Mechanism of action of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin receptors and pathways mediate therapeutic effects and side effects

Journal of Affective Disorders

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 215-235

  Stahl, Stephen M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bulimia; Citalopram; Depression; Fluoxetine; Fluvoxamine; Obse ssive compulsive; Panic; Paroxetine; Sertraline

Indexed keywords

AUTORECEPTOR; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN RECEPTOR; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

AKATHISIA; ARTICLE; BULIMIA; DEPRESSION; DRUG MECHANISM; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; NONHUMAN; OBSESSION; PANIC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SIDE EFFECT;

AUTORECEPTORS; BULIMIA; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DOWN-REGULATION; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; MESENCEPHALON; NEURAL PATHWAYS; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PANIC DISORDER; RAPHE NUCLEI; RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 0032440963     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00221-3     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Aghajanian, G.K., 1995. Electophysiology of serotonin receptor subtypes and signal transduction pathways. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J., (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 451-460.
2. Adell, A., Artigas, F., 1991. Differential effects of clomipramine given locally or systemically on extracellular 5HT in raphe nuclei and frontal cortex: an in vivo microdialysis study. Naunyn-Schniedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 343, 237-244.
3. Artigas, F., 1993. 5HT1A receptor antagonists in combination therapy: 5HT and antidepressants: new views from microdialysis studies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14, 262-270.
4. Arzmitia, E.F., Whitaker-Arzmitia, P.M., 1995. Anatomy, Cell biology, and plasticity of the serotonergic system: neuropsychopharmacological implications for the actions of psychotropic drugs. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 443-450.
5. Bailey, J.E., Potokar, J., Coupland, N., Nutt, D.J., 1995. The 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron reduces gastrointestinal side effects induced by a specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitor in man. J. Psychopharmacol. 9, 137-141.
6. Ballenger, J.C., 1996. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in panic disorder. In: Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F. (Eds.), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 2nd Edition: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 155-178.
7. Banerjee, S.P., Kung, L.S., Riggi, S.J., Chanda, S.K., 1979. Development of β-adrenergic receptor subsensitivity by antidepressants. Nature 288, 455-456.
8. Barker, E.L., Blakely, R.D., 1995. Norepinephrine and serotonin transporters: molecular targets of antidepressant drugs. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 321-334.
9. Barnes, J.M., Costall, B., Coughlan, J., Domeney, A.M., Gerrard, P.A., Kelly, M.E., Naylor, R.J., Onaivi, E.S., Tomkins, D.M., Tyers, M.B., 1990. The effects of ondansetron, a 5HT3 antagonist, on cognition in rodents and primates. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 35, 955-962.
10. Baxter, L.R., Schwartz, J.M., Bergman, K.S., Phelps, M., 1992. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 49, 681-689.
11. Baxter, L.R., Schwartz, J.M., Phelps, M.E., 1989. Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 46, 243-250.
12. Baxter, L.R., Schwartz, J.M., Guze, B.H., Bergman, K., Szuba, M.P., 1990. Neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder: seeking the mediating neuroanatomy. In: Jenike, M.A., Baer, L., Minichiello, W.E. (Eds.), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Theory and Management, 2nd edition, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, IL, pp. 167-188.
13. Beer, M., Hacker, S., Poat, J., Stahl, S.M., 1987. Independent regulation of β-1 and β-2 adrenoceptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 92, 827-834.
14. Bel, N., Artigas, F., 1992. Fluvoxamine preferentially increases extracellular 5HT in the raphe nuclei: an in vivo microdialysis study. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 229, 101-103.
15. Bel, N., Artigas, F., 1993. Chronic treatment with fluvoxamine increases extracellular serotonin in frontal cortex but not in raphe nuclei. Synapse 15, 243-245.
16. Bergeron, R., Blier, P., 1994. Cisapride for the treatment of nausea produced by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Am. J. Psychiat. 151, 1084-1086.
17. Bersani, G., Grispini, A., Marini, S., Pasini, A., Valcucci, M., Ciani, N., 1990. 5HT2 antagonist ritanserin in neuroleptic induced Parkinsonism: a double blind comparison with orphenadrine and placebo. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 13, 500-506.
18. Blier, P., de Montigney, J., 1983. Electrophysiological investigations on the effect of repeated zimelidine administration on serotonergic neurotransmission in the rat. J. Neurosci. 3, 1270-1278.
19. Blier, P., de Montigney, C., Chaput, Y., 1987. Modifications of the serotonin system by antidepressant treatment: implications for the therapeutic response in major depression. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 7, 24S-35S.
20. Blier, P., Lista, A., de Montigney, C., 1993. Differential properties of pre-and post-synaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors: I. Effect of spiperone. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 265, 7-15.
21. Blier, P., Lista, A., de Montigney, C., 1993. Differential properties of pre-and postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors: II. Effect of pertussis and cholera toxins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 265, 16-23.
22. Boyer, W.F., Feighner, J.P., 1996. Other uses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in psychiatry. In: Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 2nd Edition: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 291-314.
23. Boyer, W.F., Feighner, J.P., 1996. Safety and tolerability of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In: Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 2nd Edition: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 315-326.
24. Brown, S.L., Bleich, A., van Praag, H.M., 1991. The monoamine hypothesis of depression: the case for serotonin. In: Brown, S.L, van Praag, H.M. (Eds.), The Role of Serotonin in Psychiatric Disorders, Brunner/Mazel, New York.
25. Brown, S.L, van Praag, H.M., 1991. The Role of Serotonin in Psychiatric Disorders, Brunner/Mazel, New York.
26. Bunce, K., Tyers, M., Beranek, P., 1991. Clinical evaluation of 5HT3 receptor antagonist as antiemetics. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 12, 46-48.
27. Byerly, W.F., McConnell, E.J., McCabe, R.T., Dawson, T.M., Grosser, B.I., Wamsley, J.K., 1988. Decreased beta-adrenergic receptors in rat brain after chronic administration of the selective serotonin uptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Psychopharmacology 94, 141-143.
28. Carli, M., Tatarczynska, E., Cervo, L., Samanin, R., 1993. Stimulation of hippocampal 5HT1A receptors causes amnesia and anxiolytic-like but not antidepressant-like effects in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 234, 215-221.
29. Casper, R.C., 1995. Biology of eating disorders. In: Schatzberg, A., Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.), Textbook of Psychopharmacology, APPI, Washington, DC, pp. 557-574.
30. Chaput, Y., de Montigney, C., Blier, P., 1986. Effects of a selective 5HT reuptake blocker, citalopram, on the sensitivity of 5HT autoreceptors: electrophysiological studies in the rat brain. Nauyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 333, 342-348.
31. Chaput, Y., de Montigney, C., Blier, P., 1991. Presynaptic and postsynaptic modifications of the serotonin system by long-term administration of antidepressant treatments - an in vivo electrophysiological study in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 5, 19-29.
32. Charney, D.S., Menkes, D.B., Heninger, G.R., 1981. Receptor sensitivity and the mechanism of action of antidepressant treatment: implications for the etiology and therapy of depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 38, 1160-1180.
33. Charney, D.S., Delgade, P.L., Price, L.H., Heninger, G.R., 1991. The receptor sensitivity hypothesis of antidepressant action: a review of antidepressant effects on serotonin function. In: Brown, S.L, van Praag, H.M., (Eds.), The Role of Serotonin in Psychiatric Disorders, Brunner/Mazel, New York.
34. Cliffe, I.A., Fletcher, A., 1993. Advances in 5HT1A antagonist research. Drugs Future 18, 631-642.
35. Costall, B., Naylor, R.J., Tyers, M.B., 1990. The psychopharmacology of 5HT3 receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 47, 181-202.
36. Cowen, P.J., 1991. Serotonin receptor subtypes: implications for psychopharmacology. Br. J. Psychiatry 159 (suppl 12), 7-14.
37. Cox, R.F., Meller, E., Waszczak, B.L., 1993. Electrophysiological evidence for a large receptor reserve for inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firing by 5HT1A agonists. Synapse 14, 297-304.
38. Curzon, G., 1991. 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the control of feeding and its possible implications for appetite disturbance. In: Sandler, M.L., Coppen, A., Harnett, S. (Eds.), 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Psychiatry: A Spectrum of Ideas, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 279-302.
39. Deakin, J.F.W., Guimaraes, F.S., Wang, M., Hensman, R., 1991. Experimental tests of the 5HT receptor imbalance theory of affective disturbance. In: Sandler, M.L., Coppen, A., Harnett, S. (Eds.), 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Psychiatry: A Spectrum of Ideas, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 143-156.
40. Deakin, J.F.W., 1988. 5HT1A receptors, depression, and anxiety. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 29, 819-830.
41. de Montigney, C., Pineyro, G., Chaput, Y., Blier, P., 1992. Electrophysiological studies on the effects of long term reuptake inhibition of the function of 5HT neurons. Clin. Neuropharmacol. 15, 440A-441A.
42. DeVry, J.M., Schreiber, R., Glaser, T., Traber, J., 1992. Behavioral pharmacology of 5T1A agonists: animal models of anxiety and depression. In: Stahl, S.M., Serotonin 1A Receptors in Depression and Anxiety, Raven Press, New York, pp. 55-82.
43. Dubovsky, S.L., 1994. Beyond the serotonin reuptake inhibitors: rationales for the development of new serotonergic agents. J. Clin. Psychiatr. 55, 34-44.
44. El Mansari, M., Bouchard, C., Blier, P., 1995. Alteration of serotonin release in the guinea pig orbito-frontal cortex by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - relevance to treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 13 (2), 117-127.
45. Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F., 1996. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 2nd Edition: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Wiley, Chichester, 1996.
46. Foote, S.L., Morrison, J.H., 1987. Development of the noradrener-gic, serotonergic and dopaminergic innervation of neocortex, Current Topics in Developmental Biology, Vol. 21, Academic Press, New York, pp. 391-423.
47. Fozard, J.R., 1992. Pharmacological Relevance of 5HT3 receptors. In: Langer, S.Z., Brunello, N., Racagni, G., Mendlewicz, J. (Eds.), Serotonin receptor subtypes: pharmacological significance and clinical implications, Karger, Basel, pp. 44-55.
48. Frankfurt, M., McKittrick, C.R., Luine, V.N., 1994. Short-term fluoxetine treatment alters monoamine levels and turnover in discrete brain nuclei. Brain Res. 650, 127-132.
49. Fuller, R., 1994. Minireview: uptake inhibitors increase extracellular serotonin concentration measured by brain microdialysis. Life Sci. 55, 163-167.
50. Gillin, J.C., Jernajczyk, W., Valladares-Neto, D.C., Golshan, S., Lardon, M., Stahl, S.M., 1994. Inhibition of REM sleep by ipsapirone, a 5HT1A agonist. Psychopharmacology 116, 433-436.
51. Gillin, J.C., Sohn, W.J., Stahl, S.M., Lardon, M., Kelsoe, J., Rapaport, M., Ruiz, C., Golshan, S., 1996. Ipsapirone, a 5HT1A agonist, suppresses REM sleep equally in depressed patients and normal controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 15, 109-115.
52. Glennon, R.A., Dukat, M., 1995. Serotonin Receptor Subtypes. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J., Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 415-430.
53. Glitz, D.A., Pohl, R., 1991. 5HT1A partial agonists: what is their future? Drugs 41, 11-18.
54. Gorman, J., Liebowicz, M.R., Fyer, A.J., 1989. A neuroanatomical hypothesis for panic disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry 150, 1480-1484.
55. Grigsnaschi, G., Mantelli, B., Samanin, R., 1993. The hypophagic effect of restraint stress in rats can be mediated by 5HT2 receptors in the parventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neurosci. Lett. 152, 1036.
56. Harrington, M.A., Zhong, P., Garlow, S.J., Ciaranello, R.D., 1992. Molecular biology of serotonin receptors. J. Clin. Psychiatry 53, 8-27.
57. Heninger, G.R., 1995. Indoleamines: The role of serotonin in clinical disorders. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J., Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 471-482.
58. Herrstedt, J., Sigsaard, T., Boesgarrd, M., 1993. Ondansetron plus metopimazine compared with ondansetron alone in patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. New Engl. J. Med. 328, 1076-1080.
59. Hjorth, S., Auerbach, S.B., 1994. Lack of 5HT1A autoreceptor desensitization following chronic citalopram treatment, as determined by in vivo microdialysis. Neuropharmacology 33, 331-334.
60. Hoch, P.H., Cattell, J.P., Pennes, H.H., 1952. Effects of mescaline and lysergic acid. Am. J. Psychiatry 108, 579-584.
61. Hoyer, D., Middlemiss, D.N., 1989. Species differences in the pharmacology of terminal 5HT autoreceptors in mammalian brain. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10, 130-132.
62. Hoyer, D., Schoeffer, P., Waeber, C., Palcios, J.M., 1990. Serotonin 5HT1D receptors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 60, 168-181.
63. Hyman, S.E., Nestler, E.J., 1996. Initiation and adaptation: a paradigm for understanding psychotropic drug action. Am. J. Psychiatry 153, 151-162.
64. Invernizzi, R., Belli, S., Samanin, R., 1992. Citalopram's ability to increase the extracellular concentrations of serotonin in the dorsal raphe prevents the drug's effect in the frontal cortex. Brain Res. 584, 322-324.
65. Jacobs, B.L., Fornal, C.A., 1995. Serotonin and behavior: a general hypothesis. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 461-470.
66. Jordan, S., Dramer, G.L., Zukas, P.K., Moeller, M., Petty, F., 1994. In vivo biogenic amine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex with imipramine, fluoxetine, and fluvoxamine. Synapse 18, 294-297.
67. Keppel Hesselink, J.M., 1992. Promising Anxiolytics? A New Class of Drugs: The Azapirones. In: Stahl, S.M. (Ed.), Serotonin 1A Receptors in Depression and Anxiety, Raven Press, New York, pp. 55-82.
68. Keppel Hesselink, J.M., Sambunaris, A., 1995. Behavioral pharmacology of serotonin receptor subtypes: hypotheses for clinical applications of selective serotonin ligands. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 7, 41-54.
69. Kreiss, D.S., Lucki, I., 1994. Differential regulation of serotonin release in the striatum and hippocampus by 5HT1A autoreceptors of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269, 1268-1279.
70. Kunovac, J.L., Stahl, S.M., 1995. Biochemical pharmacology of serotonin receptor subtypes: hypotheses for clinical applications of selective serotonin ligands. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 7, 55-68.
71. Kurtz, N., Efficacy of azapirones in depression, in Stahl, S.M., 1992. Serotonin 1A Receptors in Depression and Anxiety, Raven Press, New York, pp. 163-170.
72. Langer, S.Z., Brunello, N., Racagni, G., Mendlewicz, J., 1992. Serotonin receptor subtypes: pharmacological significance and clinical implications, Karger, Basel.
73. Leonard, B.E., 1992. Subtypes of serotonin receptors: biochemical changes and pharmacological consequences. Int. Clin. Psycopharmacol. 7, 13-21.
74. Leonard, B., 1994. Serotonin receptors: where are they going? Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 9, 717.
75. Author, please supply reference.
76. Leonard, B.E., 1996. The comparative pharmacological properties of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in animals. In: Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F. (Eds.), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 2nd Edition: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 35-62.
77. Lesch, K.P., 1992. The ipsapirone 5HT1A receptor challenge in anxiety disorders and depression. In: Stahl, S.M. (Ed.), Serotonin 1A Receptors in Depression and Anxiety, Raven Press, New York, pp. 135-162.
78. Lesch, K.P., Aulakh, C.S., Murphy, D.L., 1993. Serotonin receptor heterogeneity and subsystem complexity: implications for clinical neuropsychopharmacology. Neurol. Psychiatr. Brain Res. 1, 163-172.
79. Levitt, M., Warr, D., Yelle, L., 1993. Ondansetron compared with dexamethaxone and metclopramide as antidmetics in the chemotherapy of breast cancer with cyclphosphamide, methotrexate, and fluoruracil. New Engl. J. Med. 328, 1081-1084.
80. Leysen, J.E., 1992. 5HT2 receptors: locattion, pharmacological, pathological and physiological role. In: Langer, S.Z., Brunello, N., Racagni, G., Mendlewicz, J., (Eds.), Serotonin receptor subtypes: pharmacological significance and clinical implications, Karger, Basel, pp. 31-44.
81. Lewis, D.A., Campbell, M.J., Foote, S.L., Morrison, J.H., 1986. The monoaminergic innervation of primate neocortex. Human Neurobiol. 5, 181-188.
82. Li, Q., Muma, N.A., Vandekar, L.D., 1996. Chronic fluoxetine induces a gradual desensitization of 5-HT1A receptors -reductions in hypothalamic, midbrain g(I) and g(O) proteins and in neuroendocrine responses to a 5-HT1A agonist. J. PET 279, 1035-1042.
83. Maes, M., Meltzer, H.Y., 1995. The serotonin hypothesis of major depression. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J., Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 933-944.
84. Mann, J.J., Malone, K.M., Diehl, D.J., Perel, J., Cooper, T., Mintun, M.A., 1996. Demonstration in vivo of reduced serotonin responsivity in the brain of untreated depressed patients. Am. J. Psychiat. 153, 174-182.
85. Mansour, A., Chalmers, D.T., Fox, C.A., Meador-Woodruff, J.H., Watson, S.J., 1995. Biochemical anatomy: insights into the cell biology and pharmacology of neurotransmitter systems in the brain. In: Schatzberg, A., Nemeroff, C.B., (Eds.), Textbook of Psychopharmacology, APPI, Washington, DC, pp. 45-64.
86. Marder, S.R., van Putten, T., 1995. Antipsychotic medications. In: Schatzberg, A., Nemeroff, C.B., Textbook of Psychopharmacology, APPI, Washington, DC, pp. 247-262.
87. Marsden, C.A., 1996. The neuropharmacology of serotonin in the central nervous system. In: Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F., (Eds.), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 2nd Edition: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 1-34.
88. Miller, A.D., Nonaka, S., 1992. Mechanisms of vomiting induced by serotonin-3 receptor agonists in the cat-effect of vagotomy, splanchnicectomy or area postrema lesion. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 26, 509-517.
89. Montgomery, S.A., 1996. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in long term treatment of depression. In: Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 2nd Edition: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 109-122.
90. Morrison, J.H., Foote, S.L., 1986. Noradrenergic and serotonergic innervation of cortical and thalamic visual structures in old and new world monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 243, 117-138.
91. Morrison, J.H., Foote, S.L., Lewis D.A. DeLima, A.D., Campbell, M.J., 1988. Regional and laminar patterns of monoamine innervation of primate neocortex. In: Sandler, M., Dahlstrom, A., Belmaker, R.H., (Eds.), Progress in Catecholamine Research Part B: Central Aspects, Alan Liss, New York, pp. 193-198.
92. Murphy, D.L., 1991. An overview of serotonin neurochemistry and neuroanatomy. In: Sandler, M.L., Coppen, A., Harnett, S., 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Psychiatry: A Spectrum of Ideas, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 23-36.
93. Nordahl, T.E., Semple, W.E., Gross, M., 1990. Cerebral flucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 3, 261-272.
94. Pazos, A., Palacios, J.M., 1985. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the brain. I. Serotonin 1 receptors. Brain Res. 346, 205-230.
95. Pazos, A., Palacios, J.M., 1985. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the brain. I. Serotonin 2 receptors. Brain Res. 346, 231-249.
96. Pearce, J.M.S., 1992. Sumatriptan: efficacy and contribution to migraine mechanisms. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 55, 1103-1105.
97. Pederson, L., Klysner, R., 1997. Antagonism of selective serotonin inhibitor induced nausea by mirtazapine. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2, 59-60.
98. Perry, K.W., Fuller, R.W., 1992. Effect of fluoxetine on serotonin and dopamine concentration in microdialysis fluid from rat striatum. Life Sci. 50, 1583-1590.
99. Peroutka, S.J., 1993. 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors. J. Neurochem. 60, 408-416.
100. Peroutka, S.J., Snyder, S.H., 1980. Long term antidepressant treatment lowers spiroperidol labelled serotonin receptor binding. Science 210, 88-90.
101. Pijl, H., Koppeschaar, H.P., Willekens, F.L., 1991. Effect of serotonin reuptake inhibition by fluoxetine on body weight and spontaneous food choice in obesity. Int. J. Obesity 15, 237-242.
102. Radja, F., Daval, G., Hamon, M., Verge, D., 1992. Pharmacological and physiochemical properties of pre-versus postsynaptic 5-hydroxy-tryptamine 1A receptor binding sites in the rat brain: quantitative autoradiographic study. J. Neurochem. 58, 1338-1346.
103. Risch, S.C., Nemeroff, C.B., 1992. Neurochemical alterations of serotonergic neuronal systems in depression. J. Clin. Psychiatry 53 (suppl 10), 3-7.
104. Robins, L.N., Regier, D.A., 1991. Psychiatric Disorders in America, The Free Press, New York.
105. Rutter, J.J., Gundiah, C., Auerbach, S.B., 1994. Increase in extracellular serotonin produced by uptake inhibitors is enhanced after chronic treatment with fluoxetine. Neurosci. Lett. 171, 183-186.
106. Rutter, J.J., Auerbach, S.B., 1993. Acute uptake inhibition increases extracellular serotonin in the rat forebrain. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 265, 1319-1324.
107. Sandler, M.L., Coppen, A., Harnett, S., 1991. 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Psychiatry: A Spectrum of Ideas, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
108. Seifritz, E., Moore, P., Trachsel, L., Bhatti, T., Stahl, S.M., Gillin, J.C., 1996. The 5HT1a agonist ipsapirone enhances EEG slow wave activity in human sleep and produces a power spectrum analysis similar to 5HT2 blockade. Neurosci. Lett. 209, 41-44.
109. Shih, J.C., Chen, K.J-S., Gallaher, T.K., 1995. Molecular Biology of Serotonin Receptors: A Basis for Understanding and Addressing Brain Function. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 407-414.
110. Author, please supply reference.
111. Author, please supply reference.
112. Sprouse, J.S., Wilkinson, L.O., 1995. Innovative therapeutic actions by targeting serotonin 1A receptors selectively. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 7, 5-16.
113. Stahl, S.M., 1992. Serotonin 1A Receptors in Depression and Anxiety, Raven Press, New York, pp. 55-82.
114. Stahl, S.M., 1994. Is serotonin receptor desensitization linked to the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs? Psychopharm. Bull. 30, 39-43.
115. Stahl, S.M., Essential Psychopharmacology, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1996.
116. Stutzmann, J.M., Eon, B., Darche, F., Lucas, M., Rataud, J., Piot, O., Blanchard, J.C., Laduron, P.M., 1991. Are 5HT2 antagonists endowed with anxiolytic properties in rodents? Neurosci. Lett. 128, 4-8.
117. Stanilla, J.K., Simpson, G.M., 1995. Drugs to Treat Extrpyramidal Disorders. In: Schatzberg, A., Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.), Textbook of Psychopharmacology, APPI, Washington, DC, pp. 281-302.
118. Stein, D.J., Hollander, E., 1994. Sexual dysfunction associated with the drug treatment of psychiatric disorders. CNS Drugs 2, 78-86.
119. Stein, D.J., Hollander, E., 1996. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. In: Feighner, J.P., Boyer, W.F. (Eds.), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, 2nd Edition: Advances in Basic Research and Clinical Practice, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 135-154.
120. Tang, S.W., Seeman, P., Kwan, S., 1981. Differential effect of chronic desipramine and amitriptyline treatment on rat brain adrenergic and serotonergic receptors. Psychiatry Res. 4, 129-138.
121. TIPS, Receptor and Ion Channel Nomenclature Supplement, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 1996.
122. Tollefson, G.D., 1995. Serotonin selective reuptake inihibitors. In: Schatzberg, A., Nemeroff, C.B. (Eds.), Textbook of Psychopharmacology, APPI, Washington, DC, pp. 161-182.
123. Traber, J., Glaser, T., 1987. 5HT1A receptor related anxiolytics. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 8, 432-437.
124. Trickelbank, M.D., 1989. Interactions between dopamine and 5HT3 receptors suggest new treatments for psychosis and drug addiction. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 10, 127-129.
125. Verge, D., Daval, G., Marcinkiewicz, M., Patey, A., El Mestikawy, S., Gozlan, H., Hamon, M., 1985. Quantitative autoradiography of multiple 5HT1 receptor subtypes in the brain of control or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine treated rats. J. Neurosci. 6, 3474-3482.
126. Walsh, B.T., Devlin, M.J., 1995. Psychopharmacology of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J. (Eds.), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 1581-1590.
127. Wells, K.B., Stewart, A., Hays, R.D., Burnam, M.A., Rogers, W., Daniels, M., Berry, S., Greenfield, S., Ware, J., 1989. The functioning and mental well being of depressed patients: results from the medical outcomes study. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 262, 914-919.
128. Weissman-Nanopoulos, D., Mach, E., Magre, J., DeMassey, Y., Pujol, J.F., 1985. Evidence for the localization of 5HT1A binding sites on serotonin containing neurons in the raphe dorsalis and raphe centralis nuclei of the rat brain. Neurchem. Int. 7, 1061-1072.
129. Wirsching, W.C., Marder, S.R., Van Putten, T., Ames, D., 1995. Acute Treatment of Schizophrenia. In: Bloom, F.E., Kupfer, D.J., Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, Raven Press, New York, pp. 1259-1266.
130. Wong, D.T., Bymaster, F.P., Engleman, E.A., 1995. Presynaptic regulation of extracellular serotonin concentrations in brain. In: Takada, A., Curzon, G., (Eds.), Serotonin in the Central Nervous System and Periphery, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 3-13.
131. Yocca, F.D., Iben, L., Meller, E., 1992. Lack of apparent receptor reserve at postsynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptors negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase activity in rat hippocampal membranes. Mol. Pharmacol. 41, 1066-1072.