagues of the volunteers were identified and contacted on several occasions throughout the study to ensure that all food was consumed and that exercise was not initiated. Informed consent was obtained after the nature and possible consequences of the study were explained.
29. Each volunteer was weighed daily with the same calibrated scale. Body fat and mineral mass were measured in duplicate with DXA after baseline feeding (end of week 2) and after completion of overfeeding (end of week 10). To ensure that our measures of body composition were reproducible and precise, (i) we used the same DXA scanner throughout the study, (ii) we calibrated the DXA scanner before each measurement with tissue phantoms, and (iii) we calibrated the DXA scanner against tissue blocks of known composition weekly. A human adipose tissue block with a lipid content of 2891 g by chemical analysis was found to be 2949 g by DXA scans. Comparison of fat-free mass obtained with the DXA and isotope dilution revealed a strong correlation (r = 0.97, P < 0.0001). Finally, when a 600-g block of adipose tissue was placed on a volunteer with 22.8 kg of body fat as assessed by DXA, 577 g of this block was detected. Fat-free mass was calculated from the difference between body weight and fat mass. The test-retest difference for duplicate measurements was <2%.
30. BMR was measured on two consecutive mornings at 0630 in volunteers who had slept uninterrupted the previous nights in the GCRC. Volunteers were not moved before measurements and had not eaten since 2100 the night before. For each measurement, the calorimeter (Deltatrac; SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA) was calibrated with gases of known composition. Volunteers were awake, semirecumbent (10° head bed tilt), lightly clothed, and in thermal comfort (68° to 74°F) in a dimly lit, quiet room. Measurements were performed for 30 min during which time volunteers were not allowed to talk or move. The test-retest difference for duplicate measurements was <3%.
31. Postprandial thermogenesis was measured on two consecutive days at the end of weeks 2 and 10. On the first study day, volunteers were given a meal that provided one-third of their daily intake (40% carbohydrate, 40% fat, and 20% protein). Energy expenditure was measured with the indirect calorimeter for 15 of every 30 min (to prevent agitation) until values within 4 kcal/hour of resting energy expenditure were recorded for two consecutive measurements. On the second day, volunteers were provided with a 200-kcal meal (40% carbohydrate, 40% fat, and 20% protein), and the same procedures were followed. Areas under the curves for time (x axis) and energy expenditure (y axis) were used to determine postprandial thermogenesis. The mean duration of measurement was 414 ± (SD) 39 min. Daily postprandial thermogenesis was calculated by tripling the postprandial thermogenesis obtained after the meal providing one-third of daily intake.
32. Total energy expenditure was measured in weeks 2 and 10 with doubly labeled water (12, 26). Baseline urine samples were collected, and after timed administration of the isotopes, urine samples were collected at 0700, 1200, and 1800 each day for 7 days. The slope-intercept equations described by Coward et al. (12) were used to derive values for total energy expenditure. Propagation or error analysis was performed (10) on each measurement, and the calculated compounded errors (measurement plus biological noise) were 3 ± 1% for baseline and 4 ± 3% after overfeeding. Measures of baseline total energy expenditure derived with doubly labeled water were in excellent agreement with the measures of baseline weight-maintenance dietary intake (r = 0.89, P < 0.001, with an intercept not different from 0 and a slope not different than 1).
33. 2 during walking at 3 mph was 1028 ± 59 ml/min, and after overfeeding it was 1061 ± 38 ml/min. Thus, because volitional exercise and the thermic efficiency of exercise were unchanged with overfeeding, any change in activity-related thermogenesis after overfeeding represented the change in NEAT. Finally, to ensure that energy wastage did not occur through malabsorption, 3-day stool fat was measured before and after overfeeding. There was no significant increase in stool fat after overfeeding (25 ± 13 kcal/day compared with 38 ± 15 kcal/day).
34. We thank the volunteers, dietitians, food technicians, and nursing staff at the GCRC and A. Wright and W. A. Coward for assistance with doubly labeled water calculations. Supported by NIH grants DK45343, DK50456, and M01RR00585 and the Mayo Foundation.