The 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 70, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 869-878

  Kromhout, D ^a   Spaaij, C J K ^a   De Goede, J ^a   Weggemans, R M ^a   Brug, Johannes ^b   Geleijnse, Johanna M ^c   Van Goudoever, Johannes B ^d   Hoes, Arno W ^e   Hopman, Maria T E ^f   Iestra, Jolein A ^e   Mensink, Ronald P ^g   Pijl, Hanno ^h   Romijn, Johannes A ⁱ   Schols, Annemie M W J ^j   Seidell, Jaap C ^k   Veer, Pieter Van'T ^c   Visser, Marjolein ^b   Zwietering, Marcel H ^c  

^a Social and Economic Council of The Netherlands   (Netherlands)

^b VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d EMMA CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^f RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^g MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^h LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

ⁱ ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^j MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^k VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FAT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; OIL; SODIUM CHLORIDE; SUGAR;

ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE; ANIMAL; BEVERAGE; BODY WEIGHT; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREAL; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC DISEASE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COFFEE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; DAIRY PRODUCT; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXPERIMENT; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD; FOOD BASED DIETARY GUIDELINE; FRUIT; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LEGUME; LUNG CANCER; MEAT; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NETHERLANDS; NUT; NUTRIENT; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PLANT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TEA; VEGETABLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIET; LITERATURE; NUTRITION POLICY; SEA FOOD; STANDARDS;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; FOOD; FRUIT; HUMANS; NETHERLANDS; NUTRITION POLICY; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; REVIEW LITERATURE AS TOPIC; SEAFOOD; VEGETABLES;

EID: 84982659126     PISSN: 09543007     EISSN: 14765640     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.52     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Voedingsraad. Advies Richtlijnen goede voeding. Den Haag. 1986.
2. Health Council of the Netherlands. Guidelines for a Healthy Diet 2006. Publication no. 2006/21E. The Hague, 2006.
3. Mozaffarian D, Ludwig DS. Dietary guidelines in the 21st century-a time for food. JAMA 2010; 304: 681-682.
4. Health Council of the Netherlands. Background Document Methodology for the Evaluation of the Evidence for the Dutch Dietary Guidelines 2015. Publication no. A15/03E. The Hague, 2015.
5. Grobbee DE, Hoes AW. Clinical Epidemiology Principles, Methods, and Applications for Clinical Research. Jones and Bartlett Publ, Inc., 2007.
6. Cooper AJ, Forouhi NG, Ye Z, Buijsse B, Arriola L, Balkau B et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and type 2 diabetes: EPIC-InterAct prospective study and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 1082-1092.
7. Broekmans WM, Klopping-Ketelaars WA, Kluft C, van den Berg H, Kok FJ, van Poppel G. Fruit and vegetables and cardiovascular risk profile: a diet controlled intervention study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55: 636-642.
8. Berry SE, Mulla UZ, Chowienczyk PJ, Sanders TA. Increased potassium intake from fruit and vegetables or supplements does not lower blood pressure or improve vascular function in UK men and women with early hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2010; 104: 1839-1847.
9. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1117-1124.
10. John JH, Ziebland S, Yudkin P, Roe LS, Neil HA. Effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on plasma antioxidant concentrations and blood pressure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1969-1974.
11. McCall DO, McGartland CP, McKinley MC, Patterson CC, Sharpe P, McCance DR et al. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables improves microvascular function in hypertensive subjects in a dose-dependent manner. Circulation 2009; 119: 2153-2160.
12. Smith-Warner SA, Elmer PJ, Tharp TM, Fosdick L, Randall B, Gross M et al. Increasing vegetable and fruit intake: randomized intervention and monitoring in an at-risk population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000; 9: 307-317.
13. He FJ, Nowson CA, Lucas M, Macgregor GA. Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables is related to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Hum Hypertens 2007; 21: 717-728.
14. Dauchet L, Amouyel P, Hercberg S, Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Nutr 2006; 136: 2588-2593.
15. Crowe FL, Roddam AW, Key TJ, Appleby PN, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality from ischaemic heart disease: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Heart study. Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 1235-1243.
16. Hu D, Huang J, Wang Y, Zhang D, Qu Y. Fruits and vegetables consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Stroke 2014; 45: 1613-1619.
17. Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69: 30-42.
18. Muraki I, Imamura F, Manson JE, Hu FB, Willett WC, van Dam RM et al. Fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ 2013; 347: f5001.
19. Aune D, Lau R, Chan DS, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E et al. Nonlinear reduction in risk for colorectal cancer by fruit and vegetable intake based on meta-analysis of prospective studies. Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 106-118.
20. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, DC, 2007.
21. Buchner FL, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Linseisen J, Boshuizen HC, Kiemeney LA, Ros MM et al. Fruits and vegetables consumption and the risk of histological subtypes of lung cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 357-371.
22. Wakai K, Matsuo K, Nagata C, Mizoue T, Tanaka K, Tsuji I et al. Lung cancer risk and consumption of vegetables and fruit: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiological evidence from Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2011; 41: 693-708.
23. Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Jakobsen MU, Egeberg R, Tjonneland A et al. Meat consumption and mortality-results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. BMC Med 2013; 11: 63.
24. Kaluza J, Wolk A, Larsson SC. Red meat consumption and risk of stroke: a metaanalysis of prospective studies. Stroke 2012; 43: 2556-2560.
25. Chen GC, Lv DB, Pang Z, Liu QF. Red and processed meat consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67: 91-95.
26. Micha R, Wallace SK, Mozaffarian D. Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation 2010; 121: 2271-2283.
27. Aune D, Ursin G, Veierod MB. Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 2277-2287.
28. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Willett WC et al. Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 1088-1096.
29. Feskens EJ, Sluik D, van Woudenbergh GJ. Meat consumption, diabetes, and its complications. Curr Diab Rep 2013; 13: 298-306.
30. Chan DS, Lau R, Aune D, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E et al. Red and processed meat and colorectal cancer incidence: meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS One 2011; 6: e20456.
31. Norat T, Chan DS, Lau R, Aune D, Vieira R, WCRF/AIRC Systematic literature review continuous update project report. The associations between food, nutrition, physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer, 2010. Available from: http://www.wcrf.org/sites/default/files/SLR-colorectal-cancer-2010.pdf.
32. Huxley RR, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Clifton P, Czernichow S, Parr CL, Woodward M. The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 171-180.
33. Alexander DD, Weed DL, Cushing CA, Lowe KA. Meta-analysis of prospective studies of red meat consumption and colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2011; 20: 293-307.
34. Alexander DD, Miller AJ, Cushing CA, Lowe KA. Processed meat and colorectal cancer: a quantitative review of prospective epidemiologic studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 2010; 19: 328-341.
35. Spencer EA, Key TJ, Appleby PN, Dahm CC, Keogh RH, Fentiman IS et al. Meat, poultry and fish and risk of colorectal cancer: pooled analysis of data from the UK dietary cohort consortium. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 1417-1425.
36. Yang WS, Wong MY, Vogtmann E, Tang RQ, Xie L, Yang YS et al. Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer: evidence from observational studies. Ann Oncol 2012; 23: 3163-3170.
37. Xue XJ, Gao Q, Qiao JH, Zhang J, Xu CP, Liu J. Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 33 published studies. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7: 1542-1553.
38. Abete I, Romaguera D, Vieira AR, Lopez de MA, Norat T. Association between total, processed, red and white meat consumption and all-cause, CVD and IHD mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2014; 112: 762-775.
39. Missmer SA, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, Yaun SS, Adami HO, Beeson WL et al. Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 78-85.
40. Aune D, Lau R, Chan DS, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E et al. Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Ann Oncol 2012; 23: 37-45.
41. Ralston RA, Truby H, Palermo CE, Walker KZ. Colorectal cancer and nonfermented milk, solid cheese, and fermented milk consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54: 1167-1179.
42. Chen M, Sun Q, Giovannucci E, Mozaffarian D, Manson JE, Willett WC et al. Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014; 12: 215.
43. Keum N, Aune D, Greenwood DC, Ju W, Giovannucci EL. Calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1940-1948.
44. Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Colorectal cancer risk and dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products: a meta-analysis of 26,335 cases from 60 observational studies. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61: 47-69.
45. Rossum CTM, van, Fransen HP, Verkaik-Kloosterman J, Buurma-Rethans EJM, Ocké MC. Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2007-2010. Diet of children and adults aged 7 to 69 years. Report no.: 350050006/2011. Bilthoven, 2011.
46. Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Katan MB. Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 885-891.
47. Berger S, Raman G, Vishwanathan R, Jacques PF, Johnson EJ. Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102: 276-294.
48. Rong Y, Chen L, Zhu T, Song Y, Yu M, Shan Z et al. Egg consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ 2013; 346: e8539.
49. Shin JY, Xun P, Nakamura Y, He K. Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 146-159.
50. Bazzano LA, Thompson AM, Tees MT, Nguyen CH, Winham DM. Non-soy legume consumption lowers cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21: 94-103.
51. Ha V, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Jayalath VH, Mirrahimi A, Agarwal A et al. Effect of dietary pulse intake on established therapeutic lipid targets for cardiovascular risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2014; 186: E252-E262.
52. Afshin A, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Mozaffarian D. Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 278-288.
53. Banel DK, Hu FB. Effects of walnut consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 56-63.
54. Pan A, Yu D, mark-Wahnefried W, Franco OH, Lin X. Meta-analysis of the effects of flaxseed interventions on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 288-297.
55. Sabate J, Oda K, Ros E. Nut consumption and blood lipid levels: a pooled analysis of 25 intervention trials. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 821-827.
56. Luo C, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Shan Z, Chen S, Yu M et al. Nut consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 256-269.
57. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, Covas MI, Corella D, Aros F et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 1279-1290.
58. Cho SS, Qi L, Fahey GC Jr, Klurfeld DM. Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 594-619.
59. Djousse L, Gaziano JM. Breakfast cereals and risk of heart failure in the physicians' health study I. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 2080-2085.
60. Jacobs DR Jr, Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Folsom AR. Is whole grain intake associated with reduced total and cause-specific death rates in older women? The Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Public Health 1999; 89: 322-329.
61. Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Loehr LR, Rosamond WD, Folsom AR. Incident heart failure is associated with lower whole-grain intake and greater high-fat dairy and egg intake in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. J Am Diet Assoc 2008; 108: 1881-1887.
62. Streppel MT, Arends LR, van t V, Grobbee DE, Geleijnse JM. Dietary fiber and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 150-156.
63. Whelton SP, Hyre AD, Pedersen B, Yi Y, Whelton PK, He J. Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 475-481.
64. Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C et al. Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013; 347: f6879.
65. Zhang Z, Xu G, Liu D, Zhu W, Fan X, Liu X. Dietary fiber consumption and risk of stroke. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28: 119-130.
66. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Whelton PK. Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1897-1904.
67. Kelly SA, Summerbell CD, Brynes A, Whittaker V, Frost G. Wholegrain cereals for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (2): Art. no. CD005051.
68. AbuMweis SS, Jew S, Ames NP. beta-glucan from barley and its lipid-lowering capacity: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010; 64: 1472-1480.
69. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta-glucans and lowering of blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2010; 8: 1885.
70. Talati R, Baker WL, Pabilonia MS, White CM, Coleman CI. The effects of barleyderived soluble fiber on serum lipids. Ann Fam Med 2009; 7: 157-163.
71. Anderson JW, Hanna TJ, Peng X, Kryscio RJ. Whole grain foods and heart disease risk. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19: 291S-299S.
72. Jensen MK, Koh-Banerjee P, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Gronbaek M et al. Intakes of whole grains, bran, and germ and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 1492-1499.
73. Liu S, Sesso HD, Manson JE, Willett WC, Buring JE. Is intake of breakfast cereals related to total and cause-specific mortality in men? Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 594-599.
74. Steffen LM, Jacobs DR Jr, Stevens J, Shahar E, Carithers T, Folsom AR. Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78: 383-390.
75. Ye EQ, Chacko SA, Chou EL, Kugizaki M, Liu S. Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and weight gain. J Nutr 2012; 142: 1304-1313.
76. Yao B, Fang H, Xu W, Yan Y, Xu H, Liu Y et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose-response analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 29: 79-88.
77. Aune D, Norat T, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ. Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and doseresponse meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28: 845-858.
78. Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Kampman E et al. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2011; 343: d6617.
79. Kyro C, Skeie G, Loft S, Landberg R, Christensen J, Lund E et al. Intake of whole grains from different cereal and food sources and incidence of colorectal cancer in the Scandinavian HELGA cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24: 1363-1374.
80. Hansen L, Skeie G, Landberg R, Lund E, Palmqvist R, Johansson I et al. Intake of dietary fiber, especially from cereal foods, is associated with lower incidence of colon cancer in the HELGA cohort. Int J Cancer 2012; 131: 469-478.
81. Murphy N, Norat T, Ferrari P, Jenab M, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Skeie G et al. Dietary fibre intake and risks of cancers of the colon and rectum in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). PLoS One 2012; 7: e39361.
82. Zock PL, Katan MB. Butter, margarine and serum lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 1997; 131: 7-16.
83. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77: 1146-1155.
84. Skeaff CM, Miller J. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: summary of evidence from prospective cohort and randomised controlled trials. Ann Nutr Metab 2009; 55: 173-201.
85. Mozaffarian D, Micha R, Wallace S. Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS Med 2010; 7: e1000252.
86. Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Thompson R, Sills D, Roberts FG, Moore H et al. Reduced or modified dietary fat for preventing cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; (5): Art. no. CD002137.
87. Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Leelarthaepin B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Faurot KR, Suchindran CM et al. Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ 2013; 346: e8707.
88. Chowdhury R, Warnakula S, Kunutsor S, Crowe F, Ward HA, Johnson L et al. Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160: 398-406.
89. Farvid MS, Cho E, Chen WY, Eliassen AH, Willett WC. Dietary protein sources in early adulthood and breast cancer incidence: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2014; 348: g3437.
90. Mozaffarian D, Aro A, Willett WC. Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63(Suppl 2): S5-S21.
91. Bendsen NT, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A. Consumption of industrial and ruminant trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65: 773-783.
92. Leon H, Shibata MC, Sivakumaran S, Dorgan M, Chatterley T, Tsuyuki RT. Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review. BMJ 2008; 337: a2931.
93. Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Martinez P, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F. Long chain omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2012; 107(Suppl 2): S201-S213.
94. Trikalinos TA, Moorthy D, Yu WW, Lau J, Lichtenstein AH, Chung M. Nutritional Research Series. Volume 4: Effects of Eicosapentanoic Acid and Docosahexanoic Acid on Mortality across Diverse Settings: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials and Prospective Cohorts. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality: Rockville, MD, USA, 2012.
95. Kwak SM, Myung SK, Lee YJ, Seo HG. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trials. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172: 686-694.
96. Rizos EC, Ntzani EE, Bika E, Kostapanos MS, Elisaf MS. Association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and risk of major cardiovascular disease events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2012; 308: 1024-1033.
97. Wen YT, Dai JH, Gao Q. Effects of Omega-3 fatty acid on major cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24: 470-475.
98. Zheng J, Huang T, Yu Y, Hu X, Yang B, Li D. Fish consumption and CHD mortality: an updated meta-analysis of seventeen cohort studies. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15: 725-737.
99. Engeset D, Braaten T, Teucher B, Kuhn T, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Leenders M et al. Fish consumption and mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 30: 57-70.
100. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM et al. Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 1989; 2: 757-761.
101. Larsson SC, Orsini N. Fish consumption and the risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis. Stroke 2011; 42: 3621-3623.
102. Xun P, Qin B, Song Y, Nakamura Y, Kurth T, Yaemsiri S et al. Fish consumption and risk of stroke and its subtypes: accumulative evidence from a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 1199-1207.
103. Chowdhury R, Stevens S, Gorman D, Pan A, Warnakula S, Chowdhury S et al. Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 345: e6698.
104. EFSA Scientific Committee. Statement on the benefits of fish/seafood consumption compared to the risks of methylmercury in fish/seafood. EFSA J 2015; 13: 3982.
105. Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, Jamshidi A, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H. Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53: 1299-1311.
106. Onakpoya I, Spencer E, Heneghan C, Thompson M. The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24: 823-836.
107. Greyling A, Ras RT, Zock PL, Lorenz M, Hopman MT, Thijssen DH et al. The effect of black tea on blood pressure: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2014; 9: e103247.
108. Shen L, Song LG, Ma H, Jin CN, Wang JA, Xiang MX. Tea consumption and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13: 652-662.
109. Yang WS, Wang WY, Fan WY, Deng Q, Wang X. Tea consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Nutr 2014; 111: 1329-1339.
110. Urgert R, Katan MB. The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans. J R Soc Med 1996; 89: 618-623.
111. Voorlichtingsbureau voor Koffie en Gezondheid. Koffie, hart en bloedvaten, Amsterdam, 2007.
112. Cai L, Ma D, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Wang P. The effect of coffee consumption on serum lipids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66: 872-877.
113. Ding M, Bhupathiraju SN, Satija A, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and a doseresponse meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation 2014; 129: 643-659.
114. Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98: 1084-1102.
115. Greenwood DC, Threapleton DE, Evans CE, Cleghorn CL, Nykjaer C, Woodhead C et al. Association between sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened soft drinks and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Nutr 2014; 112: 725-734.
116. Xi B, Li S, Liu Z, Tian H, Yin X, Huai P et al. Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9: e93471.
117. Xin X, He J, Frontini MG, Ogden LG, Motsamai OI, Whelton PK. Effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1112-1117.
118. Ronksley PE, Brien SE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011; 342: d671.
119. Roerecke M, Rehm J. Irregular heavy drinking occasions and risk of ischemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 171: 633-644.
120. Hamajima N, Hirose K, Tajima K, Rohan T, Calle EE, Heath CW Jr et al. Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer-collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1234-1245.
121. Romieu I, Scoccianti C, Chajes V, de BJ, Biessy C, Dossus L et al. Alcohol intake and breast cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer 2015; 137: 1921-1930.
122. Seitz HK, Pelucchi C, Bagnardi V, La VC. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of alcohol and breast cancer: Update 2012. Alcohol Alcohol 2012; 47: 204-212.
123. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Ritz J, van den Brandt PA, Colditz GA, Folsom AR et al. Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 603-613.
124. Ferrari P, Jenab M, Norat T, Moskal A, Slimani N, Olsen A et al. Lifetime and baseline alcohol intake and risk of colon and rectal cancers in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 2007; 121: 2065-2072.
125. Moskal A, Norat T, Ferrari P, Riboli E. Alcohol intake and colorectal cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of published cohort studies. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 664-671.
126. Chao C. Associations between beer, wine, and liquor consumption and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 2436-2447.
127. Freudenheim JL, Ritz J, Smith-Warner SA, Albanes D, Bandera EV, van den Brandt PA et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of lung cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82: 657-667.
128. Padilla H, Michael GJ, Djousse L. Alcohol consumption and risk of heart failure: a meta-analysis. Phys Sportsmed 2010; 38: 84-89.
129. Baliunas DO, Taylor BJ, Irving H, Roerecke M, Patra J, Mohapatra S et al. Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 2123-2132.
130. Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Bergmann MM, Rohrmann S, Schulze MB, Buijsse B et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in European men and women: influence of beverage type and body size The EPIC-InterAct study. J Intern Med 2012; 272: 358-370.
131. Koppes LL, Dekker JM, Hendriks HF, Bouter LM, Heine RJ. Moderate alcohol consumption lowers the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 719-725.
132. Anstey KJ, Mack HA, Cherbuin N. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2009; 17: 542-555.
133. Ferrari P, Licaj I, Muller DC, Kragh AP, Johansson M, Boeing H et al. Lifetime alcohol use and overall and cause-specific mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study. BMJ Open 2014; 4: e005245.
134. DiCastelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Bagnardi V, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated metaanalysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 2437-2445.
135. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP, Meerpohl JJ. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2013; 346: f1326.
136. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low-sodium diet vs. highsodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; (11): Art. no. CD004022.
137. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2013; 346: 1-15.
138. Fortmann SP, Burda BU, Senger CA, Lin JS, Whitlock EP. Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: an updated systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2013; 159: 824-834.
139. The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1029-1035.
140. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, Cullen MR, Glass A et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1150-1155.
141. Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, Reid IR. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014; 2: 307-320.
142. Juraschek SP, Guallar E, Appel LJ, Miller ER III. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 95: 1079-1088.
143. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J et al. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 2123-2133.
144. Nutrition Evidence Library. A Series of Systematic Reviews on the Relationship Between Dietary Patterns and Health Outcomes. US Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 2014.
145. Saneei P, Salehi-Abargouei A, Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Influence of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24: 1253-1261.
146. Brader L, Uusitupa M, Dragsted LO, Hermansen K. Effects of an isocaloric healthy Nordic diet on ambulatory blood pressure in metabolic syndrome: a randomized SYSDIET sub-study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68: 57-63.
147. Poulsen SK, Due A, Jordy AB, Kiens B, Stark KD, Stender S et al. Health effect of the New Nordic Diet in adults with increased waist circumference: a 6-mo randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99: 35-45.
148. Adamsson V, Reumark A, Fredriksson IB, Hammarstrom E, Vessby B, Johansson G et al. Effects of a healthy Nordic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: a randomized controlled trial (NORDIET). J Intern Med 2011; 269: 150-159.
149. Salehi-Abargouei A, Maghsoudi Z, Shirani F, Azadbakht L. Effects of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-style diet on fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular diseases-incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis on observational prospective studies. Nutrition 2013; 29: 611-618.
150. Kontogianni MD, Panagiotakos DB. Dietary patterns and stroke: a systematic review and re-meta-analysis. Maturitas 2014; 79: 41-47.
151. Yokoyama Y, Nishimura K, Barnard ND, Takegami M, Watanabe M, Sekikawa A et al. Vegetarian diets and blood pressure: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174: 577-587.
152. Huang T, Yang B, Zheng J, Li G, Wahlqvist ML, Li D. Cardiovascular disease mortality and cancer incidence in vegetarians: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab 2012; 60: 233-240.
153. Key TJ, Fraser GE, Thorogood M, Appleby PN, Beral V, Reeves G et al. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 516S-524S.
154. Esposito K, Chiodini P, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Panagiotakos D, Giugliano D. Which diet for prevention of type 2 diabetes? A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Endocrine 2014; 47: 107-116.
155. Romaguera D, Guevara M, Norat T, Langenberg C, Forouhi NG, Sharp S et al. Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study: the InterAct project. Diabetes Care 2011; 34: 1913-1918.
156. InterAct Consortium. Adherence to predefined dietary patterns and incident type 2 diabetes in European populations: EPIC-InterAct Study. Diabetologia 2014; 57: 321-333.
157. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G. Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Cancer 2014; 135: 1884-1897.
158. Sofi F, Macchi C, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Mediterranean diet and health status: an updated meta-analysis and a proposal for a literature-based adherence score. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17: 2769-2782.
159. Health Council of the Netherlands. Guideline for Dietary Fibre Intake. Publication no. 2006/E3. The Hague, 2006.
160. Health Council of the Netherlands. Guidelines for a Healthy Diet: the Ecological Perspective. Publication no. 2011/08E. The Hague, 2011.
161. Tilman D, Clark M. Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health. Nature 2014; 515: 518-522.
162. Auestad N, Fulgoni VL III. What current literature tells us about sustainable diets: emerging research linking dietary patterns, environmental sustainability, and economics. Adv Nutr 2015; 6: 19-36.
163. Alsaffar AA. Sustainable diets: the interaction between food industry, nutrition, health and the environment. Food Sci Technol Int 2016; 22: 102-111.
164. Temme EH, Toxopeus IB, Kramer GF, Brosens MC, Drijvers JM, Tyszler M et al. Greenhouse gas emission of diets in the Netherlands and associations with food, energy and macronutrient intakes. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18: 2433-2445.
165. The Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy. Towards a Food Policy. Synopsis of WRR-report no. 93. The Hague, 2015.
166. Health Council of the Netherlands. Healthy Nutrition: a Closer Look at Logos. Publication no. 2008/22E. The Hague, 2008.
167. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Washington DC 2015.
168. National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian Dietary Guidelines. Canberra, 2013.
169. Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012. Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity. Copenhagen 2014.