P2X ion channel receptors and inflammation

Purinergic Signalling

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 59-67

  Burnstock, Geoffrey ^a,b  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

ATP; Cytokines; Inflammasome; P2X4 receptors; P2X7 receptors

Indexed keywords

5' NUCLEOTIDASE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; CALCIUM ION; CD39 ANTIGEN; CRYOPYRIN; HLA G ANTIGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLAMMASOME; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; ION CHANNEL; ISOFLAVONOID; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PUERARIN; PURINERGIC P2 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X4 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X5 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC P2X7 RECEPTOR; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFAT3; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; VASCULOTROPIN; CYTOKINE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; B LYMPHOCYTE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BONE MARROW DERIVED DENDRITIC CELL; BURN; CELL MEMBRANE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; EPILEPSY; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; HYPERALGESIA; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFLAMMATORY PAIN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL DISEASE; MICROGLIA; MOOD DISORDER; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NECROSIS; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOLOGY; PSORIASIS; PYROPTOSIS; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; T LYMPHOCYTE; ANIMAL; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; NEURITIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; INFLAMMASOMES; INFLAMMATION; NEURITIS; RECEPTORS, PURINERGIC P2X;

EID: 84957953769     PISSN: 15739538     EISSN: 15739546     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9493-0     Document Type: Article

References (141)

1. Di Virgilio F, Ferrara N, Idzko M, Panther E, Norgauer J, La Sala A, Girolomoni G (2003) Extracellular ATP, receptors and inflammation. Drug Dev Res 59:171–174
2. Di Virgilio F, Boeynaems JM, Robson SC (2009) Extracellular nucleotides as negative modulators of immunity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 9:507–513
3. Bours MJ, Swennen EL, Di Virgilio F, Cronstein BN, Dagnelie PC (2006) Adenosine 5’-triphosphate and adenosine as endogenous signaling molecules in immunity and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 112:358–404
4. Barberà-Cremades M, Baroja-Mazo A, Gomez AI, Machado F, Di Virgilio F, Pelegrín P (2012) P2X7 receptor-stimulation causes fever via PGE2 and IL-1β release. FASEB J 26:2951–2962
5. Fiebich BL, Akter S, Akundi RS (2014) The two-hit hypothesis for neuroinflammation: role of exogenous ATP in modulating inflammation in the brain. Front Cell Neurosci 8:260
6. De Man JG, Seerden TC, De Winter BY, Van Marck EA, Herman AG, Pelckmans PA (2003) Alteration of the purinergic modulation of enteric neurotransmission in the mouse ileum during chronic intestinal inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 139:172–184
7. Kurashima Y, Kiyono H, Kunisawa J (2015) Pathophysiological role of extracellular purinergic mediators in the control of intestinal inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2015:427125
8. 7 receptor in lung inflammation and fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 182:774–783
9. Eltzschig HK, Sitkovsky MV, Robson SC (2012) Purinergic signaling during inflammation. N Engl J Med 367:2322–2333
10. Cauwels A, Rogge E, Vandendriessche B, Shiva S, Brouckaert P (2014) Extracellular ATP drives systemic inflammation, tissue damage and mortality. Cell Death Dis 5:e1102
11. 2Z/P2X7 antagonist, oxidized ATP, in arthritic rats. Neurosci Lett 327:87–90
12. Gourine AV, Dale N, Gourine VN, Spyer KM (2004) Fever in systemic inflammation: roles of purines. Front Biosci 9:1011–1022
13. Kim IS, Rhee CS, Lee JH, Heo JH, Park J, Lee CH (2007) Effects of purinergic stimulation on ciliary beat frequency and chloride secretion in sinusitis. Laryngoscope 117:1677–1682
14. Jacob F, Pérez Novo C, Bachert C, Van CK (2013) Purinergic signaling in inflammatory cells: P2 receptor expression, functional effects, and modulation of inflammatory responses. Purinergic Signal 9:285–306
15. Streit WJ, Mrak RE, Griffin WS (2004) Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective. J Neuroinflammation 1:14
16. Gendelman HE (2002) Neural immunity: friend or foe? J Neurovirol 8:474–479
17. Yamasaki R, Lu H, Butovsky O, Ohno N, Rietsch AM, Cialic R, Wu PM, Doykan CE, Lin J, Cotleur AC, Kidd G, Zorlu MM, Sun N, Hu W, Liu L, Lee JC, Taylor SE, Uehlein L, Dixon D, Gu J, Floruta CM, Zhu M, Charo IF, Weiner HL, Ransohoff RM (2014) Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system. J Exp Med 211:1533–1549
18. Xanthos DN, Sandkuhler J (2014) Neurogenic neuroinflammation: inflammatory CNS reactions in response to neuronal activity. Nat Rev Neurosci 15:43–53
19. 7 and the inflammasome. Trends Pharmacol Sci 28:465–472
20. Lister MF, Sharkey J, Sawatzky DA, Hodgkiss JP, Davidson DJ, Rossi AG, Finlayson K (2007) The role of the purinergic P2X7 receptor in inflammation. J Inflamm (Lond) 4:5
21. Tschopp J, Schroder K (2010) NLRP3 inflammasome activation: the convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production? Nat Rev Immunol 10:210–215
22. 3 is increased in human inflammatory bowel disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 13:365–369
23. Bodin P, Burnstock G (1998) Increased release of ATP from endothelial cells during acute inflammation. Inflamm Res 47:351–354
24. Hasko G, Linden J, Cronstein B, Pacher P (2008) Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 7:759–770
25. Rayah A, Kanellopoulos JM, Di Virgilio F (2012) P2 receptors and immunity. Microbes Infect 14:1254–1262
26. Pellegatti P, Raffaghello L, Bianchi G, Piccardi F, Pistoia V, Di Virgilio F (2008) Increased level of extracellular ATP at tumor sites: in vivo imaging with plasma membrane luciferase. PLoS One 3:e2599
27. Falzoni S, Donvito G, Di Virgilio F (2013) Detecting adenosine triphosphate in the pericellular space. Interface Focus 3:20120101
28. 2X1, in thymocyte apoptosis. Immunity 5:275–283
29. Woehrle T, Yip L, Elkhal A, Sumi Y, Chen Y, Yao Y, Insel PA, Junger WG (2010) Pannexin-1 hemichannel-mediated ATP release together with P2X1 and P2X4 receptors regulate T-cell activation at the immune synapse. Blood 116:3475–3484
30. Ulmann L, Hirbec H, Rassendren F (2010) P2X4 receptors mediate PGE2 release by tissue-resident macrophages and initiate inflammatory pain. EMBO J 29:2290–2300
31. Chakraborty S, Kaushik DK, Gupta M, Basu A (2010) Inflammasome signaling at the heart of central nervous system pathology. J Neurosci Res 88:1615–1631
32. Apolloni S, Montilli C, Finocchi P, Amadio S (2009) Membrane compartments and purinergic signalling: P2X receptors in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory events. FEBS J 276:354–364
33. Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J (2002) The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol Cell 10:417–426
34. Bernier LP (2012) Purinergic regulation of inflammasome activation after central nervous system injury. J Gen Physiol 140:571–575
35. 7 results in resistance to contact hypersensitivity. J Exp Med 207:2609–2619
36. Wilhelm K, Ganesan J, Muller T, Durr C, Grimm M, Beilhack A, Krempl CD, Sorichter S, Gerlach UV, Juttner E, Zerweck A, Gartner F, Pellegatti P, Di Virgilio F, Ferrari D, Kambham N, Fisch P, Finke J, Idzko M, Zeiser R (2010) Graft-versus-host disease is enhanced by extracellular ATP activating P2X7R. Nat Med 16:1434–1438
37. Burnstock G (1999) Release of vasoactive substances from endothelial cells by shear stress and purinergic mechanosensory transduction. J Anat 194:335–342
38. Bodin P, Burnstock G (2001) Purinergic signalling: ATP release. Neurochem Res 26:959–969
39. 7 receptor by ATP plays an important role in regulating inflammatory responses during acute viral infection. PLoS One 7:e35812
40. 4 receptors influence inflammasome activation after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 32:3058–3066
41. Ali SR, Timmer AM, Bilgrami S, Park EJ, Eckmann L, Nizet V, Karin M (2011) Anthrax toxin induces macrophage death by p38 MAPK inhibition but leads to inflammasome activation via ATP leakage. Immunity 35:34–44
42. Neves AR, Castelo-Branco MT, Figliuolo VR, Bernardazzi C, Buongusto F, Yoshimoto A, Nanini HF, Coutinho CM, Carneiro AJ, Coutinho-Silva R, de Souza HS (2014) Overexpression of ATP-activated P2X7 receptors in the intestinal mucosa is implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 20:444–457
43. 7 receptor: a pivotal role in inflammation and immunomodulation. Drug Dev Res 45:207–213
44. Bours MJ, Dagnelie PC, Giuliani AL, Wesselius A, Di Virgilio F (2011) P2 receptors and extracellular ATP: a novel homeostatic pathway in inflammation. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 3:1443–1456
45. Idzko M, Ferrari D, Eltzschig HK (2014) Nucleotide signalling during inflammation. Nature 509:310–317
46. Di Virgilio F (2015) P2X receptors and inflammation. Curr Med Chem 22:866–877
47. Beamer E, Gölöncsér F, Horváth G, Bekö K, Otrokocsi L, Koványi B, Sperlágh B (2015) Purinergic mechanisms in neuroinflammation: an update from molecules to behavior. Neuropharmacology In Press
48. Monif M, Reid CA, Powell KL, Smart ML, Williams DA (2009) The P2X7 receptor drives microglial activation and proliferation: a trophic role for P2X7R pore. J Neurosci 29:3781–3791
49. 7 receptor coupled to ion fluxes, microvesicle formation and IL-6 release. J Cell Sci 112:297–305
50. Ferrari D, Pizzirani C, Adinolfi E, Lemoli RM, Curti A, Idzko M, Panther E, Di Virgilio F (2006) The P2X7 receptor: a key player in IL-1 processing and release. J Immunol 176:3877–3883
51. Perregaux DG, McNiff P, Laliberte R, Conklyn M, Gabel CA (2000) ATP acts as an agonist to promote stimulus-induced secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in human blood. J Immunol 165:4615–4623
52. Mehta VB, Hart J, Wewers MD (2001) ATP-stimulated release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 requires priming by lipopolysaccharide and is independent of caspase-1 cleavage. J Biol Chem 276:3820–3826
53. 7 receptor differentially couples to distinct release pathways for IL-1β in mouse macrophage. J Immunol 180:7147–7157
54. 7 receptors. FASEB J 23:1685–1693
55. Newbolt A, Stoop R, Virginio C, Surprenant A, North RA, Buell G, Rassendren F (1998) Membrane topology of an ATP-gated ion channel (P2X receptor). J Biol Chem 273:15177–15182
56. Antonio LS, Stewart AP, Xu XJ, Varanda WA, Murrell-Lagnado RD, Edwardson JM (2011) P2X4 receptors interact with both P2X2 and P2X7 receptors in the form of homotrimers. Br J Pharmacol 163:1069–1077
57. Babelova A, Moreth K, Tsalastra-Greul W, Zeng-Brouwers J, Eickelberg O, Young MF, Bruckner P, Pfeilschifter J, Schaefer RM, Grone HJ, Schaefer L (2009) Biglycan, a danger signal that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome via toll-like and P2X receptors. J Biol Chem 284:24035–24048
58. Sakaki H, Tsukimoto M, Harada H, Moriyama Y, Kojima S (2013) Autocrine regulation of macrophage activation via exocytosis of ATP and activation of P2Y11 receptor. PLoS One 8:e59778
59. 7 receptor/inflammasome in perivascular fat tissue of heavy smokers. Eur J Clin Invest 44:295–302
60. 7 receptor attenuates lipopolysaccharide-mediated microglial activation and neuronal damage in inflamed brain. J Neurosci 27:4957–4968
61. 7 receptor blockade prevents ATP excitotoxicity in oligodendrocytes and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci 27:9525–9533
62. 7 purinergic receptor: from physiology to neurological disorders. FASEB J 24:337–345
63. 2 receptor interactions in neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 46:96–113
64. 7 receptors. J Biol Chem 276:125–132
65. Labasi JM, Petrushova N, Donovan C, McCurdy S, Lira P, Payette MM, Brissette W, Wicks JR, Audoly L, Gabel CA (2002) Absence of the P2X7 receptor alters leukocyte function and attenuates an inflammatory response. J Immunol 168:6436–6445
66. 7 receptor inhibits secretion of soluble HLA-G from human monocytes. J Immunol 183:4302–4311
67. Rizzo R, Bortolotti D, Bolzani S, Fainardi E (2014) HLA-G molecules in autoimmune diseases and infections. Front Immunol 5:592
68. Adinolfi E, Raffaghello L, Giuliani AL, Cavazzini L, Capece M, Chiozzi P, Bianchi G, Kroemer G, Pistoia V, Di Virgilio F (2012) Expression of P2X7 receptor increases in vivo tumor growth. Cancer Res 72:2957–2969
69. Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, dal Susino M, Melchiorri L, Baricordi OR, Di Virgilio F (1997) Extracellular ATP triggers IL-1β release by activating the purinergic P2Z receptor of human macrophages. J Immunol 159:1451–1458
70. 7/P2Z purinoreceptor-mediated activation of transcription factor NFAT in microglial cells. J Biol Chem 274:13205–13210
71. Morandini AC, Savio LE, Coutinho-Silva R (2014) The role of P2X7 receptor in infectious inflammatory diseases and the influence of ectonucleotidases. Biomed J 37:169–177
72. 11C]A-740003 as a novel tracer of neuroinflammation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 57:509–516
73. Lopez-Castejon G, Pelegrin P (2012) Current status of inflammasome blockers as anti-inflammatory drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 21:995–1007
74. North RA (2002) Molecular physiology of P2X receptors. Physiol Rev 82:1013–1067
75. Caseley EA, Muench SP, Roger S, Mao HJ, Baldwin SA, Jiang LH (2014) Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the P2X receptor genes: association with diseases, impact on receptor functions and potential use as diagnosis biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 15:13344–13371
76. Haag F, Adriouch S, Brass A, Jung C, Möller S, Scheuplein F, Bannas P, Seman M, Koch-Nolte F (2007) Extracellular NAD and ATP: partners in immune cell modulation. Purinergic Signal 3:71–81
77. Myrtek D, Idzko M (2007) Chemotactic activity of extracellular nucleotideson human immune cells. Purinergic Signal 3:5–11
78. Martinon F (2008) Detection of immune danger signals by NALP3. J Leukoc Biol 83:507–511
79. 7 receptor and macrophage function. Purinergic Signal 5:189–195
80. Ferrero ME (2011) Purinoceptors in inflammation: potential as anti-inflammatory therapeutic targets. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 16:2172–2186
81. Junger WG (2011) Immune cell regulation by autocrine purinergic signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 11:201–212
82. Di Virgilio F, Chiozzi P, Ferrari D, Falzoni S, Sanz JM, Morelli A, Torboli M, Bolognesi G, Baricordi OR (2001) Nucleotide receptors: an emerging family of regulatory molecules in blood cells. Blood 97:587–600
83. 7 purinergic receptor on immune cells that invade the rat endometrium during oestrus. J Reprod Immunol 66:127–140
84. Ferrari D, Idzko M, Dichmann S, Purlis D, Virchow C, Norgauer J, Chiozzi P, Di Virgilio F, Luttmann W (2000) P2 purinergic receptors of human eosinophils: characterization and coupling to oxygen radical production. FEBS Lett 486:217–224
85. 7 receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of smoke-induced lung inflammation and emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 44:423–429
86. Vitiello L, Gorini S, Rosano G, La Sala A (2012) Immunoregulation through extracellular nucleotides. Blood 120:511–518
87. Di Virgilio F, Ferrari D, Chiozzi P, Falzoni S, Sanz JM, dal Susino M, Mutini C, Hanau S, Baricordi OR (1996) Purinoceptor function in the immune system. Drug Dev Res 39:319–329
88. Marchand F, Perretti M, McMahon SB (2005) Role of the immune system in chronic pain. Nat Rev Neurosci 6:521–532
89. Moalem G, Tracey DJ (2006) Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in neuropathic pain. Brain Res Rev 51:240–264
90. Wareham K, Vial C, Wykes RC, Bradding P, Seward EP (2009) Functional evidence for the expression of P2X1, P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in human lung mast cells. Br J Pharmacol 157:1215–1224
91. Bulanova E, Bulfone-Paus S (2010) P2 receptor-mediated signaling in mast cell biology. Purinergic Signal 6:3–17
92. Cockcroft S, Gomperts BD (1980) The ATP4- receptor of rat mast cells. Biochem J 188:789–798
93. Burnstock G (2008) Purinergic signalling and disorders of the central nervous system. Nat Rev Drug Disc 7:575–590
94. Inoue K (2008) Purinergic systems in microglia. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:3074–3080
95. 7 purinoceptor gene abolishes chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Pain 114:386–396
96. 7 in pain and inflammation. Purinergic Signal 3:163–169
97. Chu YX, Zhang Y, Zhang YQ, Zhao ZQ (2010) Involvement of microglial P2X7 receptors and downstream signaling pathways in long-term potentiation of spinal nociceptive responses. Brain Behav Immun 24:1176–1189
98. Alves LA, Bezerra RJ, Faria RX, Ferreira LG, da Silva FV (2013) Physiological roles and potential therapeutic applications of the P2X7 receptor in inflammation and pain. Molecules 18:10953–10972
99. Burnstock G (2013) Purinergic mechanisms and pain—an update. Eur J Pharmacol 716:24–40
100. 7 ATP receptor inhibitor, oxidized ATP. Arthritis Rheum 46:3378–3385
101. Clark AK, Staniland AA, Marchand F, Kaan TK, McMahon SB, Malcangio M (2010) P2X7-dependent release of interleukin-1β and nociception in the spinal cord following lipopolysaccharide. J Neurosci 30:573–582
102. 3 receptor involvement in pain states. Mol Neurobiol 36:165–183
103. Prado FC, Araldi D, Vieira AS, Oliveira-Fusaro MC, Tambeli CH, Parada CA (2013) Neuronal P2X3 receptor activation is essential to the hyperalgesia induced by prostaglandins and sympathomimetic amines released during inflammation. Neuropharmacology 67:252–258
104. Xu J, Chu KL, Brederson JD, Jarvis MF, McGaraughty S (2012) Spontaneous firing and evoked responses of spinal nociceptive neurons are attenuated by blockade of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors in inflamed rats. J Neurosci Res 90:1597–1606
105. 2/3-related antinociception in rat models of inflammatory and chemogenic pain but not neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 146:180–188
106. 4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury. Nature 424:778–783
107. Beggs S, Trang T, Salter MW (2012) P2X4R+ microglia drive neuropathic pain. Nat Neurosci 15:1068–1073
108. 7 receptor antagonist, dose-dependently reduces neuropathic pain in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319:1376–1385
109. King BF (2007) Novel P2X7 receptor antagonists ease the pain. Br J Pharmacol 151:565–567
110. Teixeira JM, Oliveira MC, Parada CA, Tambeli CH (2010) Peripheral mechanisms underlying the essential role of P2X7 receptors in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 644:55–60
111. Itoh K, Chiang CY, Li Z, Lee JC, Dostrovsky JO, Sessle BJ (2011) Central sensitization of nociceptive neurons in rat medullary dorsal horn involves purinergic P2X7 receptors. Neuroscience 192:721–731
112. 7-related modulation of pathological nociception in rats. Neuroscience 146:1817–1828
113. 7 receptors. Burns 39:610–618
114. Yirmiya R, Goshen I (2011) Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun 25:181–213
115. Frank-Cannon TC, Alto LT, McAlpine FE, Tansey MG (2009) Does neuroinflammation fan the flame in neurodegenerative diseases? Mol Neurodegener 4:47
116. Meyer U (2013) Developmental neuroinflammation and schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 42:20–34
117. Najjar S, Pearlman DM, Alper K, Najjar A, Devinsky O (2013) Neuroinflammation and psychiatric illness. J Neuroinflammation 10:43
118. Iwata M, Ota KT, Duman RS (2013) The inflammasome: pathways linking psychological stress, depression, and systemic illnesses. Brain Behav Immun 31:105–114
119. 7 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 104:146–152
120. Ursu D, Ebert P, Langron E, Ruble C, Munsie L, Zou W, Fijal B, Qian YW, McNearney TA, Mogg A, Grubisha O, Merchant K, Sher E (2014) Gain and loss of function of P2X7 receptors: mechanisms, pharmacology and relevance to diabetic neuropathic pain. Mol Pain 10:37
121. 7 receptor in infectious diseases. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002212
122. Xiang Y, Wang X, Yan C, Gao Q, Li SA, Liu J, Zhou K, Guo X, Lee W, Zhang Y (2013) Adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) protects mice against bacterial infection by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. PLoS One 8:e63759
123. Fumagalli M, Lecca D, Abbracchio MP (2011) Role of purinergic signalling in neuro-immune cells and adult neural progenitors. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 16:2326–2341
124. Ochoa-Cortes F, Liñán-Rico A, Jacobson KA, Christofi FL (2014) Potential for developing purinergic drugs for gastrointestinal diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 20:1259–1287
125. Sorge RE, Trang T, Dorfman R, Smith SB, Beggs S, Ritchie J, Austin JS, Zaykin DV, Vander MH, Costigan M, Herbert TA, Yarkoni-Abitbul M, Tichauer D, Livneh J, Gershon E, Zheng M, Tan K, John SL, Slade GD, Jordan J, Woolf CJ, Peltz G, Maixner W, Diatchenko L, Seltzer Z, Salter MW, Mogil JS (2012) Genetically determined P2X7 receptor pore formation regulates variability in chronic pain sensitivity. Nat Med 18:595–599
126. 7: a novel target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 22:54–88
127. 7 receptor antagonists and their potential for reducing central nervous system inflammation. Recent Pat CNS Drug Discov 5:35–45
128. Takenouchi T, Sekiyama K, Sekigawa A, Fujita M, Waragai M, Sugama S, Iwamaru Y, Kitani H, Hashimoto M (2010) P2X7 receptor signaling pathway as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 58:91–96
129. 7 receptor function and indicates a role in chronic pain states. Br J Pharmacol 151:571–579
130. Donnelly-Roberts D, McGaraughty S, Shieh CC, Honore P, Jarvis MF (2008) Painful purinergic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324:409–415
131. 7 receptor antagonists for chronic inflammation and pain. Purinergic Signal 5:63–73
132. 7 receptor antagonists for the treatment of pain: part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 21:7287–7290
133. Honore P, Donnelly-Roberts D, Namovic M, Zhong C, Wade C, Chandran P, Zhu C, Carroll W, Perez-Medrano A, Iwakura Y, Jarvis MF (2009) The antihyperalgesic activity of a selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, A-839977, is lost in IL-1αβ knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 204:77–81
134. Wang C, Gu Y, Li GW, Huang LY (2007) A critical role of the cAMP sensor Epac in switching protein kinase signalling in prostaglandin E2-induced potentiation of P2X3 receptor currents in inflamed rats. J Physiol 584:191–203
135. Hyman MC, Petrovic-Djergovic D, Visovatti SH, Liao H, Yanamadala S, Bouïs D, Su EJ, Lawrence DA, Broekman MJ, Marcus AJ, Pinsky DJ (2009) Self-regulation of inflammatory cell trafficking in mice by the leukocyte surface apyrase CD39. J Clin Invest 119:1136–1149
136. Rhett JM, Fann SA, Yost MJ (2014) Purinergic signaling in early inflammatory events of the foreign body response: modulating extracellular ATP as an enabling technology for engineered implants and tissues. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 20:392–402
137. Bhagwat SS (2007) MAP kinase inhibitors in inflammation and autoimmune disorders. In: Macor JE (ed) Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 42. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 265–278
138. Bhagwat SS (2009) Kinase inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Purinergic Signal 5:107–115
139. Burnstock G, Verkhratsky A (2009) Evolutionary origins of the purinergic signalling system. Acta Physiologica 195:415–447
140. Burnstock G (2006) Pathophysiology and therapeutic potential of purinergic signaling. Pharmacol Rev 58:58–86
141. Burnstock G (2007) Physiology and pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission. Physiol Rev 87:659–797