RNA Interference: New Mechanisms for Targeted Treatment?

Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Hematology

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 270-291

  Woessmann, Willi ^a   Damm Welk, Christine ^a   Fuchs, Uta ^a   Borkhardt, Arndt ^a  

^a JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; HYBRID PROTEIN; MESSENGER RNA; SMALL INTERFERING RNA;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG MECHANISM; GENE SILENCING; GENE TARGETING; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; ONCOGENE; POINT MUTATION; REVIEW; RNA DEGRADATION; RNA INTERFERENCE; SIDE EFFECT;

ANIMALS; GENE SILENCING; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA; MAMMALS; NEOPLASMS; RNA INTERFERENCE; RNA, SMALL INTERFERING;

EID: 0347654875     PISSN: 11270020     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Savage DG and Antman KH. Imatinib mesylate. A new oral targeted therapy. N Engl J Med, 346: 683-693, 2002.
2. Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med, 344: 1031-1037, 2001.
3. Druker BJ, Sawyers CL, Kantarjian H, et al. Activity of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in the blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome. N Engl J Med, 344: 1038-1042, 2001.
4. Cohen P. Protein kinases. The major drug targets of the twenty-first century? Nat Rev Drug Discov, 1: 309-315, 2002.
5. Tanaka T and Rabbitts TH. Intrabodies based on intracellular capture frameworks that bind the RAS protein with high affinity and impair oncogenic transformation. EMBO J, 22: 1025-1035, 2003.
6. Hoppe-Seyler F and Butz K. Peptide aptamers: powerful new tools for molecular medicine. J Mol Med, 78: 426-430, 2000.
7. Dean NM. Functional genomics and target validation approaches using antisense oligonucleotide technology. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 12: 622-625, 2001.
8. Kuwabara T, Warashina M, Tanabe T, et al. A novel allosterically trans-activated ribozyme, the maxizyme, with exceptional specificity in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell, 2: 617-627, 1998.
9. Stocks MR and Rabbitts TH. Masked antisense: a molecular configuration for discriminating similar RNA targets. EMBO Rep, 1: 59-64, 2000.
10. Pabo CO, Peisach E, Grant RA. Design and selection of novel Cys2His2 zinc finger proteins. Annu Rev Biochem, 70: 313-340, 2001.
11. Gottesfeld JM, Neely L, Trauger JW, et al. Regulation of gene expression by small molecules. Nature, 387: 202-205, 1997.
12. Casey BP and Glazer PM. Gene targeting via triple-helix formation. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol, 67: 163-192, 2001.
13. Hannon GJ. RNA interference. Nature, 418: 244-251, 2002.
14. Hutvagner G and Zamore PD. RNAi: nature abhors a double-strand. Curr Opin Genet Dev, 12: 225-232, 2002.
15. Tuschl T and Borkhardt A. Small interfering RNAs. A revolutionary tool for target validation and a potential therapeutic. Mol Interv, 2: 155-167, 2002.
16. Zamore PD. Ancient pathways programmed by small RNAs. Science, 296: 1265-1269, 2002.
17. Sharp PA and Zamore PD. Molecular biology. RNA interference. Science, 287: 2431-2433, 2000.
18. Hammond SM, Caudy AA, Hannon GJ. Posttranscriptional gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. Nat Rev Genet, 2: 110-119, 2001.
19. Winston WM, Molodowitch C and Hunter CP. Systemic RNAi in C. elegans requires the putative transmembrane protein SID-1. Science, 295: 2456-2459, 2002.
20. Tabara H, Grishok A, Mello CC. RNAi in C. elegans: soaking in the genome sequence. Science, 282: 430-431, 1998.
21. Palauqui JC, Elmayan T, Pollien JM, et al. Systemic acquired silencing: transgene-specific post-transcriptional silencing is transmitted by grafting from silenced stocks to non-silenced scions. EMBO J, 16: 4738-4745, 1997.
22. Marathe R, Smith TH, Anandalakshmi R, et al. Plant viral suppressors of post-transcriptional silencing do not suppress transcriptional silencing. Plant J, 22: 51-59, 2000.
23. van der Krol AR, Mur LA, Beld M, et al. Flavonoid genes in petunia: addition of a limited number of gene copies may lead to a suppression of gene expression. Plant Cell, 2: 291-299, 1990.
24. Napoli C, Lemieux C, Jorgensen R. Introduction of a Chimeric Chalcone Synthase Gene into Petunia Results in Reversible Co-Suppression of Homologous Genes in trans. Plant Cell, 2: 279-289, 1990.
25. Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, et al. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature, 391: 806-811, 1998.
26. Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, et al. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature, 411: 494-498, 2001.
27. Bernstein E, Caudy AA, Hammond SM, et al. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature, 409: 363-366, 2001.
28. Ketting RF, Fischer SE, Bernstein E, et al. Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans. Genes Dev, 15: 2654-2659, 2001.
29. Billy E, Brondani V, Zhang H, et al. Specific interference with gene expression induced by long, double-stranded RNA in mouse embryonal teratocarcinoma cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98: 14428-14433, 2001.
30. Grishok A, Pasquinelli AE, Conte D, et al. Genes and mechanisms related to RNA interference regulate expression of the small temporal RNAs that control C. elegans developmental timing. Cell, 106: 23-34, 2001.
31. Hutvagner G, McLachlan J, Pasquinelli AE, et al. A cellular function for the RNA-interference enzyme Dicer in the maturation of the let-7 small temporal RNA. Science, 293: 834-838, 2001.
32. Cerutti L, Mian N, Bateman A. Domains in gene silencing and cell differentiation proteins: the novel PAZ domain and redefinition of the Piwi domain. Trends Biochem Sci, 25: 481-482, 2000.
33. Hammond SM, Boettcher S, Caudy AA, et al. Argonaute2, a link between genetic and biochemical analyses of RNAi. Science, 293: 1146-1150, 2001.
34. Tabara H, Sarkissian M, Kelly WG, et al. The rde-1 gene, RNA interference, and transposon silencing in C. elegans. Cell, 99: 123-132, 1999.
35. Hammond SM, Bernstein E, Beach D, et al. An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in Drosophila cells. Nature, 404: 293-296, 2000.
36. Martinez J, Patkaniowska A, Urlaub H, et al. Single-stranded antisense siRNAs guide target RNA cleavage in RNAi. Cell, 110: 563-574, 2002.
37. Elbashir SM, Martinez J, Patkaniowska A, et al. Functional anatomy of siRNAs for mediating efficient RNAi in Drosophila melanogaster embryo lysate. EMBO J, 20: 6877-6888, 2001.
38. Elbashir SM, Lendeckel W and Tuschl T. RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAs. Genes Dev, 15: 188-200, 2001.
39. Zamore PD, Tuschl T, Sharp PA, et al. RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals. Cell, 101: 25-33, 2000.
40. Nykanen A, Haley B, Zamore PD. ATP requirements and small interfering RNA structure in the RNA interference pathway. Cell, 107: 309-321, 2001.
41. Schwarz DS, Hutvagner G, Haley B, et al. Evidence that siRNAs function as guides, not primers, in the Drosophila and human RNAi pathways. Mol Cell, 10: 537-548, 2002.
42. Boutla A, Delidakis C, Livadaras I, et al. Short 5′-phosphorylated double-stranded RNAs induce RNA interference in Drosophila. Curr Biol, 11: 1776-1780, 2001.
43. Lipardi C, Wei Q, Paterson BM, RNAi as random degradative PCR: siRNA primers convert mRNA into dsRNAs that are degraded to generate new siRNAs. Cell, 107: 297-307, 2001.
44. Sijen T, Fleenor J, Simmer F, et al. On the role of RNA amplification in dsRNA-triggered gene silencing. Cell, 107: 465-476, 2001.
45. Martens H, Novotny J, Oberstrass J, et al. RNAi in Dictyostelium: the role of RNA-directed RNA polymerases and double-stranded RNase. Mol Biol Cell, 13: 445-453, 2002.
46. Zamore PD. RNA interference: listening to the sound of silence. Nat Struct Biol, 8: 746-750, 2001.
47. Chiu YL and Rana TM. RNAi in human cells: basic structural and functional features of small interfering RNA. Mol Cell, 10: 549-561, 2002.
48. Marathe R, Anandalakshmi R, Smith TH, et al. RNA viruses as inducers, suppressors and targets of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Plant Mol Biol, 43: 295-306, 2000.
49. Timmons L, Court DL and Fire A. Ingestion of bacterially expressed dsRNAs can produce specific and potent genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene, 263: 103-112, 2001.
50. Stark GR, Kerr IM, Williams BR, et al. How cells respond to interferons. Annu Rev Biochem, 67: 227-264, 1998.
51. Gil J and Esteban M. Induction of apoptosis by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR): mechanism of action. Apoptosis, 5: 107-114, 2000.
52. Gil J, Garcia MA, Esteban M. Caspase 9 activation by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR: molecular mechanism and relevance. FEBS Lett, 529: 249-255, 2002.
53. Gil J and Esteban M. The interferon-induced protein kinase (PKR), triggers apoptosis through FADD-mediated activation of caspase 8 in a manner independent of Fas and TNF-alpha receptors. Oncogene, 19: 3665-3674, 2000.
54. Caplen NJ, Parrish S, Imani F, et al. Specific inhibition of gene expression by small double-stranded RNAs in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98: 9742-9747, 2001.
55. Zeng Y and Cullen BR. RNA interference in human cells is restricted to the cytoplasm. Rna, 8: 855-860, 2002.
56. Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Weber K, et al. Analysis of gene function in somatic mammalian cells using small interfering RNAs. Methods, 26: 199-213, 2002.
57. Lewis DL, Hagstrom JE, Loomis AG, et al. Efficient delivery of siRNA for inhibition of gene expression in postnatal mice. Nat Genet, 32: 107-108, 2002.
58. Song E, Lee SK, Wang J, et al. RNA interference targeting Fas protects mice from fulminant hepatitis. Nat Med, 9: 347-351, 2003.
59. McCaffrey AP, Meuse L, Pham TT, et al. RNA interference in adult mice. Nature, 418: 38-39, 2002.
60. Chi JT, Chang HY, Wang NN, et al. Genomewide view of gene silencing by small interfering RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100: 6343-6346, 2003.
61. Semizarov D, Frost L, Sarthy A, et al. Specificity of short interfering RNA determined through gene expression signatures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100: 6347-6352, 2003.
62. Jackson AL, Bartz SR, Schelter J, et al. Expression profiling reveals off-target gene regulation by RNAi. Nat Biotechnol, 21: 635-637, 2003.
63. Harborth J, Elbashir SM, Vandenburgh K, et al. Sequence, chemical and structural variation of small interfering RNAs and short hairpin RNAs and the effect on mammalian gene silencing. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev, 13: 83-105, 2003.
64. Schmidt M, Carbonaro DA, Speckmann C, et al. Clonality analysis after retroviral-mediated gene transfer to CD34+ cells from the cord blood of ADA-deficient SCID neonates. Nat Med, 9: 463-468, 2003.
65. Chun HJ, Zheng L, Ahmad M, et al. Pleiotropic defects in lymphocyte activation caused by caspase-8 mutations lead to human immunodeficiency. Nature, 419: 395-399, 2002.
66. McCaffrey AP, Nakai H, Pandey K, et al. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in mice by RNA interference. Nat Biotechnol, 21: 639-644, 2003.
67. Brummelkamp TR, Bernards R, Agami R. A system for stable expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells. Science, 296: 550-553, 2002.
68. Wilda M, Fuchs U, Wossmann W, et al. Killing of leukemic cells with a BCR/ABL fusion gene by RNA interference (RNAi). Oncogene, 21: 5716-5724, 2002.
69. Czauderna F, Fechmer M, Aygun H, et al. Functional studies of the PI(3)-kinase signalling pathway employing synthetic and expressed siRNA. Nucleic Acids Res, 31: 670-682, 2003.
70. Siegmund D, Hadwiger P, Pfizenmaier K, et al. Selective Inhibition of FLICE-like Inhibitory Protein Expression With Small Interfering RNA Oligonucleotides Is Sufficient to Sensitize Tumor Cells for TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis. Mol Med, 8: 725-732, 2002.
71. Srivastava RK. TRAIL/Apo-2L: mechanisms and clinical applications in cancer. Neoplasia, 3: 535-546, 2001.
72. Nagane M, Huang HJ and Cavenee WK. The potential of TRAIL for cancer chemotherapy. Apoptosis, 6: 191-197, 2001.
73. Krueger A, Baumann S, Krammer PH, et al. FLICE-inhibitory proteins: regulators of death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol, 21: 8247-8254, 2001.
74. Rahman MM, Miyamoto H, Takatera H, et al. Reducing the Agonist Activity of Antiandrogens by a Dominant-negative Androgen Receptor Coregulator ARA70 in Prostate Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem, 278: 19619-19626, 2003.
75. Jones PA and Baylin SB. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet, 3: 415-428, 2002.
76. Robertson KD. DNA methylation, methyltransferases, and cancer. Oncogene, 20: 3139-3155, 2001.
77. Rhee I, Jair KW, Yen RW, et al. CpG methylation is maintained in human cancer cells lacking DNMT1. Nature, 404: 1003-1007, 2000.
78. Fournel M, Sapieha P, Beaulieu N, et al. Down-regulation of human DNA-(cytosine-5) methyltransferase induces cell cycle regulators p16(ink4A) and p21(WAF/Cip1) by distinct mechanisms. J Biol Chem, 274: 24250-24256, 1999.
79. Robert MF, Morin S, Beaulieu N, et al. DNMT1 is required to maintain CpG methylation and aberrant gene silencing in human cancer cells. Nat Genet, 33: 61-65, 2003.
80. Varambally S, Dhanasekaran SM, Zhou M, et al. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature, 419: 624-629, 2002.
81. Williams NS, Gaynor RB, Scoggin S, et al. Identification and validation of genes involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer using cDNA microarrays and RNA interference. Clin Cancer Res, 9: 931-946, 2003.
82. Heidenreich O, Krauter J, Riehle H, et al. AML1/MTG8 oncogene suppression by small interfering RNAs supports myeloid differentiation of t(8;21)-positive leukemic cells. Blood, 101: 3157-3163, 2003.
83. Scherr M, Battmer K, Winkler T, et al. Specific inhibition of bcr-abl gene expression by small interfering RNA. Blood, 101: 1566-1569, 2003.
84. Wohlbold L, Van Der Kuip H, Miething C, et al. Inhibition of bcr-abl gene expression by small interfering RNA sensitizes for imatinib mesylate (STI571). Blood, 15: 15, 2003.
85. Ritter U, Damm-Welk C, Bohle RM, et al. Design and evaluation of chemically synthesized siRNA targeting the NPM-ALK fusion site. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev, in press.
86. Hochhaus A, Kreil S, Corbin A, et al. Roots of clinical resistance to STI-571 cancer therapy. Science, 293: 2163, 2001.
87. Gorre ME, Mohammed M, Ellwood K, et al. Clinical resistance to STI-571 cancer therapy caused by BCR-ABL gene mutation or amplification. Science, 293: 876-880, 2001.
88. Azam M, Latek RR and Daley GQ. Mechanisms of autoinhibition and STI-571/imatinib resistance revealed by mutagenesis of BCR-ABL. Cell, 112: 831-843, 2003.
89. Hofmann WK, Komor M, Wassmann B, et al. Presence of the BCR-ABL mutation E255K prior to STI571 (Imatinib) treatment in patients with Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood, 27: 27, 2003.
90. von Bubnoff N, Peschel C, Duyster J. Resistance of Philadelphia-chromosome positive leukemia towards the kinase inhibitor imatinib (STI571, Glivec): a targeted oncoprotein strikes back. Leukemia, 17: 829-838, 2003.
91. Roche-Lestienne C, Lai JL, Darre S, et al. A mutation conferring resistance to imatinib at the time of diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med, 348: 2265-2266, 2003.
92. Westendorf JJ, Yamamoto CM, Lenny N, et al. The t(8;21) fusion product, AML-1-ETO, associates with C/EBP-alpha, inhibits C/EBP-alpha-dependent transcription, and blocks granulocytic differentiation. Mol Cell Biol, 18: 322-333, 1998.
93. Pabst T, Mueller BU, Harakawa N, et al. AML1-ETO downregulates the granulocytic differentiation factor C/EBPalpha in t(8;21) myeloid leukemia. Nat Med, 7: 444-451, 2001.
94. Jakubowiak A, Pouponnot C, Berguido F, et al. Inhibition of the transforming growth factor beta 1 signaling pathway by the AML1/ETO leukemia-associated fusion protein. J Biol Chem, 275: 40282-40287, 2000.
95. Vangala RK, Heiss-Neumann MS, Rangatia JS, et al. The myeloid master regulator transcription factor PU.1 is inactivated by AML1-ETO in t(8;21) myeloid leukemia. Blood, 101: 270-277, 2003.
96. Duyster J, Bai RY, Morris SW. Translocations involving anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Oncogene, 20: 5623-5637, 2001.
97. Kutok JL and Aster JC. Molecular biology of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol, 20: 3691-3702, 2002.
98. Drexler HG, Gignac SM, von Wasielewski R, et al. Pathobiology of NPM-ALK and variant fusion genes in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and other lymphomas. Leukemia, 14: 1533-1559, 2000.
99. Holen T, Amarzguioui M, Wiiger MT, et al. Positional effects of short interfering RNAs targeting the human coagulation trigger Tissue Factor. Nucleic Acids Res, 30: 1757-1766, 2002.
100. Shi Y. Mammalian RNAi for the masses. Trends Genet, 19: 9-12, 2003.
101. Hubinger G, Wehnes E, Xue L, et al. Hammerhead ribozyme-mediated cleavage of the fusion transcript NPM-ALK associated with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Exp Hematol, 31: 226-233, 2003.
102. Brummelkamp TR, Bernards R, Agami R. Stable suppression of tumorigenicity by virus-mediated RNA interference. Cancer Cell, 2: 243-247, 2002.
103. Aoki Y, Cioca DP, Oidaira H, et al. RNA interference may be more potent than antisense RNA in human cancer cell lines. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 30: 96-102, 2003.
104. Bertrand JR, Pottier M, Vekris A, et al. Comparison of antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs in cell culture and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 296: 1000-1004, 2002.
105. Miyagishi M, Hayashi M, Taira K. Comparison of the suppressive effects of antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs directed against the same targets in mammalian cells. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev, 13: 1-7, 2003.
106. Vickers TA, Koo S, Bennett CF, et al. Efficient reduction of target RNAs by small interfering RNA and RNase H-dependent antisense agents. A comparative analysis. J Biol Chem 278: 7108-7118, 2003.
107. McMurray HR, Nguyen D, Westbrook TF, et al. Biology of human papillomaviruses. Int J Exp Pathol, 82: 15-33, 2001.
108. Thomas M, Pim D, Banks L. The role of the E6-p53 interaction in the molecular pathogenesis of HPV. Oncogene, 18: 7690-7700, 1999.
109. zur Hausen H. Papillomaviruses causing cancer: evasion from host-cell control in early events in carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst, 92: 690-698, 2000.
110. Jiang M and Milner J. Selective silencing of viral gene expression in HPV-positive human cervical carcinoma cells treated with siRNA, a primer of RNA interference. Oncogene, 21: 6041-6048, 2002.
111. Morin PJ, Sparks AB, Korinek V, et al. Activation of beta-catenin-Tcf signaling in colon cancer by mutations in beta-catenin or APC. Science, 275: 1787-1790, 1997.
112. Polakis P. Wnt signaling and cancer. Genes Dev, 14: 1837-1851, 2000.
113. Verma UN, Surabhi RM, Schmaltieg A, et al. Small Interfering RNAs Directed against beta-Catenin Inhibit the in Vitro and in Vivo Growth of Colon Cancer Cells. Clin Cancer Res, 9: 1291-1300, 2003.
114. Wu H, Hait WN, Yang JM. Small interfering RNA-induced suppression of MDR1 (P-glycoprotein) restores sensitivity to multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Cancer Res, 63: 1515-1519, 2003.
115. Cioca DP, Aoki Y, Kiyosawa K. RNA interference is a functional pathway with therapeutic potential in human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Cancer Gene Ther, 10: 125-133, 2003.
116. Jiang M and Milner J. Bcl-2 constitutively suppresses p53-dependent apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Genes Dev, 17: 832-837, 2003.
117. Nagy P, Arndt-Jovin DJ, Jovin TM. Small interfering RNAs suppress the expression of endogenous and GFP-fused epidermal growth factor receptor (erbB1) and induce apoptosis in erbB1-overexpressing cells. Exp Cell Res, 285: 39-49, 2003.
118. Kosciolek BA, Kalantidis K, Tabler M, et al. Inhibition of telomerase activity in human cancer cells by RNA interference. Mol Cancer Ther, 2: 209-216, 2003.
119. Zhang L, Yang N, Mohamed-Hadley A, et al. Vector-based RNAi, a novel tool for isoform-specific knock-down of VEGF and anti-angiogenesis gene therapy of cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 303: 1169-1178, 2003.
120. Xia H, Mao Q, Paulson HL, et al. siRNA-mediated gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. Nat Biotechnol, 20: 1006-1010, 2002.
121. Hasuwa H, Kaseda K, Einarsdottir T, et al. Small interfering RNA and gene silencing in transgenic mice and rats. FEBS Lett, 532: 227-230, 2002.
122. Knight SW and Bass BL. The role of RNA editing by ADARs in RNAi. Mol Cell, 10: 809-817, 2002.
123. Bass BL. Double-stranded RNA as a template for gene silencing. Cell, 101: 235-238, 2000.
124. Scadden AD and Smith CW. RNAi is antagonized by A→I hyper-editing. EMBO Rep, 2: 1107-1111, 2001.
125. Klejman A, Rushen L, Morrione A, et al. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitors enhance the anti-leukemia effect of STI571. Oncogene, 21: 5868-5876, 2002.
126. Yu C, Krystal G, Varticovksi L, et al. Pharmacologic mitogen-activated protein/-extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors interact synergistically with STI571 to induce apoptosis in Bcr/Abl-expressing human leukemia cells. Cancer Res, 62: 188-199, 2002.
127. Yu C, Rahmani M, Almenara J, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors promote STI571-mediated apoptosis in STI571-sensitive and -resistant Bcr/Abl+ human myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Res, 63: 2118-2126, 2003.
128. Kovar H. Potentials for RNAi in sarcoma research and therapy: Ewing's sarcoma as a model. Sem Cancer Biol, 13: 275-281, 2003.