Human exposure to organic arsenic species from seafood

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 580, Issue , 2017, Pages 266-282

  Taylor, Vivien ^a   Goodale, Britton ^a   Raab, Andrea ^b   Schwerdtle, Tanja ^c   Reimer, Ken ^d   Conklin, Sean ^e   Karagas, Margaret R ^f   Francesconi, Kevin A ^g  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

^d ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA   (Canada)

^e CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

^f DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF GRAZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

Arsenolipid; Arsenosugar; Organic arsenic; Seafood

Indexed keywords

ARSENIC; MEATS;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; ARSENOLIPID; ARSENOSUGARS; INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY; ORGANIC ARSENIC; REGULATORY POLICIES; SEAFOOD; TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT;

ARSENIC COMPOUNDS;

ARSENOBETAINE; ARSENOLIPID; ARSENOSUGAR; INORGANIC ARSENIC; INORGANIC COMPOUND; ORGANOARSENIC DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ARSENIC;

ARSENIC; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); FOOD CONSUMPTION; LIPID; SEAFOOD; SPECIATION (CHEMISTRY); TOXICOLOGY;

ABSORPTION; ARTICLE; BIOAVAILABILITY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL PARAMETERS; COOKING; CYTOTOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PROCESSING; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; MARINE SPECIES; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEA FOOD; TOXICITY TESTING; TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; ANALYSIS; DIETARY EXPOSURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; SHELLFISH;

ARSENIC; ARSENICALS; DIETARY EXPOSURE; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMANS; SEAFOOD; SHELLFISH;

EID: 85008155992     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.113     Document Type: Article

References (247)

1. Adair, B.M., Moore, T., Conklin, S.D., Creed, J.T., Wolf, D.C., Thomas, D.J., Tissue distribution and urinary excretion of dimethylated arsenic and its metabolites in dimethylarsinic acid- or arsenate-treated rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 222:2 (2007), 235–242.
2. Almela, C., Clemente, M.J., Velez, D., Montoro, R., Total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, lead and cadmium contents in edible seaweed sold in Spain. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44:11 (2006), 1901–1908.
3. Almela, C., Laparra, J.M., Velez, D., Barbera, R., Farre, R., Montoro, R., Arsenosugars in raw and cooked edible seaweed: Characterization and bioaccessibility. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53:18 (2005), 7344–7351.
4. Amayo, K.O., Petursdottir, A., Newcombe, C., Gunnlaugsdottir, H., Raab, A., Krupp, E.M., Feldmann, J., Identification and Quantification of Arsenolipids Using Reversed-Phase HPLC Coupled Simultaneously to High-Resolution ICPMS and High-Resolution Electrospray MS without Species-Specific Standards. Analytical Chemistry 83:9 (2011), 3589–3595.
5. Amayo, K.O., Raab, A., Krupp, E.M., Gunnlaugsdottir, H., Feldmann, J., Novel identification of arsenolipids using chemical derivatizations in conjunction with RP-HPLC-ICPMS/ESMS. Anal. Chem. 85:19 (2013), 9321–9327.
6. Amayo, K.O., Raab, A., Krupp, E.M., Marschall, T., Horsfall, M., Feldmann, J., Arsenolipids show different profiles in muscle tissues of four commercial fish species. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 28:2 (2014), 131–137.
7. Amlund, H., Berntssen, M.H.G., Arsenobetaine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): influence of seawater adaptation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 138:4 (2004), 507–514.
8. Andrewes, P., Demarini, D.M., Funasaka, K., Wallace, K., Lai, V.W.M., Sun, H.S., Cullen, W.R., Kitchin, K.T., Do arsenosugars pose a risk to human health? The comparative toxicities of a trivalent and pentavalent arsenosugar. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38:15 (2004), 4140–4148.
9. Aposhian, H., Biochemical toxicology of arsenic. Rev Biochem Toxicol 10 (1989), 265–299.
10. Aposhian, H.V., Zakharyan, R.A., Avram, M.D., Sampayo-Reyes, A., Wollenberg, M.L., A review of the enzymology of arsenic metabolism and a new potential role of hydrogen peroxide in the detoxication of the trivalent arsenic species. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 198 (2004), 327–335.
11. Arnold, L.L., Cano, M., John, M.S., Eldan, M., van Gemert, M., Cohen, S.M., Effects of dietary dimethylarsinic acid on the urine and urothelium of rats. Carcinogenesis 20:11 (1999), 2171–2179.
12. Arroyo-Abad, U., Hu, Z.H., Findeisen, M., Pfeifer, D., Mattusch, J., Reemtsma, T., Piechotta, C., Synthesis of two new arsenolipids and their identification in fish. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 118:3 (2016), 445–452.
13. Arroyo-Abad, U., Lischka, S., Piechotta, C., Mattusch, J., Reemtsma, T., Determination and identification of hydrophilic and hydrophobic arsenic species in methanol extract of fresh cod liver by RP-HPLC with simultaneous ICP-MS and ESI-Q-TOF-MS detection. Food Chemistry 141:3 (2013), 3093–3102.
14. Aylward, L.L., Ramasamy, S., Hays, S.M., Schoeny, R., Kirman, C.R., Evaluation of urinary speciated arsenic in NHANES: Issues in interpretation in the context of potential inorganic arsenic exposure. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 69:1 (2014), 49–54.
15. Baris, D., Waddell, R., Beane Freeman, L.E., Schwenn, M., Colt, J.S., Ayotte, J.D., Ward, M.H., Nuckols, J., Schned, A., Jackson, B., Clerkin, C., Rothman, N., Moore, L.E., Taylor, A., Robinson, G., Hosain, G.M., Armenti, K.R., McCoy, R., Samanic, C., Hoover, R.N., Fraumeni, J.F. Jr., Johnson, A., Karagas, M.R., Silverman, D.T., Elevated Bladder Cancer in Northern New England: The Role of Drinking Water and Arsenic. J Natl Cancer Inst, 108(9), 2016.
16. Bartel, M., Ebert, F., Leffers, L., Karst, U., Schwerdtle, T., Toxicological Characterization of the Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Metabolite Thio-DMA in Cultured Human Lung Cells. J. Toxicol., 2011, 2011, 373141.
17. Berges-Tiznado, M.E., Paez-Osuna, F., Notti, A., Regoli, F., Arsenic and Arsenic Species in Cultured Oyster (Crassostrea gigas and C-corteziensis) from Coastal Lagoons of the SE Gulf of California, Mexico. Biological Trace Element Research 151:1 (2013), 43–49.
18. Berges-Tiznado, M.E., Paez-Osuna, F., Notti, A., Regoli, F., Biomonitoring of arsenic through mangrove oyster (Crassostrea corteziensis Hertlein, 1951) from coastal lagoons (SE Gulf of California): occurrence of arsenobetaine and other arseno-compounds. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 185:9 (2013), 7459–7468.
19. Bin Sayeed, M.S., Ratan, M., Hossen, F., Hassan, F., Faisal, M., Kadir, M.F., Arsenosugar induced blood and brain oxidative stress, DNA damage and neurobehavioral impairments. Neurochem Res 38:2 (2013), 405–412.
20. Birgisdottir, B.E., Knutsen, H.K., Haugen, M., Gjelstad, I.M., Jenssen, M.T.S., Ellingsen, D.G., Thomassen, Y., Alexander, J., Meltzer, H.M., Brantsaeter, A.L., Essential and toxic element concentrations in blood and urine and their associations with diet: Results from a Norwegian population study including high-consumers of seafood and game. Science of the Total Environment 463 (2013), 836–844.
21. Borak, J., Hosgood, H.D., Seafood arsenic: Implications for human risk assessment. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 47:2 (2007), 204–212.
22. Brown, R.M., Newton, D., Pickford, C.J., Sherlock, J.C., Human Metabolism of Arsenobetaine Ingested with Fish. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 9:1 (1990), 41–46.
23. Buchet, J.P., Lauwerys, R., Roels, H., Comparison of the Urinary-Excretion of Arsenic Metabolites after a Single Oral Dose of Sodium Arsenite, Monomethylarsonate, or Dimethylarsinate in Man. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 48:1 (1981), 71–79.
24. Buchet, J.P., Lison, D., Ruggeri, M., Foa, V., Elia, G., Assessment of exposure to inorganic arsenic, a human carcinogen, due to the consumption of seafood. Archives of Toxicology 70:11 (1996), 773–778.
25. Cai, Y., Georgiadis, M., Fourqurean, J.W., Determination of arsenic in seagrass using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 55:9 (2000), 1411–1422.
26. Calatayud, M., Gimeno, J., Velez, D., Devesa, V., Montoro, R., Characterization of the Intestinal Absorption of Arsenate, Monomethylarsonic Acid, and Dimethylarsinic Acid Using the Caco-2 Cell Line. Chemical Research in Toxicology 23:3 (2010), 547–556.
27. Calderon, R.L., Hudgens, E.E., Carty, C., He, B., Le, X.C., Rogers, J., Thomas, D.J., Biological and behavioral factors modify biomarkers of arsenic exposure in a U.S. population. Environmental Research 126 (2013), 134–144.
28. Caldwell, K.L., Jones, R.L., Verdon, C.P., Jarrett, J.M., Caudill, S.P., Osterloh, J.D., Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2004. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 19:1 (2009), 59–68.
29. Cannon, J.R., Edmonds, J.S., Francesconi, K.A., Raston, C.L., Saunders, J.B., Skelton, B.W., White, A.H., Isolation, crystal-structure and synthesis of arsenobetaine, a constituent of the western rock lobster, the dusky shark, and some samples of human-urine. Australian Journal of Chemistry 34:4 (1981), 787–798.
30. Carlin, D.J., Naujokas, M.F., Bradham, K.D., Cowden, J., Heacock, M., Henry, H.F., Lee, J.S., Thomas, D.J., Thompson, C., Tokar, E.J., Waalkes, M.P., Birnbaum, L.S., Suk, W.A., Arsenic and environmental health: state of the science and future research opportunities. Environ. Health Perspect. 124:7 (2016), 890–899.
31. Caspi, R., Billington, R., Ferrer, L., Foerster, H., Fulcher, C.A., Keseler, I.M., Kothari, A., Krummenacker, M., Latendresse, M., Mueller, L.A., Ong, Q., Paley, S., Subhraveti, P., Weaver, D.S., Karp, P.D., The Metacyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes and the BioCyc collection of pathway/genome databases nucleic acids research 44(1):D471-80. Retrieved 20/02, 2016, from http://www.biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=COMPOUND-IN-PATHWAY&object=CHOLINE, 2014.
32. Caumette, G., Koch, I., Reimer, K.J., Arsenobetaine formation in plankton: a review of studies at the base of the aquatic food chain. J. Environ. Monit., 14(11), 2012, 2841.
33. Challenger, F., Biological Methylation. Chemical Reviews 36:3 (1945), 315–361.
34. Chen, B.C., Chou, W.C., Chen, W.Y., Liao, C.M., Assessing the cancer risk associated with arsenic-contaminated seafood. Journal of Hazardous Materials 181:1-3 (2010), 161–169.
35. Choi, B.S., Choi, S.J., Kim, D.W., Huang, M., Kim, N.Y., Park, K.S., Kim, C.Y., Lee, H.M., Yum, Y.N., Han, E.S., Kang, T.S., Yu, I.J., Park, J.D., Effects of Repeated Seafood Consumption on Urinary Excretion of Arsenic Species by Volunteers. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58:1 (2010), 222–229.
36. Christakopoulos, A., Norin, H., Sandstrom, M., Thor, H., Moldeus, P., Ryhage, R., Cellular-metabolism of arsenocholine. Journal of Applied Toxicology 8:2 (1988), 119–127.
37. Ciardullo, S., Aureli, F., Raggi, A., Cubadda, F., Arsenic speciation in freshwater fish: Focus on extraction and mass balance. Talanta 81:1-2 (2010), 213–221.
38. Cleland, B., Tsuchiya, A., Kalman, D.A., Dills, R., Burbacher, T.M., White, J.W., Faustman, E.M., Marien, K., Arsenic Exposure within the Korean Community (United States) Based on Dietary Behavior and Arsenic Levels in Hair, Urine, Air, and Water. Environmental Health Perspectives 117:4 (2009), 632–638.
39. Clowes, L.A., Francesconi, K.A., Uptake and elimination of arsenobetaine by the mussel Mytilus edulis is related to salinity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Toxicol. Pharmacol. 137:1 (2004), 35–42.
40. Cohen, S.M., Arnold, L.L., Eldan, M., Lewis, A.S., Beck, B.D., Methylated arsenicals: The implications of metabolism and carcinogenicity studies in rodents to human risk assessment. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 36:2 (2006), 99–133.
41. Conklin, S.D., Ackerman, A.H., Fricke, M.W., Creed, P.A., Creed, J.T., Kohan, M.C., Herbin-Davis, K., Thomas, D.J., In vitro biotransformation of an arsenosugar by mouse anaerobic cecal microflora and cecal tissue as examined using IC-ICP-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Analyst 131:5 (2006), 648–655.
42. Cottingham, K.L., Karimi, R., Gruber, J.F., Zens, M.S., Sayarath, V., Folt, C.L., Punshon, T., Morris, J.S., Karagas, M.R., Diet and toenail arsenic concentrations in a New Hampshire population with arsenic-containing water. Nutr J, 12, 2013, 149.
43. Cullen, W.R., Chemical Mechanism of Arsenic biomethylation. Chemical Research in Toxicology 27:4 (2014), 457–461.
44. Cullen, W.R., Li, H., Pergantis, S.A., Eigendorf, G.K., Harrison, L.G., The methylation of arsenate by a marine alga Polyphysa peniculus in the presence of L-methionine-methyl-d3. Chemosphere 28:5 (1994), 1009–1019.
45. Dahl, L., Molin, M., Amlund, H., Meltzer, H.M., Julshamn, K., Alexander, J., Sloth, J.J., Stability of arsenic compounds in seafood samples during processing and storage by freezing. Food Chemistry 123:3 (2010), 720–727.
46. Davis, M.A., Gilbert-Diamond, D., Karagas, M.R., Li, Z.G., Moore, J.H., Williams, S.M., Frost, H.R., A dietary-wide association study (DWAS) of environmental metal exposure in US children and adults. PLoS One, 9(9), 2014.
47. Davis, M.A., Higgins, J., Li, Z., Gilbert-Diamond, D., Baker, E.R., Das, A., Karagas, M.R., Preliminary analysis of in utero low-level arsenic exposure and fetal growth using biometric measurements extracted from fetal ultrasound reports. Environ. Health, 14, 2015, 12.
48. Davis, M.A., Slaughter, F., Punshon, T., Ahsan, H., Argos, M., Meharg, A., Gossai, A., Karagas, M.R., Biomarkers of human arsenic exposure through rice. Sci. Total Environ., in this issue, 2016.
49. de Bettencourt, A.M., Duarte, M.F., Florêncio, M.H., Henriques, F.F., Madeira, P.A., Portela, M.I., Vilas-Boas, L.F., Possible key intermediates in arsenic biochemistry: synthesis and identification by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry. Microchem. J. 99:2 (2011), 218–234.
50. de la Calle, M.B., Baer, I., Robouch, P., Cordeiro, F., Emteborg, H., Baxter, M.J., Brereton, N., Raber, G., Velez, D., Devesa, V., Rubio, R., Llorente-Mirandes, T., Raab, A., Feldmann, J., Sloth, J.J., Rasmussen, R.R., D'Amato, M., Cubadda, F., Is it possible to agree on a value for inorganic arsenic in food? The outcome of IMEP-112. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 404:8 (2012), 2475–2488.
51. de la Calle, M.B., Emteborg, H., Linsinger, T.P.J., Montoro, R., Sloth, J.J., Rubio, R., Baxter, M.J., Feldmann, J., Vermaercke, P., Raber, G., Does the determination of inorganic arsenic in rice depend on the method?. TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 30:4 (2011), 641–651.
52. Devesa, V., Martinez, A., Suner, M.A., Velez, D., Almela, C., Montoro, R., Effect of cooking temperatures on chemical changes in species of organic arsenic in seafood. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:5 (2001), 2272–2276.
53. Devesa, V., Suner, M.A., Algora, S., Velez, D., Montoro, R., Jalon, M., Urieta, I., Macho, M.L., Organoarsenical species contents in cooked seafood. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53:22 (2005), 8813–8819.
54. Devesa, V., Velez, D., Montoro, R., Effect of thermal treatments on arsenic species contents in food. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46:1 (2008), 1–8.
55. Domingo, J.L., Nutrients and chemical pollutants in fish and shellfish. Balancing health benefits and risks of regular fish consumption. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 56:6 (2016), 979–988.
56. Duncan, E.G., Maher, W.A., Foster, S.D., Krikowa, F., The influence of arsenate and phosphate exposure on arsenic uptake, metabolism and species formation in the marine phytoplankton Dunaliella tertiolecta. Mar. Chem. 157 (2013), 78–85.
57. Duncan, E.G., Maher, W.A., Foster, S.D., Krikowa, F., Influence of culture regime on arsenic cycling by the marine phytoplankton Dunaliella tertiolecta and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Environ. Chem. 10:2 (2013), 91–101.
58. Duncan, E.G., Maher, W.A., Foster, S.D., Mikac, K.M., Krikowa, F., The influence of bacteria on the arsenic species produced by laboratory cultures of the marine phytoplankton Dunaliella tertiolecta. J. Appl. Phycol. 26:5 (2014), 2129–2134.
59. Ebert, F., Leffers, L., Weber, T., Berndt, S., Mangerich, A., Beneke, S., Burkle, A., Schwerdtle, T., Toxicological properties of the thiolated inorganic arsenic and arsenosugar metabolite thio-dimethylarsinic acid in human bladder cells. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 28:2 (2014), 138–146.
60. Ebert, F., Meyer, S., Leffers, L., Raber, G., Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., Toxicological characterisation of a thio-arsenosugar-glycerol in human cells. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 38 (2016), 150–156.
61. Edmonds, J.S., Francesconi, K.A., Arseno-sugars from brown kelp (Ecklonia radiata) as intermediates in cycling of arsenic in a marine ecosystem. Nature 289:5798 (1981), 602–604.
62. Edmonds, J.S., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic-containing ribofuranosides: isolation from brown kelp Ecklonia radiata and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1, 1983, 2375.
63. Edmonds, J.S., Francesconi, K.A., Transformations of arsenic in the marine environment. Experientia 43:5 (1987), 553–557.
64. Edmonds, J.S., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic in seafoods - human health-aspects and regulations. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 26:12 (1993), 665–674.
65. Edmonds, J.S., Francesconi, K.A., Hansen, J.A., Dimethyloxarsylethanol from anaerobic decomposition of brown kelp (Ecklonia radiata) - a likely precursor of arsenobetaine in marine fauna. Experientia 38:6 (1982), 643–644.
66. Edmonds, J.S., Shibata, Y., Francesconi, K.A., Rippingale, R.J., Morita, M., Arsenic transformations in short marine food chains studied by HPLC-ICP MS. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 11:4 (1997), 281–287.
67. Edmonds, J.S., Shibata, Y., Francesconi, K.A., Yoshinaga, J., Morita, M., Arsenic lipids in the digestive gland of the western rock lobster Panulirus cygnus: an investigation by HPLC ICP-MS. Sci. Total Environ. 122:3 (1992), 321–335.
68. EFSA, Scientific opinion on arsenic in food. EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J., 7, 2009, 198.
69. EFSA, Dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic in the European population. EFSA J., 12, 2014, 68.
70. EFSA, Statement on the benefits of fish/seafood consumption compared to the risks of methylmercury in fish/seafood. EFSA J., 13, 2015, 36.
71. FAO/WHO, Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on the Risks and Benefits of Fish Consumption. 2011, WHO. Geneva, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 50.
72. FAOSTAT, GEMS/Food consumption database. from http://www.who.int/foodsafety/databases/en/, 2012.
73. FDA, FDA Proposes Limit for Inorganic Arsenic in Infant Rice Cereal. 2016, U. S. F. a. D. Administration.
74. Feldmann, J., John, K., Pengprecha, P., Arsenic metabolism in seaweed-eating sheep from Northern Scotland. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 368:1 (2000), 116–121.
75. Feldmann, J., Krupp, E.M., Critical review or scientific opinion paper: arsenosugars-a class of benign arsenic species or justification for developing partly speciated arsenic fractionation in foodstuffs?. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 399:5 (2011), 1735–1741.
76. Fort, M., Grimalt, J.O., Casas, M., Sunyer, J., Food sources of arsenic in pregnant Mediterranean women with high urine concentrations of this metalloid. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21:20 (2014), 11689–11698.
77. Foster, S., Maher, W., Krikowa, F., Apte, S., A microwave-assisted sequential extraction of water and dilute acid soluble arsenic species from marine plant and animal tissues. Talanta 71:2 (2007), 537–549.
78. Foster, S., Thomson, D., Maher, W., Uptake and metabolism of arsenate by anexic cultures of the microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mar. Chem. 108:3–4 (2008), 172–183.
79. Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic species in seafood: origin and human health implications. Pure Appl. Chem. 82:2 (2010), 373–381.
80. Francesconi, K.A., Edmonds, J.S., Arsenic and marine organisms. Adv. Inorg. Chem. 44 (1996), 147–189.
81. Francesconi, K.A., Edmonds, J.S., Arsenic and marine organisms. Adv. Inorg. Chem. 44:44 (1997), 147–189.
82. Francesconi, K.A., Edmonds, J.S., Hatcher, B.G., Examination of the arsenic constituents of the herbivorous marine gastropod tectus-pyramis - isolation of tetramethylarsonium ion. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 90:2 (1988), 313–316.
83. Francesconi, K.A., Edmonds, J.S., Stick, R.V., Accumulation of arsenic in yelloweye mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) following oral administration of organoarsenic compounds and arsenate. Sci. Total Environ. 79:1 (1989), 59–67.
84. Francesconi, K.A., Gailerb, J., Edmonds, J.S., Goessler, W., Irgolic, K.J., Uptake of arsenic-betaines by the mussel Mytilus edulis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. 122:1 (1999), 131–137.
85. Francesconi, K.A., Kuehnelt, D., Determination of arsenic species: a critical review of methods and applications, 2000–2003. Analyst 129:5 (2004), 373–395.
86. Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., Fat-soluble arsenic – new lipids with a sting in their tail. Lipid Technol. 28:5–6 (2016), 96–98.
87. Francesconi, K.A., Tanggaard, R., McKenzie, C.J., Goessler, W., Arsenic metabolites in human urine after ingestion of an arsenosugar. Clin. Chem. 48:1 (2002), 92–101.
88. Fricke, M.W., Creed, P.A., Parks, A.N., Shoemaker, J.A., Schwegel, C.A., Creed, J.T., Extraction and detection of a new arsine sulfide containing arsenosugar in molluscs by IC-ICP-MS and IC-ESI-MS/MS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19:11 (2004), 1454–1459.
89. Gamble, B.M., Gallagher, P.A., Shoemaker, J.A., Parks, A.N., Freeman, D.M., Schwegel, C.A., Creed, J.T., An investigation of the chemical stability of arsenosugars in basic environments using IC-ICP-MS and IC-ESI-MS/MS. Analyst 128:12 (2003), 1458–1461.
90. Gamble, B.M., Gallagher, P.A., Shoemaker, J.A., Wei, X., Schwegel, C.A., Creed, J.T., An investigation of the chemical stability of arsenosugars in simulated gastric juice and acidic environments using IC-ICP-MS and IC-ESI-MS/MS. Analyst 127:6 (2002), 781–785.
91. Garcia-Salgado, S., Quijano, M.A., Bonilla, M.M., Arsenic speciation in edible alga samples by microwave-assisted extraction and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 714 (2012), 38–46.
92. Garcia-Salgado, S., Raber, G., Raml, R., Magnes, C., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenosugar phospholipids and arsenic hydrocarbons in two species of brown macroalgae. Environ. Chem. 9:1 (2012), 63–66.
93. García-Salgado, S., Raber, G., Raml, R., Magnes, C., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenosugar phospholipids and arsenic hydrocarbons in two species of brown macroalgae. Environ. Chem., 9(1), 2012, 63.
94. Geiszinger, A., Goessler, W., Pedersen, S.N., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic biotransformation by the brown macroalga Fucus serratus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20(10), 2001, 2255.
95. Gilbert-Diamond, D., Emond, J.A., Baker, E.R., Korrick, S.A., Karagas, M.R., Relation between in utero arsenic exposure and birth outcomes in a cohort of mothers and their newborns from New Hampshire. Environ. Health Perspect. 124:8 (2016), 1299–1307.
96. Glabonjat, R.A., Raber, G., Jensen, K.B., Ehgartner, J., Francesconi, K.A., Quantification of arsenolipids in the certified reference material NMIJ 7405-a (Hijiki) using HPLC/mass spectrometry after chemical Derivatization. Anal. Chem. 86:20 (2014), 10282–10287.
97. Granchinho, S.C.R., Franz, C.M., Polishchuk, E., Cullen, W.R., Reimer, K.J., Transformation of arsenic(V) by the fungusFusarium oxysporum melonis isolated from the alga Fucus gardneri. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16:12 (2002), 721–726.
98. Grotti, M., Ardini, F., Terol, A., Magi, E., Todoli, J.L., Influence of chemical species on the determination of arsenic using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at a low liquid flow rate. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 28:11 (2013), 1718–1724.
99. Hanaoka, K.i., Goessler, W., Yoshida, K., Fujitaka, Y., Kaise, T., Irgolic, K.J., Arsenocholine- and dimethylated arsenic- containing lipids in starspotted shark Mustelus manazo. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 13:10 (1999), 765–770.
100. Hanaoka, K.i., Ohno, H., Wada, N., Ueno, S., Goessler, W., Kuehnelt, D., Schlagenhaufen, C., Kaise, T., Irgolic, K.J., Occurrence of organo-arsenicals in jellyfishes and their mucus. Chemosphere 44:4 (2001), 743–749.
101. Hansen, H.R., Jaspars, M., Feldmann, J., Arsinothioyl-sugars produced by in vitro incubation of seaweed extract with liver cytosol analysed by HPLC coupled simultaneously to ES-MS and ICP-MS. Analyst 129:11 (2004), 1058–1064.
102. Hansen, H.R., Raab, A., Francesconi, K.A., Feldmann, J., Metabolism of arsenic by sheep chronically exposed to arsenosugars as a normal part of their diet. 1. Quantitative intake, uptake, and excretion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37:5 (2003), 845–851.
103. Hansen, H.R., Raab, A., Jaspars, M., Milne, B.F., Feldmann, J., Sulfur-containing arsenical mistaken for dimethylarsinous acid [DMA(III)] and identified as a natural metabolite in urine: major implications for studies on arsenic metabolism and toxicity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17:8 (2004), 1086–1091.
104. Harrington, C.F., Brima, E.I., Jenkins, R.O., Biotransformation of arsenobetaine by microorganisms from the human gastrointestinal tract. Chem. Speciat. Bioavailab. 20:3 (2008), 173–180.
105. Heck, J.E., Andrew, A.S., Onega, T., Rigas, J.R., Jackson, B.P., Karagas, M.R., Duell, E.J., Lung cancer in a U.S. population with low to moderate arsenic exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 117:11 (2009), 1718–1723.
106. Heinrich-Ramm, R., Mindt-Prufert, S., Szadkowski, D., Arsenic species excretion after controlled seafood consumption. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 778:1–2 (2002), 263–273.
107. Hirata, S., Toshimitsu, H., Determination of arsenic species and arsenosugars in marine samples by HPLC-ICP-MS. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 21:6 (2007), 447–454.
108. Hunter, D.A., Goessler, W., Francesconi, K.A., Uptake of arsenate, irimethylarsine oxide, and arsenobetaine by the shrimp Crangon crangon. Mar. Biol. 131:3 (1998), 543–552.
109. Julshamn, K., Nilsen, B.M., Frantzen, S., Valdersnes, S., Maage, A., Nedreaas, K., Sloth, J.J., Total and inorganic arsenic in fish samples from Norwegian waters. Food Addit. Contam. Part B Surveill. 5:4 (2012), 229–235.
110. Kahn, M., Raml, R., Schmeisser, E., Vallant, B., Francesconi, K.A., Goessler, W., Two novel thio-arsenosugars in scallops identified with HPLC-ICPMS and HPLC-ESMS. Environ. Chem. 2:3 (2005), 171–176.
111. Kaise, T., Watanabe, S., Itoh, K., The acute toxicity of arsenobetaine. Chemosphere 14:9 (1985), 1327–1332.
112. Khokiattiwong, S., Kornkanitnan, N., Goessler, W., Kokarnig, S., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic compounds in tropical marine ecosystems: similarities between mangrove forest and coral reef. Environ. Chem. 6:3 (2009), 226–234.
113. Kirby, J., Maher, W., Tissue accumulation and distribution of arsenic compounds in three marine fish species: relationship to trophic position. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 16:2 (2002), 108–115.
114. Koch, I., Dee, J., House, K., Sui, J., Zhang, J., McKnight-Whitford, A., Reimer, K.J., Bioaccessibility and speciation of arsenic in country foods from contaminated sites in Canada. Sci. Total Environ. 449 (2013), 1–8.
115. Kohlmeyer, U., Kuballa, J., Jantzen, E., Simultaneous separation of 17 inorganic and organic arsenic compounds in marine biota by means of high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 16:10 (2002), 965–974.
116. Kubachka, K.M., Kohan, M.C., Conklin, S.D., Herbin-Davis, K., Creed, J.T., Thomas, D.J., In vitro biotransformation of dimethylarsinic acid and trimethylarsine oxide by anaerobic microflora of mouse cecum analyzed by HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 24:8 (2009), 1062–1068.
117. Lai, V.W.M., Cullen, W.R., Harrington, C.F., Reimer, K.J., The characterization of arsenosugars in commercially available algal products including aNostoc species of terrestrial origin. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 11:10–11 (1997), 797–803.
118. Lai, V.W.M., Cullen, W.R., Harrington, C.F., Reimer, K.J., Seasonal changes in arsenic speciation inFucus species. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 12:4 (1998), 243–251.
119. Laparra, J.M., Velez, D., Barbera, R., Montoro, R., Farre, R., Bioaccessibility and transport by Caco-2 cells of organoarsenical species present in seafood. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:14 (2007), 5892–5897.
120. Larsen, E.H., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic concentrations correlate with salinity for fish taken from the North Sea and Baltic waters. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 83:2 (2003), 283–284.
121. Larsen, E.H., Quétel, C.R., Munoz, R., Fiala-Medioni, A., Donard, O.F.X., Arsenic speciation in shrimp and mussel from the mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vents. Mar. Chem. 57:3–4 (1997), 341–346.
122. Le, X.C., Cullen, W.R., Reimer, K.J., Human urinary arsenic excretion after one-time ingestion of seaweed, crab, and shrimp. Clin. Chem. 40:4 (1994), 617–624.
123. Leffers, L., Ebert, F., Taleshi, M.S., Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., In vitro toxicological characterization of two arsenosugars and their metabolites. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 57:7 (2013), 1270–1282.
124. Leffers, L., Unterberg, M., Bartel, M., Hoppe, C., Pieper, I., Stertmann, J., Ebert, F., Humpf, H.U., Schwerdtle, T., In vitro toxicological characterisation of the S-containing arsenic metabolites thio-dimethylarsinic acid and dimethylarsinic glutathione. Toxicology 305 (2013), 109–119.
125. Leffers, L., Wehe, C.A., Huewel, S., Bartel, M., Ebert, F., Taleshi, M.S., Galla, H.J., Karst, U., Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., In vitro intestinal bioavailability of arsenosugar metabolites and presystemic metabolism of thio-dimethylarsinic acid in Caco-2 cells. Metallomics 5:8 (2013), 1031–1042.
126. Leufroy, A., Noel, L., Beauchemin, D., Guerin, T., Bioaccessibility of total arsenic and arsenic species in seafood as determined by a continuous online leaching method. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 402:9 (2012), 2849–2859.
127. Li, W.H., Wei, C., Zhang, C., Van Hulle, M., Cornelis, R., Zhang, X.R., A survey of arsenic species in chinese seafood. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41:8 (2003), 1103–1110.
128. Lischka, S., Arroyo-Abad, U., Mattusch, J., Kuhn, A., Piechotta, C., The high diversity of arsenolipids in herring fillet (Clupea harengus). Talanta 110 (2013), 144–152.
129. Llorente-Mirandes, T., Ruiz-Chancho, M.J., Barbero, M., Rubio, R., Lopez-Sanchez, J.F., Determination of water-soluble arsenic compounds in commercial edible seaweed by LC-ICPMS. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59:24 (2011), 12963–12968.
130. Lorenzana, R.M., Yeow, A.Y., Colman, J.T., Chappell, L.L., Choudhury, H., Arsenic in seafood: speciation issues for human health risk assessment. Hum. Ecol. Risk. Assess. 15:1 (2009), 185–200.
131. Lovreglio, P., D'Errico, M.N., Gilberti, M.E., Drago, I., Basso, A., Apostoli, P., Soleo, L., The influence of diet on intra and inter-individual variability of urinary excretion of arsenic species in Italian healthy individuals. Chemosphere 86:9 (2012), 898–905.
132. Lunde, G., Analysis of arsenic in marine oils by neutron activation. Evidence of arseno organic compounds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 45(5), 1968, 331 (-&).
133. Lynch, H.N., Greenberg, G.I., Pollock, M.C., Lewis, A.S., A comprehensive evaluation of inorganic arsenic in food and considerations for dietary intake analyses. Sci. Total Environ. 496 (2014), 299–313.
134. Ma, M.S., Le, X.C., Effect of arsenosugar ingestion on urinary arsenic speciation. Clin. Chem. 44:3 (1998), 539–550.
135. Madsen, A.D., Goessler, W., Pedersen, S.N., Francesconi, K.A., Characterization of an algal extract by HPLC-ICP-MS and LC-electrospray MS for use in arsenosugar speciation studies. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 15:6 (2000), 657–662.
136. Mahaffey, K.R., Clickner, R.P., Bodurow, C.C., Blood organic mercury and dietary mercury intake: national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999 and 2000. Environ. Health Perspect. 112:5 (2004), 562–570.
137. Maher, W.A., Ellwood, M.J., Krikowa, F., Raber, G., Foster, S., Measurement of arsenic species in environmental, biological fluids and food samples by HPLC-ICPMS and HPLC-HG-AFS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 30:10 (2015), 2129–2183.
138. Maher, W.A., Foster, S., Krikowa, F., Duncan, E., John, A.S., Hug, K., Moreau, J.W., Thio arsenic species measurements in marine organisms and geothermal waters. Microchem. J. 111 (2013), 82–90.
139. Mansilla-Rivera, I., Nazario, C.M., Ramirez-Marrero, F.A., Crespo, C.J., Rodriguez-Sierra, C.J., Assessing arsenic exposure from consumption of seafood from Vieques-Puerto Rico: a pilot biomonitoring study using different biomarkers. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 66:2 (2014), 162–175.
140. Marafante, E., Vahter, M., Dencker, L., Metabolism of arsenocholine in mice, rats and rabbits. Sci. Total Environ. 34:3 (1984), 223–240.
141. Marafante, E., Vahter, M., Norin, H., Envall, J., Sandstrom, M., Christakopoulos, A., Ryhage, R., Biotransformation of dimethylarsinic acid in mouse, hamster and man. J. Appl. Toxicol. 7:2 (1987), 111–117.
142. Maulvault, A.L., Anacleto, P., Barbosa, V., Sloth, J.J., Rasmussen, R.R., Tediosi, A., Fernandez-Tejedor, M., van den Heuvel, F.H.M., Kotterman, M., Marques, A., Toxic elements and speciation in seafood samples from different contaminated sites in Europe. Environ. Res. 143 (2015), 72–81.
143. Meermann, B., Kiesshauer, M., Development of an oxygen-gradient system to overcome plasma instabilities during HPLC/ICP-MS measurements using gradient elution. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 26:10 (2011), 2069–2075.
144. Meyer, S., Matissek, M., Muller, S.M., Taleshi, M.S., Ebert, F., Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., In vitro toxicological characterisation of three arsenic-containing hydrocarbons. Metallomics 6:5 (2014), 1023–1033.
145. Meyer, S., Raber, G., Ebert, F., Leffers, L., Muller, S.M., Taleshi, M.S., Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., In vitro toxicological characterisation of arsenic-containing fatty acids and three of their metabolites. Toxicol. Res. 4:5 (2015), 1289–1296.
146. Meyer, S., Raber, G., Ebert, F., Taleshi, M.S., Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons and arsenic-containing fatty acids: transfer across and presystemic metabolism in the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 59:10 (2015), 2044–2056.
147. Meyer, S., Schulz, J., Jeibmann, A., Taleshi, M.S., Ebert, F., Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons are toxic in the in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster. Metallomics 6:11 (2014), 2010–2014.
148. Micha, R., Khatibzadeh, S., Shi, P.L., Andrews, K.G., Engell, R.E., Mozaffarian, D., Dis, G.B.D.N.C., Global, regional and national consumption of major food groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys worldwide. BMJ Open, 5(9), 2015.
149. Miklavcic, A., Casetta, A., Tratnik, J.S., Mazej, D., Krsnik, M., Mariuz, M., Sofianou, K., Spiric, Z., Barbone, F., Horvat, M., Mercury, arsenic and selenium exposure levels in relation to fish consumption in the Mediterranean area. Environ. Res. 120 (2013), 7–17.
150. Molin, M., Ulven, S.M., Dahl, L., Goessler, W., Fliegel, D., Holck, M., Sloth, J.J., Oshaug, A., Alexander, J., Meltzer, H.M., Ydersbond, T.A., Urinary excretion of arsenicals following daily intake of various seafoods during a two weeks intervention. Food Chem. Toxicol. 66 (2014), 76–88.
151. Molin, M., Ulven, S.M., Dahl, L., Telle-Hansen, V.H., Holck, M., Skjegstad, G., Ledsaak, O., Sloth, J.J., Goessler, W., Oshaug, A., Alexander, J., Fliegel, D., Ydersbond, T.A., Meltzer, H.M., Humans seem to produce arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinate after a bolus dose of seafood. Environ. Res. 112 (2012), 28–39.
152. Molin, M., Ulven, S.M., Meltzer, H.M., Alexander, J., Arsenic in the human food chain, biotransformation and toxicology - review focusing on seafood arsenic. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 31 (2015), 249–259.
153. Molin, M., Ydersbond, T.A., Ulven, S.M., Holck, M., Dahl, L., Sloth, J.J., Fliegel, D., Goessler, W., Alexander, J., Meltzer, H.M., Major and minor arsenic compounds accounting for the total urinary excretion of arsenic following intake of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis): a controlled human study. Food Chem. Toxicol. 50:7 (2012), 2462–2472.
154. Moreda-Piñeiro, J., Alonso-Rodríguez, E., Moreda-Piñeiro, A., Moscoso-Pérez, C., Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., López-Mahía, P., Prada-Rodríguez, D., Bermejo-Barrera, P., Simultaneous pressurized enzymatic hydrolysis extraction and clean up for arsenic speciation in seafood samples before high performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry determination. Anal. Chim. Acta 679:1–2 (2010), 63–73.
155. Morita, M., Shibata, Y., Isolation and identification of arseno-lipid from a brown alga, (wakame). Chemosphere 17:6 (1988), 1147–1152.
156. Naranmandura, H., Carew, M.W., Xu, S., Lee, J., Leslie, E.M., Weinfeld, M., Le, X.C., Comparative toxicity of arsenic metabolites in human bladder cancer EJ-1 cells. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 24:9 (2011), 1586–1596.
157. Naranmandura, H., Ibata, K., Suzuki, K.T., Toxicity of dimethylmonothioarsinic acid toward human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20:8 (2007), 1120–1125.
158. Naranmandura, H., Ogra, Y., Iwata, K., Lee, J., Suzuki, K.T., Weinfeld, M., Le, X.C., Evidence for toxicity differences between inorganic arsenite and thioarsenicals in human bladder cancer cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 238:2 (2009), 133–140.
159. Navas-Acien, A., Francesconi, K.A., Silbergeld, E.K., Guallar, E., Seafood intake and urine concentrations of total arsenic, dimethylarsinate and arsenobetaine in the US population. Environ. Res. 111:1 (2011), 110–118.
160. Nearing, M.M., Koch, I., Reimer, K.J., Arsenic speciation in edible mushrooms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48:24 (2014), 14203–14210.
161. Nearing, M.M., Koch, I., Reimer, K.J., Complementary arsenic speciation methods: a review. Spectrochim. Acta B At. Spectrosc. 99 (2014), 150–162.
162. Newcombe, C., Raab, A., Williams, P.N., Deacon, C., Haris, P.I., Meharg, A.A., Feldmann, J., Accumulation or production of arsenobetaine in humans?. J. Environ. Monit. 12:4 (2010), 832–837.
163. Niegel, C., Matysik, F.M., Analytical methods for the determination of arsenosugars-a review of recent trends and developments. Anal. Chim. Acta 657:2 (2010), 83–99.
164. Niehoff, A.-C., Schulz, J., Soltwisch, J., Meyer, S., Kettling, H., Sperling, M., Jeibmann, A., Dreisewerd, K., Francesconi, K.A., Schwerdtle, T., Karst, U., Imaging by elemental and molecular mass spectrometry reveals the uptake of an arsenolipid in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster. Anal. Chem. 88:10 (2016), 5258–5263.
165. Ninh, T.D., Nagashima, Y., Shiomi, K., Water-soluble and lipid-soluble arsenic compounds in Japanese flying squid Todarodes pacificus. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55:8 (2007), 3196–3202.
166. Ninh, T.D., Nagashima, Y., Shiomi, K., Unusual arsenic speciation in sea anemones. Chemosphere 70:7 (2008), 1168–1174.
167. Nischwitz, V., Kanaki, K., Pergantis, S.A., Mass spectrometric identification of novel arsinothioyl-sugars in marine bivalves and algae. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 21:1 (2006), 33–40.
168. NOAA, Fisheries of the United States. 2010, N. M. F. S. O. o. S. a. Technology. Silver Spring, Maryland, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
169. NRC, Critical Aspects of EPA's IRIS Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic: Interim Report. 2014, N. R. C. o. t. N. Academies, Washington, D.C.
170. Nyyssola, A., Kerovuo, J., Kaukinen, P., von Weymarn, N., Reinikainen, T., Extreme Halophiles synthesize betaine from glycine by methylation. J. Biol. Chem. 275:29 (2000), 22196–22201.
171. Ochi, T., Kita, K., Suzuki, T., Rumpler, A., Goessler, W., Francesconi, K.A., Cytotoxic, genotoxic and cell-cycle disruptive effects of thio-dimethylarsinate in cultured human cells and the role of glutathione. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 228:1 (2008), 59–67.
172. OHA, Technical Report: Soft-shell Clam Advisory for the Oregon Coast. 2015, Oregon Health Authority.
173. Petursdottir, A.H., Fletcher, K., Gunnlaugsdottir, H., Krupp, E., Kupper, F.C., Feldmann, J., Environmental effects on arsenosugars and arsenolipids in Ectocarpus (Phaeophyta). Environ. Chem. 13:1 (2016), 21–33.
174. Petursdottir, A.H., Sloth, J.J., Feldmann, J., Introduction of regulations for arsenic in feed and food with emphasis on inorganic arsenic, and implications for analytical chemistry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 407:28 (2015), 8385–8396.
175. Phillips, D.J.H., Depledge, M.H., Metabolic pathways involving arsenic in marine organisms: a unifying hypothesis. Mar. Environ. Res. 17:1 (1985), 1–12.
176. Raab, A., Fecher, P., Feldmann, J., Determination of arsenic in algae - results of an interlaboratory trial: determination of arsenic species in the water-soluble fraction. Microchim. Acta 151:3–4 (2005), 153–166.
177. Raab, A., Newcombe, C., Pitton, D., Ebel, R., Feldmann, J., Comprehensive analysis of lipophilic arsenic species in a Brown alga ( Saccharina latissima). Anal. Chem. 85:5 (2013), 2817–2824.
178. Raber, G., Khoomrung, S., Taleshi, M.S., Edmonds, J.S., Francesconi, K.A., Identification of arsenolipids with GC/MS. Talanta 78:3 (2009), 1215–1218.
179. Raml, R., Goessler, W., Francesconi, K.A., Improved chromatographic separation of thio-arsenic compounds by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1128:1–2 (2006), 164–170.
180. Raml, R., Goessler, W., Traar, P., Ochi, T., Francesconi, K.A., Novel thioarsenic metabolites in human urine after ingestion of an arsenosugar, 2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl 5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsinoyl-beta-D-riboside. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 18:9 (2005), 1444–1450.
181. Raml, R., Raber, G., Rumpler, A., Bauernhofer, T., Goessler, W., Francesconi, K.A., Individual variability in the human metabolism of an arsenic-containing carbohydrate, 2′,3′-dihydroxypropyl 5-deoxy-5-dimethylarsinoyl-beta-D-riboside, a naturally occurring arsenical in seafood. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22:9 (2009), 1534–1540.
182. Raml, R., Rumpler, A., Goessler, W., Vahter, M., Li, L., Ochi, T., Francesconi, K.A., Thio-dimethylarsinate is a common metabolite in urine samples from arsenic-exposed women in Bangladesh. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 222:3 (2007), 374–380.
183. Reimer, K.J., Koch, I., Cullen, W.R., Organoarsenicals. Distribution and transformation in the environment. Met. Ions Life Sci. 7 (2010), 165–229.
184. Rose, M., Lewis, J., Langford, N., Baxter, M., Origgi, S., Barber, M., MacBain, H., Thomas, K., Arsenic in seaweed—forms, concentration and dietary exposure. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45:7 (2007), 1263–1267.
185. Rubin, S.S.C.D., Alava, P., Zekker, I., Laing, G.D., Van de Wiele, T., Arsenic thiolation and the role of sulfate-reducing bacteria from the human intestinal tract. Environ. Health Perspect. 122:8 (2014), 817–822.
186. Ruiz-Chancho, M.J., Taleshi, M.S., Goessler, W., Francesconi, K.A., A method for screening arsenolipids in fish oils by HPLC-ICPMS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 27:3 (2012), 501–504.
187. Rumpler, A., Edmonds, J.S., Katsu, M., Jensen, K.B., Goessler, W., Raber, G., Gunnlaugsdottir, H., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic-containing long-chain fatty acids in cod-liver oil: a result of biosynthetic infidelity?. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47:14 (2008), 2665–2667.
188. Ruttens, A., Blanpain, A.C., De Temmerman, L., Waegeneers, N., Arsenic speciation in food in Belgium Part 1: Fish, molluscs and crustaceans. J. Geochem. Explor. 121 (2012), 55–61.
189. Ruttens, A., Blanpain, A.C., De Temmerman, L., Waegeneers, N. (2012). Arsenic speciation in food in Belgium Part 1: Fish, molluscs and crustaceans. J. Geochem. Explor. 121, 55–61. Sadee, B.A., Foulkes, M.E., Hill, S.J., An evaluation of extraction techniques for arsenic in staple diets (fish and rice) utilising both classical and enzymatic extraction methods. Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess. 33:3 (2016), 433–441.
190. Saeki, K., Sakakibara, H., Sakai, H., Kunito, T., Tanabe, S., Arsenic accumulation in three species of sea turtles. Biometals 13 (2000), 241–250.
191. Sakurai, T., Kaise, T., Ochi, T., Saitoh, T., Matsubara, C., Study of in vitro cytotoxicity of a water soluble organic arsenic compound, arsenosugar, in seaweed. Toxicology 122:3 (1997), 205–212.
192. Schmeisser, E., Goessler, W., Francesconi, K.A., Human metabolism of arsenolipids present in cod liver. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385:2 (2006), 367–376.
193. Schmeisser, E., Goessler, W., Kienzl, N., Francesconi, K.A., Direct measurement of lipid-soluble arsenic species in biological samples with HPLC-ICPMS. Analyst, 130(6), 2005, 948.
194. Schmeisser, E., Raml, R., Francesconi, K.A., Kuehnelt, D., Lindberg, A.L., Soros, C., Goessler, W., Thio arsenosugars identified as natural constituents of mussels by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Chem. Commun. 16 (2004), 1824–1825.
195. Schmeisser, E., Rumpler, A., Kollroser, M., Rechberger, G., Goessler, W., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic fatty acids are human urinary metabolites of arsenolipids present in cod liver. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45:1 (2006), 150–154.
196. Sele, V., Amlund, H., Berntssen, M.H.G., Berntsen, J.A., Skov, K., Sloth, J.J., Detection of arsenic-containing hydrocarbons in a range of commercial fish oils by GC-ICPMS analysis. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 405:15 (2013), 5179–5190.
197. Sele, V., Sloth, J.J., Holmelid, B., Valdersnes, S., Skov, K., Amlund, H., Arsenic-containing fatty acids and hydrocarbons in marine oils - determination using reversed-phase HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-qTOE-MS. Talanta 121 (2014), 89–96.
198. Sele, V., Sloth, J.J., Julshamn, K., Skov, K., Amlund, H., A study of lipid- and water-soluble arsenic species in liver of Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) containing high levels of total arsenic. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 30 (2015), 171–179.
199. Sele, V., Sloth, J.J., Lundebye, A.-K., Larsen, E.H., Berntssen, M.H.G., Amlund, H., Arsenolipids in marine oils and fats: a review of occurrence, chemistry and future research needs. Food Chem. 133:3 (2012), 618–630.
200. Shibata, Y., Morita, M., A novel, trimethylated arseno-sugar isolated from the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii. Agric. Biol. Chem. 52:4 (1988), 1087–1089.
201. Shibata, Y., Sekiguchi, M., Otsuki, A., Morita, M., Arsenic compounds in zoo- and phyto-plankton of marine origin. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 10:9 (1996), 713–719.
202. Shiomi, K., Kakehashi, Y., Yamanaka, H., Kikuchi, T., Identification of arsenobetaine and a tetramethylarsonium salt in the clam Meretrix lusoria. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 1:2 (1987), 177–183.
203. Sioen, I., De Henauw, S., Van Camp, J., Volatier, J.L., Leblanc, J.C., Comparison of the nutritional-toxicological conflict related to seafood consumption in different regions worldwide. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 55:2 (2009), 219–228.
204. Sirot, V., Leblanc, J.C., Margaritis, I., A risk-benefit analysis approach to seafood intake to determine optimal consumption. Br. J. Nutr. 107:12 (2012), 1812–1822.
205. Šlejkovec, Z., Kápolna, E., Ipolyi, I., van Elteren, J.T., Arsenosugars and other arsenic compounds in littoral zone algae from the Adriatic Sea. Chemosphere 63:7 (2006), 1098–1105.
206. Slejkovec, Z., Stajnko, A., Falnoga, I., Lipej, L., Mazej, D., Horvat, M., Faganeli, J., Bioaccumulation of arsenic species in rays from the northern Adriatic Sea. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15:12 (2014), 22073–22091.
207. Sloth, J.J., Julshamn, K., Survey of total and inorganic arsenic content in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from Norwegian fiords: revelation of unusual high levels of inorganic arsenic. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56:4 (2008), 1269–1273.
208. Sloth, J.J., Larsen, E.H., Julshamn, K., Determination of organoarsenic species in marine samples using gradient elution cation exchange HPLC-ICP-MS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 18:5 (2003), 452–459.
209. Sloth, J.J., Larsen, E.H., Julshamn, K.R., Report on three aliphatic dimethylarsinoyl compounds as common minor constituents in marine samples. An investigation using high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19:2 (2005), 227–235.
210. Slotnick, M.J., Meliker, J.R., Nriagu, J.O., Intra-individual variability in toenail arsenic concentrations in a Michigan population, USA. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 18:2 (2008), 149–157.
211. Soleo, L., Lovreglio, P., Iavicoli, S., Antelmi, A., Drago, I., Basso, A., Di Lorenzo, L., Gilberti, M.E., De Palma, G., Apostoli, P., Significance of urinary arsenic speciation in assessment of seafood ingestion as the main source of organic and inorganic arsenic in a population resident near a coastal area. Chemosphere 73:3 (2008), 291–299.
212. Suner, M.A., Devesa, V., Clemente, M.J., Velez, D., Montoro, R., Urieta, I., Jalon, M., Macho, M.L., Organoarsenical species contents in fresh and processed seafood products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:4 (2002), 924–932.
213. Tabata, H., Anwar, M., Horai, S., Ando, T., Nakano, A., Wakamiya, J., Koriyama, C., Nakagawa, M., Yamada, K., Akiba, S., Toenail arsenic levels among residents in Amami-Oshima Island, Japan. Environ. Sci. 13:3 (2006), 149–160.
214. Takeuchi, M., Terada, A., Nanba, K., Kanai, Y., Owaki, M., Yoshida, T., Kuroiwa, T., Nirei, H., Komai, T., Distribution and fate of biologically formed organoarsenicals in coastal marine sediment. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 19:8 (2005), 945–951.
215. Taleshi, M.S., Edmonds, J.S., Goessler, W., Ruiz-Chancho, M.J., Raber, G., Jensen, K.B., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic-containing lipids are natural constituents of sashimi tuna. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44:4 (2010), 1478–1483.
216. Taleshi, M.S., Jensen, K.B., Raber, G., Edmonds, J.S., Gunnlaugsdottir, H., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons: natural compounds in oil from the fish capelin, Mallotus villosus. Chem. Commun., 39, 2008, 4706.
217. Taleshi, M.S., Seidler-Egdal, R.K., Jensen, K.B., Schwerdtle, T., Francesconi, K.A., Synthesis and characterization of arsenolipids: naturally occurring arsenic compounds in fish and algae. Organometallics 33:6 (2014), 1397–1403.
218. Taylor, V.F., Jackson, B.P., Siegfried, M.R., Navratilova, J., Francesconi, K.A., Kirshtein, J., Voytek, M., Arsenic speciation in food chains from mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vents. Environ. Chem., 9(2), 2012, 130.
219. Terol, A., Ardini, F., Grotti, M., Todoli, J.L., High temperature liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of arsenosugars in biological samples. J. Chromatogr. A 1262 (2012), 70–76.
220. Thomson, D., Maher, W., Foster, S., Arsenic and selected elements in inter-tidal and estuarine marine algae, south-east coast, NSW, Australia. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 21:6 (2007), 396–411.
221. Traar, P., Rumpler, A., Madl, T., Saischek, G., Francesconi, K.A., Synthesis of naturally occurring arsenic-containing carbohydrates. Aust. J. Chem. 62:6 (2009), 538–545.
222. Tukai, R., Maher, W.A., McNaught, I.J., Ellwood, M.J., Measurement of arsenic species in marine macroalgae by microwave-assisted extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 457:2 (2002), 173–185.
223. Tukai, R., Maher, W.A., McNaught, I.J., Ellwood, M.J., Coleman, M., Occurrence and chemical form of arsenic in marine macroalgae from the east coast of Australia. Mar. Freshw. Res. 53:6 (2002), 971–980.
224. Tyson, J., The determination of arsenic compounds: a critical review. ISRN Anal. Chem., 2013, 2013, 835371 (24pp).
225. US EPA, Estimated Fish Consumption Rates for the U.S. Population and Selected Subpopulations (NHANES 2003–2010). 2014.
226. US FDA, Guidance Document for Arsenic in Shellfish. 1993, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC.
227. Uneyama, C., Toda, M., Yamamoto, M., Morikawa, K., Arsenic in various foods: cumulative data. Food Addit. Contam. 24:5 (2007), 447–534.
228. Unterberg, M., Leffers, L., Hubner, F., Humpf, H.U., Lepikhov, K., Walter, J., Ebert, F., Schwerdtle, T., Toxicity of arsenite and thio-DMA(V) after long-term (21 days) incubation of human urothelial cells: cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and epigenetics. Toxicol. Res. 3:6 (2014), 456–464.
229. Vahter, M., Marafante, E., Dencker, L., Metabolism of arsenobetaine in mice, rats and rabbits. Sci. Total Environ. 30 (1983), 197–211 (SEP).
230. van Elteren, J.T., Slejkovec, Z., Kahn, M., Goessler, W., A systematic study on the extractability of arsenic species from algal certified reference material IAEA-140/TM (Fucus sp., sea plant homogenate) using methanol/water extractant mixtures. Anal. Chim. Acta 585:1 (2007), 24–31.
231. Van Hulle, M., Zhang, C., Schotte, B., Mees, L., Vanhaecke, F., Vanholder, R., Zhang, X.R., Cornelis, R., Identification of some arsenic species in human urine and blood after ingestion of Chinese seaweed Laminaria. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 19:1 (2004), 58–64.
232. Van Hulle, M., Zhang, C., Zhang, X., Cornelis, R., Arsenic speciation in Chinese seaweeds using HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ES-MS. Analyst 127:5 (2002), 634–640.
233. Vandermeersch, G., Lourenco, H.M., Alvarez-Munoz, D., Cunha, S., Diogene, J., Cano-Sancho, G., Sloth, J.J., Kwadijk, C., Barcelo, D., Allegaert, W., Bekaert, K., Fernandes, J.O., Marques, A., Robbens, J., Environmental contaminants of emerging concern in seafood–European database on contaminant levels. Environ. Res. 143 (2015), 29–45 (Pt B).
234. Viczek, S.A., Jensen, K.B., Francesconi, K.A., Arsenic-containing phosphatidylcholines: a new group of arsenolipids discovered in Herring Caviar. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55:17 (2016), 5259–5262.
235. Wei, C., Li, W.H., Zhang, C., Van Hulle, M., Cornelis, R., Zhang, X.R., Safety evaluation of organoarsenical species in edible porphyra from the China Sea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51:17 (2003), 5176–5182.
236. Wei, M., Wanibuchi, H., Morimura, K., Iwai, S., Yoshida, K., Endo, G., Nakae, D., Fukushima, S., Carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid in male F344 rats and genetic alterations in induced urinary bladder tumors. Carcinogenesis 23:8 (2002), 1387–1397.
237. Whaley-Martin, K.J., Koch, I., Moriarty, M., Reimer, K.J., Arsenic speciation in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) along a highly contaminated arsenic gradient. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46:6 (2012), 3110–3118.
238. Whaley-Martin, K.J., Koch, I., Reimer, K.J., Determination of arsenic species in edible periwinkles (Littorina littorea) by HPLC-ICPMS and XAS along a contamination gradient. Sci. Total Environ. 456 (2013), 148–153.
239. WHO-IARC, Arsenic in Drinking Water. 2011.
240. Williams, P.N., Price, A.H., Raab, A., Hossain, S.A., Feldmann, J., Meharg, A.A., Variation in arsenic speciation and concentration in paddy rice related to dietary exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:15 (2005), 5531–5540.
241. Wu, X., Gao, M., Wang, L., Luo, Y.J., Bi, R., Li, L.X., Xie, L.T., The arsenic content in marketed seafood and associated health risks for the residents of Shandong, China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 102 (2014), 168–173.
242. Wuilloud, R.G., Altamirano, J.C., Smichowski, P.N., Heitkemper, D.T., Investigation of arsenic speciation in algae of the Antarctic region by HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-ion trap MS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 21:11 (2006), 1214–1223.
243. Yamauchi, H., Takahashi, K., Mashiko, M., Saitoh, J., Yamamura, Y., Intake of different chemical-species of dietary arsenic by the Japanese, and their blood and urinary arsenic levels. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 6:4 (1992), 383–388.
244. Yoshida, K., Kuroda, K., Zhou, X., Inoue, Y., Date, Y., Wanibuchi, H., Fukushima, S., Endo, G., Urinary sulfur-containing metabolite produced by intestinal bacteria following oral administration of dimethylarsinic acid to rats. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16:9 (2003), 1124–1129.
245. Yu, L.L., Davis, C., Ellisor, M., Narukawa, T., Paul, R., Quality assurance standard for assessment of arsenic species in apple juice, Winter Conference on Plasma Spectrochemistry, 2016, National Institute of Standards and Technology Material Measurement Laboratory U.S. Department of Commerce.
246. Yu, L.L., Wei, C., Zeisler, R., Tong, J.T., Oflaz, R., Bao, H.X., Wang, J., An approach for identification and determination of arsenic species in the extract of kelp. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 407:12 (2015), 3517–3524.
247. Zava, T.T., Zava, D.T., Assessment of Japanese iodine intake based on seaweed consumption in Japan: a literature-based analysis. Thyroid. Res., 4, 2011, 14.