Apolipoprotein J (clusterin) and Alzheimer's disease

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 305-315

  Calero, Miguel ^a   Rostagno, Agueda ^a   Matsubara, Etsuro ^b   Zlokovic, Berislav ^c   Frangione, Blas ^a   Ghiso, Jorge ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b GUNMA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

AD; Apolipoprotein J; Soluble A

Indexed keywords

GLYCOPROTEINS; LIPOPROTEINS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;

AD; ALZHEIMERS DISEASE; AMYLOID PLAQUES; APOLIPOPROTEIN J; APOLIPOPROTEINS; BROAD SPECTRUM; CLUSTERIN; LOCALISED; PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS; SOLUBLE AΒ;

DEPOSITS;

AMYLOID; CLUSTERIN; COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOIDOSIS; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; HISTOPATHOLOGY; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVE INJURY; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; REVIEW; SENILE PLAQUE;

EID: 0034663183     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/1097-0029(20000815)50:4<305::AID-JEMT10>3.0.CO;2-L     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. Aleshkov S, Abraham CR, Zannis VI. 1997. Interaction of nascent ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 isoforms expressed in mammalian cells with amyloid peptide beta (1-40). Relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Biochemistry 36:10571-10580.
2. Aronow BJ, Lund SD, Brown TL, Harmony JA, Witte DP. 1993. Apolipoprotein J expression at fluid-tissue interfaces: potential role in barrier cytoprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:725-729.
3. Bales KR, Verina T, Cummins DJ, Du Y, Dodel RC, Saura J, Fishman CE, DeLong CA, Piccardo P, Petegnief V, Ghetti B, Paul SM. 1999. Apolipoprotein E is essential for amyloid deposition in the APP(V717F) transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:15233-15238.
4. Blaschuk O, Burdzy K, Fritz IB. 1983. Purification and characterization of a cell-aggregating factor (clusterin), the major glycoprotein in ram rete testis fluid. J Biol Chem 258:7714-7720.
5. Borghini I, Barja F, Pometta D, James RW. 1995. Characterization of subpopulations of lipoprotein particles isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid. Biochim Biophys Acta 1255:192-200.
6. Brett J, Schmidt AM, Yan SD, Zou YS, Weidman E, Pinsky D, Nowygrod R, Neeper M, Przysiecki C, Shaw A, Migheli A, Stern D. 1993. Survey of the distribution of a newly characterized receptor for advanced glycation end products in tissues. Am J Pathol 143:1699-1712
7. Brown TL, Moulton BC, Baker VV, Mira J, Harmony JA. 1995. Expression of apolipoprotein J in the uterus is associated with tissue remodeling. Biol Reprod 52:1038-1049.
8. Busciglio J, Gabuzda DH, Matsudaira P, Yankner BA. 1993. Generation of β-amyloid in the secretory pathway in neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:2092-2096.
9. Buttyan R, Olsson CA, Pintar J, Chang C, Bandyk M, Ng PY, Sawczuk IS. 1989. Induction of the TRPM-2 gene in cells undergoing programmed death. Mol Cell Biol 9:3473-3481.
10. Calero M, Tokuda T, Rostagno A, Kumar A, Zlokovic B, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 1999. Functional and structural properties of lipid-associated apolipoprotein J (clusterin). Biochem J 344:375-383.
11. Castaño EM, Ghiso J, Prelli F, Gorevic PD, Migheli A, Frangione B. 1986. In vitro formation of amyloid fibrils from two synthetic peptides of different lengths homologous to Alzheimer's disease betaprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 141:782-789.
12. Choi-Miura NH, Ihara Y, Fukuchi K, Takeda M, Nakano Y, Tobe T, Tomita M. 1992. SP-40,40 is a constituent of Alzheimer's amyloid. Acta Neuropathol 83:260-264.
13. Christie RH, Freeman M, Hyman BT. 1996. Expression of the macrophage scavenger receptor, a multifunctional lipoprotein receptor, in microglia associated with senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 148:399-403
14. Chun JT, Wang L, Passinetti GM, Finch CE, Zlokovic B. 1999. Glycoprotein gp330/megalin (LRP-2)has a low prevalence as mRNA and protein in brain microvessels and choroid plexus. Exp. Neurol. 157:194-201
15. Collard M, Griswold M. 1987. Biosynthesis and molecular cloning of sulfated glycoprotein 2 secreted by rat Sertoli cells. Biochem 26: 3297-3303.
16. Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, Roses AD, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. 1993. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 261:921-923.
17. Danik M, Chabot JG, Mercier C, Benabid AL, Chauvin C, Quirion R, Suh M. 1991. Human gliomas and epileptic foci express high levels of a mRNA related to rat testicular sulfated glycoprotein 2, a reported marker of cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 188:8577-8581.
18. Danik M, Chabot JG, Hassan-Gonzalez D, Suh M, Quirion R. 1993. Localization of sulfated glycoprotein-2/clusterin mRNA in the rat brain by in situ hybridization. J Comp Neurol 334:209-227.
19. Danik M, Chabot JG, Michel D, Quirion R. 1999. Clusterin and apolipoprotein E gene expression in the adult brain. In: Finch CE, editor. Clusterin in Normal Brain Functions and During Neurodegeneration. Texas: R.G. Landes Company. pp 17-34.
20. de Silva H, Harmony J, Stuart W, Gil C, Robbins J. 1990a. Apolipoprotein J: structure and tissue distribution. Biochem 29:5380-5389.
21. de Silva H, Stuart W, Duvic C, Wetterau J, Ray W, Ferguson D, Albers H, Smith W, Harmony J. 1990b. A 70 kDa apolipoprotein designated apoJ is a marker for subclasses of human plasma high density lipoproteins. J. Biol. Chem. 265: 13240-13247.
22. Duguid JR, Bohmont CW, Liu NG, Tourtellotte WW. 1989. Changes in brain gene expression shared by scrapie and Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7260-7264.
23. El Khoury J, Hickman SE, Thomas CA, Cao L, Silverstein SC, Loike JD. 1996. Scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of microglia to beta-amyloid fibrils. Nature 382:716-719.
24. Farquhar MG, Kerjaschki D, Lundstrom M, Orlando RA. 1994. gp330 and RAP: the Heymann nephritis antigenic complex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 737:96-113.
25. French LE, Chonn A, Ducrest D, Baumann B, Belin D, Wohlwend A, Kiss JZ, Sappino AP, Tschopp J, Schifferli JA. 1993. Murine clusterin: molecular cloning and mRNA localization of a gene associated with epithelial differentiation processes during embryogenesis. J Cell Biol 122:1119-1130.
26. French LE, Soriano JV, Montesano R, Pepper MS. 1996. Modulation of clusterin gene expression in the rat mammary gland during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Biol Reprod 55:1213-1220.
27. Fritz IB, Burdzy K, Setchell B, Blaschuk O. 1983. Ram rete testis fluid contains a protein (clusterin) which influences cell-cell interactions in vitro. Biol Reprod 28:1173-1188
28. Gallo G, Wisniewski T, ChoiMiura NH, Ghiso J, Frangione B. 1994. Potential role of apolipoproteinE in fibrillogenesis. Am J Pathol 145:526-530.
29. Garden GA, Bothwell M, Rubel EW. 1991. Lack of correspondence between mRNA expression for a putative cell death molecule (SGP-2) and neuronal cell death in the central nervous system. J Neurobiol. 22:590-604.
30. Ghersi-Egea JF, Gorevic PD, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Patlak CS, Fenstermacher JD. 1996. Fate of cerebrospinal fluid-borne amyloid beta-peptide: rapid clearance into blood and appreciable accumulation by cerebral arteries. J Neurochem 67:880-883.
31. Ghilardi JR, Catton M, Stimson ER, Rogers S, Walker LC, Maggio JE, Mantyh PW. 1996. Intra-arterial infusion of [1251] A beta 1-40 labels amyloid deposits in the aged primate brain in vivo. Neuroreport 7:2607-2611.
32. Ghiso J, Matsubara E, Koudinov A, ChoiMiura NH, Tomita M, Wisniewski T, Frangione B. 1993. The cerebrospinalfluid soluble form of Alzheimer's amyloid beta is complexed to SP40,40 (apolipoprotein J), an inhibitor of the complement membraneattack complex. Biochem J 293:27-30.
33. Ghiso J, Wisniewski T, Frangione B. 1994. Unifying features of systemic and cerebral amyloidosis. Mol Neurobiol 8:49-64.
34. Ghiso J, Plant GT, Revesz T, Wisniewski T, Frangione B. 1995. Familial cerebral amyloid angiopathy (British type) with nonneuritic amyloid plaque formation may be due to a novel amyloid protein. J Neurol Sci 129:74-75
35. Ghiso J, Calero M, Matsubara E, Governale S, Chuba J, Beavis R, Wisniewski T, Frangione B. 1997a. Alzheimer's soluble amyloid β is a normal component of human urine. FEBS Lett 408:105-108.
36. Ghiso J, Martel C, Mackic J, McComb JG, Frangione B, Zlokovic B. 1997b. In vivo blood-brain barrier uptake of Alzheimer's Aβ peptides in guinea pigs: Evidence for vascular sequestration of A1-40 (but not Aβ1-42). In: Iqbal K, Winblad B, Nishimura T, Takeda M, Wisniewski H, editors. Alzheimer's Disease: Biology, Diagnosis and Therapeutics. England: John Wiley & Sons, pp 375-382.
37. Giannakopoulos P, Kovari E, French LE, Viard I, Hof PR, Bouras C. 1998. Possible neuroprotective role of clusterin in Alzheimer's disease: a quantitative immunocytochemical study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 95:387-394.
38. Grassilli E, Bettuzzi S, Troiano L, Ingletti MC, Monti D, Corti A, Franceschi C. 1992. SGP-2, apoptosis, and aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 663:471-474.
39. Grewal RP, Morgan TE, Finch CE. 1999. C1qB and clusterin mRNA increase in association with neurodegeneration in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurosci Lett. 271:65-67.
40. Haass C, Schlossmacher MG, Hung AY, VigoPelfrey C, Mellon A, Ostaszewski BL, Lieberburg I, Koo EH, Schenk D, Teplow DB, Selkoe DJ. 1992. Amyloid betapeptide is produced by cultured cells during normal metabolism. Nature 359: 322-325.
41. Hammad SM, Ranganathan S, Loukinova E, Twal WO, Argraves WS. 1997. Interaction of apolipoprotein J-amyloid beta-peptide complex with low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-2/megalin. A mechanism to prevent pathological accumulation of amyloid beta-peptide. J Biol Chem 272:18644-18649.
42. Harr SD, Uint L, Hollister R, Hyman BT, Mendez AJ. 1996. Brain expression of apolipoproteins E, J, and A-I in Alzheimer's disease J Neurochem 66:2429-2435.
43. Hermo L, Barin K, Oko R. 1994. Developmental expression of sulfated glycoprotein-2 in the epididymis of the rat. Anat Rec 240:327-344.
44. Holtzman DM, LaDu MJ, Fagan AM. 1999. Clusterin - apoE lipoprotein particles. In: Finch CE, editor. Clusterin in Normal Brain Functions and During Neurodegeneration. Texas: R.G. Landes Company. pp 61-69.
45. Humphreys DT, Carver JA, Easterbrook-Smith SB, Wilson MR. 1999. Clusterin has chaperone-like activity similar to that of small heat shock proteins. J Biol Chem 274:6875-6881.
46. Jenne DE, Tschopp J. 1989. Molecular structure and functional characterization of a human complement cytolysis inhibitor found in blood and seminal plasma: identity to sulfated glycoprotein 2, a constituent of rat testis fluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:7123-7127.
47. Jenne DE, Tschopp J. 1992. Clusterin: the intriguing guises of a widely expressed glycoprotein. Trends Biochem Sci 17:154-159.
48. Jin G, Howe PH. 1997. Regulation of clusterin gene expression by transforming growth factor beta. J Biol Chem 272:26620-26626.
49. Jones SE, Meerabux JM, Yeats DA, Neal MJ. 1992. Analysis of differentially expressed genes in retinitis pigmentosa retinas. Altered expression of clusterin mRNA. FEBS Lett 300:279-282.
50. Kida E, Pluta R, Lossinsky AS, Golabek AA, Choi-Miura NH, Wisniewski HM, Mossakowski MJ. 1995. Complete cerebral ischemia with short-term survival in rat induced by cardiac arrest. II. extracellular and intracellular accumulation of apolipoproteins E and J in the brain. Brain Res 674:341-346.
51. Kirszbaum L, Sharpe J, Murphy B, d'Apice A, Classon B, Hudson P, Walker I. 1989. Molecular cloning and characterization of the novel, human complementassociated protein, SP40,40: a link between the complement and reproductive system. EMBO J 8:711-718.
52. Kirszbaum L, Bozas S, Walker I. 1992. SP40,40, a protein involved in the control of the complement pathway, possesses a unique array of disulfide bridges. FEBS Lett 297:70-76.
53. Koudinov A, Matsubara E, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 1994. The soluble form of Alzheimer's amyloid beta protein is complexed to high density lipoprotein 3 and very high density lipoprotein in normal human plasma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205:1164-1171.
54. Koudinov AR, Koudinova N, Kumar A, Beavis RC, Ghiso J. 1996. Biochemical characterization of Alzheimer's soluble amyloid beta protein in human cerebrospinal fluid: Association with high density lipoproteins. Biochem. Biophys Res Commun 223:592-597.
55. Kounnas MZ, Loukinova EB, Stefansson S, Harmony JA, Brewer BH, Strickland DK, Argraves WS. 1995. Identification of glycoprotein 330 as an endocytic receptor for apolipoprotein J/clusterin. J Biol Chem 270:13070-13075.
56. LaDu MJ, Falduto MT, Manelli AM, Reardon CA, Getz GS, Frail DE. 1994. Isoform-specific binding of apolipoprotein E to beta-amyloid. J Biol Chem 269:23403-23406.
57. LaDu MJ, Pederson TM, Frail DE, Reardon CA, Getz GS, Falduto MT. 1995. Purification of apolipoprotein E attenuates isoform-specific binding to beta-amyloid. J Biol Chem 270:9039-9042.
58. LaDu MJ, Gilligan SM, Lukens JR, Cabana VG, Reardon CA, Van Eldik LJ, Holtzman DM. 1998. Nascent astrocyte particles differ from lipoproteins in CSF. J Neurochem 70:2070-2081.
59. Lucarelli M, Gennarelli M, Cardelli P, Novelli G, Scarpa S, Dallapiccola B, Strom R. 1997. Expression of receptors for native and chemically modified low-density lipoproteins in brain microvessels. FEBS Lett 401:53-58.
60. Maat-Schieman ML, van Duinen SG, Bornebroek M, Haan J, Roos RA. 1996. Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type (HCHWA-D): II. A review of histopathological aspects. Brain Pathol 6:115-120.
61. Mackic JB, Stins M, McComb JG, Calero M, Ghiso J, Kim KS, Yan SD, Stern D, Schmidt AM, Frangione B, Zlokovic BV. 1998. Human blood-brain barrier receptors for Alzheimer's amyloid-beta 1-40. Asymmetrical binding, endocytosis, and transcytosis at the apical side of brain microvascular endothelial cell monolayer. J Clin Invest 102:734-743.
62. Maness LM, Banks WA, Podlisny MB, Selkoe DJ, Kastin AJ. 1994. Passage of human amyloid beta-protein 1-40 across the murine blood-brain barrier. Life Sci 55:1643-1650.
63. Martel CL, Mackic JB, McComb JG, Ghiso J, Zlokovic BV. 1996. Blood-brain barrier uptake of the 40 and 42 amino acid sequences of circulating Alzheimer's amyloid beta in guinea pigs. Neurosci Lett 206:157-160.
64. Martel CL, Mackic JB, Matsubara E, Governale S, Calero M, Miao W, McComb JG, Frangione B, Ghiso J, Zlokovic BV. 1997. Isoform-specific effects of apolipoproteins E2, E3, and E4 on cerebral capillary sequestration and blood-brain barrier transport of circulating Alzheimer's amyloid beta. J Neurochem 69:1995-2004.
65. Masters CL, Simms G, Weinman NA, Multhaup G, McDonald BL, Beyreuther K. 1985. Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:4245-4249.
66. Matsubara E, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 1995. Characterization of apolipoprotein JAlzheimer's A beta interaction. J Biol Chem 270:7563-7567.
67. Matsubara E, Soto C, Governale S, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 1996. Apolipoprotein J and Alzheimer's amyloid solubility. Biochem J 316:671-679.
68. Matsubara E, Ghiso J, Frangione B, Amari M, Tomidokoro Y, Ikeda Y, Harigaya Y, Okamoto K, Shoji M. 1999. Lipoprotein-free amyloidogenic peptides in plasma are elevated in patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome. Ann Neurol 45:537-541.
69. May PC, Johnson SA, Poirier J, Lampert-Etchells M, Finch CE. 1989. Altered gene expression in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue. Can J Neurol Sci 16:473-476.
70. May PC, Lampert-Etchells M, Johnson SA, Poirier J, Masters JN, Finch CE. 1990. Dynamics of gene expression for a hippocampal glycoprotein elevated in Alzheimer's disease and in response to experimental lesions in rat. Neuron 5:831-839.
71. McGeer PL, Kawamata T, Walker DG. 1992. Distribution of clusterin in Alzheimer brain tissue. Brain Res 579:337-341
72. McGeer EG, Schwab C, McGeer PL. 1999. Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein J (clusterin) in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. In: Finch CE, editor. Clusterin in Normal Brain Functions and During Neurodegeneration. Texas: R.G. Landes Company. pp 89-97.
73. McHattie S, Wells GA, Bee J, Edington N. 1999. Clusterin in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). J Comp Pathol 121:159-171.
74. Michel D, Chabot JG, Moyse E, Danik M, Quirion R 1992. Possible functions of a new genetic marker in central nervous system: the sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2). Synapse 11:105-111.
75. Michel D, Chatelain G, North S, Brun G. 1997. Stress-induced transcription of the clusterin/apoJ gene. Biochem J 328:45-50.
76. Morgan T. and May P. 1999. Clusterin as a Neuroprotectant. In: Finch CE, editor. Clusterin in Normal Brain Functions and During Neurodegeneration. Texas: R.G. Landes Company. pp 109-119.
77. Murphy B, Kirszbaum L, Walker I, d'Apice A. 1988. SP4040, a newly identified normal serum protein found in the SC5b9 complex of complement and in the immune deposits in glomerulonephritis. J Clin Invest 81:1858-1864.
78. Naslund J, Schierhorn A, Hellman U, Lannfelt L, Roses AD, Tjernberg LO, Silberring J, Gandy SE, Winblad B, Greengard P. Nordstedt C, Terenius L. 1994. Relative abundance of Alzheimer Aβ amyloid peptide variants in Alzheimer disease and normal aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8378-8382.
79. Naslund J, Thyberg J, Tjernberg LO, Wernstedt C, Karlstrom AR, Bogdanovic N, Gandy SE, Lannfelt L, Terenius L, Nordstedt C. 1995. Characterization of stable complexes involving apolipoprotein E and the amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neuron 15:219-228.
80. O'Bryan M, Baker H, Saunders J, Kirszbaum L, Walker I, Hudson P, Liu D, s'Apice A, Murphy B. 1990. Human seminal clusterin (SP40,40). Isolation and characterization. J Clin Invest 85:147-148.
81. Oda T, Pasinetti GM, Osterburg HH, Anderson C, Johnson SA, Finch CE. 1994. Purification and characterization of brain clusterin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 204:1131-1136.
82. Pasinetti GM, Johnson SA, Oda T, Rozovsky I, Finch CE. 1994. Clusterin (SGP-2): a multifunctional glycoprotein with regional expression in astrocytes and neurons of the adult rat brain. J Comp Neurol 339:387-400.
83. Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Berg CT. 1994. Macromolecular permeability across the blood-nerve and blood-brain barriers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:5705-5709.
84. Poduslo JF, Curran GL, Haggard JJ, Biere AL, Selkoe DJ. 1997. Permeability and residual plasma volume of human, Dutch variant, and rat amyloid beta-protein 1-40 at the blood-brain barrier. Neurobiol Dis 4:27-34.
85. Polihronis M, Paizis K, Carter G, Sedal L, Murphy B. 1993. Elevation of human cerebrospinal fluid clusterin concentration is associated with acute neuropathology. J Neurol Sci 115:230-233.
86. Prelli F, Castaño EM, Glenner GG, Frangione B. 1988. Differences between vascular and plaque core amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 51: 648-651.
87. Purrello M, Bettuzi S, Di Pietro C, Mirabile E, Di Blasi M, Rimini R, Grzeschik KH, Ingletti C, Corti A, Sichel G. 1991. The gene for SP40,40, human homologue of rat sulfated glycoprotein 2, rat clusterin, and rattestosteronerepressed prostate message 2, maps to chromosome 8. Genomics 10:151-156.
88. Rebeck GW, Reiter JS, Strickland DK, Hyman BT. 1993. Apolipoprotein E in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: allelic variation and receptor interactions. Neuron 11:575-580.
89. Rozovsky I, Morgan TE, Willoughby DA, Dugichi-Djordjevich MM, Pasinetti GM, Johnson SA, Finch CE. 1994. Selective expression of clusterin (SGP-2) and complement C1qB and C4 during responses to neurotoxins in vivo and in vitro. Neuroscience 62:741-758.
90. Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel D, George-Hyslop PH, Pericak-Vance MA, Joo SH, Rosi BL, Gusella JF, Crapper-MacLachlan DR, Alberts MJ, Hulette C, Crain B, Goldgaber D, Roses AD. 1993. Association of apolipoprotein E allele epsilon 4 with late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1993 Aug;43:1467-1472
91. Schreiber SS, Tocco G, Najm I, Baudry M. 1993. Seizure activity causes a rapid increase in sulfated glycoprotein-2 messenger RNA in the adult but not the neonatal rat brain. Neurosci Lett 153:17-20.
92. Selkoe DJ, Abraham CR, Podlisny MB, Duffy LK. 1986. Isolation of lowmolecularweight proteins from amyloid plaque fibers in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 46:1820-1834.
93. Seubert P, VigoPelfrey C, Esch F, Lee M, Dovey H, Davis D, Sinha S, Schlossmacher M, Whaley J, Swindlehurst C, McCormack R, Wolfert R, Selkoe DJ, Lieberburg I, Schenk DB. 1992. Isolation and quantification of soluble Alzheimer's betapeptide from biological fluids. Nature 359:325-327.
94. Shayo M, McLay RN, Kastin AJ, Banks WA. 1997. The putative blood-brain barrier transporter for the beta-amyloid binding protein apolipoprotein J is saturated at physiological concentrations. Life Sci 60:115-118.
95. Shoji M, Golde TE, Ghiso J, Cheung TT, Estus S, Shaffer LM, Cai XD, McKay DM, Tintner R, Frangione B, Younkin SG. 1992. Production of the Alzheimer amyloid beta protein by normal proteolytic processing. Science 258:126-129.
96. Silkensen JR, Skubitz KM, Skubitz AP, Chmielewski DH, Manivel JC, Dvergsten JA, Rosenberg ME. 1995. Clusterin promotes the aggregation and adhesion of renal porcine epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 96:2646-2653.
97. Singhrao SK, Neal JW, Morgan BP, Gasque P. 1999. Increased complement biosynthesis by microglia and complement activation on neurons in Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 159:362-376.
98. Slawin K, Sawczuk I, Olsson C, Buttyan R. 1990. Chromosomal assignment of the human homologue encoding SGP2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 172:160-164.
99. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Pericak-Vance M, Enghild J, Salvesen GS, Roses AD. 1993. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1977-1981.
100. Strocchi P, Rauzi F, Cevolani D. 1999. Neuronal loss up-regulates clusterin mRNA in living neurons and glial cells in the rat brain. Neuroreport 10:1789-1792.
101. Sylvester, S. Morales, C. Oko, R. Griswold, M. 1991. Localization of sulfated glycoprotein2 (clusterin) on spermatozoa and in the reproductive tract of the male rat. Biol Reprod 45:195-207.
102. Tabaton M, Nunzi MG, Xue R, Usiak M, AutilioGambetti L, Gambetti P. 1994. Soluble amyloid betaprotein is a marker of Alzheimer amyloid in brain but not in cerebrospinal fluid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 200:1598-1603.
103. Tenniswood MP, Guenette RS, Lakins J, Mooibroek M, Wong P, Welsh JE. 1992. Active cell death in hormone-dependent tissues. Cancer Metastasis Rev 11:197-220.
104. Tobe, T. Minoshima, S. Yamase, S. ChoiMiura, N. H. Tomita, M. Shimizu, N. 1991. Assignment of a human serum glycoprotein SP40,40 (CLI) to chromosome 8. Cytogenet Cell Genet 57:193-195.
105. Tokuda T, Calero M, Matsubara E, Kumar A, Permanne B, LaDu MJ, Smith JD, Vidal R, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 2000. Interaction between lipid-associated or delipidated apolipoprotein E and Alzheimers Amyloid -peptide. Biochem J 348:359-365.
106. Vigo-Pelfrey C, Lee D, Keim P, Lieberburg I, Schenk DB. 1993. Characterization of betaamyloid peptide from human cerebrospinal fluid. J Neurochem 61:1965-1968.
107. Wegiel J, Chauhan A, Wisniewski H, Nowakowski J, KuoChiang W, Le Vine H. 1996. Promotion of synthetic amyloid peptide fibrillization in cell culture media and cessation of fibrillization by serum. Neurosci Lett 211:151-154.
108. Westermark P, Araki S, Benson MD, Cohen AS, Frangione B, Masters CL, Saraiva MJ, Sipe JD, Husby G, Kyle RA, Selkoe D. 1999. Nomenclature of amyloid fibril proteins. Report from the meeting of the International Nomenclature Committee on Amyloidosis, 1998. Part 1. Amyloid 6:63-66.
109. Wisniewski T, Castaño EM, Ghiso J, Frangione B. 1993. Cerebrospinal fluid inhibits Alzheimer betaamyloid fibril formation in vitro. Ann Neurol 34:631-633.
110. Wisniewski T, Ghiso J, Frangione B. 1997. Biology of Aβ amyloid in Alzheimers disease. Neurobiol Dis 4:313-328.
111. Witte DP, Aronow BJ, Stauderman ML, Stuart WD, Clay MA, Gruppo RA, Jenkins SH, Harmony JA. 1993. Am J Pathol 143: 763-773.
112. Wu E, Brosnan CF, Raine CS. 1993. SP-40,40 immunoreactivity in inflammatory CNS lesions displaying astrocyte/oligodendrocyte interactions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 52:129-134.
113. Yan SD, Chen X, Fu J, Chen M, Zhu H, Roher A, Slattery T, Zhao L, Nagashima M, Morser J, Migheli A, Nawroth P, Stern D, Schmidt AM. 1996. RAGE and amyloid-beta peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 382:685-691.
114. Yasuhara O, Aimi Y, McGeer EG, McGeer PL. 1994. Expression of the complement membrane attack complex and its inhibitors in Pick disease brain. Brain Res 652:346-349.
115. Zhou Z, Smith JD, Greengard P, Gandy S. 1996. Alzheimer amyloid-beta peptide forms denaturant-resistant complex with type epsilon 3 but not type epsilon 4 isoform of native apolipoprotein E. Mol Med 2:175-180.
116. Zlokovic BV, Ghiso J, Mackic JB, McComb JG, Weiss MH, Frangione B. 1993. Bloodbrain barrier transport of circulating Alzheimer's amyloid beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 197:1034-1040.
117. Zlokovic BV, Martel CL, Mackic JB, Matsubara E, Wisniewski T, McComb JG, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 1994. Brain uptake of circulating apolipoproteins J and E complexed to Alzheimer's amyloid beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 205:1431-1437.
118. Zlokovic BV, Martel CL, Matsubara E, McComb JG, Zheng G, McCluskey RT, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 1996. Glycoprotein 330/megalin: probable role in receptor-mediated transport of apolipoprotein J alone and in a complex with Alzheimer disease amyloid beta at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:4229-4234.
119. Zlokovic BV, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 1999. Neurovascular Interactions of Alzheimer's Amyloid Peptide with Apolipoproteins J and E. In: Finch CE, editor. Clusterin in Normal Brain Functions and During Neurodegeneration. Texas: R.G. Landes Company. pp 71-87.
120. Zwain IH, Grima J, Stahler MS, Saso L, Cailleau J, Verhoeven G, Bardin CW, Cheng CY. 1993. Regulation of Sertoli cell alpha 2-macroglobulin and clusterin (SGP-2) secretion by peritubular myoid cells. Biol Reprod 48:180-187.