메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 114, Issue , 2016, Pages 3-13

Metabolism meets immunity: The role of free fatty acid receptors in the immune system

Author keywords

Free fatty acids (FFAs); GPCR; Immuno metabolism; Inflammation; Macrophages; Obesity

Indexed keywords

FATTY ACID; FFAR 2 PROTEIN; FFAR 3 PROTEIN; FFAR 4 PROTEIN; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR 40; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

EID: 84977119864     PISSN: 00062952     EISSN: 18732968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.017     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (192)

References (146)
  • 1
    • 84883110880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
    • [1] Le Chatelier, E., Nielsen, T., Qin, J., Prifti, E., Hildebrand, F., Falony, G., et al. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers. Nature 500 (2013), 541–546.
    • (2013) Nature , vol.500 , pp. 541-546
    • Le Chatelier, E.1    Nielsen, T.2    Qin, J.3    Prifti, E.4    Hildebrand, F.5    Falony, G.6
  • 2
    • 84902657771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet, metabolites, and “western-lifestyle” inflammatory diseases
    • [2] Thorburn, A.N., Macia, L., Mackay, C.R., Diet, metabolites, and “western-lifestyle” inflammatory diseases. Immunity 40 (2014), 833–842.
    • (2014) Immunity , vol.40 , pp. 833-842
    • Thorburn, A.N.1    Macia, L.2    Mackay, C.R.3
  • 3
    • 84955268118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity and cancer: the oil that feeds the flame
    • [3] Font-Burgada, J., Sun, B., Karin, M., Obesity and cancer: the oil that feeds the flame. Cell Metab. 23 (2016), 48–62.
    • (2016) Cell Metab. , vol.23 , pp. 48-62
    • Font-Burgada, J.1    Sun, B.2    Karin, M.3
  • 4
    • 84872407744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug discovery opportunities and challenges at g protein coupled receptors for long chain free fatty acids
    • [4] Holliday, N.D., Watson, S.J., Brown, A.J., Drug discovery opportunities and challenges at g protein coupled receptors for long chain free fatty acids. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 2, 2011, 112.
    • (2011) Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) , vol.2 , pp. 112
    • Holliday, N.D.1    Watson, S.J.2    Brown, A.J.3
  • 5
    • 84876712334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The therapeutic potential of allosteric ligands for free fatty acid sensitive GPCRs
    • [5] Hudson, B.D., Ulven, T., Milligan, G., The therapeutic potential of allosteric ligands for free fatty acid sensitive GPCRs. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 13 (2013), 14–25.
    • (2013) Curr. Top. Med. Chem. , vol.13 , pp. 14-25
    • Hudson, B.D.1    Ulven, T.2    Milligan, G.3
  • 6
    • 84890548520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of G-protein-coupled receptor 120 as a tumor-promoting receptor that induces angiogenesis and migration in human colorectal carcinoma
    • [6] Wu, Q., Wang, H., Zhao, X., Shi, Y., Jin, M., Wan, B., et al. Identification of G-protein-coupled receptor 120 as a tumor-promoting receptor that induces angiogenesis and migration in human colorectal carcinoma. Oncogene 32 (2013), 5541–5550.
    • (2013) Oncogene , vol.32 , pp. 5541-5550
    • Wu, Q.1    Wang, H.2    Zhao, X.3    Shi, Y.4    Jin, M.5    Wan, B.6
  • 7
    • 84939417589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omega-3 fatty acids reduce obesity-induced tumor progression independent of GPR120 in a mouse model of postmenopausal breast cancer
    • [7] Chung, H., Lee, Y.S., Mayoral, R., Oh, D.Y., Siu, J.T., Webster, N.J., et al. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce obesity-induced tumor progression independent of GPR120 in a mouse model of postmenopausal breast cancer. Oncogene 34 (2015), 3504–3513.
    • (2015) Oncogene , vol.34 , pp. 3504-3513
    • Chung, H.1    Lee, Y.S.2    Mayoral, R.3    Oh, D.Y.4    Siu, J.T.5    Webster, N.J.6
  • 8
    • 84892371305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology and therapeutics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in chronic inflammatory disease
    • [8] Yates, C.M., Calder, P.C., Ed Rainger, G., Pharmacology and therapeutics of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in chronic inflammatory disease. Pharmacol. Ther. 141 (2014), 272–282.
    • (2014) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.141 , pp. 272-282
    • Yates, C.M.1    Calder, P.C.2    Ed Rainger, G.3
  • 9
    • 84949627236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system
    • [9] Lackey, D.E., Olefsky, J.M., Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 12 (2016), 15–28.
    • (2016) Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. , vol.12 , pp. 15-28
    • Lackey, D.E.1    Olefsky, J.M.2
  • 14
    • 69549127966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acid receptors act as nutrient sensors to regulate energy homeostasis
    • [14] Ichimura, A., Hirasawa, A., Hara, T., Tsujimoto, G., Free fatty acid receptors act as nutrient sensors to regulate energy homeostasis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 89 (2009), 82–88.
    • (2009) Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. , vol.89 , pp. 82-88
    • Ichimura, A.1    Hirasawa, A.2    Hara, T.3    Tsujimoto, G.4
  • 16
    • 58149095589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Union of Pharmacology. LXXI. Free fatty acid receptors FFA1, -2, and -3: pharmacology and pathophysiological functions
    • [16] Stoddart, L.A., Smith, N.J., Milligan, G., International Union of Pharmacology. LXXI. Free fatty acid receptors FFA1, -2, and -3: pharmacology and pathophysiological functions. Pharmacol. Rev. 60 (2008), 405–417.
    • (2008) Pharmacol. Rev. , vol.60 , pp. 405-417
    • Stoddart, L.A.1    Smith, N.J.2    Milligan, G.3
  • 17
    • 84975836558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms in endocrinology: metabolic and inflammatory pathways on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
    • [17] Coope, A., Torsoni, A.S., Velloso, L., Mechanisms in endocrinology: metabolic and inflammatory pathways on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2015.
    • (2015) Eur. J. Endocrinol.
    • Coope, A.1    Torsoni, A.S.2    Velloso, L.3
  • 18
    • 84891859045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acid (FFA) and hydroxy carboxylic acid (HCA) receptors
    • [18] Offermanns, S., Free fatty acid (FFA) and hydroxy carboxylic acid (HCA) receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 54 (2014), 407–434.
    • (2014) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , vol.54 , pp. 407-434
    • Offermanns, S.1
  • 19
    • 79960166870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatty acids as biocompounds: their role in human metabolism, health and disease—a review. Part 1: classification, dietary sources and biological functions
    • [19] Tvrzicka, E., Kremmyda, L.S., Stankova, B., Zak, A., Fatty acids as biocompounds: their role in human metabolism, health and disease—a review. Part 1: classification, dietary sources and biological functions. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc. Czech Repub. 155 (2011), 117–130.
    • (2011) Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc. Czech Repub. , vol.155 , pp. 117-130
    • Tvrzicka, E.1    Kremmyda, L.S.2    Stankova, B.3    Zak, A.4
  • 20
    • 80054121197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatty acids as biocompounds: their role in human metabolism, health and disease: a review. Part 2: fatty acid physiological roles and applications in human health and disease
    • [20] Kremmyda, L.S., Tvrzicka, E., Stankova, B., Zak, A., Fatty acids as biocompounds: their role in human metabolism, health and disease: a review. Part 2: fatty acid physiological roles and applications in human health and disease. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc. Czech Repub. 155 (2011), 195–218.
    • (2011) Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc. Czech Repub. , vol.155 , pp. 195-218
    • Kremmyda, L.S.1    Tvrzicka, E.2    Stankova, B.3    Zak, A.4
  • 21
    • 79960923900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mucosal biofilm communities in the human intestinal tract
    • [21] Macfarlane, S., Bahrami, B., Macfarlane, G.T., Mucosal biofilm communities in the human intestinal tract. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 75 (2011), 111–143.
    • (2011) Adv. Appl. Microbiol. , vol.75 , pp. 111-143
    • Macfarlane, S.1    Bahrami, B.2    Macfarlane, G.T.3
  • 22
    • 84940560765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathways and functions of gut microbiota metabolism impacting host physiology
    • [22] Krishnan, S., Alden, N., Lee, K., Pathways and functions of gut microbiota metabolism impacting host physiology. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 36 (2015), 137–145.
    • (2015) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. , vol.36 , pp. 137-145
    • Krishnan, S.1    Alden, N.2    Lee, K.3
  • 23
    • 80052684905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental challenges to targeting poorly characterized GPCRs: uncovering the therapeutic potential for free fatty acid receptors
    • [23] Hudson, B.D., Smith, N.J., Milligan, G., Experimental challenges to targeting poorly characterized GPCRs: uncovering the therapeutic potential for free fatty acid receptors. Adv. Pharmacol. 62 (2011), 175–218.
    • (2011) Adv. Pharmacol. , vol.62 , pp. 175-218
    • Hudson, B.D.1    Smith, N.J.2    Milligan, G.3
  • 24
    • 83655193494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial influences on epithelial integrity and immune function as a basis for inflammatory diseases
    • [24] Macia, L., Thorburn, A.N., Binge, L.C., Marino, E., Rogers, K.E., Maslowski, K.M., et al. Microbial influences on epithelial integrity and immune function as a basis for inflammatory diseases. Immunol. Rev. 245 (2012), 164–176.
    • (2012) Immunol. Rev. , vol.245 , pp. 164-176
    • Macia, L.1    Thorburn, A.N.2    Binge, L.C.3    Marino, E.4    Rogers, K.E.5    Maslowski, K.M.6
  • 25
    • 78650408264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses
    • [25] Maslowski, K.M., Mackay, C.R., Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nat. Immunol. 12 (2011), 5–9.
    • (2011) Nat. Immunol. , vol.12 , pp. 5-9
    • Maslowski, K.M.1    Mackay, C.R.2
  • 26
    • 0031581088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A cluster of four novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes occurring in close proximity to CD22 gene on chromosome 19q13.1
    • [26] Sawzdargo, M., George, S.R., Nguyen, T., Xu, S., Kolakowski, L.F., O'Dowd, B.F., A cluster of four novel human G protein-coupled receptor genes occurring in close proximity to CD22 gene on chromosome 19q13.1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 239 (1997), 543–547.
    • (1997) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.239 , pp. 543-547
    • Sawzdargo, M.1    George, S.R.2    Nguyen, T.3    Xu, S.4    Kolakowski, L.F.5    O'Dowd, B.F.6
  • 27
    • 0038363378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids
    • [27] Brown, A.J., Goldsworthy, S.M., Barnes, A.A., Eilert, M.M., Tcheang, L., Daniels, D., et al. The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003), 11312–11319.
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 11312-11319
    • Brown, A.J.1    Goldsworthy, S.M.2    Barnes, A.A.3    Eilert, M.M.4    Tcheang, L.5    Daniels, D.6
  • 28
    • 84939170670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human GPR42 is a transcribed multisite variant that exhibits copy number polymorphism and is functional when heterologously expressed
    • [28] Puhl, H.L. 3rd, Won, Y.J., Lu, V.B., Ikeda, S.R., Human GPR42 is a transcribed multisite variant that exhibits copy number polymorphism and is functional when heterologously expressed. Sci. Rep., 5, 2015, 12880.
    • (2015) Sci. Rep. , vol.5 , pp. 12880
    • Puhl, H.L.1    Won, Y.J.2    Lu, V.B.3    Ikeda, S.R.4
  • 29
    • 13444263540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120
    • [29] Hirasawa, A., Tsumaya, K., Awaji, T., Katsuma, S., Adachi, T., Yamada, M., et al. Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120. Nat. Med. 11 (2005), 90–94.
    • (2005) Nat. Med. , vol.11 , pp. 90-94
    • Hirasawa, A.1    Tsumaya, K.2    Awaji, T.3    Katsuma, S.4    Adachi, T.5    Yamada, M.6
  • 30
    • 0037838892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40 is activated by medium and long chain fatty acids
    • [30] Briscoe, C.P., Tadayyon, M., Andrews, J.L., Benson, W.G., Chambers, J.K., Eilert, M.M., et al. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40 is activated by medium and long chain fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003), 11303–11311.
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 11303-11311
    • Briscoe, C.P.1    Tadayyon, M.2    Andrews, J.L.3    Benson, W.G.4    Chambers, J.K.5    Eilert, M.M.6
  • 31
    • 0037434991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acids regulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells through GPR40
    • [31] Itoh, Y., Kawamata, Y., Harada, M., Kobayashi, M., Fujii, R., Fukusumi, S., et al. Free fatty acids regulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells through GPR40. Nature 422 (2003), 173–176.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.422 , pp. 173-176
    • Itoh, Y.1    Kawamata, Y.2    Harada, M.3    Kobayashi, M.4    Fujii, R.5    Fukusumi, S.6
  • 32
    • 0037423719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A human cell surface receptor activated by free fatty acids and thiazolidinedione drugs
    • [32] Kotarsky, K., Nilsson, N.E., Flodgren, E., Owman, C., Olde, B., A human cell surface receptor activated by free fatty acids and thiazolidinedione drugs. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 301 (2003), 406–410.
    • (2003) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.301 , pp. 406-410
    • Kotarsky, K.1    Nilsson, N.E.2    Flodgren, E.3    Owman, C.4    Olde, B.5
  • 33
    • 0037453280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a free fatty acid receptor, FFA2R, expressed on leukocytes and activated by short-chain fatty acids
    • [33] Nilsson, N.E., Kotarsky, K., Owman, C., Olde, B., Identification of a free fatty acid receptor, FFA2R, expressed on leukocytes and activated by short-chain fatty acids. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 303 (2003), 1047–1052.
    • (2003) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.303 , pp. 1047-1052
    • Nilsson, N.E.1    Kotarsky, K.2    Owman, C.3    Olde, B.4
  • 34
    • 77953287113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agonism with the omega-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid mediates phosphorylation of both the short and long isoforms of the human GPR120 receptor
    • [34] Burns, R.N., Moniri, N.H., Agonism with the omega-3 fatty acids alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid mediates phosphorylation of both the short and long isoforms of the human GPR120 receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 396 (2010), 1030–1035.
    • (2010) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.396 , pp. 1030-1035
    • Burns, R.N.1    Moniri, N.H.2
  • 35
    • 72649095986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning, expression, and pharmacological characterization of the GPR120 free fatty acid receptor from cynomolgus monkey: comparison with human GPR120 splice variants
    • [35] Moore, K., Zhang, Q., Murgolo, N., Hosted, T., Duffy, R., Cloning, expression, and pharmacological characterization of the GPR120 free fatty acid receptor from cynomolgus monkey: comparison with human GPR120 splice variants. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. 154 (2009), 419–426.
    • (2009) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Biochem. Mol. Biol. , vol.154 , pp. 419-426
    • Moore, K.1    Zhang, Q.2    Murgolo, N.3    Hosted, T.4    Duffy, R.5
  • 37
    • 84872419808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low affinity GPCRs for metabolic intermediates: challenges for pharmacologists
    • [37] Smith, N.J., Low affinity GPCRs for metabolic intermediates: challenges for pharmacologists. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne), 3, 2012, 1.
    • (2012) Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) , vol.3 , pp. 1
    • Smith, N.J.1
  • 38
    • 0023276469 scopus 로고
    • Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood
    • [38] Cummings, J.H., Pomare, E.W., Branch, W.J., Naylor, C.P., Macfarlane, G.T., Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 28 (1987), 1221–1227.
    • (1987) Gut , vol.28 , pp. 1221-1227
    • Cummings, J.H.1    Pomare, E.W.2    Branch, W.J.3    Naylor, C.P.4    Macfarlane, G.T.5
  • 39
    • 0034959553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides
    • [39] Topping, D.L., Clifton, P.M., Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides. Physiol. Rev. 81 (2001), 1031–1064.
    • (2001) Physiol. Rev. , vol.81 , pp. 1031-1064
    • Topping, D.L.1    Clifton, P.M.2
  • 40
    • 0034897133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acetate, propionate and butyrate in plasma: determination of the concentration and isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionization
    • [40] Pouteau, E., Meirim, I., Metairon, S., Fay, L.B., Acetate, propionate and butyrate in plasma: determination of the concentration and isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionization. J. Mass. Spectrom. 36 (2001), 798–805.
    • (2001) J. Mass. Spectrom. , vol.36 , pp. 798-805
    • Pouteau, E.1    Meirim, I.2    Metairon, S.3    Fay, L.B.4
  • 41
    • 84879092042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery and optimization of potent GPR40 full agonists containing tricyclic spirocycles
    • [41] Wang, Y., Liu, J.J., Dransfield, P.J., Zhu, L., Wang, Z., Du, X., et al. Discovery and optimization of potent GPR40 full agonists containing tricyclic spirocycles. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 4 (2013), 551–555.
    • (2013) ACS Med. Chem. Lett. , vol.4 , pp. 551-555
    • Wang, Y.1    Liu, J.J.2    Dransfield, P.J.3    Zhu, L.4    Wang, Z.5    Du, X.6
  • 42
    • 79953216793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective orthosteric free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) agonists: identification of the structural and chemical requirements for selective activation of FFA2 versus FFA3
    • [42] Schmidt, J., Smith, N.J., Christiansen, E., Tikhonova, I.G., Grundmann, M., Hudson, B.D., et al. Selective orthosteric free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) agonists: identification of the structural and chemical requirements for selective activation of FFA2 versus FFA3. J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011), 10628–10640.
    • (2011) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.286 , pp. 10628-10640
    • Schmidt, J.1    Smith, N.J.2    Christiansen, E.3    Tikhonova, I.G.4    Grundmann, M.5    Hudson, B.D.6
  • 43
    • 84961217329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pharmacology and function of short chain fatty acid receptors
    • [43] Bolognini, D., Tobin, A.B., Milligan, G., Moss, C.E., The pharmacology and function of short chain fatty acid receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 89 (2015), 388–398.
    • (2015) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.89 , pp. 388-398
    • Bolognini, D.1    Tobin, A.B.2    Milligan, G.3    Moss, C.E.4
  • 44
    • 84979861216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex pharmacology of the Free Fatty Acid receptors
    • (in press)
    • [44] Milligan, G., Shimpukade, B., Ulven, T., Hudson, B.D., Complex pharmacology of the Free Fatty Acid receptors. Chem. Rev., 2016 (in press).
    • (2016) Chem. Rev.
    • Milligan, G.1    Shimpukade, B.2    Ulven, T.3    Hudson, B.D.4
  • 45
    • 33845954973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medium-chain fatty acids as ligands for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR84
    • [45] Wang, J., Wu, X., Simonavicius, N., Tian, H., Ling, L., Medium-chain fatty acids as ligands for orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR84. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006), 34457–34464.
    • (2006) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.281 , pp. 34457-34464
    • Wang, J.1    Wu, X.2    Simonavicius, N.3    Tian, H.4    Ling, L.5
  • 46
    • 0035970294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An expressed sequence tag (EST) data mining strategy succeeding in the discovery of new G-protein coupled receptors
    • [46] Wittenberger, T., Schaller, H.C., Hellebrand, S., An expressed sequence tag (EST) data mining strategy succeeding in the discovery of new G-protein coupled receptors. J. Mol. Biol. 307 (2001), 799–813.
    • (2001) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.307 , pp. 799-813
    • Wittenberger, T.1    Schaller, H.C.2    Hellebrand, S.3
  • 47
    • 0038491435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation
    • [47] Le Poul, E., Loison, C., Struyf, S., Springael, J.Y., Lannoy, V., Decobecq, M.E., et al. Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003), 25481–25489.
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 25481-25489
    • Le Poul, E.1    Loison, C.2    Struyf, S.3    Springael, J.Y.4    Lannoy, V.5    Decobecq, M.E.6
  • 48
    • 79956348319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-chain fatty acids and ketones directly regulate sympathetic nervous system via G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41)
    • [48] Kimura, I., Inoue, D., Maeda, T., Hara, T., Ichimura, A., Miyauchi, S., et al. Short-chain fatty acids and ketones directly regulate sympathetic nervous system via G protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108 (2011), 8030–8035.
    • (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. , vol.108 , pp. 8030-8035
    • Kimura, I.1    Inoue, D.2    Maeda, T.3    Hara, T.4    Ichimura, A.5    Miyauchi, S.6
  • 49
    • 84952338130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective FFA2 agonism appears to act via intestinal PYY to reduce transit and food intake but does not improve glucose tolerance in mouse models
    • [49] Forbes, S., Stafford, S., Coope, G., Heffron, H., Real, K., Newman, R., et al. Selective FFA2 agonism appears to act via intestinal PYY to reduce transit and food intake but does not improve glucose tolerance in mouse models. Diabetes 64 (2015), 3763–3771.
    • (2015) Diabetes , vol.64 , pp. 3763-3771
    • Forbes, S.1    Stafford, S.2    Coope, G.3    Heffron, H.4    Real, K.5    Newman, R.6
  • 50
    • 29144463108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPR40, a free fatty acid receptor on pancreatic beta cells, regulates insulin secretion
    • [50] Itoh, Y., Hinuma, S., GPR40, a free fatty acid receptor on pancreatic beta cells, regulates insulin secretion. Hepatol. Res. 33 (2005), 171–173.
    • (2005) Hepatol. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 171-173
    • Itoh, Y.1    Hinuma, S.2
  • 51
    • 27944449329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA(1)R/GPR40) and its involvement in fatty-acid-stimulated insulin secretion
    • [51] Salehi, A., Flodgren, E., Nilsson, N.E., Jimenez-Feltstrom, J., Miyazaki, J., Owman, C., et al. Free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFA(1)R/GPR40) and its involvement in fatty-acid-stimulated insulin secretion. Cell Tissue Res. 322 (2005), 207–215.
    • (2005) Cell Tissue Res. , vol.322 , pp. 207-215
    • Salehi, A.1    Flodgren, E.2    Nilsson, N.E.3    Jimenez-Feltstrom, J.4    Miyazaki, J.5    Owman, C.6
  • 52
    • 52749098923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gpr40 is expressed in enteroendocrine cells and mediates free fatty acid stimulation of incretin secretion
    • [52] Edfalk, S., Steneberg, P., Edlund, H., Gpr40 is expressed in enteroendocrine cells and mediates free fatty acid stimulation of incretin secretion. Diabetes 57 (2008), 2280–2287.
    • (2008) Diabetes , vol.57 , pp. 2280-2287
    • Edfalk, S.1    Steneberg, P.2    Edlund, H.3
  • 53
    • 79952315396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR40 directly mediates long-chain fatty acid-induced secretion of cholecystokinin
    • [53] Liou, A.P., Lu, X., Sei, Y., Zhao, X., Pechhold, S., Carrero, R.J., et al. The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR40 directly mediates long-chain fatty acid-induced secretion of cholecystokinin. Gastroenterology 140 (2011), 903–912.
    • (2011) Gastroenterology , vol.140 , pp. 903-912
    • Liou, A.P.1    Lu, X.2    Sei, Y.3    Zhao, X.4    Pechhold, S.5    Carrero, R.J.6
  • 54
    • 84920736359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPR40 (FFAR1) – combined Gs and Gq signaling in vitro is associated with robust incretin secretagogue action ex vivo and in vivo
    • [54] Hauge, M., Vestmar, M.A., Husted, A.S., Ekberg, J.P., Wright, M.J., Di Salvo, J., et al. GPR40 (FFAR1) – combined Gs and Gq signaling in vitro is associated with robust incretin secretagogue action ex vivo and in vivo. Mol. Metab. 4 (2015), 3–14.
    • (2015) Mol. Metab. , vol.4 , pp. 3-14
    • Hauge, M.1    Vestmar, M.A.2    Husted, A.S.3    Ekberg, J.P.4    Wright, M.J.5    Di Salvo, J.6
  • 55
    • 84901191678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPR120 (FFAR4) is preferentially expressed in pancreatic delta cells and regulates somatostatin secretion from murine islets of Langerhans
    • [55] Stone, V.M., Dhayal, S., Brocklehurst, K.J., Lenaghan, C., Sorhede Winzell, M., Hammar, M., et al. GPR120 (FFAR4) is preferentially expressed in pancreatic delta cells and regulates somatostatin secretion from murine islets of Langerhans. Diabetologia 57 (2014), 1182–1191.
    • (2014) Diabetologia , vol.57 , pp. 1182-1191
    • Stone, V.M.1    Dhayal, S.2    Brocklehurst, K.J.3    Lenaghan, C.4    Sorhede Winzell, M.5    Hammar, M.6
  • 56
    • 84919935254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on diet induced obesity and impaired glucose control do not require Gpr120
    • e114942
    • [56] Bjursell, M., Xu, X., Admyre, T., Bottcher, G., Lundin, S., Nilsson, R., et al. The beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on diet induced obesity and impaired glucose control do not require Gpr120. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e114942.
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9
    • Bjursell, M.1    Xu, X.2    Admyre, T.3    Bottcher, G.4    Lundin, S.5    Nilsson, R.6
  • 57
    • 77956165390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects
    • [57] Oh, D.Y., Talukdar, S., Bae, E.J., Imamura, T., Morinaga, H., Fan, W., et al. GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. Cell 142 (2010), 687–698.
    • (2010) Cell , vol.142 , pp. 687-698
    • Oh, D.Y.1    Talukdar, S.2    Bae, E.J.3    Imamura, T.4    Morinaga, H.5    Fan, W.6
  • 59
    • 84907991703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic dysfunction drives a mechanistically distinct proinflammatory phenotype in adipose tissue macrophages
    • [59] Kratz, M., Coats, B.R., Hisert, K.B., Hagman, D., Mutskov, V., Peris, E., et al. Metabolic dysfunction drives a mechanistically distinct proinflammatory phenotype in adipose tissue macrophages. Cell Metab. 20 (2014), 614–625.
    • (2014) Cell Metab. , vol.20 , pp. 614-625
    • Kratz, M.1    Coats, B.R.2    Hisert, K.B.3    Hagman, D.4    Mutskov, V.5    Peris, E.6
  • 60
    • 28544446111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity
    • [60] Gordon, S., Taylor, P.R., Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5 (2005), 953–964.
    • (2005) Nat. Rev. Immunol. , vol.5 , pp. 953-964
    • Gordon, S.1    Taylor, P.R.2
  • 61
    • 67650485985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective
    • [61] Martinez, F.O., Helming, L., Gordon, S., Alternative activation of macrophages: an immunologic functional perspective. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27 (2009), 451–483.
    • (2009) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.27 , pp. 451-483
    • Martinez, F.O.1    Helming, L.2    Gordon, S.3
  • 62
    • 84907612482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Gpr120-selective agonist improves insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in obese mice
    • [62] Oh da, Y., Walenta, E., Akiyama, T.E., Lagakos, W.S., Lackey, D., Pessentheiner, A.R., et al. A Gpr120-selective agonist improves insulin resistance and chronic inflammation in obese mice. Nat. Med. 20 (2014), 942–947.
    • (2014) Nat. Med. , vol.20 , pp. 942-947
    • Oh da, Y.1    Walenta, E.2    Akiyama, T.E.3    Lagakos, W.S.4    Lackey, D.5    Pessentheiner, A.R.6
  • 63
    • 84885169779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs or diet? – developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting the free fatty acid family of GPCRs
    • [63] Dranse, H.J., Kelly, M.E., Hudson, B.D., Drugs or diet? – developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting the free fatty acid family of GPCRs. Br. J. Pharmacol. 170 (2013), 696–711.
    • (2013) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.170 , pp. 696-711
    • Dranse, H.J.1    Kelly, M.E.2    Hudson, B.D.3
  • 64
    • 84937398931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterizing pharmacological ligands to study the long-chain fatty acid receptors GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4
    • [64] Milligan, G., Alvarez-Curto, E., Watterson, K.R., Ulven, T., Hudson, B.D., Characterizing pharmacological ligands to study the long-chain fatty acid receptors GPR40/FFA1 and GPR120/FFA4. Br. J. Pharmacol. 172 (2015), 3254–3265.
    • (2015) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.172 , pp. 3254-3265
    • Milligan, G.1    Alvarez-Curto, E.2    Watterson, K.R.3    Ulven, T.4    Hudson, B.D.5
  • 65
    • 84901846320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G-protein-coupled receptors for free fatty acids: nutritional and therapeutic targets
    • [65] Milligan, G., Ulven, T., Murdoch, H., Hudson, B.D., G-protein-coupled receptors for free fatty acids: nutritional and therapeutic targets. Br. J. Nutr. 111:Suppl 1 (2014), S3–S7.
    • (2014) Br. J. Nutr. , vol.111 , pp. S3-S7
    • Milligan, G.1    Ulven, T.2    Murdoch, H.3    Hudson, B.D.4
  • 66
    • 84886060164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pharmacology of TUG-891, a potent and selective agonist of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120), demonstrates both potential opportunity and possible challenges to therapeutic agonism
    • [66] Hudson, B.D., Shimpukade, B., Mackenzie, A.E., Butcher, A.J., Pediani, J.D., Christiansen, E., et al. The pharmacology of TUG-891, a potent and selective agonist of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120), demonstrates both potential opportunity and possible challenges to therapeutic agonism. Mol. Pharmacol. 84 (2013), 710–725.
    • (2013) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.84 , pp. 710-725
    • Hudson, B.D.1    Shimpukade, B.2    Mackenzie, A.E.3    Butcher, A.J.4    Pediani, J.D.5    Christiansen, E.6
  • 67
    • 84906346513 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential requirements of arrestin-3 and clathrin for ligand-dependent and -independent internalization of human G protein-coupled receptor 40
    • [67] Qian, J., Wu, C., Chen, X., Li, X., Ying, G., Jin, L., et al. Differential requirements of arrestin-3 and clathrin for ligand-dependent and -independent internalization of human G protein-coupled receptor 40. Cell. Signal. 26 (2014), 2412–2423.
    • (2014) Cell. Signal. , vol.26 , pp. 2412-2423
    • Qian, J.1    Wu, C.2    Chen, X.3    Li, X.4    Ying, G.5    Jin, L.6
  • 68
    • 84880964021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fatty acid receptor FFA1/GPR40 a decade later: how much do we know?
    • [68] Mancini, A.D., Poitout, V., The fatty acid receptor FFA1/GPR40 a decade later: how much do we know?. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 24 (2013), 398–407.
    • (2013) Trends Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.24 , pp. 398-407
    • Mancini, A.D.1    Poitout, V.2
  • 69
  • 70
    • 80052359992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging paradigms of beta-arrestin-dependent seven transmembrane receptor signaling
    • [70] Shukla, A.K., Xiao, K., Lefkowitz, R.J., Emerging paradigms of beta-arrestin-dependent seven transmembrane receptor signaling. Trends Biochem. Sci. 36 (2011), 457–469.
    • (2011) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 457-469
    • Shukla, A.K.1    Xiao, K.2    Lefkowitz, R.J.3
  • 71
    • 84855901533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanism of beta-arrestin-biased agonism at seven-transmembrane receptors
    • [71] Reiter, E., Ahn, S., Shukla, A.K., Lefkowitz, R.J., Molecular mechanism of beta-arrestin-biased agonism at seven-transmembrane receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 52 (2012), 179–197.
    • (2012) Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , vol.52 , pp. 179-197
    • Reiter, E.1    Ahn, S.2    Shukla, A.K.3    Lefkowitz, R.J.4
  • 72
    • 33646162635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GRKs and beta-arrestins: roles in receptor silencing, trafficking and signaling
    • [72] Reiter, E., Lefkowitz, R.J., GRKs and beta-arrestins: roles in receptor silencing, trafficking and signaling. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 17 (2006), 159–165.
    • (2006) Trends Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.17 , pp. 159-165
    • Reiter, E.1    Lefkowitz, R.J.2
  • 73
    • 80052038573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-Arrestin-mediated receptor trafficking and signal transduction
    • [73] Shenoy, S.K., Lefkowitz, R.J., Beta-Arrestin-mediated receptor trafficking and signal transduction. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 32 (2011), 521–533.
    • (2011) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 521-533
    • Shenoy, S.K.1    Lefkowitz, R.J.2
  • 74
    • 33845870964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arrestins: ubiquitous regulators of cellular signaling pathways
    • [74] Gurevich, E.V., Gurevich, V.V., Arrestins: ubiquitous regulators of cellular signaling pathways. Genome Biol., 7, 2006, 236.
    • (2006) Genome Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 236
    • Gurevich, E.V.1    Gurevich, V.V.2
  • 75
    • 33646414189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structural basis of arrestin-mediated regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors
    • [75] Gurevich, V.V., Gurevich, E.V., The structural basis of arrestin-mediated regulation of G-protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 110 (2006), 465–502.
    • (2006) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.110 , pp. 465-502
    • Gurevich, V.V.1    Gurevich, E.V.2
  • 76
    • 84879084671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arrestin pathways as drug targets
    • [76] Luttrell, L.M., Arrestin pathways as drug targets. Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 118 (2013), 469–497.
    • (2013) Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. , vol.118 , pp. 469-497
    • Luttrell, L.M.1
  • 77
    • 77951844975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teaching old receptors new tricks: biasing seven-transmembrane receptors
    • [77] Rajagopal, S., Rajagopal, K., Lefkowitz, R.J., Teaching old receptors new tricks: biasing seven-transmembrane receptors. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 9 (2010), 373–386.
    • (2010) Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. , vol.9 , pp. 373-386
    • Rajagopal, S.1    Rajagopal, K.2    Lefkowitz, R.J.3
  • 78
    • 40349108549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-arrestins and heterotrimeric G-proteins: collaborators and competitors in signal transduction
    • [78] Defea, K., Beta-arrestins and heterotrimeric G-proteins: collaborators and competitors in signal transduction. Br. J. Pharmacol. 153:Suppl 1 (2008), S298–S309.
    • (2008) Br. J. Pharmacol. , vol.153 , pp. S298-S309
    • Defea, K.1
  • 79
    • 0037147145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-arrestin2 is critically involved in CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis, and this is mediated by its enhancement of p38 MAPK activation
    • [79] Sun, Y., Cheng, Z., Ma, L., Pei, G., Beta-arrestin2 is critically involved in CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis, and this is mediated by its enhancement of p38 MAPK activation. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002), 49212–49219.
    • (2002) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.277 , pp. 49212-49219
    • Sun, Y.1    Cheng, Z.2    Ma, L.3    Pei, G.4
  • 80
    • 78650854802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-arrestins as regulators of signal termination and transduction: how do they determine what to scaffold?
    • [80] DeFea, K.A., Beta-arrestins as regulators of signal termination and transduction: how do they determine what to scaffold?. Cell. Signal. 23 (2011), 621–629.
    • (2011) Cell. Signal. , vol.23 , pp. 621-629
    • DeFea, K.A.1
  • 81
    • 0034711397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-arrestin 2: a receptor-regulated MAPK scaffold for the activation of JNK3
    • [81] McDonald, P.H., Chow, C.W., Miller, W.E., Laporte, S.A., Field, M.E., Lin, F.T., et al. Beta-arrestin 2: a receptor-regulated MAPK scaffold for the activation of JNK3. Science 290 (2000), 1574–1577.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 1574-1577
    • McDonald, P.H.1    Chow, C.W.2    Miller, W.E.3    Laporte, S.A.4    Field, M.E.5    Lin, F.T.6
  • 82
    • 84859949278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential signaling by splice variants of the human free fatty acid receptor GPR120
    • [82] Watson, S.J., Brown, A.J., Holliday, N.D., Differential signaling by splice variants of the human free fatty acid receptor GPR120. Mol. Pharmacol. 81 (2012), 631–642.
    • (2012) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.81 , pp. 631-642
    • Watson, S.J.1    Brown, A.J.2    Holliday, N.D.3
  • 83
    • 84903513580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concomitant action of structural elements and receptor phosphorylation determines arrestin-3 interaction with the free fatty acid receptor FFA4
    • [83] Butcher, A.J., Hudson, B.D., Shimpukade, B., Alvarez-Curto, E., Prihandoko, R., Ulven, T., et al. Concomitant action of structural elements and receptor phosphorylation determines arrestin-3 interaction with the free fatty acid receptor FFA4. J. Biol. Chem. 289 (2014), 18451–18465.
    • (2014) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.289 , pp. 18451-18465
    • Butcher, A.J.1    Hudson, B.D.2    Shimpukade, B.3    Alvarez-Curto, E.4    Prihandoko, R.5    Ulven, T.6
  • 86
    • 84856509724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2
    • [86] Tolhurst, G., Heffron, H., Lam, Y.S., Parker, H.E., Habib, A.M., Diakogiannaki, E., et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes 61 (2012), 364–371.
    • (2012) Diabetes , vol.61 , pp. 364-371
    • Tolhurst, G.1    Heffron, H.2    Lam, Y.S.3    Parker, H.E.4    Habib, A.M.5    Diakogiannaki, E.6
  • 87
    • 73349123182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G protein-coupled receptor 43 is essential for neutrophil recruitment during intestinal inflammation
    • [87] Sina, C., Gavrilova, O., Forster, M., Till, A., Derer, S., Hildebrand, F., et al. G protein-coupled receptor 43 is essential for neutrophil recruitment during intestinal inflammation. J. Immunol. 183 (2009), 7514–7522.
    • (2009) J. Immunol. , vol.183 , pp. 7514-7522
    • Sina, C.1    Gavrilova, O.2    Forster, M.3    Till, A.4    Derer, S.5    Hildebrand, F.6
  • 88
    • 84881068658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis
    • [88] Smith, P.M., Howitt, M.R., Panikov, N., Michaud, M., Gallini, C.A., Bohlooly, Y.M., et al. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 341 (2013), 569–573.
    • (2013) Science , vol.341 , pp. 569-573
    • Smith, P.M.1    Howitt, M.R.2    Panikov, N.3    Michaud, M.4    Gallini, C.A.5    Bohlooly, Y.M.6
  • 89
    • 84884693129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes
    • [89] Nohr, M.K., Pedersen, M.H., Gille, A., Egerod, K.L., Engelstoft, M.S., Husted, A.S., et al. GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. Endocrinology 154 (2013), 3552–3564.
    • (2013) Endocrinology , vol.154 , pp. 3552-3564
    • Nohr, M.K.1    Pedersen, M.H.2    Gille, A.3    Egerod, K.L.4    Engelstoft, M.S.5    Husted, A.S.6
  • 90
    • 84864491110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duodenal enteroendocrine I-cells contain mRNA transcripts encoding key endocannabinoid and fatty acid receptors
    • e42373
    • [90] Sykaras, A.G., Demenis, C., Case, R.M., McLaughlin, J.T., Smith, C.P., Duodenal enteroendocrine I-cells contain mRNA transcripts encoding key endocannabinoid and fatty acid receptors. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e42373.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7
    • Sykaras, A.G.1    Demenis, C.2    Case, R.M.3    McLaughlin, J.T.4    Smith, C.P.5
  • 91
    • 79959961092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twin study indicates loss of interaction between microbiota and mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis
    • [91] Lepage, P., Hasler, R., Spehlmann, M.E., Rehman, A., Zvirbliene, A., Begun, A., et al. Twin study indicates loss of interaction between microbiota and mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 141 (2011), 227–236.
    • (2011) Gastroenterology , vol.141 , pp. 227-236
    • Lepage, P.1    Hasler, R.2    Spehlmann, M.E.3    Rehman, A.4    Zvirbliene, A.5    Begun, A.6
  • 92
    • 30944466824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn's disease revealed by a metagenomic approach
    • [92] Manichanh, C., Rigottier-Gois, L., Bonnaud, E., Gloux, K., Pelletier, E., Frangeul, L., et al. Reduced diversity of faecal microbiota in Crohn's disease revealed by a metagenomic approach. Gut 55 (2006), 205–211.
    • (2006) Gut , vol.55 , pp. 205-211
    • Manichanh, C.1    Rigottier-Gois, L.2    Bonnaud, E.3    Gloux, K.4    Pelletier, E.5    Frangeul, L.6
  • 93
    • 84890116248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered colonic mucosal availability of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ulcerative colitis and the relationship to disease activity
    • [93] Pearl, D.S., Masoodi, M., Eiden, M., Brummer, J., Gullick, D., McKeever, T.M., et al. Altered colonic mucosal availability of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in ulcerative colitis and the relationship to disease activity. J. Crohns Colitis 8 (2014), 70–79.
    • (2014) J. Crohns Colitis , vol.8 , pp. 70-79
    • Pearl, D.S.1    Masoodi, M.2    Eiden, M.3    Brummer, J.4    Gullick, D.5    McKeever, T.M.6
  • 94
    • 70350666634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43
    • [94] Maslowski, K.M., Vieira, A.T., Ng, A., Kranich, J., Sierro, F., Yu, D., et al. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature 461 (2009), 1282–1286.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.461 , pp. 1282-1286
    • Maslowski, K.M.1    Vieira, A.T.2    Ng, A.3    Kranich, J.4    Sierro, F.5    Yu, D.6
  • 95
    • 0033559424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective activation and functional significance of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neutrophils
    • [95] Nick, J.A., Avdi, N.J., Young, S.K., Lehman, L.A., McDonald, P.P., Frasch, S.C., et al. Selective activation and functional significance of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 103 (1999), 851–858.
    • (1999) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.103 , pp. 851-858
    • Nick, J.A.1    Avdi, N.J.2    Young, S.K.3    Lehman, L.A.4    McDonald, P.P.5    Frasch, S.C.6
  • 96
    • 84918563561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discovery and optimization of an azetidine chemical series as a free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) antagonist: from hit to clinic
    • [96] Pizzonero, M., Dupont, S., Babel, M., Beaumont, S., Bienvenu, N., Blanque, R., et al. Discovery and optimization of an azetidine chemical series as a free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) antagonist: from hit to clinic. J. Med. Chem. 57 (2014), 10044–10057.
    • (2014) J. Med. Chem. , vol.57 , pp. 10044-10057
    • Pizzonero, M.1    Dupont, S.2    Babel, M.3    Beaumont, S.4    Bienvenu, N.5    Blanque, R.6
  • 97
    • 84952941040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-equivalence of key positively charged residues of the free fatty acid 2 receptor in the recognition and function of agonist versus antagonist ligands
    • [97] Sergeev, E., Hansen, A.H., Pandey, S.K., MacKenzie, A.E., Hudson, B.D., Ulven, T., et al. Non-equivalence of key positively charged residues of the free fatty acid 2 receptor in the recognition and function of agonist versus antagonist ligands. J. Biol. Chem. 291 (2016), 303–317.
    • (2016) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.291 , pp. 303-317
    • Sergeev, E.1    Hansen, A.H.2    Pandey, S.K.3    MacKenzie, A.E.4    Hudson, B.D.5    Ulven, T.6
  • 98
    • 84929855038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for gut microbiota and the metabolite-sensing receptor GPR43 in a murine model of gout
    • [98] Vieira, A.T., Macia, L., Galvao, I., Martins, F.S., Canesso, M.C., Amaral, F.A., et al. A role for gut microbiota and the metabolite-sensing receptor GPR43 in a murine model of gout. Arthritis Rheumatol. 67 (2015), 1646–1656.
    • (2015) Arthritis Rheumatol. , vol.67 , pp. 1646-1656
    • Vieira, A.T.1    Macia, L.2    Galvao, I.3    Martins, F.S.4    Canesso, M.C.5    Amaral, F.A.6
  • 99
    • 84929858583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Editorial: can GPR43 sensing of short-chain fatty acids unchain inflammasome-driven arthritis?
    • [99] Haslberger, A., Terkeltaub, R., Editorial: can GPR43 sensing of short-chain fatty acids unchain inflammasome-driven arthritis?. Arthritis Rheumatol. 67 (2015), 1419–1423.
    • (2015) Arthritis Rheumatol. , vol.67 , pp. 1419-1423
    • Haslberger, A.1    Terkeltaub, R.2
  • 100
    • 84870373974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemically engineering ligand selectivity at the free fatty acid receptor 2 based on pharmacological variation between species orthologs
    • [100] Hudson, B.D., Christiansen, E., Tikhonova, I.G., Grundmann, M., Kostenis, E., Adams, D.R., et al. Chemically engineering ligand selectivity at the free fatty acid receptor 2 based on pharmacological variation between species orthologs. FASEB J. 26 (2012), 4951–4965.
    • (2012) FASEB J. , vol.26 , pp. 4951-4965
    • Hudson, B.D.1    Christiansen, E.2    Tikhonova, I.G.3    Grundmann, M.4    Kostenis, E.5    Adams, D.R.6
  • 101
    • 57349142454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and functional characterization of allosteric agonists for the G protein-coupled receptor FFA2
    • [101] Lee, T., Schwandner, R., Swaminath, G., Weiszmann, J., Cardozo, M., Greenberg, J., et al. Identification and functional characterization of allosteric agonists for the G protein-coupled receptor FFA2. Mol. Pharmacol. 74 (2008), 1599–1609.
    • (2008) Mol. Pharmacol. , vol.74 , pp. 1599-1609
    • Lee, T.1    Schwandner, R.2    Swaminath, G.3    Weiszmann, J.4    Cardozo, M.5    Greenberg, J.6
  • 102
    • 84893704050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis
    • [102] Trompette, A., Gollwitzer, E.S., Yadava, K., Sichelstiel, A.K., Sprenger, N., Ngom-Bru, C., et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat. Med. 20 (2014), 159–166.
    • (2014) Nat. Med. , vol.20 , pp. 159-166
    • Trompette, A.1    Gollwitzer, E.S.2    Yadava, K.3    Sichelstiel, A.K.4    Sprenger, N.5    Ngom-Bru, C.6
  • 103
  • 104
    • 84943275888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-chain fatty acids affect cystic fibrosis airway inflammation and bacterial growth
    • [104] Ghorbani, P., Santhakumar, P., Hu, Q., Djiadeu, P., Wolever, T.M., Palaniyar, N., et al. Short-chain fatty acids affect cystic fibrosis airway inflammation and bacterial growth. Eur. Respir. J. 46 (2015), 1033–1045.
    • (2015) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.46 , pp. 1033-1045
    • Ghorbani, P.1    Santhakumar, P.2    Hu, Q.3    Djiadeu, P.4    Wolever, T.M.5    Palaniyar, N.6
  • 105
    • 0034978118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cloning and expression analysis of a novel G-protein-coupled receptor selectively expressed on granulocytes
    • [105] Yousefi, S., Cooper, P.R., Potter, S.L., Mueck, B., Jarai, G., Cloning and expression analysis of a novel G-protein-coupled receptor selectively expressed on granulocytes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69 (2001), 1045–1052.
    • (2001) J. Leukoc. Biol. , vol.69 , pp. 1045-1052
    • Yousefi, S.1    Cooper, P.R.2    Potter, S.L.3    Mueck, B.4    Jarai, G.5
  • 107
    • 34249062904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • G protein-coupled receptor 84, a microglia-associated protein expressed in neuroinflammatory conditions
    • [107] Bouchard, C., Page, J., Bedard, A., Tremblay, P., Vallieres, L., G protein-coupled receptor 84, a microglia-associated protein expressed in neuroinflammatory conditions. Glia 55 (2007), 790–800.
    • (2007) Glia , vol.55 , pp. 790-800
    • Bouchard, C.1    Page, J.2    Bedard, A.3    Tremblay, P.4    Vallieres, L.5
  • 108
    • 84857051975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory changes in adipose tissue enhance expression of GPR84, a medium-chain fatty acid receptor: TNFalpha enhances GPR84 expression in adipocytes
    • [108] Nagasaki, H., Kondo, T., Fuchigami, M., Hashimoto, H., Sugimura, Y., Ozaki, N., et al. Inflammatory changes in adipose tissue enhance expression of GPR84, a medium-chain fatty acid receptor: TNFalpha enhances GPR84 expression in adipocytes. FEBS Lett. 586 (2012), 368–372.
    • (2012) FEBS Lett. , vol.586 , pp. 368-372
    • Nagasaki, H.1    Kondo, T.2    Fuchigami, M.3    Hashimoto, H.4    Sugimura, Y.5    Ozaki, N.6
  • 109
    • 80052021813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting GPR120 and other fatty acid-sensing GPCRs ameliorates insulin resistance and inflammatory diseases
    • [109] Talukdar, S., Olefsky, J.M., Osborn, O., Targeting GPR120 and other fatty acid-sensing GPCRs ameliorates insulin resistance and inflammatory diseases. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 32 (2011), 543–550.
    • (2011) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 543-550
    • Talukdar, S.1    Olefsky, J.M.2    Osborn, O.3
  • 110
    • 84876280393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medium-chain fatty acid-sensing receptor, GPR84, is a proinflammatory receptor
    • [110] Suzuki, M., Takaishi, S., Nagasaki, M., Onozawa, Y., Iino, I., Maeda, H., et al. Medium-chain fatty acid-sensing receptor, GPR84, is a proinflammatory receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 288 (2013), 10684–10691.
    • (2013) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.288 , pp. 10684-10691
    • Suzuki, M.1    Takaishi, S.2    Nagasaki, M.3    Onozawa, Y.4    Iino, I.5    Maeda, H.6
  • 111
    • 25444438205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The G-protein coupled receptor, GPR84 regulates IL-4 production by T lymphocytes in response to CD3 crosslinking
    • [111] Venkataraman, C., Kuo, F., The G-protein coupled receptor, GPR84 regulates IL-4 production by T lymphocytes in response to CD3 crosslinking. Immunol. Lett. 101 (2005), 144–153.
    • (2005) Immunol. Lett. , vol.101 , pp. 144-153
    • Venkataraman, C.1    Kuo, F.2
  • 113
    • 84930924216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of dietary fatty acids on FFA1 and FFA4 and characterisation of pinolenic acid as a dual FFA1/FFA4 agonist with potential effect against metabolic diseases
    • [113] Christiansen, E., Watterson, K.R., Stocker, C.J., Sokol, E., Jenkins, L., Simon, K., et al. Activity of dietary fatty acids on FFA1 and FFA4 and characterisation of pinolenic acid as a dual FFA1/FFA4 agonist with potential effect against metabolic diseases. Br. J. Nutr. 113 (2015), 1677–1688.
    • (2015) Br. J. Nutr. , vol.113 , pp. 1677-1688
    • Christiansen, E.1    Watterson, K.R.2    Stocker, C.J.3    Sokol, E.4    Jenkins, L.5    Simon, K.6
  • 114
    • 0347319575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulation by polyunsaturated fatty acids: mechanisms and effects
    • [114] Stulnig, T.M., Immunomodulation by polyunsaturated fatty acids: mechanisms and effects. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 132 (2003), 310–321.
    • (2003) Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. , vol.132 , pp. 310-321
    • Stulnig, T.M.1
  • 115
    • 84873443547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology?
    • [115] Calder, P.C., Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes: nutrition or pharmacology?. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 75 (2013), 645–662.
    • (2013) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. , vol.75 , pp. 645-662
    • Calder, P.C.1
  • 116
    • 84879514494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-3 fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: new mechanisms to explain old actions
    • [116] Calder, P.C., N-3 fatty acids, inflammation and immunity: new mechanisms to explain old actions. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 72 (2013), 326–336.
    • (2013) Proc. Nutr. Soc. , vol.72 , pp. 326-336
    • Calder, P.C.1
  • 117
    • 33750584214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
    • [117] Shi, H., Kokoeva, M.V., Inouye, K., Tzameli, I., Yin, H., Flier, J.S., TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 116 (2006), 3015–3025.
    • (2006) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.116 , pp. 3015-3025
    • Shi, H.1    Kokoeva, M.V.2    Inouye, K.3    Tzameli, I.4    Yin, H.5    Flier, J.S.6
  • 118
    • 41749090254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators
    • [118] Serhan, C.N., Yacoubian, S., Yang, R., Anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 3 (2008), 279–312.
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Pathol. , vol.3 , pp. 279-312
    • Serhan, C.N.1    Yacoubian, S.2    Yang, R.3
  • 119
    • 84860476011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omega 3 fatty acids and GPR120
    • [119] Oh, D.Y., Olefsky, J.M., Omega 3 fatty acids and GPR120. Cell Metab. 15 (2012), 564–565.
    • (2012) Cell Metab. , vol.15 , pp. 564-565
    • Oh, D.Y.1    Olefsky, J.M.2
  • 120
    • 84979924003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functions of omega-3 fatty acids and FFA4 (GPR120) in macrophages
    • 00458-6
    • [120] Im, D.S., Functions of omega-3 fatty acids and FFA4 (GPR120) in macrophages. Eur. J. Pharmacol., S0014–2999(15), 2015 00458-6.
    • (2015) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.S0014–2999 , Issue.15
    • Im, D.S.1
  • 121
    • 84901706296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alteration of the glucagon axis in GPR120 (FFAR4) knockout mice: a role for GPR120 in glucagon secretion
    • [121] Suckow, A.T., Polidori, D., Yan, W., Chon, S., Ma, J.Y., Leonard, J., et al. Alteration of the glucagon axis in GPR120 (FFAR4) knockout mice: a role for GPR120 in glucagon secretion. J. Biol. Chem. 289 (2014), 15751–15763.
    • (2014) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.289 , pp. 15751-15763
    • Suckow, A.T.1    Polidori, D.2    Yan, W.3    Chon, S.4    Ma, J.Y.5    Leonard, J.6
  • 122
    • 84858285593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysfunction of lipid sensor GPR120 leads to obesity in both mouse and human
    • [122] Ichimura, A., Hirasawa, A., Poulain-Godefroy, O., Bonnefond, A., Hara, T., Yengo, L., et al. Dysfunction of lipid sensor GPR120 leads to obesity in both mouse and human. Nature 483 (2012), 350–354.
    • (2012) Nature , vol.483 , pp. 350-354
    • Ichimura, A.1    Hirasawa, A.2    Poulain-Godefroy, O.3    Bonnefond, A.4    Hara, T.5    Yengo, L.6
  • 123
    • 84945343913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of the low-frequency, loss-of-function p. R270H mutation in FFAR4 (GPR120) to increased fasting plasma glucose levels
    • [123] Bonnefond, A., Lamri, A., Leloire, A., Vaillant, E., Roussel, R., Levy-Marchal, C., et al. Contribution of the low-frequency, loss-of-function p. R270H mutation in FFAR4 (GPR120) to increased fasting plasma glucose levels. J. Med. Genet. 52 (2015), 595–598.
    • (2015) J. Med. Genet. , vol.52 , pp. 595-598
    • Bonnefond, A.1    Lamri, A.2    Leloire, A.3    Vaillant, E.4    Roussel, R.5    Levy-Marchal, C.6
  • 125
    • 84962026512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of distinct subpopulations of hepatic macrophages in HFD/obese mice
    • [125] Morinaga, H., Mayoral, R., Heinrichsdorff, J., Osborn, O., Franck, N., Hah, N., et al. Characterization of distinct subpopulations of hepatic macrophages in HFD/obese mice. Diabetes 64 (2015), 1120–1130.
    • (2015) Diabetes , vol.64 , pp. 1120-1130
    • Morinaga, H.1    Mayoral, R.2    Heinrichsdorff, J.3    Osborn, O.4    Franck, N.5    Hah, N.6
  • 126
    • 84939482671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation in obesity: local effect and systemic benefit
    • [126] Wang, Y., Huang, F., N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation in obesity: local effect and systemic benefit. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015, 2015, 581469.
    • (2015) Biomed. Res. Int. , vol.2015 , pp. 581469
    • Wang, Y.1    Huang, F.2
  • 127
    • 84876771596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The immune system as a sensor of the metabolic state
    • [127] Odegaard, J.I., Chawla, A., The immune system as a sensor of the metabolic state. Immunity 38 (2013), 644–654.
    • (2013) Immunity , vol.38 , pp. 644-654
    • Odegaard, J.I.1    Chawla, A.2
  • 128
    • 84959406474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metaflammatory responses during obesity: pathomechanism and treatment
    • S1871-403X(15)00180-5
    • [128] Debnath, M., Agrawal, S., Agrawal, A., Dubey, G.P., Metaflammatory responses during obesity: pathomechanism and treatment. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract., 2015 S1871-403X(15)00180-5.
    • (2015) Obes. Res. Clin. Pract.
    • Debnath, M.1    Agrawal, S.2    Agrawal, A.3    Dubey, G.P.4
  • 129
    • 84858243360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of (n-3) fatty acids
    • [129] Calder, P.C., Mechanisms of action of (n-3) fatty acids. J. Nutr. 142 (2012), 592S–599S.
    • (2012) J. Nutr. , vol.142 , pp. 592S-599S
    • Calder, P.C.1
  • 130
    • 77956139811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fishing out a sensor for anti-inflammatory oils
    • [130] Saltiel, A.R., Fishing out a sensor for anti-inflammatory oils. Cell 142 (2010), 672–674.
    • (2010) Cell , vol.142 , pp. 672-674
    • Saltiel, A.R.1
  • 131
    • 27444437321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans
    • [131] Cinti, S., Mitchell, G., Barbatelli, G., Murano, I., Ceresi, E., Faloia, E., et al. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J. Lipid. Res. 46 (2005), 2347–2355.
    • (2005) J. Lipid. Res. , vol.46 , pp. 2347-2355
    • Cinti, S.1    Mitchell, G.2    Barbatelli, G.3    Murano, I.4    Ceresi, E.5    Faloia, E.6
  • 132
    • 0027972524 scopus 로고
    • Altered gene expression for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors during drug and dietary modulation of insulin resistance
    • [132] Hofmann, C., Lorenz, K., Braithwaite, S.S., Colca, J.R., Palazuk, B.J., Hotamisligil, G.S., et al. Altered gene expression for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors during drug and dietary modulation of insulin resistance. Endocrinology 134 (1994), 264–270.
    • (1994) Endocrinology , vol.134 , pp. 264-270
    • Hofmann, C.1    Lorenz, K.2    Braithwaite, S.S.3    Colca, J.R.4    Palazuk, B.J.5    Hotamisligil, G.S.6
  • 133
    • 0028587742 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link
    • [133] Hotamisligil, G.S., Spiegelman, B.M., Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43 (1994), 1271–1278.
    • (1994) Diabetes , vol.43 , pp. 1271-1278
    • Hotamisligil, G.S.1    Spiegelman, B.M.2
  • 134
    • 84857985148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease
    • [134] Osborn, O., Olefsky, J.M., The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease. Nat. Med. 18 (2012), 363–374.
    • (2012) Nat. Med. , vol.18 , pp. 363-374
    • Osborn, O.1    Olefsky, J.M.2
  • 135
    • 0346880505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and the IKK beta/I kappa B/NF-kappa B axis in obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance
    • [135] Shoelson, S.E., Lee, J., Yuan, M., Inflammation and the IKK beta/I kappa B/NF-kappa B axis in obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 27:Suppl. 3 (2003), S49–S52.
    • (2003) Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. , vol.27 , pp. S49-S52
    • Shoelson, S.E.1    Lee, J.2    Yuan, M.3
  • 136
    • 0037153158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance
    • [136] Hirosumi, J., Tuncman, G., Chang, L., Gorgun, C.Z., Uysal, K.T., Maeda, K., et al. A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 420 (2002), 333–336.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.420 , pp. 333-336
    • Hirosumi, J.1    Tuncman, G.2    Chang, L.3    Gorgun, C.Z.4    Uysal, K.T.5    Maeda, K.6
  • 137
    • 20044387026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance
    • [137] Arkan, M.C., Hevener, A.L., Greten, F.R., Maeda, S., Li, Z.W., Long, J.M., et al. IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat. Med. 11 (2005), 191–198.
    • (2005) Nat. Med. , vol.11 , pp. 191-198
    • Arkan, M.C.1    Hevener, A.L.2    Greten, F.R.3    Maeda, S.4    Li, Z.W.5    Long, J.M.6
  • 138
    • 77951918926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance
    • [138] Olefsky, J.M., Glass, C.K., Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72 (2010), 219–246.
    • (2010) Annu. Rev. Physiol. , vol.72 , pp. 219-246
    • Olefsky, J.M.1    Glass, C.K.2
  • 139
    • 33847073149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased inflammatory properties of adipose tissue macrophages recruited during diet-induced obesity
    • [139] Lumeng, C.N., Deyoung, S.M., Bodzin, J.L., Saltiel, A.R., Increased inflammatory properties of adipose tissue macrophages recruited during diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 56 (2007), 16–23.
    • (2007) Diabetes , vol.56 , pp. 16-23
    • Lumeng, C.N.1    Deyoung, S.M.2    Bodzin, J.L.3    Saltiel, A.R.4
  • 140
    • 84879582536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omega-3 fatty acids prevent inflammation and metabolic disorder through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation
    • [140] Yan, Y., Jiang, W., Spinetti, T., Tardivel, A., Castillo, R., Bourquin, C., et al. Omega-3 fatty acids prevent inflammation and metabolic disorder through inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Immunity 38 (2013), 1154–1163.
    • (2013) Immunity , vol.38 , pp. 1154-1163
    • Yan, Y.1    Jiang, W.2    Spinetti, T.3    Tardivel, A.4    Castillo, R.5    Bourquin, C.6
  • 141
    • 74549184092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor for metabolic danger?
    • [141] Schroder, K., Zhou, R., Tschopp, J., The NLRP3 inflammasome: a sensor for metabolic danger?. Science 327:5963 (2010), 296–300.
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , Issue.5963 , pp. 296-300
    • Schroder, K.1    Zhou, R.2    Tschopp, J.3
  • 142
    • 84925651447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional analysis of free fatty acid receptor GPR120 in human eosinophils: implications in metabolic homeostasis
    • e0120386
    • [142] Konno, Y., Ueki, S., Takeda, M., Kobayashi, Y., Tamaki, M., Moritoki, Y., et al. Functional analysis of free fatty acid receptor GPR120 in human eosinophils: implications in metabolic homeostasis. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0120386.
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10
    • Konno, Y.1    Ueki, S.2    Takeda, M.3    Kobayashi, Y.4    Tamaki, M.5    Moritoki, Y.6
  • 143
    • 84876746655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate lymphoid type 2 cells sustain visceral adipose tissue eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages
    • [143] Molofsky, A.B., Nussbaum, J.C., Liang, H.E., Van Dyken, S.J., Cheng, L.E., Mohapatra, A., et al. Innate lymphoid type 2 cells sustain visceral adipose tissue eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 210 (2013), 535–549.
    • (2013) J. Exp. Med. , vol.210 , pp. 535-549
    • Molofsky, A.B.1    Nussbaum, J.C.2    Liang, H.E.3    Van Dyken, S.J.4    Cheng, L.E.5    Mohapatra, A.6
  • 144
    • 84882239266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eosinophils in the spotlight: Finding the link between obesity and asthma
    • [144] Lloyd, C.M., Saglani, S., Eosinophils in the spotlight: Finding the link between obesity and asthma. Nat. Med. 19 (2013), 976–977.
    • (2013) Nat. Med. , vol.19 , pp. 976-977
    • Lloyd, C.M.1    Saglani, S.2
  • 146
    • 33751311273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring ligand-mediated internalization of G protein-coupled receptor as a novel pharmacological approach
    • [146] Fukunaga, S., Setoguchi, S., Hirasawa, A., Tsujimoto, G., Monitoring ligand-mediated internalization of G protein-coupled receptor as a novel pharmacological approach. Life Sci. 80 (2006), 17–23.
    • (2006) Life Sci. , vol.80 , pp. 17-23
    • Fukunaga, S.1    Setoguchi, S.2    Hirasawa, A.3    Tsujimoto, G.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.