Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J in human aging and cancer

International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology

Volumn 34, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 1430-1448

  Trougakos, Ioannis P ^a   Gonos, Efstathios S ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY   (Greece)

Author keywords

Aging; Apoptosis; Cancer; Clusterin Apolipoprotein J; Senescence

Indexed keywords

CELL PROTEIN; CLUSTERIN; CYTOKINE; GROWTH FACTOR; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INHIBITION; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL AGING; CELL INTERACTION; CELL TYPE; COMPLEMENT INHIBITION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; GENE CONTROL; GENETIC CONSERVATION; HUMAN; LIPID TRANSPORT; MEMBRANE BIOLOGY; MOLECULAR CLONING; NONHUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FOLDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN STABILITY; REVIEW; SENESCENCE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPERMATOZOON MATURATION; TISSUE REGENERATION;

AGING; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CELL AGING; CLUSTERIN; GLYCOPROTEINS; HUMANS; LIGANDS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; NEOPLASM PROTEINS; NEOPLASMS; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 0036829661     PISSN: 13572725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1357-2725(02)00041-9     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Blaschuk O., Burdzy K., Fritz I. Purification and characterization of a cell-aggregating factor (Clusterin), the major glycoprotein in ram rete testis fluid. J. Biol. Chem. 258:1983;7714-7720.
2. Jenne D.E., Tschopp J. Molecular structure and functional characterization of a human complement cytolysis found in blood and seminal plasma: identity to sulfated glycoprotein 2, a constituent of rat testis fluid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:1989;7123-7127.
3. Kirszbaum L., Sharpe J.A., Murphy B., d'Apice A.J.F., Classon B., Hudson P., Walker I.D. Molecular cloning and characterization of the novel, human complement-associated protein, SP-40,40: a link between the complement and reproductive systems. EMBO J. 8:1989;711-718.
4. de Silva H.V., Harmony J.A.K., Stuart W.D., Gil C.M., Robbins J. Apolipoprotein J: structure and tissue distribution. Biochemistry. 29:1990;5380-5389.
5. Tycko B., Feng L., Nguyen L., Francis A., Hays A., Chung W.-Y., Tang M.-X., Stern Y., Sahota A., Hendrie H., Mayeux R. Polymorphisms in the human Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin gene: ethnic variation and distribution in Alzheimer's disease. Hum. Genet. 98:1996;430-436.
6. Karow J.K., Wu L., Hickson I.D. RecQ family helicases: roles in cancer and aging. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 10:2000;32-38.
7. Weindruch R., Walford R.L. Dietary restriction in mice beginning at 1 year of age: effect on life-span and spontaneous cancer incidence. Science. 215:1982;1415-1417.
8. Brown-Borg H.M., Borg K.E., Meliska C.J., Bartke A. Dwarf mice and the aging process. Nature. 384:1996;33.
9. shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Nature. 402:1999;309-313.
10. Flurkey K., Papaconstantinou J., Miller R.A., Harrison D.E. Lifespan extension and delayed immune and collagen aging in mutant mice with defects in growth hormone production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001;6736-6741.
11. Kuro-o M., Matsumura Y., Aizawa H., Kawaguchi H., Suga T., Utsugi T., Ohyama Y., Kurabayashi M., Kaname T., Kume E., Iwasaki H., Iida A., Shiraki-Iida T., Nishikawa S., Nagai R., Nabeshima Y.I. Mutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling aging. Nature. 390:1997;45-51.
12. Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp. Cell Res. 37:1965;614-636.
13. Campisi J. Cancer, aging and cellular senescence. In vivo. 14:2000;183-188.
14. Smith J.R., Rereira-Smith O.M. Replicative senescence: implications for in vivo aging and tumor suppression. Science. 273:1996;63-67.
15. Campisi J. From cells to organisms: can we learn about aging from cells in culture. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;607-618.
16. Bodnar A.G., Ouellette M., Frolkis M., Holt S.E., Chiu C.P., Morin G.B., Harley C.B., Shay J.W., Lichtsteiner S., Wright W.E. Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science. 279:1998;349-352.
17. INK4A inactivation and telomerase activity are required to immortalize human epithelial cells. Nature. 396:1998;84-88.
18. Vaziri H., Benchimol S. Reconstitution of telomerase activity in normal human cells leads to elongation of telomeres and extended replicative life-span. Curr. Biol. 8:1998;279-282.
19. Bryan T.M., Englezo A., Dalla-Pozza L., Dunha M.A., Reddel R. Evidence for an alternative mechanism for maintaining telomere length in human tumors and tumor-derived cell lines. Nat. Med. 3:1997;1271-1274.
20. Artandi S.E., DePinho R.A. A critical role for telomeres in suppressing and facilitating carcinogenesis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 10:2000;39-46.
21. Derventzi A., Rattan S.I.S., Gonos E.S. Molecular links between cellular mortality and immortality. Anticancer Res. 16:1996;2901-2910.
22. Cristofalo V.J., Pignolo R.J. Molecular markers of senescence in fibroblast-like cultures. Exp. Gerontol. 31:1996;111-123.
23. Lee C-K., Klopp R.G., Weindruch R., Prolla T.A. Gene expression profile of aging and its retardation by caloric restriction. Science. 285:1999;1390-1393.
24. Ly D.H., Lockhart D.J., Lerner R.A., Schultz P.G. Mitotic misregulation and human aging. Science. 287:2000;2486-2492.
25. Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 on cellular gene expression: implications for carcinogenesis, senescence, and age-related diseases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:2000;4291-4296.
26. INK4. Science. 267:1995;249-252.
27. INK4A. Cell Growth Differ. 11:2000;373-384.
28. Ferbeyre G., de Stanchina E., Querido E., Baptiste N., Prives C., Lowe S.W. PML is induced by oncogenic ras and promotes premature senescence. Genes Dev. 14:2000;2015-2027.
29. Wadhwa R., Kaul S.C., Sugimoto Y., Mitsui Y. Induction of cellular senescence by transfection of cytosolic mortalin cDNA in NIH 3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 268:1993;22239-22242.
30. Shibanuma M., Mochizuki E., Maniwa R., Mashimo J.-I., Nishiya N., Imai S.-I., Takano T., Oshimura M., Nose K. Induction of senescence-like phenotypes by forced expression of hic-5, which encodes a novel LIM motif protein, in immortalized human fibroblasts. Mol. Cell Biol. 17:1997;1224-1235.
31. INK4a. Cell. 88:1997;593-602.
32. Bertram M.J., Berube N.G., Hang-Swanson X., Ran Q., Leung J.K., Bryce S., Spurgers K., Bick R.J., Baldini A., Ning Y., Clark L.J., Parkinson E.K., Barrett J.C., Smith J.R., Pereira-Smith O.M. Identification of a gene that reserves the immortal phenotype of a subset of cells and is a member of a novel family of transcription factor-like genes. Mol. Cell Biol. 19:1999;1479-1485.
33. Klingelhutz A.J. The roles of telomeres and telomerase in cellular immortalization and the development of cancer. Anticancer Res. 19:1999;4823-4830.
34. Nickoloff B.J., Chaturvedi V., Bacon P., Qin J.-Z., Denning M.F., Diaz M.O. Id-1 delays senescence but does not immortalize keratinocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;27501-27504.
35. Shay J.W., Pereira-Smith O., Wright W.E. A role for both RB and p53 in the regulation of human cellular senescence. Exp. Cell Res. 196:1991;33-39.
36. Petropoulou C., Trougakos I.P., Kolettas E., Toussaint O., Gonos E.S. Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J is a novel biomarker of cellular senescence, that does not affect the proliferative capacity of human diploid fibroblasts. FEBS Lett. 509:2001;287-297.
37. Di Leonardo A., Linke S.P., Clarkin K., Wahl G.M. DNA damage triggers a prolonged p53-dependent G1 arrest and long-term induction of Cip1 in normal human fibroblasts. Genes Dev. 8:1994;2540-2551.
38. Chen Q., Ames B.N. Senescent-like growth arrest induced by hydrogen-peroxide in human diploid fibroblast F65 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:1994;3633-3636.
39. Lin A.W., Barradas M., Stone J.C., van Aelst L., Serrano M., Lowe S.W. Premature senescence involving p53 and p16 is activated in response to constitutive MEK/MAPK mitogenic signaling. Gen. Dev. 12:1998;3008-3019.
40. Zhu J., Woods D., McMahon M., Bishop J.M. Senescence of human fibroblasts induced by oncogenic raf. Gen. Dev. 12:1998;2997-3007.
41. Dimri G.P., Itahana K., Acosta M., Campisi J. Regulation of a senescence checkpoint response by the E2F1 transcription factor and p14(ARF) tumor suppressor. Mol. Cell Biol. 20:2000;273-285.
42. Chen Q.M. Replicative senescence and oxidant induced premature senescence: beyond the control of cell cycle check-points. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 908:2000;111-125.
43. Serrano M., Blasco M.A. Putting the stress on senescence. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13:2001;748-753.
44. Chen Q.M., Prowse K.R., Tu V.C., Purdom S., Linskens M.H. Uncoupling the senescent phenotype from telomere shortening in hydrogen peroxide-treated fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. 265:2001;294-303.
45. Kipling D. Telomeres, replicative senescence and human aging. Maturitas. 38:2001;25-37.
46. Bringold F., Serrano M. Tumor suppressors and oncogenes in cellular senescence. Exp. Gerontol. 35:2000;317-329.
47. Mathon N.F., Malcolm D.S., Harrisingh M.C., Cheng L., Lloyd A.C. Lack of replicative senescence in normal rodent glia. Science. 291:2001;872-875.
48. Tang D.G., Tokumoto Y.M., Apperly J.A., Lloyd A.C., Raff M. Lack of replicative senescence in cultured rat oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Science. 291:2001;368-371.
49. Wright W.E., Shay J.W. Cellular senescence as a tumor-protection mechanism: the essential role of counting. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 11:2001;98-103.
50. Dimri G.P., Lee X., Basile G., Acosta M., Scott G., Roskelley C., Medrano E.E., Linskens M., Rubelj I., Pereira-Smith O., Peacocke M., Campisi J. A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:1995;9363-9367.
51. Pendergrass W.R., Lane M.A., Bodkin N.L., Hansen B.C., Ingram D.K., Roth G.S., Yi L., Bin H., Wolfl N.S. Cellular proliferation potential during aging and caloric restriction in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J. Cell Physiol. 180:1999;123-130.
52. Wong P., Taillefer D., Lakins J., Pineault J., Chader G., Tenniswood M. Molecular characterization of human TRPM-2/Clusterin, a gene associated with sperm maturation, apoptosis and neurodegeneration. Eur. J. Biochem. 221:1994;917-925.
53. Aronow B.J., Lund S.D., Brown T.L., Harmony J.A.K., Witte D.P. Apolipoprotein J expression at fluid-tissue interfaces: potential role in barrier cytoprotection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:1993;725-729.
54. Choi-Miura N.H., Takahashi Y., Nakano Y., Tobe T., Tomita M. Identification of the disulfide bonds in human plasma protein SP-40,40 (Apolipoprotein J). J. Biochem. (Tokyo). 112:1992;557-561.
55. Urban J., Parczyk K., Leutz A., Kayne M., Kondor-Koch C. Constitutive apical secretion of an 80-kD sulfated glycoprotein complex in the polarized epithelial Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cell line. J. Cell Biol. 105:1987;2735-2743.
56. Kapron J.T., Hilliard G.M., Lakins J.N., Tenniswood M.P., West K.A., Carr S.A., Crabb J.W. Identification and characterization of glycosylation sites in human serum Clusterin. Protein Sci. 6:1997;2120-2133.
57. Wegrowski Y., Perreau C., Martiny L., Haye B., Maquart F.-X., Bellon G. Transforming growth factor β-1 up-regulates Clusterin synthesis in thyroid epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 247:1999;475-483.
58. Lemansky P., Brix K., Herzog V. Subcellular distribution, secretion and posttranslational modifications of Clusterin in thyrocytes. Exp. Cell Res. 251:1999;147-155.
59. de Silva H.V., Stuart W.D., Park Y.B., Mao S.J.T., Gil C.M., Wetterau J.R., Busch S.J., Harmony J.A.K. Purification and characterization of Apolipoprotein J. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1990;14292-14297.
60. Bailey R.W., Dunker A.K., Brown C.J., Garner E.C., Griswold M.D. Clusterin, a binding protein with a molten globule-like region. Biochemistry. 40:2001;11828-11840.
61. Tschopp J., Jenne D.E., Hertig S., Preissner K.T., Morgenstern H., Sapino A.-P., French L. Human megakaryocytes express Clusterin and package it without Apolipoprotein A-1 into α-granules. Blood. 82:1993;118-125.
62. Witte D.P., Aronow B.J., Staudermann M.L., Stuart W.D., Clay M.A., Gruppo R., Jenkins S.H., Harmony J.A.K. Platelet activation releases megakaryocyte-synthesized Apolipoprotein J, a highly abundant protein in atheromatous lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 143:1993;763-773.
63. Murphy B.F., Kirszbaum L., Walker I.D., d'Apice A.J.F. SP-40,40, a newly identified normal human serum protein found in the SC5b-9 complex of complement and in the immune deposits of glomerulonephritis. J. Clin. Invest. 81:1988;1858-1864.
64. Jenne D.E., Lowin B., Peitsch M.C., Böttcher A., Schmitz G., Tschopp J. Clusterin (complement lysis inhibitor) forms a high density lipoprotein complex with Apolipoprotein A-I in human plasma. J. Biol. Chem. 266:1991;11030-11036.
65. Herault Y., Chatelain G., Brun G., Michel D. V-src-induced-transcription of the avian Clusterin gene. Nucl. Acid Res. 20:1992;6377-6383.
66. Michel D., Chatelain G., Herault Y., Brun G. The expression of the avian Clusterin gene can be driven by two alternative promoters with distinct regulatory elements. Eur. J. Biochem. 229:1995;215-223.
67. Michel D., Chatelain G., North S., Brun G. Stress-induced transcription of the Clusterin/ApoJ gene. Biochem. J. 328:1997;45-50.
68. Jin G., Howe P.H. Regulation of Clusterin gene expression by transforming growth factor β J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;26620-26626.
69. Gutacker C., Klock G., Diel P., Koch-Brandt C. Nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor stimulate Clusterin gene expression in PC12 cells. Biochem. J. 339:1999;759-766.
70. Sensibar J.A., Sutkowski D.M., Raffo A., Buttyan R., Griswold M.D., Sylvester S.R., Kozlowski J.M., Lee C. Prevention of cell death induced by tumor necrosis factor α in LNCaP cells by overexpression of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (Clusterin). Cancer Res. 55:1995;2431-2437.
71. Humphreys D., Hochgrebe T.T., Easterbrook-Smith S.B., Tenniswood M.P., Wilson M.R. Effects of Clusterin overexpression on TNFα- and TGFβ-mediated death of L929 cells. Biochemistry. 36:1997;15233-15243.
72. Thomas-Salgar S., Millis A.J. Clusterin expression in differentiating smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;17879-17885.
73. Morgan T.E., Lapping N.J., Rozovsky I., Oda T., Hogan T.H., Finch C.E., Pasinetti G.M. Clusterin expression by astrocytes is influenced by transforming growth factor beta 1 and heterotypic cell interactions. J. Neuroimmunol. 58:1995;101-110.
74. Laping N.J., Morgan T.E., Nichols N.R., Rozovsky I., Young-Chan C.S., Zarow C., Finch C.E. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 induces neuronal and astrocyte genes: tubulin alpha 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein and Clusterin. Neuroscience. 58:1994;563-572.
75. 2 stress triggers a release of transforming growth factor-β1 which induces biomarkers of cellular senescence in human diploid fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;2531-2537.
76. Gutacker C., Flach R., Diel P., Klock G., Koch-Brandt C. Multiple signal transduction pathways regulate Clusterin (gp80) gene expression in MDCK cells. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 17:1996;109-119.
77. Lee M., Hwang I., Choi Y., Paik S., Lee H.B., Baik M. EGF inhibits expression of WDNM1 and sulphated glycoprotein-2 genes in mammary epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240:1997;104-107.
78. Zwain I.H., Grima J., Cheng C.Y. Regulation of Clusterin secretion and mRNA expression in astrocytes by cytokines. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 5:1994;229-237.
79. Van Lenten B.J., Wagner A.C., Navab M., Fogelman A.M. Oxidized phospholipids induce changes in hepatic paraoxonase and ApoJ but not monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 via interleukin-6. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;1923-1929.
80. Gonos E.S., Derventzi A., Kveiborg M., Agiostratidou G., Kassem M., Clark B.F.C., Jat P.S., Rattan S.I.S. Cloning and identification of genes that associate with mammalian senescence. Exp. Cell Res. 240:1998;66-74.
81. Viard I., Wehrli P., Jornot L., Bullani R., Vechietti J.-L., Schifferli J.A., Tschopp J., French L.E. Clusterin gene expression mediates resistance to apoptotic cell death induced by heat shock and oxidative stress. J. Invest. Derm. 112:1999;290-296.
82. Dumont P., Burton M., Chen Q.M., Gonos E.S., Frippia C., Mazarati J.-B., Eliaers F., Remacle J., Toussaint O. Induction of replicative senescence biomarkers by sublethal oxidative stresses in normal human fibroblast. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 28:2000;361-373.
83. Boothman D.A., Meyers M., Fukunaga N., Lee S.W. Isolation of X-ray-inducible transcripts from radioresistant human melanoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:1993;7200-7204.
84. Miyake H., Nelson C., Rennie P.S., Gleave M.E. Acquisition of chemoresistant phenotype by overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 in prostate cancer xenograft models. Cancer Res. 60:2000;2547-2554.
85. Muenchen H.J., Poncza P.J., Pienta K.J. Different docetaxel-induced apoptotic pathways are present in prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3. Urology. 57:2001;366-370.
86. I.P. Trougakos, G. Agiostratidou, E.S. Gonos, Overexpression of Clusterin (Apolipoprotein J) in human Osteosarcoma Cells Inhibits Chemotherapeutic Drugs-Mediated Apoptosis Contributing in Acquisition of the Chemoresistance Phenotype, 2001, submitted for publication.
87. Kimura K., Yamamoto M. Modification of the alternative splicing process of testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 (TRPM-2) gene by protein synthesis inhibitors and heat shock treatment. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1307:1996;83-88.
88. Yang C.-R., Leskov K., Hosley-Eberlein K., Criswell T., Pink J.J., J Kinsella T., Boothman D.A. Nuclear Clusterin/XIP8, an X-ray-induced Ku70-binding protein that signals cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:2000;5907-5912.
89. Collard M.W., Griswold M.D. Biosynthesis and molecular cloning of sulfated glycoprotein 2 secreted by rat Sertoli cells. Biochemistry. 26:1987;3297-3303.
90. Sylvester S.R., Morales C., Oko R., Griswold M.D. Localization of sulfated glycoprotein-2 (Clusterin) on spermatozoa and in the reproductive tract of the male rat. Biol. Reprod. 45:1991;195-207.
91. Atlas-White M., Murphy B.F., Baker H.W. Localization of Clusterin in normal human sperm by immunogold electron microscopy. Pathology. 32:2000;258-261.
92. Hochgrebe T.T., Humphreys D., Wilson M.R., Easterbrook-Smith S.B. A re-examination of the role of Clusterin as a complement regulator. Exp. Cell Res. 249:1999;13-21.
93. Huttner W.B., Gerdes H.H., Rosa P. The granin (chromogranin/secretogranin) family. Trends Biochem. Sci. 16:1991;27-30.
94. Danik M., Chabot J.G., Mercier C., Benabid A.L., Chauvin C., Quirion R., Suh M. Human gliomas and epileptic foci express high levels of a mRNA related to rat testicular sulfated glycoprotein 2, a purported marker of cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:1991;8577-8581.
95. Palmer D.J., Christie D.L. Identification of molecular aggregates containing glycoproteins III, J, K (carboxypeptidase H) and H (Kex2-related proteases) in the soluble and membrane fractions of adrenal medullary chromaffin granules. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;19806-19812.
96. Bach U.C., Baiersdorfer M., Klock G., Cattaruzza M., Post A., Koch-Brandt C. Apoptotic cell debris and phosphatidylserine-containing lipid vesicles induce Apolipoprotein J (Clusterin) gene expression in vital fibroblasts. Exp. Cell Res. 265:2001;11-20.
97. M.M. Bartl, T. Luckenbach, O. Bergner, O. Ullrich, C. Koch-Brandt, Multiple receptors mediate ApoJ-dependent clearance of cellular debris into non-professional phagocytes, Exp. Cell Res. (2001) 130-141.
98. Zlokovic B.V., Martel C.L., Matsubara E., McComb J.G., Zheng G., McCluskey R.T., Frangione B., Ghiso J. Clycoprotein 330/megalin: probable role in receptor-mediated transport of Apolipoprotein J alone and in a complex with Alzheimer disease amyloid β at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;4229-4234.
99. Tung P.S., Burdzy K., Wong K., Fritz I.B. Competition between cell-substratum interactions and cell-cell interactions. J. Cell Physiol. 152:1992;410-421.
100. Silkensen J.R., Skubitz K.M., Skubitz A.P.N., Chmielewaki D.H., Manivel J.C., Dvergsten J.A., Rosenberg M.E. Clusterin promotes the aggregation and adhesion of renal porcine epithelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 96:1995;2646-2653.
101. Silkensen J.R., Skubitz K.M., Skubitz A.P.N., Rosenberg M.E. Identification of Clusterin sequences mediating renal tubular cell interactions. J. Pept. Res. 54:1999;449-457.
102. Goldberg G.S., Jin Z., Ichikawa H., Naito A., Ohki M., El-Deiry W.S., Tsuda H. Global effects of anchorage on gene expression during mammary carcinoma cell growth reveal role of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in anoikis. Cancer Res. 61:2001;1334-1337.
103. Poon S., Easterbrook-Smith S.B., Rybchyn M.S., Carver J.A., Wilson M.R. Clusterin is an ATP-independent chaperone with very broad substrate specificity that stabilizes stressed proteins in a folding-competent state. Biochemistry. 39:2000;15953-15960.
104. Wilson M.R., Easterbrook-Smith S.B. Clusterin is a secreted mammalian chaperone. Trends Biochem. Sci. 25:2000;95-98.
105. Sintich S.M., Steinberg J., Kozlowski J.M., Lee C., Pruden S., Sayeed S., Sensibar J.A. Cytotoxic sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in PC3 and LNCaP prostatic cancer cells is regulated by extracellular levels of SGP-2 (Clusterin). Prostate. 39:1999;87-93.
106. Cervellera M., Raschella G., Santilli G., Tanno B., Ventura A., Mancini C., Sevignani C., Calabretta B., Sala A. Direct transactivation of the anti-apoptotic gene Apolipoprotein J (Clusterin) by B-MYB. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;21055-21060.
107. Han B.H., DeMattos R.B., Dugan L.L., Kim-Han J.S., Brendza R.P., Fryer J.D., Kierson M., Cirrito J., Quick K., Harmony J.A., Aronow B.J., Holtzman D.M. Clusterin contributes to caspase-3-independent brain injury following neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Nat. Med. 7:2001;338-343.
108. Jäättelä M. Escaping cell death: survival proteins in cancer. Exp. Cell Res. 248:1999;30-43.
109. Marinelli M., Quaglino D., Bettuzzi S., Strocchi P., Davalli P., Corti A. Increased levels of Clusterin mRNA in the ventral prostate of the aging rat are associated to increases in cuboidal (atrophic) cell population and not to changes in apoptotic activity. Biochem. Cell Biol. 72:1994;515-521.
110. French L.E., Wohlwend A., Sappino A.-P., Tschopp J., Schifferli J.A. Human Clusterin gene expression is confirmed to surviving cells during in vitro programmed cell death. J. Clin. Invest. 93:1994;877-884.
111. Michel D., Moyse E., Trembleau A., Jourdan F., Brun G. Clusterin/ApoJ expression is associated with neuronal apoptosis in the olfractory mucosa of the adult mouse. J. Cell Sci. 110:1997;1635-1645.
112. Ho S.-M., Leav I., Ghatak S., Merk F., Jagannathan V.S., Mallery K. Lack of association between enhanced TRPM-2/Clusterin expression and increased apoptotic activity in sex-hormone-induced prostatic dysplasia of the noble rat. Am. J. Pathol. 153:1998;131-139.
113. Garden G.A., Bothwell M., Rubel E.W. Lack of correspondence between mRNA expression for a putative cell death molecule (SGP-2) and neuronal cell death in the central nervous system. J. Neurobiol. 22:1991;590-604.
114. O'Bryan M.K., Cheema S.S., Bartlett P.F., Murphy B.F., Pearse M.J. Clusterin levels increase during neuronal development. J. Neurobiol. 24:1993;421-432.
115. Reddy K.B., Jin G., Karode M.C., Harmony J.A.K., Howe P.H. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced nuclear localization of Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin in epithelial cells. Biochemistry. 35:1996;6157-6163.
116. Lakins J., Bennett S.A.L., Chen J.-H., Arnold J.M., Morrissey C., Wong P., O'Sullivan J., Tenniswood M. Clustering biogenesis is altered during apoptosis in the regressing rat ventral prostate. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;27887-27895.
117. Yang C.-R., Yeh S., Leskov K., Odegaard E., Hsu H.-L., Chang C., Kinsella T.J., Chen D.J., Boothman D.A. Isolation of Ku70-binding proteins (KUBs). Nucl. Acids Res. 27:1999;2165-2174.
118. Akakura K., Bruchousky N., Rennie P.S., Coldman A.J., Goldenberg S.L., Tenniswood M., Fox K. Effects of intermittent androgen suppression on the stem cell composition and the expression of the TRPM-2 (Clusterin) gene in the Shionogi carcinoma. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 59:1996;501-511.
119. Redondo M., Villar E., Torres-Muñoz J., Tellez T., Morell M., Petito C. Overexpression of Clusterin in human breast carcinoma. Am. J. Pathol. 157:2000;393-399.
120. M.R. Wilson, S.B. Easterbrook-Smith, J. Lakins, M.P.R. Tenniswood, Clusterin: development, function and adaptation, in: J.A.K. Harmony (Ed.), Molecular Biology Unit, R.G. Landes, Co., Austin, TX, Springer, New York, 1995, pp. 75-100.
121. Reddy K.B., Karode M.C., Harmony J.A.K., Howe P.H. Interaction of transforming growth factor β receptors with Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin. Biochemistry. 35:1996;309-314.
122. Mahon M.G., Lindstedt K.A., Hermann M., Nimpf J., Schneider W.J. Multiple involvement of Clusterin in chicken ovarian follicle development. J. Biol. Chem. 274:1999;4036-4044.
123. Gonos E.S., Burns J.S., Mazars G.R., Kobrna A., Riley T.E.W., Barnett S.G., Zafarana G., Ludwig R.L., Ikram Z., Powell A.J., Jat P. Rat embryo fibroblasts immortalized with simian virus 40 large T antigen undergo senescence upon its inactivation. Mol. Cell Biol. 16:1996;5127-5138.
124. Wang E., Lee M.J., Pandey S. Control of fibroblast senescence and activation of programmed cell death. J. Cell Biochem. 54:1994;432-439.
125. Dumont P., Chainiaux F., Eliaers F., Petropoulou C., Remacle J., Koch-Brandt C., Gonos E.S., Toussaint O. Overexpression of Apolipoprotein J in human fibroblasts protects against cytotoxicity and premature senescence induce by ethanol and tert-butylhydroperoxide. Cell Stress Chap. 7:2002;23-35.
126. Mondello C., Petropoulou C., Monti D., Gonos E.S., Franceschi C., Nuzzo F. Telomere length in fibroblasts and blood cells from healthy centenarians. Exp. Cell Res. 248:1999;234-242.
127. Bettuzzi S., Strocchi P., Marinelli M., Astancolle S., Davalli P., Corti A. Gene relaxation and aging: changes in the abundance of rat ventral prostate SGP-2 (Clusterin) and ornithine decarboxylase mRNAs. FEBS Lett. 348:1994;255-258.
128. Stone D.J., Rozovsky I., Morgan T.E., Anderson C.P., Lopez L.M., Shick J., Finch C.E. Effects of age on gene expression during estrogen-induced synaptic sprouting in the female rat. Exp. Neurol. 165:2000;46-57.
129. Viger R.S., Robaire B. Gene expression in the aging brown Norway rat epididymis. J. Androl. 16:1995;108-117.
130. Rosenberg M.E., Silkensen J. Clusterin: physiologic and pathophysiologic considerations. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 27:1995;633-645.
131. Koch-Brandt C., Morgans C. Clusterin: a role in cell survival in the face of apoptosis? Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol. 16:1996;130-149.
132. Calero M., Rostagno A., Matsubara E., Zlokovic B., Frangione B., Ghiso J. Apolipoprotein J (Clusterin) and Alzheimer's disease. Microsc. Res. Tech. 50:2000;305-315.
133. Kadomatsu K., Anzano M.A., Slayter M.V., Winokur T.S., Smith J.M., Sporn M.B. Expression of sulphated glycoprotein 2 is associated with carcinogenesis induced by N-nitroso-N-methylurea in rat prostate and seminal vesicle. Cancer Res. 53:1993;1480-1483.
134. Parczyk K., Pilarsky C., Rachel U., Koch-Brand C. Gp80 (Clusterin: TRPM-2) mRNA levels is enhanced in human renal clear cell carcinomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 120:1994;186-188.
135. Steinberg J., Oyasu R., Lang S., Sintich S., Rademaker A., Lee C., Kozlowski J.M., Sensibar J.A. Intracellular levels of SGP-2 (Clusterin) correlate with tumor grade in prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 3:1997;1707-1711.
136. Ouyang X.S., Wang X., Lee D.T., Tsao S.W., Wong Y.C. Up-regulation of TRPM-2, MMP-7 and ID-1 during sex hormone-induced prostate carcinogenesis in the Noble rat. Carcinogenesis. 22:2001;965-973.
137. Hough C.D., Cho K.R., Zonderman A.B., Schwartz D.R., Morin P.J. Coordinately up-regulated genes in ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 61:2001;3869-3876.
138. Wellmann A., Thieblemont C., Pittaluga S., Sakai A., Jaffe E.S., Siebert P., Raffeld M. Detection of differentially expressed genes in lymphomas using cDNA arrays: identification of Clusterin as a new diagnostic marker for anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Blood. 96:2000;398-404.
139. Kumar S., Vinci J.M., Pytel B.A., Baglioni C. Expression of messenger RNAs for complement inhibitors in human tissues and tumors. Cancer Res. 53:1993;348-353.
140. Behrens P., Jeske W., Wernert N., Wellmann A. Downregulation of Clusterin expression in testicular germ cell tumors. Pathobiology. 69:2001;19-23.
141. Kalka K., Ahmad N., Criswell T., Boothman D., Mukhtar H. Up-regulation of Clusterin during phthalocyanine 4 photodynamic therapy-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells and ablation of mouse skin tumors. Cancer Res. 60:2000;5984-5987.
142. Miyake H., Nelson C., Rennie P.S., Gleave M.E. Testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 is an antiapoptotic gene involved in progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 60:2000a;170-176.
143. Gleave M.E., Miyake H., Zellweger T., Chi K., July L., Nelson C., Rennie P. Use of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the antiapoptotic gene, Clusterin/testosterone-repressed prostate message 2, to enhance androgen sensitivity and chemosensitivity in prostate cancer. Urology. 58:2001;39-49.
144. Miyake H., Hara S., Zellweger T., Kamidono S., Gleave M.E., Hara I. Acquisition of resistance to fas-mediated apoptosis by overexpression of Clusterin in human renal-cell carcinoma cells. Mol. Urol. 5:2001;105-115.
145. Dunker N., Krieglstein K. Targeted mutations of transforming growth factor-beta genes reveal important roles in mouse development and adult homeostasis. Eur. J. Biochem. 267:2000;6982-6988.
146. Garbi C., Colletta G., Cirafici A.M., Marchisio P.C., Nitsch L. Transforming growth factor-beta induces cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix modifications in FRTL-5 thyroid epithelial cells. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 53:1990;281-289.
147. Katakura Y., Nakata E., Miura T., Shirahata S. Transforming growth factor beta triggers two independent-senescence programs in cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255:1999;110-115.
148. Herrera R.E., Makela T.P., Weinberg R.A. TGF beta-induced growth inhibition in primary fibroblasts requires the retinoblastoma protein. Mol. Biol. Cell. 7:1996;1335-1342.
149. Koike M., Miyasaka T., Mimori T., Shiomi T. Subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction regions of Ku proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 252:1998;679-685.
150. Koike M., Ikuta T., Miyasaka T., Shiomi T. The nuclear localization signal of the human Ku70 is a variant bipartite type recognized by the two components of nuclear pore-targeting complex. Exp. Cell Res. 250:1999;401-413.
151. Featherstone C., Jackson S.P. Ku, a DNA repair protein with multiple cellular functions? Mut. Res. 434:1999;3-15.
152. Hsu H.-L., Gilley D., Blackburn E.H., Chen D.J. Ku is associated with the telomere in mammals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96:1999;12454-12458.
153. Song K., Jung Y., Jung D., Lee I. Human Ku70 interacts with heterochromatin protein 1α J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;8321-8327.
154. Cooper M.P., Machwe A., Orren D.K., Brosh R.M., Ramsden D., Bohr V.A. Ku complex interacts with and stimulates the Werner protein. Gen. Dev. 14:2000;907-912.
155. Li B., Comai L. Requirements for the nucleolytic processing of DNA ends by the Werner syndrome protein-Ku70/80 complex. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;9896-9902.
156. Walker J.R., Corpina R.A., Goldberg J. Structure of the Ku heterodimer bound to DNA and its implications for double-strand break repair. Nature. 412:2001;607-614.
157. Prabhakar B.S., Allaway G.P., Srinivasappa J., Notkins A.L. Cell surface expression of the 70-kD component of Ku, a DNA binding nuclear autoantigen. J. Clin. Invest. 86:1990;1301-1305.
158. Grawunder U., Finnie N., Jackson S.P., Riwar B., Jessberger R. Expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme upon induction of lymphocyte differentiation and V(D)J recombination. Eur. J. Biochem. 241:1996;931-940.
159. Bandyopadhyay D., Mandal M., Adam L., Mendelsohn J., Kumar R. Physical interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor and DNA-dependent protein kinase in mammalian cells. J. Biol. Chem. 16:1998;1568-1573.
160. Teoh G., Urashima M., Greenfield E.A., Nguyen K.A., Lee J.F., Chauhan D., Ogata A., Treon S.P., Anderson K.C. The 86-kD subunit of Ku autoantigen mediates homotypic and heterotypic adhesion of multiple myeloma cells. J. Clin. Invest. 101:1998;1379-1388.
161. Krtolica A., Parrinello S., Lockett S., Desprez P.-Y., Campisi J.
162. Campisi J., Kim S.-H., Lim C.-S., Rubio M. Cellular senescence, cancer and aging: the telomere connection. Exp. Gerontol. 36:2001;1619-1637.
163. Allen R.G., Tresini M., Keogh B.P., Doggett D.L., Cristofalo V.J. Differences in electron transport potential antioxidant defenses and oxidant generation in young and senescent fetal lung fibroblasts (WI-38). J. Cell Physiol. 180:1999;114-122.
164. Weitzman J.B., Yaniv M. Rebuilding the road to cancer. Nature. 400:1999;401-402.
165. Tyner S.D., Venkatachalam S., Choi J., Jones S., Ghebranious N., Igelmann H., Lu X., Soron G., Cooper B., Brayton C., Park S.-H., Thompson T., Karsenty G., Brandley A., Donehower L. p53 mutant mice that display early aging-associated phenotypes. Nature. 415:2002;45-53.
166. I.P. Trougakos, M. Poulakou, M. Stathatos, N. Chalikia, A. Melidonis, E.S. Gonos, Serum levels of Clusterin (Apolipoprotein J) increase significantly in diabetes and during development of coronary heart disease or at myocardial infarction, Exp. Gerontol. (2002), in press.
167. Jenne D.E., Tschopp J. Clusterin: the intriguing guises of a widely expressed glycoprotein. Trends Biochem. Sci. 17:1992;154-159.
168. Wilson M.R., Roeth P.J., Easterbrook-Smith S.B. Clusterin enhances the formation of insoluble immune complexes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177:1991;985-990.
169. Burkey B.F., Stuart W.D., Harmony J.A.K. Hepatic Apolipoprotein J is secreted as a lipoprotein. J. Lip. Res. 33:1992;1517-1526.
170. Ghiso J., Matsubara E., Koudinov A., Choi-Miura N.H., Tomita M., Wisniewski T., Frangione B. The cerebrospinal-fluid soluble from of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta is complexed to SP40,40 (Apolipoprotein J), an inhibitor of the complement membrane-attack complex. Biochem. J. 293:1993;27-30.
171. Kelso G.J., Stuart W.D., Richter R.J., Furlong C.E., Jordan-Starck T.C., Harmony J.A.K. Apolipoprotein J is associated with paraoxonase in human plasma. Biochemistry. 33:1994;832-839.
172. Kounnas M.Z., Loukinova E.B., Stefansson S., Harmony J.A., Brewer B.H., Strickland D.K., Argraves W.S. Identification of glycoprotein 330 as an endocytic receptor for Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;13070-13075.
173. Akesson P., Sjoholm A.G., Bjorck L. Protein SIC, a novel extracellular protein of Streptococcus pyogenes interfering with complement function. J. Biol. Chem. 271:1996;1081-1088.
174. Partridge S.R., Baker M.S., Walker M.J., Wilson M.R. Clusterin, a putative complement regulator, binds to the cell surface of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Infect. Immun. 64:1996;4324-4329.
175. Pankhurst G.J., Bennett C.A., Easterbrook-Smith S.B. Characterization of the heparin-binding properties of human Clusterin. Biochemistry. 37:1998;4823-4830.
176. McHattie S., Edington N. Clusterin prevents aggregation of neuropeptide 106-126 in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 259:1999;336-340.
177. Buttyan R., Olsson C.A., Pintar J., Chang C., Bandyk M., Ng P.-Y., Sawczyk I.S. Induction of the TRPM-2 gene in cells undergoing programmed cell death. Mol. Cell Biol. 9:1989;3473-3481.
178. Bettuzzi S., Troiano L., Davalli P., Tropea F., Ingletti M.C., Grassilli E., Monti D., Corti A., Franceschi C. In vivo accumulation of sulphated glycoprotein 2 mRNA in rat thymocytes upon dexamethasone-induced cell death. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 175:1991;810-815.
179. Agarwal N., Jomary C., Jones S.E., O'Rourke K., Chaitin M., Wordinger R.J., Murphy B.F. Immunocytochemical colocalization of Clusterin in apoptotic phtoreceptor cells in retinal degeneration Slow rds mutant mouse retinas. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 225:1996;84-91.
180. Boggs L.N., Fuson K.S., Baez M., Churgay L., McClure D., Becker G., May P. Clusterin (ApoJ) protects against in vitro amyloid-β (1-40) neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. 67:1996;1324-1327.
181. Schwochau G.B., Nath K.A., Rosenberg M.E. Clusterin protects against oxidative stress in vitro through aggregative and non-aggregative properties. Kidney Int. 53:1998;1647-1653.
182. Jomary C., Chatelain G., Michel D., Weston A., Neal M.J., Jones S.E. Effect of targeted expression of Clusterin in photoreceptor cells on retinal development and differentiation. J. Cell Sci. 112:1999;1455-1464.
183. McLaughlin L., Zhu G., Mistry M., Ley-Ebert C., Stuart W.D., Florio C.J., Groen P.A., Witt S.A., Kimball T.R., Witte D.P., Harmony J.A.K., Aronow B.J. Apolipoprotein J/Clusterin limits the severity of murine autoimmune myocarditis. J. Clin. Invest. 106:2000;1105-1113.
184. Zwain I., Amato P. Clusterin protects granulosa cells from apoptotic cell death during follicular atresia. Exp. Cell Res. 257:2000;101-110.
185. Wehrli P., Charnay Y., Vallet P., Zhu G., Harmony J., Aronow B., Tschopp J., Bouras C., Viard-Leveugle I., French L.E., Giannakopoulos P. Inhibition of post-ischemic brain injury by Clusterin overexpression. Nat. Med. 7:2001;977-978.
186. Zellweger T., Miyake H., July L.V., Akbari M., Kiyama S., Gleave M.E. Chemosensitization of human renal cell cancer using antisense oligonucleotides targeting antiapoptotic gene Clusterin. Neoplasia. 3:2001;360-367.