Nanomedicine: Current status and future prospects

FASEB Journal

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 311-330

  Moghimi, S Moein ^a   Hunter, A Christy ^a   Murray, J Clifford ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRIGHTON   (United Kingdom)

^b NOTTINGHAM UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Endothelium; Extravasation; Gene therapy; Intracellular delivery; Macrophage; Medical imaging; Nanofibers; Nanoparticles; Nanosized drug delivery systems; Nanotechnology; Toxicity

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BIOMATERIAL; DOXORUBICIN; DRUG CARRIER; DRUG VEHICLE; EUDRAGIT; EUDRAGIT E100; INFLUENZA VACCINE; NANOPARTICLE; SARCOLYSIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALLERGIC REACTION; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BREAST CANCER; DENDRITIC CELL; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG BINDING; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG TARGETING; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; HUMAN; INFLUENZA; KAPOSI SARCOMA; MACROPHAGE; MEDICINE; MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; TUMOR CELL; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

BLOOD VESSELS; DIAGNOSIS; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG THERAPY; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; MACROPHAGES; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; NANOSTRUCTURES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (U.S.); NEOPLASMS; PARTICLE SIZE; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; TECHNOLOGY, PHARMACEUTICAL; UNITED STATES;

EID: 14644396096     PISSN: 08926638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2747rev     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Poole, C. P. (ed.) (2003) Introduction to Nanotechnology. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
2. Tyagi, S., and Kramer, F. R. (1996) Molecular beacons: probes that fluoresce upon hybridization. Nat. Biotechnol. 14, 303-308
3. Taton, T. A., Lu, G., and Mirkin, C. A. (2001) Two-color labeling of oligonucleotides array via size-selective scattering of nanoparticle probes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 5164-5165
4. Jaffer, F. A., and Weissleder, R. (2004) Seeing within - molecular imaging of the cardiovascular system. Circ. Res. 94, 433-445
5. Perez, J. M., Josephson, L., and Weissleder, R. (2004) Use of magnetic nanoparticles as nanosensors to probe for molecular interactions. ChemBioChem 5, 261-264
6. Saleh, A., Schroeter, M., Jinkmanns, C., Hartung, H. P., Modder, U., and Jander, S. (2004) In vivo MRI of brain inflammation in human ischaemic stroke. Brain 127, 1670-1677
7. Dousset, V., Ballarino, L., Delalande, C., Coussemacq, M., Canioni, P., Petry, K. G., and Caille, J. M. (1999) Comparison of ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USIOP) -enhanced T2-weighted, conventional T2-weighted, and gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MR images in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 20, 223-227
8. Harisinghani, M. G., Barentsz, J., Hahn, P. F., Deserno, W. M., Tabatabaei, S., Hulsbergen van de Kaa, C., de la Rosette, J., and Weissleder, R. (2003) Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2491-2499
9. Dardzinski, B. J., Schmithorst, V. J., Holland, S. K., Boivin, G. P., Imagawa, T., Watanabe, S., Lewis, J. M., and Hirsch, R. (2001) MR imaging of murine arthritis using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. Magn. Res. Imaging 19, 1209-1216
10. Ruehm, S. G., Corot, C., Vogt, P., Kolb, S., and Debatin, J. F. (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic plaque with ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Circulation 103, 415-422
11. Kooi, M. E., Cappendijk, V. C., Cleutjens, K. B. J. M., Kessels, A. G. H., Kitslaar, P. J. E. H. M., Borgers, M., Frederik, P. M., Daemen, M. J. A. P., and van Engelshoven, J. M. A. (2003) Accumulation of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide in human atherosclerotic plaques can be detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 107, 2453-2458
12. Watson, A., Wu, X., and Bruchez, M. (2003) Lighting up cells with quantum dots. Biotechniques 34, 296-303
13. Chan, W. C., Maxwell, D. J., Gao, X., Bailey, R. E., Han, M., and Nie, S. (2002) Luminescent quantum dots for multiplexed biological detection and imaging. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 13, 40-46
14. Jaiswal, J. K., Mattoussi, H., Mauro, J. M., and Simon, S. M. (2003) Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 47-51
15. Larson, D. R., Zipfel, W. R., Williams, R. M., Clark, S. W., Bruchez, M. P., Wise, F. W., and Webb, W. W. (2003) Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo. Science 300, 1434-1436
16. Dubertert, B., Skourides, P., Norris, D. J., Noireaux, V., Brivanlou, A. H., and Libchaber, A. (2002) In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science 298, 1759-1762
17. Ballou, B., Lagerholm, B. C., Ernst, L. A., Bruchez, M. P., and Waggoner, A. S. (2004) Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjugate Chem. 15, 79-86
18. Gao, X., Cui, Y., Levenson, R. M., Chung, L. W. K., and Nie, S. (2004) In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 969-976
19. Akerman, M. E., Chan, W. C. W., Laakkonen, P., Bhatia, S. N., and Ruoslahti, E. (2002) Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 12617-12621
20. Voura, E. B., Jaiswal, J. K., Mattoussi, H., and Simon, S. M. (2004) Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emission-scanning microscopy. Nat. Med. 10, 993-998
21. Dahan, M., Levi, S., Luccardini, C., Rostaing, P., Riveau, B., and Triller, A. (2003) Diffusion dynamics of glycine receptors revealed by single-quantum dot tracking. Science 302, 442-445
22. Wu, X., Liu, H., Liu, J., Haley, K. N., Treadway, J. A., Larson, J. P., Ge, N., Peale, F., and Bruchez, M. P. (2003) Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 41-46
23. Allen, T. M., and Cullis, P. R. (2004) Drug delivery systems: entering the mainstream. Science 303, 1818-1822
24. Moghimi, S. M., Hunter, A. C., and Murray, J. C. (2001) Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacol. Rev. 53, 283-318
25. Sahoo, S. K., and Labhasetwar, V. (2003) Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and imaging. Drug Discov. Today 8, 1112-1120
26. Panyam, J., and Labhasetwar, V. (2004) Biodegradable nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery to cells and tissues. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 55, 329-347
27. Oh, K. T., Bronich, T. K., and Kabanov, A. V. (2004) Micellar formulations for drug delivery based on mixtures of hydrophobic and hydrophilic Pluronic® block copolymers. J. Control Release 94, 411-422
28. Adams, M. L., Lavasanifar, A., and Kwon, G. S. (2003) Amphiphilic block copolymers for drug delivery. J. Pharm. Sci. 92, 1343-1355
29. Gao, Z. G., Lukyanov, A. N., Singhal, A., and Torchilin, V. P. (2002) Diacyllipid-polymer micelles as nanocarriers for poorly soluble anticancer drugs. Nano Lett. 2, 979-982
30. Morgan, M. T., Carnahan, M. A., Immoos, C. E., Ribeiro, A. A., Finkelstein, S., Lee, S. J., and Grinstaff, M. W. (2003) Dendritic molecular capsules for hydrophobic compounds. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 15485-15489
31. Krämer, M., Stumbé, J. F., Grimm, G., Kaufmann, B., Krüger, U., Weber, M., and Haag, R. (2004) Dendritic polyamines: simple access to new materials with defined treelike structures for application in nonviral gene delivery. ChemBioChem 5, 1081-1087
32. Haag, R. (2004) Supramolecular drug-delivery systems based on polymeric core-shell architectures. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 43, 278-282
33. Kossovsky, N., Gelman, A., Rajguru, S., Nguyen, R., Sponsler, E., Hnatyszyn, H. J., Chow, K., Chung, A., Torres, M., Zemanovich, J., et al. (1996) Control of molecular polymorphisms by a structured carbohydrate/ceramic delivery vehicle - aquasomes. J. Control Release 39, 383-388
34. Schmidt-Wolf, G. D., and Schmidt-Wolf, I. G. H. (2003) Non-viral and hybrid vectors in human gene therapy: an update. Trends Mol. Med. 9, 67-72
35. Raja, K. S., Wang, Q., Gonzalez, M. J., Manchester, M., Johnson, J. E., and Finn, M. G. (2003) Hybrid virus-polymer materials. 1. Synthesis and properties of PEG-decorated cowpea mosaic virus. Biomacromolecules 4, 472-476
36. Fenske, D. B., MacLachlan, I., and Cullis, P. R. (2001) Long-circulating vectors for the systemic delivery of genes. Curr. Opin. Mol. Therap. 3, 153-158
37. Verderone, G., van Craynest, N., Boussif, O., Santaella, C., Bischoff, R., Kolbe, H. V. J., and Vierling, P. (2000) Lipopolycationic telomers for gene transfer: synthesis and evaluation of their in vitro transfection efficiency. J. Med. Chem. 43, 1367-1379
38. Rabinow, B. E. (2004) Nanosuspensions in drug delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 3, 785-796
39. Liversidge, G. G., and Cundy, K. C. (1995) Particle size reduction for improvement of oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. I. Absolute oral bioavailability of nanocrystalline danazol in beagle dogs. Int. J. Pharm. 125, 91-97
40. Allen, T. M. (2002) Ligand-targeted therapeutics in anticancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2, 750-763
41. Sudimack, J., and Lee, R. J. (2000) Targeted drug delivery via the folate receptor. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 41, 147-162
42. Torchillin, V. P., Lukyanov, A. N., Gao, Z. G., and Papahadjopoulos- Sternberg, B. (2003) Immunomicelles: targeted pharmaceutical carriers for poorly soluble drugs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6039-6044
43. Drummond, D. C., Zignani, M., and Leroux, J. C. (2000) Current status of pH-sensitive liposomes in drug delivery. Prog. Lipid Res. 39, 409-460
44. Panyam, J., Zhou, W. Z., Prabha, S., Sahoo, S. K., and Labhasetwar, V. (2002) Rapid endo-lysosomal escape of poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: implications for drug and gene delivery. FASEB J. 16, 1217-1226
45. Clark, H. A., Hoyer, M., Philbert, M. A., and Kopeiman, R. (1999) Optical nanosensors for chemical analysis inside single living cells. 1. Fabrication, characterization, and methods for intracellular delivery of PEBBLE sensors. Anal. Chem. 71, 4831-4836
46. Quintana, A., Raczka, E., Piehler, L., Lee, I., Myc, A., Majoros, I., Patri, A. K., Thoma, T., Mule, J., and Baker, J. R. (2002) Design and function of a dendrimer-based therapeutic nanodevice targeted to tumour cells through the folate receptor. Pharm. Res. 19, 1310-1316
47. Moghimi, S. M., and Szebeni, J. (2003) Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties. Prog. Lipid Res. 42, 463-478
48. Moghimi, S. M., and Hunter, A. C. (2001) Recognition by macrophages and liver cells of opsonized phospholipid vesicles and phospholipid headgroups. Pharm. Res. 18, 1-8
49. Szebeni, J., Alving, C. R., Savay, S., Barenholz, Y., Priev, A., Danino, D., and Talmon, Y. (2001) Formation of complement-activating particles in aqueous solutions of Taxol: possible role in hypersensitivity reactions. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1, 721-735
50. Kim, S., Lim, Y. T., Soltesz, E. G., De Grand, A. M., Lee, J., Nakayama, A., Parker, J. A., Mihaljevic, T., Laurence, R. G., Dor, D. M., et al. (2004) Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 93-97
51. Moghimi, S. M. (2002) Chemical camouflage of nanospheres with a poorly reactive surface: towards development of stealth and target-specific nanocarriers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1590, 131-139
52. Gbadamosi, J. K., Hunter, A. C., and Moghimi, S. M. (2002) PEGylation of microspheres generates a heterogeneous population of particles with differential surface characteristics and biological performance. FEBS Lett. 532, 338-344
53. Braet, F., Dezanger, R., Baekeland, M., Crabbe, E., van der Smissen, P., and Wisse, E. (1995) Structure and dynamics of the fenestrae-associated cytoskeleton of rat-liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 21, 180-189
54. Munn, L. L. (2003) Aberrant vascular architecture in tumours and its importance in drug-based therapies. Drug Discov. Today 8, 396-403
55. St Croix, B., Rago, C., Velculescu, V., Traverso, G., Romans, K. E., Montgomery, E., Lal, A., Riggins, G. J., Lengauer, C., Vogelstein, B., et al. (2000) Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium. Science 289, 1197-1202
56. Arap, W., Kolonin, M. G., Trepel, M., Lahdenranta, J., Cardo-Vila, M., Giordano, R. J., Mintz, P. J., Ardelt, P. U., Yao, V. J., Vidal, C. I., et al. (2002) Steps toward mapping the human vasculature by phage display. Nat. Med. 8, 121-127
57. Chi, J. T., Chang, H. Y., Haraldsen, G., Jahnsen, F. L., Troyanskaya, O. G., Chang, D. S., Wang, Z., Rockson, S., van de Rijn, M., Botstein, D., et al. (2003) Endothelial cell diversity revealed by global expression profiling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10623-10628
58. Pasqualini, R., Arap, W., and McDonald, D. M. (2002) Probing the structural and molecular diversity of tumour vasculature. Trend. Mol. Med. 8, 563-571
59. Oh, P., Li, Y., Yu, J., Durr, E., Krasinka, K. M., Carver, L. A., Testa, J. E., and Schnitzer, J. E. (2004) Subtractive proteomic mapping of the endothelial surface in lung and solid tumours for tissue-specific therapy. Nature (London) 429, 629-635
60. Ruoslahti, E. (2002) Drug targeting to specific vascular sites. Drug Discov. Today 7, 1138-1143
61. Murray, J. C., and Moghimi, S. M. (2003) Endothelial cells as therapeutic targets in cancer: new biology and novel delivery systems. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 20, 139-152
62. Moghimi, S. M., and Bonnemain, B. (1999) Subcutaneous and intravenous delivery of diagnostic agents to the lymphatic system: applications in lymphoscintigraphy and indirect lymphography. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 37, 295-312
63. Phillips, W. T., Klipper, R., and Goins, B. (2000) Novel method of greatly enhanced delivery of liposomes to lymph nodes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 295, 309-313
64. Moghimi, S. M. (2003) Modulation of lymphatic distribution of subcutaneously injected poloxamer 407-coated nanospheres: the effect of the ethylene oxide chain configuration. FEBS Lett. 540, 241-244
65. Veerareddy, P. R., and Vobalabonia, V. (2004) Lipid-based formulas of amphotericin B. Drugs Today 40, 133-145
66. Lavasanifar, A., Samuel, J., Sattari, S., and Kwon, G. S. (2002) Block copolymer micelles for the encapsulation and delivery of amphotericin B. Pharm. Res. 19, 418-422
67. Agrawal, A. K., and Gupta, C. M. (2000) Tuftsin-bearing liposomes in treatment of macrophage-based infections. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 41, 135-146
68. Miller, C. B., Waller, E. K., Klingemann, H. G., Dignani, M. C., Anaissie, E. J., Cagnoni, P. J., McSweeney, P., Fleck, P. R., Fruchtman, S. M., McGuirk, J., et al. (2004) Lipid formulations of amphotericin B preserve and stabilize renal functions in HSCT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 33, 543-548
69. Shadkchan, Y., Keisari, Y., and Segal, E. (2004) Cytokines in mice treated with amphotericin B-intralipid. Med. Mycol. 42, 123-128
70. Barrera, P., van Lent, P. L. E. M., van Bloois, L., van Rooijen, N., Malefijit, M. C. D., van de Putte, L. B. A., Storm, G., and van den Berg, W. B. (2000) Synovial macrophage depletion with clodronate-containing liposomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumat. 43, 1951-1959
71. Liu, T., van Rooijen, N., and Tracy, D. J. (2000) Depletion of macrophages reduces axonal degeneration and hyperalgesia following nerve injury. Pain 86, 25-32
72. Wu, G. S., Korsgren, O., Zhang, J. G., Song, Z. S., van Rooijen, N., and Tibell, A. (2000) Pig islet xenograft rejection is markedly delayed in macrophage-depleted mice: a study in streptozotocin diabetic animals. Xenotransplantation 7, 214-220
73. Danenberg, H. D., Fishbein, I., Epstein, H., Waltenberger, J., Moerman, E., Monkkonen, J., Gao, X. C., Gathi, I., Reichi, R., and Golomb, G. (2003) Systemic depletion of macrophages by liposomal bisphosphonates reduces neointimal formation following balloon-injury in rat carotid artery. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 42, 671-679
74. Wolf, G., Worgell, S., van Rooijen, N., and Crystal, R. G. (1997) Enhancement of in vivo adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and expression by prior depletion of tissue macrophages in the target organ. J. Virol. 71, 624-629
75. Alves-Rosa, F., Stanganelli, C., Cabrera, J., van Rooijen, N., Palermo, M. S., and Isturzi, M. A. (2000) Treatment with liposome-encapsulated clodronate as a new strategic approach in the management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in a mouse model. Blood 96, 2834-2840
76. Hsu, L.-C., Park, J. M., Zhang, K., Luo, J.-L., Maeda, S., Kaufman, R. J., Eckmann, L., Guiney, D. G., and Karin, M. (2004) The protein kinase PKR is required for macrophage apoptosis after activation of Toll-like receptor 4. Nature (London) 428, 341-345
77. Singh, M., and O'Hagan, D. (1999) Advances in vaccine adjuvants. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 1075-1081
78. Dileo, J., Banerjee, R., Whitmore, M., Nayak, J., Falo, L., and Huang, L. (2003) LPD mediated antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells results in enhanced anti-tumor immune responses. Mol. Ther. 7, 640-648
79. Mischler, R., and Metcalfe, I. C. (2002) InflexalV a trivalent virosome subunit influenza vaccine: production. Vaccine 20, B17-B23
80. Cui, Z. R., and Mumper, R. J. (2003) Microparticles and nanoparticles as delivery systems for DNA vaccines. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 20, 103-137
81. Salem, A. K., Searson, P. C., and Leong, K. W. (2003) Multifunctional nanorods for gene delivery. Nat. Mat. 2, 668-671
82. Apostolopoulos, V., Pietersz, G. A., Gordon, S., Martinez-Pomares, L., and McKenzie, I. F. C. (2000) Aldehyde-mannan antigen complexes target the MHC class I antigen-presentation pathway. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 1714-1723
83. Taylor, P. R., Zamze, S., Stillion, R. J., Wong, S. Y. C., Gordon, S., and Martinez-Pomares, L. (2004) Development of a specific system for targeting protein to metallophilic macrophages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 1963-1968
84. Reid, D. M., Montoya, M., Taylor, P. R., Borrow, P., Gordon, S., Brown, G. D., and Wong, S. Y. C. (2004) Expression of the beta-glucan receptor, dectin-1, on murine leukocytes in situ correlates with its function in pathogen recognition and reveals potential roles in leukocyte interactions. J. Leukoc. Biol. 76, 86-94
85. Figdor, C. G., de Vries, I. J. M., Lesterhuis, W. J., and Melief, C. J. M. (2004) Dendritic cell immunotherapy: mapping the way. Nat. Med. 10, 475-480
86. Gogolak, P., Rehti, B., Hajas, G., and Rajnavolgyi, E. (2003) Targeting dendritic cells for priming cellular immune responses. J. Mol. Recog. 16, 299-317
87. + T cell tolerance. J. Exp. Med. 196, 1627-1638
88. Porter, C. J. H., Moghimi, S. M., Illum, L., and Davis, S. S. (1992) The polyoxyethylene/polyoxypropylene block co-polymer poloxamer-407 selectively redirects intravenously injected microspheres to sinusoidal endothelial cells of rabbit bone marrow. FEBS Lett. 305, 62-66
89. Kreuter, J., Ramge, P., Petrov, V., Hamm, S., Gelperina, S. E., Engelhardt, B., Alyautdin, R., von Briesen, H., and Begley, D. J. (2003) Direct evidence that polysorbate-80-coated poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles deliver drugs to the CNS via specific mechanisms requiring prior binding of drugs to the nanoparticles. Pharm. Res. 20, 409-416
90. Steiniger, S. C. J., Kreuter, J., Khalansky, A. S., Skidan, I. N., Bobruskin, A. I., Smirnova, Z. S., Severin, S. E., Uhi, R., Kock, M., Geiger, K. D., et al. (2004) Chemotherapy of glioblastoma in rats using doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles. Int. J. Cancer 109, 759-767
91. McLean, J. W., Fox, E. A., Baluk, P., Bolton, P. B., Haskell, A., Pearlman, R., Thurston, G., Umemoto, E. Y., and McDonald, D. M. (1997) Organ-specific endothelial uptake of cationic liposome-DNA complexes in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 273, H387-H404
92. Eliceiri, B. P., and Cheresh, D. A. (1999) The role of alpha v integrins during angiogenesis: insights into potential mechanisms of action and clinical development. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 1227-1230
93. Kim, S., Bell, K., Mousa, S. A., and Varner, J. A. (2000) A regulation of angiogenesis in vivo by ligation of integrin α5β1 with the central cell-binding domain of fibronectin. Am. J. Pathol. 156, 1345-1362
94. Assa-Munt, N., Jia, X., Laakkonen, P., and Ruoslahti, E. (2001) Solution structures and integrin binding activities of an RGD peptide with two isomers. Biochemistry 40, 2373-2378
95. Arap, W., Pasqualini, R., and Ruoslahti, E. (1998) Cancer treatment by targeted drug delivery to tumour vasculature in a mouse model. Science 279, 377-380
96. Zitzmann, S., Ehemann, V., and Schwab, M. (2002) Arginine-glycine- aspartic acid (RGD)-peptide binds to both tumor and tumor-endothelial cells in vivo. Cancer Res. 62, 5139-5143
97. Wickham, T. J. (2000) Targeting adenovirus. Gene Ther. 7, 110-114
98. Haviv, Y. S., Blackwell, J. L., Kanerva, A., Nagi, P., Krasnykh, V., Dmitriev, I., Wang, M. H., Naito, S., Lei, X. S., Hemminki, A., et al. (2002) Adenoviral gene therapy for renal cancer requires retargeting to alternative cellular receptors. Cancer Res. 62, 4273-4281
99. Turunen, M. P., Puhakka, H. L., Koponen, J. K., Hiltunen, M. O., Rutanen, J., Leppanen, O., Turunen, A. M., Narvanen, A., Newby, A. C., Baker, A. H., et al. (2002) Peptide re-targeted adenovirus encoding a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 decreases restenosis after intravascular gene transfer. Mol. Ther. 6, 306-312
100. Curnis, F., Sacchi, A., and Corti, A. (2000) Improving chemotherapeutic drug penetration in tumours by vascular targeting and barrier alteration. J. Clin. Invest. 110, 475-482
101. Laakkonen, P., Porkka, K., Hoffman, A. J. A., and Ruoslahti, E. (2002) Tumor-homing peptide with a targeting specificity related to lymphatic vessel. Nat. Med. 8, 751-755
102. Lyden, D., Hattori, K., Dias, S., Costa, C., Blaikie, P., Butros, L., Chadburn, A., Heissig, B., Marks, W., Witte, L., et al. (2001) Impaired recruitment of bone-marrow-derived endothelial and haematopoietic precursor cells blocks tumour angiogenesis and growth. Nat. Med. 7, 1194-1201
103. Hood, J. D., Bednarski, M., Frausto, R., Guccione, S., Reisfeld, R. A., Xiang, R., and Cheresh, D. A. (2002) Tumor regression by targeted gene delivery to the neovasculature. Science 296, 2404-2407
104. Winter, P. M., Caruthers, S. D., Kassner, A., Harris, T. D., Chinen, L. K., Allen, J. S., Lacy, E. K., Zhang, H. Y., Robertson, J. D., Wickline, S. A., et al. (2003) Molecular imaging of angiogenesis in nascent vx-2 rabbit tumours using a novel alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted nanoparticle and 1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res. 63, 5838-5843
105. Pastorino, F., Brignole, C., Marimpietri, D., Cilli, M., Gambini, C., Ribatti, D., Longhi, R., Allen, T. M., Corti, A., and Ponzoni, M. (2003) Vascular damage and anti-angiogenic effects of tumor vessel-targeted liposomal chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 63, 7400-7409
106. Muro, S., Cui, X., Gajewski, C., Murciano, J.-C., Muzykantov, V. R., and Koval, M. (2003) Slow intracellular trafficking of catalase nanoparticles targeted to ICAM-1 protects endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Am. J. Cell Physiol. 285, C1339-C1347
107. Muzykantov, V. R., Christofidou-Solomidou, M., Balyasnikova, I. V., Harshaw, D., Schultz, L., Fisher, A. B., and Albelda, S. M. (1999) Streptavidin facilitates internalization and pulmonary targeting of an anti-endothelial cell antibody (platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1): a strategy for vascular immunotargeting of drugs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 2379-2384
108. Christofidou-Solomidou, M., Pietra, G. G., Solomides, C. C., Arguiris, E., Harshaw, D., Fitzgerald, G. A., Albelda, S. M., and Muzykantov, V. R. (2000) Immunotargeting of glucose oxidase to endothelium in vivo causes oxidative vascular injury in the lungs. Am. J. Physiol. 278, L794-L805
109. Scherpereel, A., Wiewrodt, R., Christofidou-Solomidou, M., Gervais, R., Murciano, J. C., Albelda, S. M., and Muzykantov, V. R. (2001) Cell-selective intracellular delivery of a foreign enzyme to endothelium in vivo using vascular immunotargeting. FASEB J. 15, 416-426
110. Ran, S., Gao, B., Duffy, S., Watkins, L., Rote, N., and Thorpe, P. E. (1998) Infarction of solid Hodgkin's tumors in mice by antibody-directed targeting of tissue factor to tumour vasculature. Cancer Res. 58, 4646-4653
111. Drummond, D. C., Meyer, O., Hong, K., Kirpotin, D. B., and Papahajopoulos, D. (1999) Optimizing liposomes for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to solid tumours. Pharmacol. Rev. 51, 691-743
112. Uwatoku, T., Shimokawa, H., Abe, K., Matsumoto, Y., Hattori, T., Oi, K., Matsuda, T., Kataoka, K., and Takeshita, A. (2003) Application of nanoparticle technology for the prevention of restenosis after balloon injury in rats. Circ. Res. 92, E62-E69
113. Metselaar, J. M., van der Berg, W. B., Holthuysen, A. E. M., Wauben, M. H. M., Storm, G., and van Lent, P. L. (2004) Liposomal targeting of glucocorticoids to synovial lining cells strongly increases therapeutic benefit in collagen type II arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 63, 348-353
114. Lukyanov, A. N., Gao, Z. G., and Torchilin, V. P. (2003) Micelles from polyethylene glycol/phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates for tumor drug delivery. J. Control Release 91, 97-102
115. Jain, R. K. (2001) Delivery of molecular medicine to solid tumors: lessons from in vivo imaging of gene expression and function. J. Control Release 74, 7-25
116. Padera, T. P., Stoll, B. R., Tooredman, J. B., Capen, D., di Tomaso, E., and Jain, R. K. (2004) Cancer cells compress intratumour vessels. Nature (London) 427, 695
117. Pluen, A., Boucher, Y., Ramanujan, S., McKee, T. D., Gohongi, T., di Tomaso, E., Brown, E. B., Izumi, Y., Campbell, R. B., Berk, D. A., et al. (2001) Role of tumor-host interactions in interstitial diffusion of macromolecules: cranial vs. subcutaneous tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4628-4633
118. Gabizon, A., Shmeeda, H., and Barenholz, Y. (2003) Pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin - review of animal and human studies. Clin. Pharmacokinetics 42, 419-436
119. Barenholz, Y. (2001) Liposome application: problems and prospects. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 6, 66-77
120. Banadak, S., Goren, D., Horowitz, A., Tzemach, D., and Gabizon, A. (1999) Pharmacological studies of cisplatin encapsulated in long-circulating liposomes in mouse tumor models. Anticancer Drugs 10, 911-920
121. 2 as a new enzymatic trigger mechanism for localised liposomal drug release and absorption in diseased tissue. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1609, 95-101
122. 2 activation and their use in liposome-based drug delivery. FEBS Lett. 531, 23-27
123. Davidson, J., Mouritsen, O. G., and Jørgensen, K. (2002) Synergistic permeability enhancing effect of lysophospholipids and fatty acids on lipid membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1564, 256-262
124. 2 activation of liposome-forming prodrugs. J. Med. Chem. 47, 1694-1703
125. McIntyre J. O., Fingleton, B., Wells, K. S., Piston, D. W., Lynch, C. C., Gautam, S., and Matrisian, L. M. (2004) Development of a novel fluorogenic proteolytic beacon for in vivo detection and imaging of tumour-associated matrix metalloproteinase-7 activity. Biochem. J. 377, 617-628
126. Sapra, P., and Allen, T. M. (2002) Internalizing antibodies are necessary for improved therapeutic efficacy of antibody-targeted liposomal drugs. Cancer Res. 62, 7190-7194
127. Goren, D., Horwitz, A. T., Tzemach, D., Tarshish, M., Zalipsky, S., and Gabizon, A. (2000) Nuclear delivery of doxorubicin via folate-targeted liposomes with bypass of multidrug-resistance efflux pump. Clin. Cancer Res. 6, 1949-1957
128. Mann, D. A., and Frankel, A. D. (1991) Endocytosis and targeting of exogenous HIV-1 Tat protein. EMBO J. 10, 1733-1739
129. Torchilin, V. P., Levchenko, T. S., Rammohan, R., Volodina, N., Papahadjopoulos-Sternberg, B., and D'Souza, G. G. M. (2003) Cell transfection in vitro and in vivo with nontoxic TAT peptide-liposome-DNA complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 1972-1977
130. Richard, J. P., Melikov, K., Vives, E., Ramos, C., Verbeure, B., Gait, M. J., Chernomordik, L. V., and Lebleu, B. (2003) Cell-penetrating peptides - a reevaluation of the mechanism of cellular uptake. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 585-590
131. Wadia, J. S., Stan, R. V., and Dowdy, S. F. (2004) Transducible TAT-HA fusogenic peptide enhances escape of TAT-fusion proteins after lipid raft macropinocytosis. Nat. Med. 10, 310-315
132. Panyam, J., and Labhasetwar, V. (2003) Sustained cytoplasmic delivery of drugs with intracellular receptors using biodegradable nanoparticles. Mol. Pharmaceut. 1, 77-84
133. Hirko, A., Tang, F., and Hughes, J. A. (2003) Cationic lipid vectors for plasmid DNA delivery. Curr. Med. Chem. 10, 1185-1193
134. Kichler, A. (2004) Gene transfer with modified polyethylenimines. J. Gene Med. 6, S3-S10
135. Haining, W. N., Anderson, D. G., Little, S. R., von Berwelt-Baildon, M. S., Cardoso, A. A., Alves, P., Kosmatopoulos, K., Nadler, L. M., Langer, R., and Kohane, D. S. (2004) pH-triggered microparticles for peptide vaccination. J. Immunol. 173, 2578-2585
136. Mandal, M., Kawamura, K. S., Wherry, E. J., Ahmed, R., and Lee, K.-D. (2004) Cytosolic delivery of viral nucleoprotein by listeriolysin O-liposomes induces enhanced specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and protective immunity. Mol. Pharmaceut. 1, 2-8
137. Colvin, V. L. (2003) The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials. Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 1166-1170
138. Hunter, A. C., and Moghimi, S. M. (2002) Therapeutic synthetic polymers: a game of Russian roulette? Drug Discov. Today 7, 998-1001
139. Shvedova, A. A., Castranova, V., Kisin, E. R., Schwegler-Berry, D., Murray, A. R., Gandelsman, V. Z., Maynard, A., and Baron, P. (2003) Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 66, 1909-1926
140. Derfus, A. M., Chan, W. C. W., and Bhatia, S. N. (2004) Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett. 4, 11-18
141. Savic, R., Luo, L. B., Eisenberg, A., and Maysinger, D. (2003) Nanocontainers distribute to defined cytoplasmic organelles. Science 300, 615-618
142. Moghimi, S. M., Hunter, A. C., Murray, J. C., and Szewczyk, A. (2004) Cellular distribution of nonionic micelles. Science 303, 626-627
143. Nishiyama, N., Koizumi, F., Okazaki, S., Matsumura, Y., Nishio, K., and Kataoka, K. (2003) Differential gene expression profile between PC-14 cells treated with free cisplatin and cisplatin-incorporated polymeric micelles. Bioconjugate Chem. 14, 449-457
144. Lam, K. H., Schakenraad, J. M., Esselbrugge, H., Feijen, J., and Nieuwenhuis, P. (1993) The effect of phagocytosis of poly(L-lactic acid) fragments on cellular morphology and viability. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 27, 1569-1577
145. Batrakova, E. V., Li, S., Alakhov, V. Y., Miller, D. W., and Kabanov, A. V. (2003) Optimal structure requirements for pluronic block copolymers in modifying P-glycoprotein drug efflux transporter activity in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 304, 845-854
146. King, M., Su, W., Chang, A., Zukerman, A., and Pasternack, G. W. (2001) Transport of opioids from the brain to the periphery by P-glycoprotein: peripheral actions of central drugs. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 268-274
147. Kabanov, A. V., Batrakova, E. V., and Alakhov, V. Y. (2003) An essential relationship between ATP depletion and chemosensitizing activity of Pluronic block copolymers. J. Control Release 91, 75-83
148. Langer, R., and Tirrell, D. A. (2004) Designing materials for biology and medicine. Nature (London) 428, 487-492
149. Silva, G. A., Czeisler, C., Niece, K. L., Beniash, E., Harrington, D. A., Kessler, J. A., and Stupp, S. I. (2004) Selective differentiation of neural progenitor cells by high-epitope density nanofibers. Science 303, 1352-1355
150. Anderson, D. G., Levenberg, S., and Langer, R. (2004) Nanoliter-scale synthesis of arrayed biomaterials and application to human embryonic stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 863-866
151. Somia, N., and Verma, I. M. (2000) Gene-therapy: trials and tribulations. Nat. Rev. Genet. 1, 91-99
152. Cavazzano-Calvo, M., Thrasher, A., and Mavilio, F. (2004) The future of gene therapy. Nature (London) 427, 779-781
153. Jones, R. A., Poniris, M. H., and Wilson, M. R. (2004) PD-MAEMA is internalised by endocytosis but does not physically disrupt endosomes. J. Control Release 96, 379-391
154. Murray, J. C., Moghimi, S. M., Hunter, A. C., Symonds, P., Debska, G., and Szewczyk, A. (2004) Lymphocyte death by cationic polymers: A role for mitochondrion and implications in gene therapy. Br. J. Cancer 91, S75-S75
155. Omidi, Y., Hollins, A. J., Benboubetra, M., Drayton, R., Benter, I. F., and Akhtar, S. (2003) Toxicogenomics of non-viral vectors for gene therapy: a microarray study of lipofectin- and oligofectamine-induced gene expression changes in human epithelial cells. J. Drug Target. 11, 311-323
156. Lynn, D. M., Anderson, D. G., Putnam, D., and Langer, R. (2001) Accelerated discovery of synthetic transfection vectors: parallel synthesis and screening of degradable polymer library. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 8155-8156
157. Anderson, D., Lynn, D., and Langer, R. (2003) Semi-automated synthesis and screening of a large library of degradable cationic polymers for gene delivery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 42, 3153-3158
158. Szebeni, J. (2001) Complement activation-related pseudoallergy caused by liposomes, micellar carriers of intravenous drugs, and radiocontrast agents. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carr. Syst. 18, 567-606
159. Moghimi, S. M., Hunter, A. C., Dadswell, C. M., Savay, S., Alving, C. R., and Szebeni, J. (2004) Causative factors behind poloxamer 188 (Pluronic F68, Flocor)-induced complement activation in human sera. A protective role against poloxamer-mediated complement activation by elevated serum lipoprotein levels. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1689, 103-113
160. Chanan-Khan, A., Szebeni, J., Savay, S., Liebes, L., Rafique, N. M., Alving, C. R., and Muggia, F. M. (2003) Complement activation following first exposure to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) : possible role in hypersensitivity reactions. Ann. Oncol. 14, 1430-1437
161. La Van, D. A., Lynn, D. M., and Langer, R. (2002) Moving smaller in drug discovery and delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 1, 77-84