메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 103-186

Do “Brain-Training” Programs Work?

Author keywords

brain training; cognitive; cognitive training; learning; skill; transfer

Indexed keywords

COGNITION; HUMAN; LEARNING;

EID: 85009291803     PISSN: 15291006     EISSN: 15396053     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1529100616661983     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (819)

References (378)
  • 1
    • 85009269225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • “About Lumosity.” (2010). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150905164947/http://www.lumosity.com/about
    • (2010) About Lumosity [Internet archive]
  • 2
    • 85009257248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September, 5,. Retrieved from
    • “About us.” (2015, September 5). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150905140536/http://www.scilearn.com/company/about-us
    • (2015) About us [Internet archive]
  • 3
    • 78650973552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use it or lose it? Wii brain exercise practice and reading for domain knowledge
    • Ackerman P. L., Kanfer R., Calderwood C., (2010). Use it or lose it? Wii brain exercise practice and reading for domain knowledge. Psychology and Aging, 25, 753–766.
    • (2010) Psychology and Aging , vol.25 , pp. 753-766
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Kanfer, R.2    Calderwood, C.3
  • 5
    • 84888866175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can computerized working memory Training improve impaired working memory, cognition and psychological health?
    • Akerlund E., Esbjörnsson E., Sunnerhagen K. S., Björkdahl A., (2013). Can computerized working memory Training improve impaired working memory, cognition and psychological health? Brain Injury, 27, 1649–1657.
    • (2013) Brain Injury , vol.27 , pp. 1649-1657
    • Akerlund, E.1    Esbjörnsson, E.2    Sunnerhagen, K.S.3    Björkdahl, A.4
  • 7
    • 0142018493 scopus 로고
    • Retrieval time in forward and backward recall
    • Anders T. R., Lillyquist T. D., (1971). Retrieval time in forward and backward recall. Psychonomic Science, 22, 205–206.
    • (1971) Psychonomic Science , vol.22 , pp. 205-206
    • Anders, T.R.1    Lillyquist, T.D.2
  • 9
    • 84906940666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training changes processing of speech cues in older adults with hearing loss
    • Article,.
    • Anderson S., White-Schwoch T., Choi H. J., Kraus N., (2013). Training changes processing of speech cues in older adults with hearing loss. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 7, Article 97. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00097
    • (2013) Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience , vol.7 , pp. 97
    • Anderson, S.1    White-Schwoch, T.2    Choi, H.J.3    Kraus, N.4
  • 10
    • 84906898461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Partial maintenance of auditory-based cognitive training benefits in older adults
    • Anderson S., White-Schwoch T., Choi H. J., Kraus N., (2014). Partial maintenance of auditory-based cognitive training benefits in older adults. Neuropsychologia, 62, 286–296.
    • (2014) Neuropsychologia , vol.62 , pp. 286-296
    • Anderson, S.1    White-Schwoch, T.2    Choi, H.J.3    Kraus, N.4
  • 14
    • 84957426487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is NOT effective: A reply to Melby-Lervåg and Hulme (2015)
    • Au J., Buschkuehl M., Duncan G. J., Jaeggi S. M., (2016). There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is NOT effective: A reply to Melby-Lervåg and Hulme (2015). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 331–337.
    • (2016) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.23 , pp. 331-337
    • Au, J.1    Buschkuehl, M.2    Duncan, G.J.3    Jaeggi, S.M.4
  • 16
    • 84962924360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of neuroscience-based cognitive skill training on growth of cognitive deficits associated with learning disabilities in children Grades 2–4
    • Avtzon S. A., (2012). Effect of neuroscience-based cognitive skill training on growth of cognitive deficits associated with learning disabilities in children Grades 2–4. Learning Disabilities, 18, 111–112.
    • (2012) Learning Disabilities , vol.18 , pp. 111-112
    • Avtzon, S.A.1
  • 18
    • 58149433282 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of school practice
    • Bagley W. C., (1909). The psychology of school practice. Psychological Bulletin, 6, 78–83.
    • (1909) Psychological Bulletin , vol.6 , pp. 78-83
    • Bagley, W.C.1
  • 21
    • 78449299673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive training decreases motor vehicle collision involvement among older drivers
    • Jr. (,.
    • Ball K., Edwards J. D., Ross L. A., McGwin G., Jr. (2010). Cognitive training decreases motor vehicle collision involvement among older drivers. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 58, 2107–2113. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03138.x
    • (2010) Journal of the American Geriatric Society , vol.58 , pp. 2107-2113
    • Ball, K.1    Edwards, J.D.2    Ross, L.A.3    McGwin, G.4
  • 22
    • 84926682413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain training with non-action video games enhances aspects of cognition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial
    • Article,.
    • Ballesteros S., Prieto A., Mayas J., Toril P., Pita C., Ponce de León L., Waterworth J., (2014). Brain training with non-action video games enhances aspects of cognition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, Article 277. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00277
    • (2014) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , vol.6 , pp. 277
    • Ballesteros, S.1    Prieto, A.2    Mayas, J.3    Toril, P.4    Pita, C.5    Ponce de León, L.6    Waterworth, J.7
  • 23
    • 84928785653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corrigendum: Brain training with non-action video games enhances aspects of cognition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial
    • Article,.
    • Ballesteros S., Prieto A., Mayas J., Toril P., Pita C., Ponce de, León L., Reales J. M., Waterworth J., (2015) Corrigendum: Brain training with non-action video games enhances aspects of cognition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, Article 82. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00082
    • (2015) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , vol.7 , pp. 82
    • Ballesteros, S.1    Prieto, A.2    Mayas, J.3    Toril, P.4    Pita, C.5    Ponce, D.6    León, L.7    Reales, J.M.8    Waterworth, J.9
  • 26
    • 85047672328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer
    • Barnett S. M., Ceci S. J., (2002). When and where do we apply what we learn? A taxonomy for far transfer. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 612–637.
    • (2002) Psychological Bulletin , vol.128 , pp. 612-637
    • Barnett, S.M.1    Ceci, S.J.2
  • 27
    • 58749117444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can training in a real-time strategy videogame attenuate cognitive decline in older adults?
    • Basak C., Boot W. R., Voss M., Kramer A. F., (2008). Can training in a real-time strategy videogame attenuate cognitive decline in older adults? Psychology and Aging, 23, 765–777.
    • (2008) Psychology and Aging , vol.23 , pp. 765-777
    • Basak, C.1    Boot, W.R.2    Voss, M.3    Kramer, A.F.4
  • 28
    • 84971324051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rejection odds and rejection ratios: A proposal for statistical practice in testing hypotheses
    • Bayarri M. J., Benjamin D. J., Berger J. O., Sellke T. M., (2016). Rejection odds and rejection ratios: A proposal for statistical practice in testing hypotheses. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 72, 90–103.
    • (2016) Journal of Mathematical Psychology , vol.72 , pp. 90-103
    • Bayarri, M.J.1    Benjamin, D.J.2    Berger, J.O.3    Sellke, T.M.4
  • 31
    • 0037460196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: A systematic review
    • Bekelman J. E., Li Y., Gross C. P., (2003). Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289, 454–465.
    • (2003) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.289 , pp. 454-465
    • Bekelman, J.E.1    Li, Y.2    Gross, C.P.3
  • 34
    • 41949141297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive enhancement therapy and competitive employment in schizophrenia: Effects on clients with poor community functioning
    • Bell M. D., Zito W., Greig T., Wexler B. E., (2008a). Neurocognitive enhancement therapy and competitive employment in schizophrenia: Effects on clients with poor community functioning. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 11, 109–122.
    • (2008) American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation , vol.11 , pp. 109-122
    • Bell, M.D.1    Zito, W.2    Greig, T.3    Wexler, B.E.4
  • 35
    • 52949086845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with vocational services: Work outcomes at two-year follow-up
    • Bell M. D., Zito W., Greig T., Wexler B. E., (2008b). Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with vocational services: Work outcomes at two-year follow-up. Schizophrenia Research, 105, 18–29.
    • (2008) Schizophrenia Research , vol.105 , pp. 18-29
    • Bell, M.D.1    Zito, W.2    Greig, T.3    Wexler, B.E.4
  • 36
    • 0034891171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy: Effects on neuropsychological test performance
    • Bell M., Bryson G., Greig T., Corcoran C., Wexler B. E., (2001). Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy: Effects on neuropsychological test performance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 763–768.
    • (2001) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.58 , pp. 763-768
    • Bell, M.1    Bryson, G.2    Greig, T.3    Corcoran, C.4    Wexler, B.E.5
  • 37
    • 0038384075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive remediation of working memory deficits: Durability of training effects in severely impaired and less severely impaired schizophrenia
    • Bell M., Bryson G., Wexler B. E., (2003). Cognitive remediation of working memory deficits: Durability of training effects in severely impaired and less severely impaired schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 101–109.
    • (2003) Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , vol.108 , pp. 101-109
    • Bell, M.1    Bryson, G.2    Wexler, B.E.3
  • 38
    • 46949085671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy in schizophrenia: 6-month follow-up of neuropsychological performance
    • Bell M., Fiszdon J., Greig T., Wexler B., Bryson G., (2007). Neurocognitive enhancement therapy with work therapy in schizophrenia: 6-month follow-up of neuropsychological performance. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 44, 761–770.
    • (2007) Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development , vol.44 , pp. 761-770
    • Bell, M.1    Fiszdon, J.2    Greig, T.3    Wexler, B.4    Bryson, G.5
  • 39
    • 70350301291 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY, Teachers College, Columbia University
    • Bennett C. J. C., (1907). Formal discipline. New York, NY: Teachers College, Columbia University.
    • (1907) Formal discipline
    • Bennett, C.J.C.1
  • 40
    • 84883091342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computerized memory training leads to sustained improvement in visuo-spatial short term memory skills in children with Down syndrome
    • Bennett S., Holmes J., Buckley S., (2013). Computerized memory training leads to sustained improvement in visuo-spatial short term memory skills in children with Down syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118, 179–192. doi:10.1352/1944-7558-118.3.179
    • (2013) American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities , vol.118 , pp. 179-192
    • Bennett, S.1    Holmes, J.2    Buckley, S.3
  • 41
    • 80051657896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A proof of concept study
    • Bentwich J., Dobronevsky E., Aichenbaum S., Shorer R., Peretz R., Khaigrekht M... Rabey J. M., (2011). Beneficial effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A proof of concept study. Journal of Neural Transmission, 118, 463–471.
    • (2011) Journal of Neural Transmission , vol.118 , pp. 463-471
    • Bentwich, J.1    Dobronevsky, E.2    Aichenbaum, S.3    Shorer, R.4    Peretz, R.5    Khaigrekht, M.6    .. Rabey, J.M.7
  • 42
    • 79953768159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gains in fluid intelligence after training non-verbal reasoning in 4-year-old children: A controlled, randomized study
    • Bergman Nutley S., Söderqvist S., Bryde S., Thorell L. B., Humphreys K., Klingberg T. (2011). Gains in fluid intelligence after training non-verbal reasoning in 4-year-old children: A controlled, randomized study. Developmental Science, 14, 591–601.
    • (2011) Developmental Science , vol.14 , pp. 591-601
    • Bergman Nutley, S.1    Söderqvist, S.2    Bryde, S.3    Thorell, L.B.4    Humphreys, K.5    Klingberg, T.6
  • 43
  • 44
    • 85009257177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inside Out
    • June, 4,. Retrieved from
    • Best Funny Commercial. (2015, June 4). Inside Out Lumosity commercial 2015 HD [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2oM1YV21Wlg
    • (2015) Lumosity commercial 2015 HD [Video file]
  • 47
    • 85009281494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • August, 1,. Retrieved from
    • Bloomberg. (2016, August 1). Company overview of Posit Science Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=7757398
    • (2016) Company overview of Posit Science Corporation
  • 48
    • 84888105380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Video games as a means to reduce age-related cognitive decline: Attitudes, compliance, and effectiveness
    • Article,.
    • Boot W. R., Champion M., Blakely D. P., Wright T., Souders D. J., Charness N., (2013). Video games as a means to reduce age-related cognitive decline: Attitudes, compliance, and effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 31. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00031
    • (2013) Frontiers in Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 31
    • Boot, W.R.1    Champion, M.2    Blakely, D.P.3    Wright, T.4    Souders, D.J.5    Charness, N.6
  • 49
    • 54049103891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control
    • Boot W. R., Kramer A. F., Simons D. J., Fabiani M., Gratton G., (2008). The effects of video game playing on attention, memory, and executive control. Acta Psychologica, 129, 387–398.
    • (2008) Acta Psychologica , vol.129 , pp. 387-398
    • Boot, W.R.1    Kramer, A.F.2    Simons, D.J.3    Fabiani, M.4    Gratton, G.5
  • 50
    • 84879961091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: Why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects
    • Boot W. R., Simons D. J., Stothart C., Stutts C., (2013). The pervasive problem with placebos in psychology: Why active control groups are not sufficient to rule out placebo effects. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8, 445–454.
    • (2013) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.8 , pp. 445-454
    • Boot, W.R.1    Simons, D.J.2    Stothart, C.3    Stutts, C.4
  • 53
    • 84883110214 scopus 로고
    • Puffery” in advertising
    • September, ). Retrieved from
    • Boudreaux D. J., (1995, September). “Puffery” in advertising. The Free Market, 13(9). Retrieved from https://mises.org/library/puffery-advertising
    • (1995) The Free Market , vol.13 , Issue.9
    • Boudreaux, D.J.1
  • 54
    • 84879655889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive remediation for treatment-resistant depression: Effects on cognition and functioning and the role of online homework
    • Bowie C. R., Gupta M., Holshausen K., Jokic R., Best M., Milev R., (2013). Cognitive remediation for treatment-resistant depression: Effects on cognition and functioning and the role of online homework. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201, 680–685.
    • (2013) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , vol.201 , pp. 680-685
    • Bowie, C.R.1    Gupta, M.2    Holshausen, K.3    Jokic, R.4    Best, M.5    Milev, R.6
  • 55
    • 84863964845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined cognitive remediation and functional skills training for schizophrenia: Effects on cognition, functional competence, and real-world behavior
    • Bowie C. R., McGurk S. R., Mausbach B., Patterson T. L., Harvey P. D., (2014). Combined cognitive remediation and functional skills training for schizophrenia: Effects on cognition, functional competence, and real-world behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 710–718.
    • (2014) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.169 , pp. 710-718
    • Bowie, C.R.1    McGurk, S.R.2    Mausbach, B.3    Patterson, T.L.4    Harvey, P.D.5
  • 56
    • 0020700815 scopus 로고
    • Categorizing sounds and learning to read: A causal connection
    • Bradley L., Bryant P. E., (1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read: A causal connection. Nature, 301, 419–421.
    • (1983) Nature , vol.301 , pp. 419-421
    • Bradley, L.1    Bryant, P.E.2
  • 57
    • 85009288001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “Brain Age: Concentration training.” (2012). Retrieved from http://brainage.nintendo.com/why-concentration-training/
    • (2012)
  • 58
    • 85009255340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “Brain Age: Devilish training.” (2012). Retrieved from http://brainage.nintendo.com/devilish-training/
    • (2012)
  • 59
    • 84870439191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • January, 16,. Retrieved from
    • “Brain Age on TV.” (2012, January 16). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120116164307/http://brainage.com/launch/ontv.jsp?video=tvspot
    • (2012) [Internet archive]
  • 60
    • 84943746605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September, 9,. Retrieved from
    • “Brain training that works.” (2015, September 9). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150909153709/http://www.brainhq.com
    • (2015) [Internet archive]
  • 61
    • 85009283732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “Brain training that works.” (2016). Retrieved from http://easterseals.brainhq.com/
    • (2016)
  • 62
    • 84933674934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working-memory training in younger and older adults: Training gains, transfer, and maintenance
    • Article,.
    • Brehmer Y., Westerberg H., Bäckman L., (2012). Working-memory training in younger and older adults: Training gains, transfer, and maintenance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, Article 63. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00063
    • (2012) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , vol.6 , pp. 63
    • Brehmer, Y.1    Westerberg, H.2    Bäckman, L.3
  • 65
    • 84862315447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A narrative review of physical activity, nutrition, and obesity to cognition and scholastic performance across the human lifespan
    • Burkhalter T. M., Hillman C. H., (2011). A narrative review of physical activity, nutrition, and obesity to cognition and scholastic performance across the human lifespan. Advances in Nutrition, 2, 201S–206S.
    • (2011) Advances in Nutrition , vol.2 , pp. 201S-206S
    • Burkhalter, T.M.1    Hillman, C.H.2
  • 66
    • 85009255312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicole Kidman trains her brain
    • June, 25,. Retrieved from
    • Burman R., (2007, June 25). Nicole Kidman trains her brain. IGN.com. Retrieved from http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/06/25/nicole-kidman-trains-her-brain
    • (2007) IGN.com
    • Burman, R.1
  • 69
    • 0000831686 scopus 로고
    • The measurement of adult intelligence
    • Cattell R. B., (1943). The measurement of adult intelligence. Psychological Bulletin, 40, 153–193.
    • (1943) Psychological Bulletin , vol.40 , pp. 153-193
    • Cattell, R.B.1
  • 70
    • 84894505922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized clinical trial of Cogmed working memory training in school-age children with ADHD: A replication in a diverse sample using a control condition
    • Chacko A., Bedard A. C., Marks D. J., Feirsen N., Uderman J. Z., Chimiklis A... Ramon M., (2014). A randomized clinical trial of Cogmed working memory training in school-age children with ADHD: A replication in a diverse sample using a control condition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 247–255.
    • (2014) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 247-255
    • Chacko, A.1    Bedard, A.C.2    Marks, D.J.3    Feirsen, N.4    Uderman, J.Z.5    Chimiklis, A.6    .. Ramon, M.7
  • 71
    • 77957081718 scopus 로고
    • Memory
    • Bower, (ed), New York, NY, Academic Press,. In, (Ed.), (.,.
    • Chase W. G., Ericsson K. A., (1982). Memory. In Bower G. H., (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 16, pp. 1–58). New York, NY: Academic Press.
    • (1982) The psychology of learning and motivation , vol.16 , pp. 1-58
    • Chase, W.G.1    Ericsson, K.A.2
  • 73
    • 57249108425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mom, let me play more computer games: They improve my mental rotation skills
    • Cherney I. D., (2008). Mom, let me play more computer games: They improve my mental rotation skills. Sex Roles, 59, 776–786.
    • (2008) Sex Roles , vol.59 , pp. 776-786
    • Cherney, I.D.1
  • 75
    • 84865281950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory training does not improve intelligence in healthy young adults
    • Chooi W., Thompson L. A., (2012). Working memory training does not improve intelligence in healthy young adults. Intelligence, 40, 531–542. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.07.004
    • (2012) Intelligence , vol.40 , pp. 531-542
    • Chooi, W.1    Thompson, L.A.2
  • 76
    • 0023135113 scopus 로고
    • The effects of videogame playing on the response selection processing of elderly adults
    • Clark J. E., Lanphear A. K., Riddick C. C., (1987). The effects of videogame playing on the response selection processing of elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 82–85. doi:10.1093/geronj/42.1.82
    • (1987) Journal of Gerontology , vol.42 , pp. 82-85
    • Clark, J.E.1    Lanphear, A.K.2    Riddick, C.C.3
  • 77
    • 24144488612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative meta-analysis of the relationship between useful field of view and driving performance in older adults: Current and future implications
    • Clay O. J., Wadley V. G., Edwards J. D., Roth D. L., Roenker D. L., Ball K. K., (2005). Cumulative meta-analysis of the relationship between useful field of view and driving performance in older adults: Current and future implications. Optometry and Vision Science, 82, 724–731.
    • (2005) Optometry and Vision Science , vol.82 , pp. 724-731
    • Clay, O.J.1    Wadley, V.G.2    Edwards, J.D.3    Roth, D.L.4    Roenker, D.L.5    Ball, K.K.6
  • 79
    • 85009237052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “Cogmed solutions help consumers, professionals, and schools address attention problems.” (2015). Retrieved from http://www.cogmed.com/program
    • (2015)
  • 80
    • 85009283903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “A consensus on the brain training industry from the scientific community.” (2014). Retrieved from http://longevity3.stanford.edu/blog/2014/10/15/the-consensus-on-the-brain-training-industry-from-the-scientific-community-2/
    • (2014)
  • 81
    • 84923378011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials
    • Cortese S., Ferrin M., Brandeis D., Buitelaar J., Daley D., Dittmann R. W... European ADHD Guidelines Group. (2015). Cognitive training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta-analysis of clinical and neuropsychological outcomes from randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 164–174.
    • (2015) Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , vol.54 , pp. 164-174
    • Cortese, S.1    Ferrin, M.2    Brandeis, D.3    Buitelaar, J.4    Daley, D.5    Dittmann, R.W.6
  • 82
    • 84943746605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September, 15,. Retrieved from
    • “Cutting edge neuroscience personalized for you.” (2015, September 15). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150915095931/http://www.lumosity.com/
    • (2015) [Internet archive]
  • 83
    • 84943746605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September, 4,. Retrieved from
    • “Cutting edge science personalized for you.” (2015, September 4). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150904041409/http://www.lumosity.com
    • (2015) [Internet archive]
  • 84
    • 45849106902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum
    • Dahlin E., Neely A. S., Larsson A., Bäckman L., Nyberg L., (2008). Transfer of learning after updating training mediated by the striatum. Science, 320, 1510–1512.
    • (2008) Science , vol.320 , pp. 1510-1512
    • Dahlin, E.1    Neely, A.S.2    Larsson, A.3    Bäckman, L.4    Nyberg, L.5
  • 85
    • 84963576659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September, 17,. AARP. Retrieved from
    • David P., Gelfeld V., (2014, September 17). Brain Health Research Study. AARP. Retrieved from http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/research/surveys_statistics/health/2015/2014-Brain-Health-Research-Study-AARP-res-gen.pdf
    • (2014) Brain Health Research Study
    • David, P.1    Gelfeld, V.2
  • 86
    • 85009276698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • January, 20, 2014, Brain Health Research Study. Retrieved from
    • David P., Gelfeld V., (2015, January 20). 2014 Brain Health Research Study. Retrieved from http://www.aarp.org/research/topics/health/info-2015/staying-sharper-study.html
    • (2015)
    • David, P.1    Gelfeld, V.2
  • 87
    • 56249102077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why do intelligent people live longer?
    • Deary I. J., (2008). Why do intelligent people live longer? Nature, 13, 175–176.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.13 , pp. 175-176
    • Deary, I.J.1
  • 89
    • 0013372427 scopus 로고
    • Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Mouton, [The thought of the chess player].,. (Original work published 1946)
    • de Groot A. D. (1978). Het denken van de schaker [The thought of the chess player]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Mouton. (Original work published 1946)
    • (1978) Het denken van de schaker
    • de Groot, A.D.1
  • 90
    • 79551486294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tonic and phasic alertness training: A novel behavioral therapy to improve spatial and non-spatial attention in patients with hemispatial neglect
    • Article,.
    • DeGutis J. M., Van Vleet T. M., (2010). Tonic and phasic alertness training: A novel behavioral therapy to improve spatial and non-spatial attention in patients with hemispatial neglect. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, Article 60. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00060
    • (2010) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , vol.4 , pp. 60
    • DeGutis, J.M.1    Van Vleet, T.M.2
  • 91
    • 0036728370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving children’s mental rotation accuracy with computer game playing
    • De Lisi R., Wolford J. L. (2002). Improving children’s mental rotation accuracy with computer game playing. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 163, 272–282.
    • (2002) The Journal of Genetic Psychology , vol.163 , pp. 272-282
    • De Lisi, R.1    Wolford, J.L.2
  • 94
    • 85044684854 scopus 로고
    • The learning strategies program: An examination of the strategies in skill acquisition [Special issue]
    • (Eds.). (
    • Donchin E., Fabiani M., Sanders A., (Eds.). (1989). The learning strategies program: An examination of the strategies in skill acquisition [Special issue]. Acta Psychologica, 71, 1–309.
    • (1989) Acta Psychologica , vol.71 , pp. 1-309
    • Donchin, E.1    Fabiani, M.2    Sanders, A.3
  • 95
    • 0022668677 scopus 로고
    • Effect of playing a video game on a measure of spatial visualization
    • Dorval M., Pepin M., (1986). Effect of playing a video game on a measure of spatial visualization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 159–162.
    • (1986) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.62 , pp. 159-162
    • Dorval, M.1    Pepin, M.2
  • 96
    • 84957441307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reevaluating the effectiveness of n-back training on transfer through the Bayesian lens: Support for the null
    • Dougherty M. R., Hamovitz T., Tidwell J. W., (2016). Reevaluating the effectiveness of n-back training on transfer through the Bayesian lens: Support for the null. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 206–316.
    • (2016) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.23 , pp. 206-316
    • Dougherty, M.R.1    Hamovitz, T.2    Tidwell, J.W.3
  • 97
    • 85009254116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does Cogmed working memory training really improve inattention in daily life?
    • April, 4,. Retrieved from
    • Dovis S., van Rentergem J. A., Huizenga H. M., (2015, April 4). Does Cogmed working memory training really improve inattention in daily life? A reanalysis [Reader comment]. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/148c2260-54ce-4d85-a49b-740053f6dbc8
    • (2015) A reanalysis [Reader comment]
    • Dovis, S.1    van Rentergem, J.A.2    Huizenga, H.M.3
  • 99
    • 44549088145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Training-induced structural changes in the adult human brain
    • Draganski B., May A. (2008). Training-induced structural changes in the adult human brain. Behavioural Brain Research, 192, 137–142.
    • (2008) Behavioural Brain Research , vol.192 , pp. 137-142
    • Draganski, B.1    May, A.2
  • 100
    • 84943746605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • May, 2,. Retrieved from
    • “Drivesharp online training.” (2015, May 2). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150502194800/https://www.usaa.com/inet/pages/drivesharp_online_product_page_complex_module
    • (2015) [Internet archive]
  • 101
    • 84878359087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving students’ learning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology
    • Dunlosky J., Rawson K. A., Marsh E. J., Nathan M. J., Willingham D. T., (2013). Improving students’ learning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14, 4–58.
    • (2013) Psychological Science in the Public Interest , vol.14 , pp. 4-58
    • Dunlosky, J.1    Rawson, K.A.2    Marsh, E.J.3    Nathan, M.J.4    Willingham, D.T.5
  • 102
    • 84939875070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does working memory training promote the use of strategies on untrained working memory tasks?
    • Dunning D. L., Holmes J., (2014). Does working memory training promote the use of strategies on untrained working memory tasks? Memory & Cognition, 42, 854–862.
    • (2014) Memory & Cognition , vol.42 , pp. 854-862
    • Dunning, D.L.1    Holmes, J.2
  • 103
    • 84885469440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does working memory training lead to generalized improvements in children with low working memory? A randomized controlled trial
    • Dunning D. L., Holmes J., Gathercole S. E., (2013). Does working memory training lead to generalized improvements in children with low working memory? A randomized controlled trial. Developmental Science, 16, 915–925. doi:10.1111/desc.12068
    • (2013) Developmental Science , vol.16 , pp. 915-925
    • Dunning, D.L.1    Holmes, J.2    Gathercole, S.E.3
  • 109
  • 110
    • 84885070480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Few effects of far transfer of working memory training in ADHD: A randomized controlled trial
    • Egeland J., Aarlien A. K., Saunes B.-K., (2013). Few effects of far transfer of working memory training in ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e75660. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075660
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , Issue.10 , pp. e75660
    • Egeland, J.1    Aarlien, A.K.2    Saunes, B.-K.3
  • 111
    • 84891925982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Business not as usual
    • Eich E., (2014). Business not as usual. Psychological Science, 25, 3–6.
    • (2014) Psychological Science , vol.25 , pp. 3-6
    • Eich, E.1
  • 112
    • 33847123375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence in experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance
    • Ericsson, Charness, Feltovich, Hoffman, (eds), Cambridge, England, Cambridge University Press,. In, (Eds.), (.
    • Ericsson K. A., (2006). The influence in experience and deliberate practice on the development of superior expert performance. In Ericsson K. A., Charness N., Feltovich P. J., Hoffman R. R., (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 683–703). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2006) The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance , pp. 683-703
    • Ericsson, K.A.1
  • 113
    • 0142005540 scopus 로고
    • Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition
    • Ericsson K. A., Charness N., (1994). Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49, 725–747.
    • (1994) American Psychologist , vol.49 , pp. 725-747
    • Ericsson, K.A.1    Charness, N.2
  • 114
    • 0019151534 scopus 로고
    • Acquisition of a memory skill
    • Ericsson K. A., Chase W. G., Faloon S., (1980). Acquisition of a memory skill. Science, 208, 1181–1182.
    • (1980) Science , vol.208 , pp. 1181-1182
    • Ericsson, K.A.1    Chase, W.G.2    Faloon, S.3
  • 116
    • 12044257789 scopus 로고
    • The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance
    • Ericsson K. A., Krampe R. T., Tesch-Römer C., (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406.
    • (1993) Psychological Review , vol.100 , pp. 363-406
    • Ericsson, K.A.1    Krampe, R.T.2    Tesch-Römer, C.3
  • 117
    • 85009258375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • Federal Trade Commission. (2016a). [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2016/01/lumosity-pay-2-million-settle-ftc-deceptive-advertising-charges
    • (2016) [Press release]
  • 118
    • 85009235841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • Federal Trade Commission. (2016b). Complaint against Lumos Labs. Retrieved from https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabscmpt.pdf
    • (2016) Complaint against Lumos Labs
  • 119
    • 85009264899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • Federal Trade Commission. (2016c). Settlement with Lumos Labs. Retrieved from https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160105lumoslabsstip.pdf
    • (2016) Settlement with Lumos Labs
  • 120
    • 34548539765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition
    • Feng J., Spence I., Pratt J., (2007). Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition. Psychological Science, 18, 850–855.
    • (2007) Psychological Science , vol.18 , pp. 850-855
    • Feng, J.1    Spence, I.2    Pratt, J.3
  • 123
    • 84555219903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computerised cognitive training for older persons with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study using a randomised controlled trial design
    • Finn M., McDonald S., (2011). Computerised cognitive training for older persons with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study using a randomised controlled trial design. Brain Impairment, 12, 187–199.
    • (2011) Brain Impairment , vol.12 , pp. 187-199
    • Finn, M.1    McDonald, S.2
  • 124
    • 67649910516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using neuroplasticity-based auditory training to improve verbal memory in schizophrenia
    • Fisher M., Holland C., Merzenich M. M., Vinogradov S., (2009). Using neuroplasticity-based auditory training to improve verbal memory in schizophrenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 805–811.
    • (2009) The American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.166 , pp. 805-811
    • Fisher, M.1    Holland, C.2    Merzenich, M.M.3    Vinogradov, S.4
  • 125
    • 77958187804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroplasticity-based cognitive training in schizophrenia: An interim report on the effects 6 months later
    • Fisher M., Holland C., Subramaniam K., Vinogradov S., (2010). Neuroplasticity-based cognitive training in schizophrenia: An interim report on the effects 6 months later. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 869–879.
    • (2010) Schizophrenia Bulletin , vol.36 , pp. 869-879
    • Fisher, M.1    Holland, C.2    Subramaniam, K.3    Vinogradov, S.4
  • 126
    • 84923210600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroplasticity-based auditory training via laptop computer improves cognition in young individuals with recent onset schizophrenia
    • Fisher M., Loewy R., Carter C., Lee A., Ragland J. D., Niendam T... Vinogradov S., (2015). Neuroplasticity-based auditory training via laptop computer improves cognition in young individuals with recent onset schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, 250–258.
    • (2015) Schizophrenia Bulletin , vol.41 , pp. 250-258
    • Fisher, M.1    Loewy, R.2    Carter, C.3    Lee, A.4    Ragland, J.D.5    Niendam, T.6    .. Vinogradov, S.7
  • 127
    • 84875874338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive interventions targeting brain plasticity in the prodromal and early phases of schizophrenia
    • Fisher M., Loewy R., Hardy K., Schlosser D., Vinogradov S., (2013). Cognitive interventions targeting brain plasticity in the prodromal and early phases of schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 435–463.
    • (2013) Annual Review of Clinical Psychology , vol.9 , pp. 435-463
    • Fisher, M.1    Loewy, R.2    Hardy, K.3    Schlosser, D.4    Vinogradov, S.5
  • 128
    • 1142309481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Durability of cognitive remediation training in schizophrenia: Performance on two memory tasks at 6-month and 12-month follow-up
    • Fiszdon J. M., Bryson G. J., Wexler B. E., Bell M. D., (2004). Durability of cognitive remediation training in schizophrenia: Performance on two memory tasks at 6-month and 12-month follow-up. Psychiatry Research, 125, 1–7.
    • (2004) Psychiatry Research , vol.125 , pp. 1-7
    • Fiszdon, J.M.1    Bryson, G.J.2    Wexler, B.E.3    Bell, M.D.4
  • 129
    • 84928769424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive cognitive training enhances executive control and visuospatial and verbal working memory in beginning readers
    • Foy J. G., Mann V. A., (2014). Adaptive cognitive training enhances executive control and visuospatial and verbal working memory in beginning readers. International Education Research, 2(2), 19–43.
    • (2014) International Education Research , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 19-43
    • Foy, J.G.1    Mann, V.A.2
  • 130
    • 84877132533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific vs general cognitive remediation for executive functioning in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized trial
    • Franck N., Duboc C., Sundby C., Amado I., Wykes T., Demily C.,.. Cognitive Remediation Network. (2013). Specific vs general cognitive remediation for executive functioning in schizophrenia: A multicenter randomized trial. Schizophrenia Research, 147, 68–74.
    • (2013) Schizophrenia Research , vol.147 , pp. 68-74
    • Franck, N.1    Duboc, C.2    Sundby, C.3    Amado, I.4    Wykes, T.5    Demily, C.6
  • 131
    • 85009235826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “Frequently asked questions.” (2015). Retrieved from http://www.cogmed.com/faq
    • (2015)
  • 132
    • 85009260124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • , ). Retrieved from
    • “Frequently asked questions.” (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwchttp://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/document.aspx?sid=15
  • 134
    • 84892446989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline: A systematic review
    • Gard T., Hölzel B. K., Lazar S. W., (2014). The potential effects of meditation on age-related cognitive decline: A systematic review. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1307, 89–103.
    • (2014) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.1307 , pp. 89-103
    • Gard, T.1    Hölzel, B.K.2    Lazar, S.W.3
  • 136
    • 2442529865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory skills and educational attainment: Evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age
    • Gathercole S. E., Pickering S. J., Knight C., Stegmann Z., (2004). Working memory skills and educational attainment: Evidence from national curriculum assessments at 7 and 14 years of age. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 1–16.
    • (2004) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.18 , pp. 1-16
    • Gathercole, S.E.1    Pickering, S.J.2    Knight, C.3    Stegmann, Z.4
  • 139
    • 0003081266 scopus 로고
    • Schema induction and analogical transfer
    • Gick M. L., Holyoak K. J., (1983). Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 1–38.
    • (1983) Cognitive Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 1-38
    • Gick, M.L.1    Holyoak, K.J.2
  • 141
    • 0000451783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill
    • Gobet F., Simon H. A., (1996). Recall of rapidly presented random chess positions is a function of skill. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 159–163.
    • (1996) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.3 , pp. 159-163
    • Gobet, F.1    Simon, H.A.2
  • 142
    • 84870239270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a computerized working memory training program on working memory, attention, and academics in adolescents with severe LD and comorbid ADHD: A randomized controlled trial
    • Gray S. A., Chaban P., Martinussen R., Goldberg R., Gotlieb H., Kronitz R... Tannock R., (2012). Effects of a computerized working memory training program on working memory, attention, and academics in adolescents with severe LD and comorbid ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 1277–1284.
    • (2012) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 1277-1284
    • Gray, S.A.1    Chaban, P.2    Martinussen, R.3    Goldberg, R.4    Gotlieb, H.5    Kronitz, R.6    .. Tannock, R.7
  • 143
    • 0038700754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Action video game modifies visual selective attention
    • Green C. S., Bavelier D., (2003). Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature, 423, 534–537.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.423 , pp. 534-537
    • Green, C.S.1    Bavelier, D.2
  • 145
    • 33745575751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enumeration versus multiple object tracking: The case of action video game players
    • Green C. S., Bavelier D., (2006b). Enumeration versus multiple object tracking: The case of action video game players. Cognition, 101, 217–245.
    • (2006) Cognition , vol.101 , pp. 217-245
    • Green, C.S.1    Bavelier, D.2
  • 146
    • 33947262589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Action video game experience alters the spatial resolution of attention
    • Green C. S., Bavelier D., (2007). Action video game experience alters the spatial resolution of attention. Psychological Science, 18, 88–94.
    • (2007) Psychological Science , vol.18 , pp. 88-94
    • Green, C.S.1    Bavelier, D.2
  • 147
    • 77956333182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A general mechanism for learning with action video games: Improved probabilistic inference
    • Green C. S., Pouget A., Bavelier D., (2010). A general mechanism for learning with action video games: Improved probabilistic inference. Current Biology, 20, 1573–15792.
    • (2010) Current Biology , vol.20 , pp. 1573-15792
    • Green, C.S.1    Pouget, A.2    Bavelier, D.3
  • 148
    • 84897035247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On methodological standards in training and transfer experiments
    • Green C. S., Strobach T., Schubert T., (2014). On methodological standards in training and transfer experiments. Psychological Research, 78, 756–772.
    • (2014) Psychological Research , vol.78 , pp. 756-772
    • Green, C.S.1    Strobach, T.2    Schubert, T.3
  • 150
    • 84866448749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will working memory training generalize to improve off-task behavior in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
    • Green C. T., Long D. L., Green D., Iosif A., Dixon F., Miller M. R... Schweitzer J. B., (2012). Will working memory training generalize to improve off-task behavior in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder? Neurotherapeutics, 9, 639–648.
    • (2012) Neurotherapeutics , vol.9 , pp. 639-648
    • Green, C.T.1    Long, D.L.2    Green, D.3    Iosif, A.4    Dixon, F.5    Miller, M.R.6    .. Schweitzer, J.B.7
  • 152
    • 34848832017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved cognitive function in schizophrenia after one year of cognitive training and vocational services
    • Greig T. C., Zito W., Wexler B. E., Fiszdon J., Bell M. D., (2007). Improved cognitive function in schizophrenia after one year of cognitive training and vocational services. Schizophrenia Research, 96, 156–161.
    • (2007) Schizophrenia Research , vol.96 , pp. 156-161
    • Greig, T.C.1    Zito, W.2    Wexler, B.E.3    Fiszdon, J.4    Bell, M.D.5
  • 153
    • 0020805520 scopus 로고
    • Differences in eye-hand motor coordination of video-game users and non-users
    • Griffith J. L., Voloschin P., Gibb G. D., Bailey J. R., (1983). Differences in eye-hand motor coordination of video-game users and non-users. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, 155–158.
    • (1983) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.57 , pp. 155-158
    • Griffith, J.L.1    Voloschin, P.2    Gibb, G.D.3    Bailey, J.R.4
  • 156
    • 0003017251 scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical models of individual differences in cognitive abilities
    • Sternberg, (ed), Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum,. In, (Ed.), (.,.
    • Gustafsson J.-E., (1988). Hierarchical models of individual differences in cognitive abilities. In Sternberg R. J., (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (Vol. 4, pp. 35–71). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1988) Advances in the psychology of human intelligence , vol.4 , pp. 35-71
    • Gustafsson, J.-E.1
  • 158
    • 84875937202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive training improves sleep quality and cognitive function among older adults with insomnia
    • Haimov I., Shatil E., (2013). Cognitive training improves sleep quality and cognitive function among older adults with insomnia. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e61390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061390
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , Issue.4 , pp. e61390
    • Haimov, I.1    Shatil, E.2
  • 160
    • 84897762119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing visual attention and working memory with a web-based cognitive training program
    • Hardy J. L., Drescher D., Sarkar K., Kellett G., Scanlon M., (2011). Enhancing visual attention and working memory with a web-based cognitive training program. Mensa Research Journal, 42(2), 13–20.
    • (2011) Mensa Research Journal , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 13-20
    • Hardy, J.L.1    Drescher, D.2    Sarkar, K.3    Kellett, G.4    Scanlon, M.5
  • 161
    • 84947475254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing cognitive abilities with comprehensive training: A large, online, randomized, active-controlled trial
    • ), e0134467.
    • Hardy J. L., Nelson R. A., Thomason M. E., Sternberg D. A., Katovich K., Farzin F., Scanlon M., (2015). Enhancing cognitive abilities with comprehensive training: A large, online, randomized, active-controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 10(9), e0134467. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134467
    • (2015) PLoS ONE , vol.10 , Issue.9
    • Hardy, J.L.1    Nelson, R.A.2    Thomason, M.E.3    Sternberg, D.A.4    Katovich, K.5    Farzin, F.6    Scanlon, M.7
  • 162
    • 84880697461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory training in survivors of pediatric cancer: A randomized pilot study
    • Hardy K. K., Willard V. W., Allen T. M., Bonner M. J., (2013). Working memory training in survivors of pediatric cancer: A randomized pilot study. Psycho-Oncology, 22, 1856–1865. doi:10.1002/pon.3222
    • (2013) Psycho-Oncology , vol.22 , pp. 1856-1865
    • Hardy, K.K.1    Willard, V.W.2    Allen, T.M.3    Bonner, M.J.4
  • 166
    • 0034202776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The power law repealed: The case for an exponential law of practice
    • Heathcote A., Brown S., Mewhort D. J. K., (2000). The power law repealed: The case for an exponential law of practice. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7, 185–207.
    • (2000) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.7 , pp. 185-207
    • Heathcote, A.1    Brown, S.2    Mewhort, D.J.K.3
  • 167
    • 84868632871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Musical training as a framework for brain plasticity: Behavior, function, and structure
    • Herholz S. C., Zatorre R. J., (2012). Musical training as a framework for brain plasticity: Behavior, function, and structure. Neuron, 76, 486–502.
    • (2012) Neuron , vol.76 , pp. 486-502
    • Herholz, S.C.1    Zatorre, R.J.2
  • 168
    • 70349179900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced?
    • Hertzog C., Kramer A. F., Wilson R. S., Lindenberger U., (2008). Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9, 1–65.
    • (2008) Psychological Science in the Public Interest , vol.9 , pp. 1-65
    • Hertzog, C.1    Kramer, A.F.2    Wilson, R.S.3    Lindenberger, U.4
  • 170
    • 37349069492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition
    • Hillman C. H., Erickson K. I., Kramer A. F., (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 59–65.
    • (2008) Nature Reviews Neuroscience , vol.9 , pp. 59-65
    • Hillman, C.H.1    Erickson, K.I.2    Kramer, A.F.3
  • 171
    • 67049088234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children
    • Holmes J., Gathercole S. E., Dunning D. L., (2009). Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Developmental Science, 12(4), F9–F15.
    • (2009) Developmental Science , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. F9-F15
    • Holmes, J.1    Gathercole, S.E.2    Dunning, D.L.3
  • 174
    • 84880802454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Look again: Effects of brain images and mind–brain dualism on lay evaluations of research
    • Hook C. J., Farah M. J., (2013). Look again: Effects of brain images and mind–brain dualism on lay evaluations of research. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 1397–1405.
    • (2013) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , vol.25 , pp. 1397-1405
    • Hook, C.J.1    Farah, M.J.2
  • 175
    • 23044528612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of Fast ForWord training on facilitating acquisition of reading skills by children with reading difficulties—A longitudinal study
    • Hook P. E., Macaruso P., Jones S., (2001). Efficacy of Fast ForWord training on facilitating acquisition of reading skills by children with reading difficulties—A longitudinal study. Annals of Dyslexia, 51, 75–96.
    • (2001) Annals of Dyslexia , vol.51 , pp. 75-96
    • Hook, P.E.1    Macaruso, P.2    Jones, S.3
  • 176
    • 84879462233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of combined cognitive plus social-cognitive training on amygdala response during face emotion recognition in schizophrenia
    • Hooker C. I., Bruce L., Fisher M., Verosky S. C., Miyakawa A., D’Esposito M., Vinogradov S., (2013). The influence of combined cognitive plus social-cognitive training on amygdala response during face emotion recognition in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 213, 99–107.
    • (2013) Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging , vol.213 , pp. 99-107
    • Hooker, C.I.1    Bruce, L.2    Fisher, M.3    Verosky, S.C.4    Miyakawa, A.5    D’Esposito, M.6    Vinogradov, S.7
  • 177
    • 84863779699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural activity during emotion recognition after combined cognitive plus social cognitive training in schizophrenia
    • Hooker C. I., Bruce L., Fisher M., Verosky S. C., Miyakawa A., Vinogradov S., (2012). Neural activity during emotion recognition after combined cognitive plus social cognitive training in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 139, 53–59.
    • (2012) Schizophrenia Research , vol.139 , pp. 53-59
    • Hooker, C.I.1    Bruce, L.2    Fisher, M.3    Verosky, S.C.4    Miyakawa, A.5    Vinogradov, S.6
  • 178
    • 85009268074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “How is Cogmed different.” (2015). Retrieved from http://www.cogmed.com/how-is-cogmed-different
    • (2015)
  • 179
    • 85009287602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “How is Cogmed different from other cognitive training programs?” (2015). Retrieved from http://www.cogmed.com/cogmed-cognitive-training-programs
    • (2015)
  • 180
    • 85009263811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • , ). Retrieved from
    • “The Human Cognition Project: Bibliography.” (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lumosity.com/hcp/research/bibliography
  • 182
    • 84943746605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September, 6,. Retrieved from
    • “Improve your brain while having fun.” (2015, September 6). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150906125111/https://www.cognifit.com/
    • (2015) [Internet archive]
  • 183
    • 84901721266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why most published research findings are false
    • Ioannidis J. P., (2005). Why most published research findings are false. Chance, 18(4), 40–47.
    • (2005) Chance , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 40-47
    • Ioannidis, J.P.1
  • 184
    • 84940367398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the applied benefits of perceptual training: Lessons from studies of training working-memory
    • Article,.
    • Jacoby N., Ahissar M., (2015). Assessing the applied benefits of perceptual training: Lessons from studies of training working-memory. Journal of Vision, 15, Article 6. doi:10.1167/15.10.6
    • (2015) Journal of Vision , vol.15 , pp. 6
    • Jacoby, N.1    Ahissar, M.2
  • 188
    • 77952629561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure
    • Jaeggi S. M., Buschkuehl M., Perrig W. J., Meier B., (2010). The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure. Memory, 18, 394–412.
    • (2010) Memory , vol.18 , pp. 394-412
    • Jaeggi, S.M.1    Buschkuehl, M.2    Perrig, W.J.3    Meier, B.4
  • 189
    • 84896762183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer
    • Jaeggi S. M., Buschkuehl M., Shah P., Jonides J., (2014). The role of individual differences in cognitive training and transfer. Memory & Cognition, 42, 464–480.
    • (2014) Memory & Cognition , vol.42 , pp. 464-480
    • Jaeggi, S.M.1    Buschkuehl, M.2    Shah, P.3    Jonides, J.4
  • 192
    • 38549151273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Model Human Processor and the older adult: Parameter estimation and validation within a mobile phone task
    • Jastrzembski T. S., Charness N., (2007). The Model Human Processor and the older adult: Parameter estimation and validation within a mobile phone task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 13, 224–248.
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.13 , pp. 224-248
    • Jastrzembski, T.S.1    Charness, N.2
  • 194
    • 84928464213 scopus 로고
    • The emergence of the word length effect in young children: The effects of overt and covert rehearsal
    • Johnston R. S., Johnson C., Gray C., (1987). The emergence of the word length effect in young children: The effects of overt and covert rehearsal. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 243-248.
    • (1987) British Journal of Developmental Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 243-248
    • Johnston, R.S.1    Johnson, C.2    Gray, C.3
  • 196
    • 0037968236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference
    • Kane M. J., Engle R. W., (2003). Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 47–70.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.132 , pp. 47-70
    • Kane, M.J.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 198
    • 84941992374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Likelihood of null effects of large NHLBI clinical trials has increased over time
    • Kaplan R. M., Irvin V. L., (2015). Likelihood of null effects of large NHLBI clinical trials has increased over time. PLoS ONE, 10(8), E0132382. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132382
    • (2015) PLoS ONE , vol.10 , Issue.8 , pp. E0132382
    • Kaplan, R.M.1    Irvin, V.L.2
  • 199
    • 84910614981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Making working memory work: A meta-analysis of executive-control and working memory training in older adults
    • Karbach J., Verhaeghen P., (2014). Making working memory work: A meta-analysis of executive-control and working memory training in older adults. Psychological Science, 25, 2027–2037.
    • (2014) Psychological Science , vol.25 , pp. 2027-2037
    • Karbach, J.1    Verhaeghen, P.2
  • 200
    • 85009272478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can cognitive training make you smarter? Interview with author Dan Hurley
    • January, 27,. Retrieved from
    • Kaufman S. B., (2014, January 27). Can cognitive training make you smarter? Interview with author Dan Hurley. Scientific American Blogs. Retrieved from http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/can-brain-training-make-you-smarter-interview-with-author-dan-hurley/
    • (2014) Scientific American Blogs
    • Kaufman, S.B.1
  • 202
  • 206
    • 0002700883 scopus 로고
    • Training for attentional control in dual task settings: A comparison of young and old adults
    • Kramer A. F., Larish J. F., Strayer D. L., (1995). Training for attentional control in dual task settings: A comparison of young and old adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1, 50–76.
    • (1995) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.1 , pp. 50-76
    • Kramer, A.F.1    Larish, J.F.2    Strayer, D.L.3
  • 207
    • 0942278856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic performance, career potential, creativity, and job performance: Can one construct predict them all?
    • Kuncel N. R., Hezlett S. A., Ones D. S., (2004). Academic performance, career potential, creativity, and job performance: Can one construct predict them all? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 148–161.
    • (2004) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 148-161
    • Kuncel, N.R.1    Hezlett, S.A.2    Ones, D.S.3
  • 208
  • 209
    • 33845288927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-assisted cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: What is the active ingredient?
    • Kurtz M. M., Seltzer J. C., Shagan D. S., Thime W. R., Wexler B. E., (2007). Computer-assisted cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: What is the active ingredient? Schizophrenia Research, 89, 251–260.
    • (2007) Schizophrenia Research , vol.89 , pp. 251-260
    • Kurtz, M.M.1    Seltzer, J.C.2    Shagan, D.S.3    Thime, W.R.4    Wexler, B.E.5
  • 210
    • 46249099874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Symptoms versus neurocognition as predictors of change in life skills in schizophrenia after outpatient rehabilitation
    • Kurtz M. M., Wexler B. E., Fujimoto M., Shagan D. S., Seltzer J. C., (2008). Symptoms versus neurocognition as predictors of change in life skills in schizophrenia after outpatient rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Research, 102, 303–311.
    • (2008) Schizophrenia Research , vol.102 , pp. 303-311
    • Kurtz, M.M.1    Wexler, B.E.2    Fujimoto, M.3    Shagan, D.S.4    Seltzer, J.C.5
  • 211
    • 84899785809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sailing from the seas of chaos into the corridor of stability practical recommendations to increase the informational value of studies
    • Lakens D., Evers E. R., (2014). Sailing from the seas of chaos into the corridor of stability practical recommendations to increase the informational value of studies. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9, 278–292.
    • (2014) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.9 , pp. 278-292
    • Lakens, D.1    Evers, E.R.2
  • 212
    • 84908197241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The timecourse of global cognitive gains from supervised computer-assisted cognitive training: A randomised, active-controlled trial in elderly with multiple dementia risk factors
    • Lampit A., Hallock H., Moss R., Kwok S., Rosser M., Lukjanenko M... Valenzuela M., (2014). The timecourse of global cognitive gains from supervised computer-assisted cognitive training: A randomised, active-controlled trial in elderly with multiple dementia risk factors. Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, 1, 33–39.
    • (2014) Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease , vol.1 , pp. 33-39
    • Lampit, A.1    Hallock, H.2    Moss, R.3    Kwok, S.4    Rosser, M.5    Lukjanenko, M.6    .. Valenzuela, M.7
  • 213
    • 0001109897 scopus 로고
    • The effects of graduate training on reasoning: Formal discipline and thinking about everyday-life events
    • Lehman D. R., Lempert R. O., Nisbett R. E., (1988). The effects of graduate training on reasoning: Formal discipline and thinking about everyday-life events. American Psychologist, 43, 431–442.
    • (1988) American Psychologist , vol.43 , pp. 431-442
    • Lehman, D.R.1    Lempert, R.O.2    Nisbett, R.E.3
  • 214
    • 0348078091 scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal study of the effects of undergraduate training on reasoning
    • Lehman D. R., Nisbett R. E., (1990). A longitudinal study of the effects of undergraduate training on reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 26, 952–960.
    • (1990) Developmental Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 952-960
    • Lehman, D.R.1    Nisbett, R.E.2
  • 216
    • 79954993735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research
    • Leon A. C., Davis L. L., Kraemer H. C., (2011). The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 626–629.
    • (2011) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.45 , pp. 626-629
    • Leon, A.C.1    Davis, L.L.2    Kraemer, H.C.3
  • 217
    • 67349273350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing the contrast sensitivity function through action video game training
    • Li R., Polat U., Makous W., Bavelier D., (2009). Enhancing the contrast sensitivity function through action video game training. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 549–551.
    • (2009) Nature Neuroscience , vol.12 , pp. 549-551
    • Li, R.1    Polat, U.2    Makous, W.3    Bavelier, D.4
  • 218
    • 79251551388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing backward masking through action game training
    • ), Article 33.
    • Li R., Polat U., Scalzo F., Bavelier D., (2010). Reducing backward masking through action game training. Journal of Vision, 10(14), Article 33. doi:10.1167/10.14.33
    • (2010) Journal of Vision , vol.10 , Issue.14
    • Li, R.1    Polat, U.2    Scalzo, F.3    Bavelier, D.4
  • 219
  • 221
    • 85009235864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • January, 5, [Video file]. (,. Retrieved from
    • “Lumosity to pay $2M over allegations that its ads deceived customers.” [Video file]. (2016, January 5). NBC Nightly News. Retrieved from http://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/lumosity-to-pay--2m-over-allegations-that-its-ads-deceived-customers-596362307693
    • (2016) NBC Nightly News
  • 222
    • 77955906224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computerized training of working memory in a group of patients suffering from acquired brain injury
    • Lundqvist A., Grundström K., Samuelsson K., Rönnberg J., (2010). Computerized training of working memory in a group of patients suffering from acquired brain injury. Brain Injury, 24, 1173–1183.
    • (2010) Brain Injury , vol.24 , pp. 1173-1183
    • Lundqvist, A.1    Grundström, K.2    Samuelsson, K.3    Rönnberg, J.4
  • 225
  • 226
    • 33749658176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: Scientific bases for a novel intervention
    • Mahncke H. W., Bronstone A., Merzenich M. M., (2006). Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: Scientific bases for a novel intervention. Progress in Brain Research, 157, 81–109.
    • (2006) Progress in Brain Research , vol.157 , pp. 81-109
    • Mahncke, H.W.1    Bronstone, A.2    Merzenich, M.M.3
  • 228
    • 0035619463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Backward and simultaneous masking measured in children with language-learning impairments who received intervention with Fast ForWord or Laureate Learning Systems software
    • Marler J. A., Champlin C. A., Gillam R. B., (2001). Backward and simultaneous masking measured in children with language-learning impairments who received intervention with Fast ForWord or Laureate Learning Systems software. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 10, 258–268.
    • (2001) American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology , vol.10 , pp. 258-268
    • Marler, J.A.1    Champlin, C.A.2    Gillam, R.B.3
  • 229
    • 84898658950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasticity of attentional functions in older adults after non-action video game training: A randomized, controlled trial
    • Mayas J., Parmentier F. B. R., Andres P., Ballesteros S., (2014). Plasticity of attentional functions in older adults after non-action video game training: A randomized, controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e92269. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092269
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. e92269
    • Mayas, J.1    Parmentier, F.B.R.2    Andres, P.3    Ballesteros, S.4
  • 231
    • 40649094992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing is believing: The effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning
    • McCabe D. P., Castel A. D., (2008). Seeing is believing: The effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning. Cognition, 107, 343–352.
    • (2008) Cognition , vol.107 , pp. 343-352
    • McCabe, D.P.1    Castel, A.D.2
  • 232
    • 84856889176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain training in older adults: Evidence of transfer to memory span performance and pseudo-Matthew effects
    • McDougall S., House B., (2012). Brain training in older adults: Evidence of transfer to memory span performance and pseudo-Matthew effects. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 19, 195–221.
    • (2012) Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , vol.19 , pp. 195-221
    • McDougall, S.1    House, B.2
  • 233
    • 0035710569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory capacity and strategy use
    • McNamara D. S., Scott J. L., (2001). Working memory capacity and strategy use. Memory & Cognition, 29, 10–17.
    • (2001) Memory & Cognition , vol.29 , pp. 10-17
    • McNamara, D.S.1    Scott, J.L.2
  • 234
    • 84883019069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review
    • Melby-Lervåg M., Hulme C., (2013). Is working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review. Developmental Psychology, 49, 270–291.
    • (2013) Developmental Psychology , vol.49 , pp. 270-291
    • Melby-Lervåg, M.1    Hulme, C.2
  • 235
    • 84979988410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of “far transfer”: Evidence from a meta-analytic review
    • Melby-Lervåg M., Redick T., Hulme C., (2016). Working memory training does not improve performance on measures of intelligence or other measures of “far transfer”: Evidence from a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 512–534.
    • (2016) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.11 , pp. 512-534
    • Melby-Lervåg, M.1    Redick, T.2    Hulme, C.3
  • 237
    • 80051718142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational benefits of using game consoles in a primary classroom: A randomised controlled trial
    • Miller D. J., Robertson D. P., (2011). Educational benefits of using game consoles in a primary classroom: A randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42, 850–864.
    • (2011) British Journal of Educational Technology , vol.42 , pp. 850-864
    • Miller, D.J.1    Robertson, D.P.2
  • 239
    • 84930028181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural plasticity underlying visual perceptual learning in aging
    • Mishra J., Rolle C., Gazzaley A., (2014). Neural plasticity underlying visual perceptual learning in aging. Brain Research, 1612, 140–151.
    • (2014) Brain Research , vol.1612 , pp. 140-151
    • Mishra, J.1    Rolle, C.2    Gazzaley, A.3
  • 240
    • 0035906308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials
    • Moher D., Schulz K. F., Altman D., (2001). The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomized trials. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 1987–1991.
    • (2001) Journal of the American Medical Association , vol.285 , pp. 1987-1991
    • Moher, D.1    Schulz, K.F.2    Altman, D.3
  • 241
    • 84880035034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiating two-from three-dimensional mental rotation training effects
    • Moreau D., (2013). Differentiating two-from three-dimensional mental rotation training effects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 1399–1413.
    • (2013) The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , vol.66 , pp. 1399-1413
    • Moreau, D.1
  • 244
    • 0002550143 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the power law of practice
    • Anderson, (ed), Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum,. In, (Ed.), (.
    • Newell A., Rosenbloom P. S., (1981). Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the power law of practice. In Anderson J. R., (Ed.), Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 1–55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    • (1981) Cognitive skills and their acquisition , pp. 1-55
    • Newell, A.1    Rosenbloom, P.S.2
  • 245
    • 85009259049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • Nintendo Corp. (2015). Top selling software units: Nintendo DS. Retrieved from http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/sales/software/ds.html
    • (2015) Top selling software units: Nintendo DS
  • 247
    • 70350513548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive plasticity in adulthood and old age: Gauging the generality of cognitive intervention effects
    • Noack H., Lövdén M., Schmiedek F., Linderberger U., (2009). Cognitive plasticity in adulthood and old age: Gauging the generality of cognitive intervention effects. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 27, 435–453.
    • (2009) Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience , vol.27 , pp. 435-453
    • Noack, H.1    Lövdén, M.2    Schmiedek, F.3    Linderberger, U.4
  • 248
    • 84855673904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain training game improves executive functions and processing speed in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial
    • Nouchi R., Taki Y., Takeuchi H., Hashizume H., Akitsuki Y., Shigemune Y... Kawashima R., (2012). Brain training game improves executive functions and processing speed in the elderly: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 7(1), e29676. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029676
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. e29676
    • Nouchi, R.1    Taki, Y.2    Takeuchi, H.3    Hashizume, H.4    Akitsuki, Y.5    Shigemune, Y.6    .. Kawashima, R.7
  • 249
    • 84873540417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain training game boosts executive functions, working memory and processing speed in the young adults: A randomized controlled trial
    • Nouchi R., Taki Y., Takeuchi H., Hashizume H., Nozawa T., Kambara T... Kawashima R., (2013). Brain training game boosts executive functions, working memory and processing speed in the young adults: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 8(2), e55518. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055518
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. e55518
    • Nouchi, R.1    Taki, Y.2    Takeuchi, H.3    Hashizume, H.4    Nozawa, T.5    Kambara, T.6    .. Kawashima, R.7
  • 251
    • 84874824399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancing cognition with video games: A multiple game training study
    • Oei A. C., Patterson M. D., (2013). Enhancing cognition with video games: A multiple game training study. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e58546. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058546
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. e58546
    • Oei, A.C.1    Patterson, M.D.2
  • 252
    • 84901658663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing a puzzle video game with changing requirements improves executive functions
    • Oei A. C., Patterson M. D., (2014). Playing a puzzle video game with changing requirements improves executive functions. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 216–228.
    • (2014) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.37 , pp. 216-228
    • Oei, A.C.1    Patterson, M.D.2
  • 253
    • 0001859987 scopus 로고
    • Effects of video game playing on measures of spatial performance: Gender effects in late adolescence
    • Okagaki L., Frensch P. A., (1994). Effects of video game playing on measures of spatial performance: Gender effects in late adolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 15, 33–58.
    • (1994) Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 33-58
    • Okagaki, L.1    Frensch, P.A.2
  • 256
    • 79751527335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computer-based, personalized cognitive training versus classical computer games: A randomized double-blind prospective trial of cognitive stimulation
    • Peretz C., Korczyn A. D., Shatil E., Aharonson V., Birnboim S., Giladi N., (2011). Computer-based, personalized cognitive training versus classical computer games: A randomized double-blind prospective trial of cognitive stimulation. Neuroepidemiology, 36, 91–99.
    • (2011) Neuroepidemiology , vol.36 , pp. 91-99
    • Peretz, C.1    Korczyn, A.D.2    Shatil, E.3    Aharonson, V.4    Birnboim, S.5    Giladi, N.6
  • 257
    • 26444530107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Industry sponsorship and financial conflict of interest in the reporting of clinical trials in psychiatry
    • Perlis R. H., Perlis C. S., Wu Y., Hwang C., Joseph M., Nierenberg A. A., (2005). Industry sponsorship and financial conflict of interest in the reporting of clinical trials in psychiatry. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1957–1960.
    • (2005) The American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.162 , pp. 1957-1960
    • Perlis, R.H.1    Perlis, C.S.2    Wu, Y.3    Hwang, C.4    Joseph, M.5    Nierenberg, A.A.6
  • 258
    • 84943746605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September, 10,. Retrieved from
    • “Philips brain fitness powered by BrainHQ.” (2015, September 10). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150910052723/http://www.lifelinesys.com/BrainFitness
    • (2015) [Internet archive]
  • 259
    • 84898913558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poor comprehenders in the classroom: Teacher ratings of behavioural outcomes in children with specific reading comprehension difficulties
    • Pimperton H., Nation K., (2012). Poor comprehenders in the classroom: Teacher ratings of behavioural outcomes in children with specific reading comprehension difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 47, 199–207.
    • (2012) Journal of Learning Disabilities , vol.47 , pp. 199-207
    • Pimperton, H.1    Nation, K.2
  • 260
    • 0017876340 scopus 로고
    • Modifiability of fluid intelligence in aging: A short-term longitudinal training approach
    • Plemons J. K., Willis S. L., Baltes P. B., (1978). Modifiability of fluid intelligence in aging: A short-term longitudinal training approach. Journal of Gerontology, 22, 224–231.
    • (1978) Journal of Gerontology , vol.22 , pp. 224-231
    • Plemons, J.K.1    Willis, S.L.2    Baltes, P.B.3
  • 263
    • 79951654496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific cognitive training normalizes auditory sensory gating in schizophrenia: A randomized trial
    • Popov T., Jordanov T., Rockstroh B., Elbert T., Merzenich M. M., Miller G. A., (2011). Specific cognitive training normalizes auditory sensory gating in schizophrenia: A randomized trial. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 465–471.
    • (2011) Biological Psychiatry , vol.69 , pp. 465-471
    • Popov, T.1    Jordanov, T.2    Rockstroh, B.3    Elbert, T.4    Merzenich, M.M.5    Miller, G.A.6
  • 264
    • 84864015485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjusting brain dynamics in schizophrenia by means of perceptual and cognitive training
    • Popov T., Rockstroh B., Weisz N., Elbert T., Miller G. A., (2012). Adjusting brain dynamics in schizophrenia by means of perceptual and cognitive training. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e39051. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039051
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. e39051
    • Popov, T.1    Rockstroh, B.2    Weisz, N.3    Elbert, T.4    Miller, G.A.5
  • 265
    • 85009258394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • Posit Science Corporation. (2010). DriveSharp: Overview + installation [Manual]. Retrieved from http://www.brainhq.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/ds_install.pdf
    • (2010) DriveSharp: Overview + installation [Manual]
  • 266
  • 268
    • 84933674250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personalized cognitive training in unipolar and bipolar disorder: A study of cognitive functioning
    • Article,.
    • Preiss M., Shatil E., Cˇermáková R., Cimermanová D., Ram I., (2013). Personalized cognitive training in unipolar and bipolar disorder: A study of cognitive functioning. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, Article 108. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00108
    • (2013) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , vol.7 , pp. 108
    • Preiss, M.1    Shatil, E.2    Cˇermáková, R.3    Cimermanová, D.4    Ram, I.5
  • 270
    • 84878016038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized, double-blind study
    • Rabey J. M., Dobronevsky E., Aichenbaum S., Gonen O., Marton R. G., Khaigrekht M., (2013). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized, double-blind study. Journal of Neural Transmission, 120, 813–819.
    • (2013) Journal of Neural Transmission , vol.120 , pp. 813-819
    • Rabey, J.M.1    Dobronevsky, E.2    Aichenbaum, S.3    Gonen, O.4    Marton, R.G.5    Khaigrekht, M.6
  • 271
    • 84952875719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do you believe in brain training? A questionnaire about expectations of computerised cognitive training
    • Rabipour S., Davidson P. S., (2015). Do you believe in brain training? A questionnaire about expectations of computerised cognitive training. Behavioural Brain Research, 295, 64–70.
    • (2015) Behavioural Brain Research , vol.295 , pp. 64-70
    • Rabipour, S.1    Davidson, P.S.2
  • 272
    • 84888138792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do programs designed to train working memory, other executive functions, and attention benefit children with ADHD? A meta-analytic review of cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes
    • Rapport M. D., Orban S. A., Kofler M. J., Friedman L. M., (2013). Do programs designed to train working memory, other executive functions, and attention benefit children with ADHD? A meta-analytic review of cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 1237–1252.
    • (2013) Clinical Psychology Review , vol.33 , pp. 1237-1252
    • Rapport, M.D.1    Orban, S.A.2    Kofler, M.J.3    Friedman, L.M.4
  • 274
    • 84892805142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten-year effects of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cognitive training trial on cognition and everyday functioning in older adults
    • Rebok G. W., Ball K., Guey L. T., Jones R. N., Kim H. Y., King J. W... Willis S. L., (2014). Ten-year effects of the advanced cognitive training for independent and vital elderly cognitive training trial on cognition and everyday functioning in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 62, 16–24.
    • (2014) Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , vol.62 , pp. 16-24
    • Rebok, G.W.1    Ball, K.2    Guey, L.T.3    Jones, R.N.4    Kim, H.Y.5    King, J.W.6    .. Willis, S.L.7
  • 275
    • 84923037431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory training and interpreting interactions in intelligence interventions
    • Redick T. S., (2015). Working memory training and interpreting interactions in intelligence interventions. Intelligence, 50, 14–20.
    • (2015) Intelligence , vol.50 , pp. 14-20
    • Redick, T.S.1
  • 277
    • 84897044418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Videogame interventions and spatial ability interactions
    • Article 183.
    • Redick T. S., Webster S. B., (2014). Videogame interventions and spatial ability interactions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 183. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00183
    • (2014) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , vol.8
    • Redick, T.S.1    Webster, S.B.2
  • 278
    • 84881251505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Education is associated with higher later life IQ scores, but not with faster cognitive processing speed
    • Ritchie S. J., Bates T. C., Der G., Starr J. M., Deary I. J., (2013). Education is associated with higher later life IQ scores, but not with faster cognitive processing speed. Psychology and Aging, 28, 515–521.
    • (2013) Psychology and Aging , vol.28 , pp. 515-521
    • Ritchie, S.J.1    Bates, T.C.2    Der, G.3    Starr, J.M.4    Deary, I.J.5
  • 279
    • 84928577225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is education associated with improvements in general cognitive ability or in specific skills?
    • Ritchie S. J., Bates T. C., Deary I. J., (2015). Is education associated with improvements in general cognitive ability or in specific skills? Developmental Psychology, 51, 573–582.
    • (2015) Developmental Psychology , vol.51 , pp. 573-582
    • Ritchie, S.J.1    Bates, T.C.2    Deary, I.J.3
  • 280
    • 79959214936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can improving working memory prevent academic difficulties? A school based randomised controlled trial
    • Article,.
    • Roberts G., Quach J., Gold L., Anderson P., Rickards F., Mensah F... Wake M., (2011). Can improving working memory prevent academic difficulties? A school based randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics, 11, Article 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-57
    • (2011) BMC Pediatrics , vol.11 , pp. 57
    • Roberts, G.1    Quach, J.2    Gold, L.3    Anderson, P.4    Rickards, F.5    Mensah, F.6    .. Wake, M.7
  • 281
    • 84965137215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Academic outcomes 2 years after working memory training for children with low working memory: A randomized clinical trial
    • Roberts G., Quach J., Spencer-Smith M., Anderson P., Gathercole S., Gold L... Wake M., (2016). Academic outcomes 2 years after working memory training for children with low working memory: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 170, e154568. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4568
    • (2016) JAMA Pediatrics , vol.170 , pp. e154568
    • Roberts, G.1    Quach, J.2    Spencer-Smith, M.3    Anderson, P.4    Gathercole, S.5    Gold, L.6    .. Wake, M.7
  • 282
    • 84878364068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying cognitive psychology to education: Translational educational science
    • Roediger H. L., (2013). Applying cognitive psychology to education: Translational educational science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 14, 1–3.
    • (2013) Psychological Science in the Public Interest , vol.14 , pp. 1-3
    • Roediger, H.L.1
  • 287
    • 77957924790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological changes in auditory function following training in children with autism spectrum disorders
    • ), Article,.
    • Russo N. M., Hornickel J., Nicol T., Zecker S., Kraus N., (2010). Biological changes in auditory function following training in children with autism spectrum disorders. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(1), Article 60. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-60
    • (2010) Behavioral and Brain Functions , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 60
    • Russo, N.M.1    Hornickel, J.2    Nicol, T.3    Zecker, S.4    Kraus, N.5
  • 290
    • 0030194684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition
    • Salthouse T. A., (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403–428.
    • (1996) Psychological Review , vol.103 , pp. 403-428
    • Salthouse, T.A.1
  • 293
    • 84965393809 scopus 로고
    • New conceptualizations of practice: Common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training
    • Schmidt R. A., Bjork R. A., (1992). New conceptualizations of practice: Common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training. Psychological Science, 3, 207–217.
    • (1992) Psychological Science , vol.3 , pp. 207-217
    • Schmidt, R.A.1    Bjork, R.A.2
  • 294
    • 0034865476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reciprocal effects of leisure time activities and intellectual functioning in older people: A longitudinal analysis
    • Schooler C., Mulatu M. S., (2001). The reciprocal effects of leisure time activities and intellectual functioning in older people: A longitudinal analysis. Psychology and Aging, 16, 466–482.
    • (2001) Psychology and Aging , vol.16 , pp. 466-482
    • Schooler, C.1    Mulatu, M.S.2
  • 295
    • 0032850997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The continuing effects of substantively complex work on the intellectual functioning of older workers
    • Schooler C., Mulatu M. S., Oates G., (1999). The continuing effects of substantively complex work on the intellectual functioning of older workers. Psychology and Aging, 14, 483–506.
    • (1999) Psychology and Aging , vol.14 , pp. 483-506
    • Schooler, C.1    Mulatu, M.S.2    Oates, G.3
  • 296
    • 7044241311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational self-direction intellectual functioning, and self-directed orientation in older workers: Findings and implications for individuals and society
    • Schooler C., Mulatu M. S., Oates G., (2004). Occupational self-direction intellectual functioning, and self-directed orientation in older workers: Findings and implications for individuals and society. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 161–197.
    • (2004) American Journal of Sociology , vol.110 , pp. 161-197
    • Schooler, C.1    Mulatu, M.S.2    Oates, G.3
  • 297
    • 80052870943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extending brain-training to the affective domain: Increasing cognitive and affective executive control through emotional working memory training
    • ), e24372.
    • Schweizer S., Hampshire A., Dalgleish T., (2011). Extending brain-training to the affective domain: Increasing cognitive and affective executive control through emotional working memory training. PLoS ONE, 6(9), e24372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024372
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6 , Issue.9
    • Schweizer, S.1    Hampshire, A.2    Dalgleish, T.3
  • 300
    • 84875965555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does combined cognitive training and physical activity training enhance cognitive abilities more than either alone? A four-condition randomized controlled trial among healthy older adults
    • Article,.
    • Shatil E., (2013). Does combined cognitive training and physical activity training enhance cognitive abilities more than either alone? A four-condition randomized controlled trial among healthy older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 5, Article 8. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00008
    • (2013) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience , vol.5 , pp. 8
    • Shatil, E.1
  • 301
    • 84903783854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel television-based cognitive training improves working memory and executive function
    • Shatil E., Mikulecka J., Bellotti F., Bureš V., (2014). Novel television-based cognitive training improves working memory and executive function. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e101472. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101472
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9 , Issue.7 , pp. e101472
    • Shatil, E.1    Mikulecka, J.2    Bellotti, F.3    Bureš, V.4
  • 302
  • 303
  • 305
    • 80555145867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant
    • Simmons J. P., Nelson L. D., Simonsohn U., (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359–1366.
    • (2011) Psychological Science , vol.22 , pp. 1359-1366
    • Simmons, J.P.1    Nelson, L.D.2    Simonsohn, U.3
  • 307
    • 85009272817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science or sciencey [part 3]
    • September, 30,. Retrieved from
    • Simons D., (2013, September 30). Science or sciencey [part 3]. [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://theinvisiblegorilla.com/blog/2010/09/30/science-or-sciencey-part-3/
    • (2013) [Blog post]
    • Simons, D.1
  • 308
    • 85009272833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 19 questions about video games, multitasking, and aging (a HI-BAR commentary on a new Nature paper)
    • September, 5,. Retrieved from
    • Simons D., (2013, September 5). 19 questions about video games, multitasking, and aging (a HI-BAR commentary on a new Nature paper). [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://blog.dansimons.com/2013/09/19-questions-about-video-games.html
    • (2013) [Blog post]
    • Simons, D.1
  • 309
    • 0024075018 scopus 로고
    • Age and outstanding achievement: What do we know after a century of research?
    • Simonton D. K., (1988). Age and outstanding achievement: What do we know after a century of research? Psychological Bulletin, 104, 251–267.
    • (1988) Psychological Bulletin , vol.104 , pp. 251-267
    • Simonton, D.K.1
  • 310
    • 0002352434 scopus 로고
    • Creativity and wisdom in aging
    • Birren, Schaie, (eds), 3rd ed., New York, NY, Academic Press,. In, (Eds.),.
    • Simonton D. K., (1990). Creativity and wisdom in aging. In Birren J. E., Schaie K. W., (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 320–329). New York, NY: Academic Press.
    • (1990) Handbook of the psychology of aging , pp. 320-329
    • Simonton, D.K.1
  • 311
    • 85013076349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creativity: Cognitive, personal, developmental, and social aspects
    • Simonton D. K., (2000). Creativity: Cognitive, personal, developmental, and social aspects. American Psychologist, 55, 151–158.
    • (2000) American Psychologist , vol.55 , pp. 151-158
    • Simonton, D.K.1
  • 312
    • 8744316922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domain specificity of spatial expertise: The case of video game players
    • Sims V. K., Mayer R. E., (2002). Domain specificity of spatial expertise: The case of video game players. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 97–115.
    • (2002) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 97-115
    • Sims, V.K.1    Mayer, R.E.2
  • 314
    • 63849214997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: Results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) Study
    • Smith G. E., Housen P., Yaffe K., Ruff R., Kennison R. F., Mahncke H. W., Zelinski E. M., (2009). A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: Results from the Improvement in Memory with Plasticity-based Adaptive Cognitive Training (IMPACT) Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 594–603.
    • (2009) Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , vol.57 , pp. 594-603
    • Smith, G.E.1    Housen, P.2    Yaffe, K.3    Ruff, R.4    Kennison, R.F.5    Mahncke, H.W.6    Zelinski, E.M.7
  • 316
    • 84991554804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial to measure the impact of a community-based cognitive training intervention on balance and gait in cognitively intact black older adults
    • Smith-Ray R. L., Makowski-Woidan B., Hughes S. L., (2014). A randomized trial to measure the impact of a community-based cognitive training intervention on balance and gait in cognitively intact black older adults. Health Education & Behavior, 41(Suppl. 1), 62S–69S.
    • (2014) Health Education & Behavior, 41 , pp. 62S-69S
    • Smith-Ray, R.L.1    Makowski-Woidan, B.2    Hughes, S.L.3
  • 317
    • 84873621070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments
    • Sonuga-Barke E. J., Brandeis D., Cortese S., Daley D., Ferrin M., Holtmann M.,.. European ADHD Guidelines Group. (2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 275–289.
    • (2013) The American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.170 , pp. 275-289
    • Sonuga-Barke, E.J.1    Brandeis, D.2    Cortese, S.3    Daley, D.4    Ferrin, M.5    Holtmann, M.6
  • 318
    • 84925643435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefits of a working memory training program for inattention in daily life: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Spencer-Smith M., Klingberg T., (2015). Benefits of a working memory training program for inattention in daily life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0119522. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119522
    • (2015) PLoS ONE , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. e0119522
    • Spencer-Smith, M.1    Klingberg, T.2
  • 320
    • 0032440963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of action of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin receptors and pathways mediate therapeutic effects and side effects
    • Stahl S. M., (1998). Mechanism of action of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin receptors and pathways mediate therapeutic effects and side effects. Journal of Affective Disorders, 51, 215–235.
    • (1998) Journal of Affective Disorders , vol.51 , pp. 215-235
    • Stahl, S.M.1
  • 321
    • 0003049940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wisdom and the social-interactive foundation of the mind
    • Baltes, Staudinger, (eds), New York, NY, Cambridge University Press,. In, (Eds.), (.
    • Staudinger U. M., (1996). Wisdom and the social-interactive foundation of the mind. In Baltes P. B., Staudinger U. M., (Eds.), Interactive minds (pp. 276–315). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1996) Interactive minds , pp. 276-315
    • Staudinger, U.M.1
  • 322
  • 323
    • 0026872655 scopus 로고
    • Wisdom-related knowledge in a life-review task: Age differences and the role of professional specialization
    • Staudinger U. M., Smith J., Baltes P. B., (1992). Wisdom-related knowledge in a life-review task: Age differences and the role of professional specialization. Psychology and Aging, 7, 271–281.
    • (1992) Psychology and Aging , vol.7 , pp. 271-281
    • Staudinger, U.M.1    Smith, J.2    Baltes, P.B.3
  • 324
    • 84897956954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The malleability of working memory and visuospatial skills: A randomized controlled study in older adults
    • Stepankova H., Lukavsky J., Buschkuehl M., Kopecek M., Ripova D., Jaeggi S. M., (2014). The malleability of working memory and visuospatial skills: A randomized controlled study in older adults. Developmental Psychology, 50, 1049–1059.
    • (2014) Developmental Psychology , vol.50 , pp. 1049-1059
    • Stepankova, H.1    Lukavsky, J.2    Buschkuehl, M.3    Kopecek, M.4    Ripova, D.5    Jaeggi, S.M.6
  • 325
    • 67349266609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive reserve
    • Stern Y., (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2015–2028.
    • (2009) Neuropsychologia , vol.47 , pp. 2015-2028
    • Stern, Y.1
  • 326
    • 41949093437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanisms of selective auditory attention are enhanced by computerized training: Electrophysiological evidence from language-impaired and typically developing children
    • Stevens C., Fanning J., Coch D., Sanders L., Neville H., (2008). Neural mechanisms of selective auditory attention are enhanced by computerized training: Electrophysiological evidence from language-impaired and typically developing children. Brain Research, 1205, 55–69.
    • (2008) Brain Research , vol.1205 , pp. 55-69
    • Stevens, C.1    Fanning, J.2    Coch, D.3    Sanders, L.4    Neville, H.5
  • 327
    • 84856499223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive interventions
    • Schaie, Willis, (eds), 7th ed., New York, NY, Elsevier,. In, (Eds.),.
    • Stine-Morrow E. A. L., Basak C., (2011). Cognitive interventions. In Schaie K. W., Willis S. L., (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (7th ed., pp. 153–170). New York, NY: Elsevier.
    • (2011) Handbook of the psychology of aging , pp. 153-170
    • Stine-Morrow, E.A.L.1    Basak, C.2
  • 329
    • 85009256464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Education and learning: Lifespan perspectives
    • Wright, (ed), 2nd ed., Oxford, England, Elsevier,. In, (Ed.),.,.
    • Stine-Morrow E. A. L., Payne B. R., (2015). Education and learning: Lifespan perspectives. In Wright J. D., (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (2nd ed., Vol. 7, pp. 137–143). Oxford, England: Elsevier.
    • (2015) International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences , vol.7 , pp. 137-143
    • Stine-Morrow, E.A.L.1    Payne, B.R.2
  • 330
    • 84907835428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition a placebo effect?
    • ): E109557.
    • Stothart C. R., Simons D. J., Boot W. R., Kramer A. F., (2014). Is the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition a placebo effect? PLoS ONE, 9(10): E109557. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109557
    • (2014) PLoS ONE , vol.9 , Issue.10
    • Stothart, C.R.1    Simons, D.J.2    Boot, W.R.3    Kramer, A.F.4
  • 331
    • 84889655332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurocognitive enhancement in older adults: Comparison of three cognitive training tasks to test a hypothesis of training transfer in brain connectivity
    • Strenziok M., Parasuraman R., Clarke E., Cisler D. S., Thompson J. C., Greenwood P. M., (2014). Neurocognitive enhancement in older adults: Comparison of three cognitive training tasks to test a hypothesis of training transfer in brain connectivity. NeuroImage, 85, 1027–1039.
    • (2014) NeuroImage , vol.85 , pp. 1027-1039
    • Strenziok, M.1    Parasuraman, R.2    Clarke, E.3    Cisler, D.S.4    Thompson, J.C.5    Greenwood, P.M.6
  • 332
    • 84858715740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Video game practice optimizes executive control skills in dual-task and task switching situations
    • Strobach T., Frensch P. A., Schubert T., (2012). Video game practice optimizes executive control skills in dual-task and task switching situations. Acta Psychologica, 140, 13–24.
    • (2012) Acta Psychologica , vol.140 , pp. 13-24
    • Strobach, T.1    Frensch, P.A.2    Schubert, T.3
  • 333
    • 85009284004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “Studies on cognitive training benefits.” (2014). Retrieved from http://www.cognitivetrainingdata.org/studies-cognitive-training-benefits
    • (2014)
  • 335
    • 84857321491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computerized cognitive training restores neural activity within the reality monitoring network in schizophrenia
    • Subramaniam K., Luks T. L., Fisher M., Simpson G. V., Nagarajan S., Vinogradov S., (2012). Computerized cognitive training restores neural activity within the reality monitoring network in schizophrenia. Neuron, 73, 842–853.
    • (2012) Neuron , vol.73 , pp. 842-853
    • Subramaniam, K.1    Luks, T.L.2    Fisher, M.3    Simpson, G.V.4    Nagarajan, S.5    Vinogradov, S.6
  • 336
    • 84903543582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive cognitive training in schizophrenia enhances working memory and associated prefrontal cortical efficiency in a manner that drives long-term functional gains
    • Subramaniam K., Luks T. L., Garrett C., Chung C., Fisher M., Nagarajan S., Vinogradov S., (2014). Intensive cognitive training in schizophrenia enhances working memory and associated prefrontal cortical efficiency in a manner that drives long-term functional gains. NeuroImage, 99, 281–292.
    • (2014) NeuroImage , vol.99 , pp. 281-292
    • Subramaniam, K.1    Luks, T.L.2    Garrett, C.3    Chung, C.4    Fisher, M.5    Nagarajan, S.6    Vinogradov, S.7
  • 337
    • 34147128627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of working memory on reading growth in subgroups of children with reading disabilities
    • Swanson H. L., Jerman O., (2007). The influence of working memory on reading growth in subgroups of children with reading disabilities. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 96, 249–283.
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , vol.96 , pp. 249-283
    • Swanson, H.L.1    Jerman, O.2
  • 338
    • 84889654601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental dyscalculia is related to visuo-spatial memory and inhibition impairment
    • Szucs D., Devine A., Soltesz F., Nobes A., Gabriel F., (2013). Developmental dyscalculia is related to visuo-spatial memory and inhibition impairment. Cortex, 49, 2674–2688.
    • (2013) Cortex , vol.49 , pp. 2674-2688
    • Szucs, D.1    Devine, A.2    Soltesz, F.3    Nobes, A.4    Gabriel, F.5
  • 339
    • 84883706637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature and transfer of cognitive skills
    • Taatgen N. A., (2013). The nature and transfer of cognitive skills. Psychological Review, 120, 439–471. doi:10.1037/a0033138
    • (2013) Psychological Review , vol.120 , pp. 439-471
    • Taatgen, N.A.1
  • 340
    • 80052006511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory training using mental calculation impacts regional gray matter of the frontal and parietal regions
    • Takeuchi H., Taki Y., Sassa Y., Hashizume H., Sekiguchi A., Fukushima A., Kawashima R., (2011). Working memory training using mental calculation impacts regional gray matter of the frontal and parietal regions. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23175. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023175
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6 , Issue.8 , pp. e23175
    • Takeuchi, H.1    Taki, Y.2    Sassa, Y.3    Hashizume, H.4    Sekiguchi, A.5    Fukushima, A.6    Kawashima, R.7
  • 341
    • 0030023111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech
    • Tallal P., Miller S. L., Bedi G., Byma G., Wang X., Nagarajan S. S... Merzenich M. M., (1996). Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science, 271, 81–84.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 81-84
    • Tallal, P.1    Miller, S.L.2    Bedi, G.3    Byma, G.4    Wang, X.5    Nagarajan, S.S.6    .. Merzenich, M.M.7
  • 342
    • 84928106373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain enhancement through cognitive training: A new insight from brain connectome
    • Article 44.
    • Taya F., Sun Y., Babiloni F., Beszerianos A., (2015). Brain enhancement through cognitive training: A new insight from brain connectome. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 9, Article 44. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00044
    • (2015) Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience , vol.9
    • Taya, F.1    Sun, Y.2    Babiloni, F.3    Beszerianos, A.4
  • 344
    • 0037713003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forward and backward recall different response time patterns, same retrieval order
    • Thomas J. G., Milner H. R., Haberlandt K. F., (2003). Forward and backward recall different response time patterns, same retrieval order. Psychological Science, 14, 169–174.
    • (2003) Psychological Science , vol.14 , pp. 169-174
    • Thomas, J.G.1    Milner, H.R.2    Haberlandt, K.F.3
  • 348
    • 85009283983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ). Retrieved from
    • “Trained vs. non-trained tasks cont.” (2015). Retrieved from http://www.cogmed.com/trained-nontrained-tasks-cont
    • (2015)
  • 351
    • 85009244372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • May, 19,. Retrieved from
    • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2016, May 19). Step 3: Clinical research. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Drugs/ucm405622.htm
    • (2016) Step 3: Clinical research
  • 352
    • 33847689420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ACCELERATE study: The longitudinal effect of speed of processing training on cognitive performance of older adults
    • Vance D. E., Dawson J., Wadley V., Edwards J., Roenker D., Rizzo M., Ball K., (2007). The ACCELERATE study: The longitudinal effect of speed of processing training on cognitive performance of older adults. Rehabilitation Psychology, 52, 89–96.
    • (2007) Rehabilitation Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 89-96
    • Vance, D.E.1    Dawson, J.2    Wadley, V.3    Edwards, J.4    Roenker, D.5    Rizzo, M.6    Ball, K.7
  • 355
    • 84875253616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross-training in hemispatial neglect: Auditory sustained attention training ameliorates visual attention deficits
    • Van Vleet T. M., DeGutis J. M. (2013). Cross-training in hemispatial neglect: Auditory sustained attention training ameliorates visual attention deficits. Cortex, 49, 679–690.
    • (2013) Cortex , vol.49 , pp. 679-690
    • Van Vleet, T.M.1    DeGutis, J.M.2
  • 357
    • 68949188168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor a biomarker for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia?
    • Vinogradov S., Fisher M., Holland C., Shelly W., Wolkowitz O., Mellon S. H., (2009). Is serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor a biomarker for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia? Biological Psychiatry, 66, 549–553.
    • (2009) Biological Psychiatry , vol.66 , pp. 549-553
    • Vinogradov, S.1    Fisher, M.2    Holland, C.3    Shelly, W.4    Wolkowitz, O.5    Mellon, S.H.6
  • 361
  • 362
    • 84976291730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ASA’s statement on p-values: Context, process, and purpose
    • Wasserstein R. L., Lazar N. A., (2016). The ASA’s statement on p-values: Context, process, and purpose. The American Statistician, 70, 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108
    • (2016) The American Statistician , vol.70 , pp. 129-133
    • Wasserstein, R.L.1    Lazar, N.A.2
  • 364
    • 84870439191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • “Welcome! Let’s build your personalized training program.” (2013). [Internet archive]. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20150913171746/https://www.lumosity.com/app/v5/personalization/memory
    • (2013) [Internet archive]
  • 365
    • 85009237910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • February, 1,. Retrieved from
    • “Welcome to the brain gym.” (2004, February 1). [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.israel21c.org/welcome-to-the-brain-gym/
    • (2004) [Blog post]
  • 366
    • 0003996891 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY, Harper & Brothers,. (Original work published 1945)
    • Wertheimer M., (1959). Productive thinking. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. (Original work published 1945)
    • (1959) Productive thinking
    • Wertheimer, M.1
  • 367
    • 34548473125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in cortical activity after training of working memory—A single-subject analysis
    • Westerberg H., Klingberg T., (2007). Changes in cortical activity after training of working memory—A single-subject analysis. Physiology & Behavior, 92, 186–192. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.041
    • (2007) Physiology & Behavior , vol.92 , pp. 186-192
    • Westerberg, H.1    Klingberg, T.2
  • 368
    • 85009237919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved from
    • What Works Clearinghouse. (2010). WWC intervention report: Fast ForWord. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/pdf/intervention_reports/wwc_fastfw_083110.pdf
    • (2010) WWC intervention report: Fast ForWord
  • 369
    • 29844447973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodological issues in behavioral intervention research with the elderly
    • Birren, Schaie, (eds), 5th ed., New York, NY, Academic Press,. In, (Eds.),.
    • Willis S. L., (2001). Methodological issues in behavioral intervention research with the elderly. In Birren J. E., Schaie K. W., (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (5th ed., pp. 78–108). New York, NY: Academic Press.
    • (2001) Handbook of the psychology of aging , pp. 78-108
    • Willis, S.L.1
  • 372
    • 84877047918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of cognitive training using a visual speed of processing intervention in middle aged and older adults
    • Wolinsky F. D., Vander Weg M. W., Howren M. B., Jones M. P., Dotson M. M., (2013). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive training using a visual speed of processing intervention in middle aged and older adults. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e61624. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061624
    • (2013) PLoS ONE , vol.8 , Issue.5 , pp. e61624
    • Wolinsky, F.D.1    Vander Weg, M.W.2    Howren, M.B.3    Jones, M.P.4    Dotson, M.M.5
  • 373
    • 80053468419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interim analyses from a randomised controlled trial to improve visual processing speed in older adults: The Iowa Healthy and Active Minds Study
    • ), e000225.
    • Wolinsky F. D., Vander Weg M. W., Howren M. B., Jones M. P., Martin R., Luger T. M... Dotson M. M., (2011). Interim analyses from a randomised controlled trial to improve visual processing speed in older adults: The Iowa Healthy and Active Minds Study. BMJ Open, 1(2), e000225. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000225
    • (2011) BMJ Open , vol.1 , Issue.2
    • Wolinsky, F.D.1    Vander Weg, M.W.2    Howren, M.B.3    Jones, M.P.4    Martin, R.5    Luger, T.M.6    .. Dotson, M.M.7
  • 375
    • 84876559339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing shooter and driving videogames improves top-down guidance in visual search
    • Wu S., Spence I., (2013). Playing shooter and driving videogames improves top-down guidance in visual search. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 75, 673–686.
    • (2013) Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics , vol.75 , pp. 673-686
    • Wu, S.1    Spence, I.2
  • 376
    • 84928560336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the relationship between change in performance on training tasks and on untrained outcomes
    • Article 617.
    • Zelinski E. M., Peters K. D., Hindin S., Petway K. T., (2014). Evaluating the relationship between change in performance on training tasks and on untrained outcomes. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, Article 617. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00617
    • (2014) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , vol.8
    • Zelinski, E.M.1    Peters, K.D.2    Hindin, S.3    Petway, K.T.4
  • 378
    • 84891768465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains
    • Zinke K., Zeintl M., Rose N. S., Putzmann J., Pydde A., Kliegel M., (2014). Working memory training and transfer in older adults: Effects of age, baseline performance, and training gains. Developmental Psychology, 50, 304–315. doi:10.1037/a0032982
    • (2014) Developmental Psychology , vol.50 , pp. 304-315
    • Zinke, K.1    Zeintl, M.2    Rose, N.S.3    Putzmann, J.4    Pydde, A.5    Kliegel, M.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.