Developmental neuroinflammation and schizophrenia

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 42, Issue , 2013, Pages 20-34

  Meyer, Urs ^a  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Infection; Inflammation; Microglia; Oxidative stress; Poly I:C

Indexed keywords

ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CELECOXIB; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; MINOCYCLINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PLACEBO; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; CELL ACTIVATION; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; FETUS RISK; HIGH RISK INFANT; HUMAN; HYPOFERREMIA; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFLAMMATION; INTRAUTERINE INFECTION; IRON METABOLISM DISORDER; MICROGLIA; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PROGENY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; ZINC DEFICIENCY;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CYTOKINES; ENCEPHALITIS; FEMALE; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84873522724     PISSN: 02785846     EISSN: 18784216     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.11.003     Document Type: Article

References (272)

1. Aguilar-Valles A., Flores C., Luheshi G.N. Prenatal inflammation-induced hypoferremia alters dopamine function in the adult offspring in rat: relevance for schizophrenia. PLoS One 2010, 5:e10967.
2. Aguilar-Valles A., Luheshi G.N. Alterations in cognitive function and behavioral response to amphetamine induced by prenatal inflammation are dependent on the stage of pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2011, 36:634-648.
3. Aguilar-Valles A., Poole S., Mistry Y., Williams S., Luheshi G.N. Attenuated fever in rats during late pregnancy is linked to suppressed interleukin-6 production after localized inflammation with turpentine. J Physiol 2007, 583:391-403.
4. Akaneya Y., Takahashi M., Hatanaka H. Interleukin-1 beta enhances survival and interleukin-6 protects against MPP+ neurotoxicity in cultures of fetal rat dopaminergic neurons. Exp Neurol 1995, 136:44-52.
5. Alexopoulou L., Holt A.C., Medzhitov R., Flavell R.A. Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kB by toll-like receptor 3. Nature 2001, 413:732-738.
6. Altamura A.C., Boin F., Maes M. HPA axis and cytokines dysregulation in schizophrenia: potential implications for the antipsychotic treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1999, 10:1-4.
7. Archer T. Neurodegeneration in schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 2010, 10:1131-1141.
8. Ashdown H., Dumont Y., Ng M., Poole S., Boksa P., Luheshi G.N. The role of cytokines in mediating effects of prenatal infection on the fetus: implications for schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2006, 11:47-55.
9. Babulas V., Factor-Litvak P., Goetz R., Schaefer C.A., Brown A.S. Prenatal exposure to maternal genital and reproductive infections and adult schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2006, 163:927-929.
10. Baharnoori M., Brake W.G., Srivastava L.K. Prenatal immune challenge induces developmental changes in the morphology of pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in rats. Schizophr Res 2009, 107:99-109.
11. Bale J.F. Fetal infections and brain development. Clin Perinatol 2009, 36:639-653.
12. Barger S.W., Basile A.S. Activation of microglia by secreted amyloid precursor protein evokes release of glutamate by cystine exchange and attenuates synaptic function. J Neurochem 2001, 76:846-854.
13. Barger S.W., Goodwin M.E., Porter M.M., Beggs M.L. Glutamate release from activated microglia requires the oxidative burst and lipid peroxidation. J Neurochem 2007, 101:1205-1213.
14. Barker V., Middleton G., Davey F., Davies A.M. TNFalpha contributes to the death of NGF-dependent neurons during development. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4:1194-1198.
15. Bauer S., Kerr B.J., Patterson P.H. The neuropoietic cytokine family in development, plasticity, disease and injury. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8:221-232.
16. Bell M.J., Hallenbeck J.M. Effects of intrauterine inflammation on developing rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2002, 70:570-579.
17. Beloosesky R., Gayle D.A., Ross M.G. Maternal N-acetylcysteine suppresses fetal inflammatory cytokine responses to maternal lipopolysaccharide. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006, 195:1053-1057.
18. Ben Menachem-Zidon O., Goshen I., Kreisel T., Ben Menahem Y., Reinhartz E., Ben Hur T., et al. Intrahippocampal transplantation of transgenic neural precursor cells overexpressing interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks chronic isolation-induced impairment in memory and neurogenesis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:2251-2262.
19. Bernstein H.G., Steiner J., Bogerts B. Glial cells in schizophrenia: pathophysiological significance and possible consequences for therapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2009, 9:1059-1071.
20. Bian Q., Kato T., Monji A., Hashioka S., Mizoguchi Y., Horikawa H., et al. The effect of atypical antipsychotics, perospirone, ziprasidone and quetiapine on microglial activation induced by interferon-gamma. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008, 32:42-48.
21. Bianchi R., Kastrisianaki E., Giambanco I., Donato R. S100B protein stimulates microglia migration via RAGE-dependent up-regulation of chemokine expression and release. J Biol Chem 2011, 286:7214-7226.
22. Bilbo S.D., Biedenkapp J.C., Der-Avakian A., Watkins L.R., Rudy J.W., Maier S.F. Neonatal infection-induced memory impairment after lipopolysaccharide in adulthood is prevented via caspase-1 inhibition. J Neurosci 2005, 25:8000-8009.
23. Bilbo S.D., Schwarz J.M. Early-life programming of later-life brain and behavior: a critical role for the immune system. Front Behav Neurosci 2009, 3:14.
24. Bitanihirwe B.K., Peleg-Raibstein D., Mouttet F., Feldon J., Meyer U. Late prenatal immune activation in mice leads to behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities relevant to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010, 35:2462-2478.
25. Bitanihirwe B.K., Weber L., Feldon J., Meyer U. Cognitive impairment following prenatal immune challenge in mice correlates with prefrontal cortical AKT1 deficiency. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010, 13:981-996.
26. Block M.L., Zecca L., Hong J.S. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007, 8:57-69.
27. Boksa P. Effects of prenatal infection on brain development and behavior: a review of findings from animal models. Brain Behav Immun 2010, 24:881-897.
28. Borrell J., Vela J.M., Arévalo-Martin A., Molina-Holgado E., Guaza C. Prenatal immune challenge disrupts sensorimotor gating in adult rats. Implications for the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 26:204-215.
29. Briand J.P., Muller S. Emerging peptide therapeutics for inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2010, 16:1136-1142.
30. Briscoe T., Duncan J., Cock M., Choo J., Rice G., Harding R., et al. Activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor in the preterm ovine brain and placenta after acute LPS exposure. J Neurosci Res 2006, 83:567-574.
31. Bronson S.L., Ahlbrand R., Horn P.S., Kern J.R., Richtand N.M. Individual differences in maternal response to immune challenge predict offspring behavior: contribution of environmental factors. Behav Brain Res 2011, 220:55-64.
32. Brown A.S., Begg M.D., Gravenstein S., Schaefer C.A., Wyatt R.J., Bresnahan M., et al. Serologic evidence of prenatal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61:774-780.
33. Brown A.S., Cohen P., Harkavy-Friedman J., Babulas V., Malaspina D., Gorman J.M., et al. A.E. Bennett Research Award. Prenatal rubella, premorbid abnormalities, and adult schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2001, 49:473-486.
34. Brown A.S., Deicken R.F., Vinogradov S., Kremen W.S., Poole J.H., Penner J.D., et al. Prenatal infection and cavum septum pellucidum in adult schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2009, 108:285-287.
35. Brown A.S., Derkits E.J. Prenatal infection and schizophrenia: a review of epidemiologic and translational studies. Am J Psychiatry 2010, 167:261-280.
36. Brown A.S., Hooton J., Schaefer C.A., Zhang H., Petkova E., Babulas V., et al. Elevated maternal interleukin-8 levels and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161:889-895.
37. Brown A.S., Patterson P.H. Maternal infection and schizophrenia: implications for prevention. Schizophr Bull 2011, 37:284-290.
38. Brown A.S., Schaefer C.A., Quesenberry C.P., Liu L., Babulas V.P., Susser E.S. Maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:767-773.
39. Brown A.S., Vinogradov S., Kremen W.S., Poole J.H., Bao Y., Kern D., et al. Association of maternal genital and reproductive infections with verbal memory and motor deficits in adult schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2011, 188:179-186.
40. Brown A.S., Vinogradov S., Kremen W.S., Poole J.H., Deicken R.F., Penner J.D., et al. Prenatal exposure to maternal infection and executive dysfunction in adult schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:683-690.
41. Brown A.S. The environment and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Prog Neurobiol 2011, 93:23-58.
42. Buhimschi I.A., Buhimschi C.S., Weiner C.P. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against fetal death and preterm labor induced by maternal inflammation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, 1881:203-208.
43. Buka S.L., Tsuang M.T., Torrey E.F., Klebanoff M.A., Bernstein D., Yolken R.H. Maternal infections and subsequent psychosis among offspring. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001, 58:1032-1037.
44. Buka S.L., Tsuang M.T., Torrey E.F., Klebanoff M.A., Wagner R.L., Yolken R.H. Maternal cytokine levels during pregnancy and adult psychosis. Brain Behav Immun 2001, 15:411-420.
45. Burns T.M., Clough J.A., Klein R.M., Wood G.W., Berman N.E. Developmental regulation of cytokine expression in the mouse brain. Growth Factors 1993, 9:253-258.
46. Cai Z., Pan Z.L., Pang Y., Evans O.B., Rhodes P.G. Cytokine induction in fetal rat brains and brain injury in neonatal rats after maternal lipopolysaccharide administration. Pediatr Res 2000, 47:64-72.
47. Cannon T.D., van Erp T.G., Bearden C.E., Loewy R., Thompson P., Toga A.W., et al. Early and late neurodevelopmental influences in the prodrome to schizophrenia: contributions of genes, environment, and their interactions. Schizophr Bull 2003, 29:653-669.
48. Cardon M., Ron-Harel N., Cohen H., Lewitus G.M., Schwartz M. Dysregulation of kisspeptin and neurogenesis at adolescence link inborn immune deficits to the late onset of abnormal sensorimotor gating in congenital psychological disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2010, 15:415-425.
49. Carter C.S., Barch D.M., Buchanan R.W., Bullmore E., Krystal J.H., Cohen J., et al. Identifying cognitive mechanisms targeted for treatment development in schizophrenia: an overview of the first meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Initiative. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:4-10.
50. Clarke M.C., Tanskanen A., Huttunen M., Whittaker J.C., Cannon M. Evidence for an interaction between familial liability and prenatal exposure to infection in the causation of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2009, 166:1025-1030.
51. Condray R., Dougherty G.G., Keshavan M.S., Reddy R.D., Haas G.L., Montrose D.M., et al. 3-Hydroxykynurenine and clinical symptoms in first-episode neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011, 14:756-767.
52. Coyle P., Tran N., Fung J.N., Summers B.L., Rofe A.M. Maternal dietary zinc supplementation prevents aberrant behaviour in an object recognition task in mice offspring exposed to LPS in early pregnancy. Behav Brain Res 2009, 197:210-218.
53. Crow T.J., Done D.J. Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1992, 161:390-393.
54. Cui K., Ashdown H., Luheshi G.N., Boksa P. Effects of prenatal immune activation on hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat. Schizophr Res 2009, 113:288-297.
55. Cunningham C., Campion S., Lunnon K., Murray C.L., Woods J.F., Deacon R.M., et al. Systemic inflammation induces acute behavioral and cognitive changes and accelerates neurodegenerative disease. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 65:304-312.
56. Cunningham C., Campion S., Teeling J., Felton L., Perry V.H. The sickness behaviour and CNS inflammatory mediator profile induced by systemic challenge of mice with synthetic double-stranded RNA (poly I:C). Brain Behav Immun 2007, 21:490-502.
57. Curfs J.H., Meis J.F., Hoogkamp-Korstanje J.A. A primer on cytokines: sources, receptors, effects, and inducers. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997, 10:742-780.
58. Dammann O., Brinkhaus M.J., Bartels D.B., Dördelmann M., Dressler F., Kerk J., et al. Immaturity, perinatal inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity: a multi-hit hypothesis. Early Hum Dev 2009, 85:325-329.
59. Dammann O., Leviton A. Maternal intrauterine infection, cytokines, and brain damage in the preterm newborn. Pediatr Res 1997, 42:1-8.
60. Dammann O., Leviton A. Role of the fetus in perinatal infection and neonatal brain damage. Curr Opin Pediatr 2000, 12:99-104.
61. Daston G.P., Overmann G.J., Baines D., Taubeneck M.W., Lehman-McKeeman L.D., Rogers J.M., et al. Altered Zn status by alpha-hederin in the pregnant rat and its relationship to adverse developmental outcome. Reprod Toxicol 1994, 8:15-24.
62. de Graaf-Peters V.B., Hadders-Algra M. Ontogeny of the human central nervous system: what is happening when?. Early Hum Dev 2006, 82:257-266.
63. de la Fuente-Sandoval C., León-Ortiz P., Favila R., Stephano S., Mamo D., Ramírez-Bermúdez J., et al. Higher levels of glutamate in the associative-striatum of subjects with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia and patients with first-episode psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:1781-1791.
64. De Miranda J., Yaddanapudi K., Hornig M., Villar G., Serge R., Lipkin W.I. Induction of Toll-like receptor 3-mediated immunity during gestation inhibits cortical neurogenesis and causes behavioral disturbances. MBio 2010, 1(4). pii: e00176-10.
65. Dean J.M., Farrag D., Zahkouk S.A., El Zawahry E.Y., Hagberg H., Kjellmer I., et al. Cerebellar white matter injury following systemic endotoxemia in preterm fetal sheep. Neuroscience 2009, 160:606-615.
66. Deng W. Neurobiology of injury to the developing brain. Nat Rev Neurol 2010, 6:328-336.
67. Deverman B.E., Patterson P.H. Cytokines and CNS development. Neuron 2009, 64:61-78.
68. Dickerson D.D., Wolff A.R., Bilkey D.K. Abnormal long-range neural synchrony in a maternal immune activation animal model of schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2010, 30:12424-12431.
69. Doherty G.H. Developmental switch in the effects of TNFalpha on ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Res 2007, 57:296-305.
70. Doorduin J., de Vries E.F., Willemsen A.T., de Groot J.C., Dierckx R.A., Klein H.C. Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia-related psychosis: a PET study. J Nucl Med 2009, 50:1801-1807.
71. Drexhage R.C., Knijff E.M., Padmos R.C., Heul-Nieuwenhuijzen L., Beumer W., Versnel M.A., et al. The mononuclear phagocyte system and its cytokine inflammatory networks in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 2010, 10:59-76.
72. Drzyzga L., Obuchowicz E., Marcinowska A., Herman Z.S. Cytokines in schizophrenia and the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Brain Behav Immun 2006, 20:532-545.
73. Edoff K., Jerregård H. Effects of IL-1beta, IL-6 or LIF on rat sensory neurons co-cultured with fibroblast-like cells. J Neurosci Res 2002, 67:255-263.
74. Ellman L.M., Deicken R.F., Vinogradov S., Kremen W.S., Poole J.H., Kern D.M., et al. Structural brain alterations in schizophrenia following fetal exposure to the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-8. Schizophr Res 2010, 121:46-54.
75. Fan X., Goff D.C., Henderson D.C. Inflammation and schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 2007, 7:789-796.
76. Fatemi S.H., Araghi-Niknam M., Laurence J.A., Stary J.M., Sidwell R.W., Lee S. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 kDa proteins are increased in brains of neonatal BALB/c mice following viral infection in utero. Schizophr Res 2004, 69:121-123.
77. Fatemi S.H., Cuadra A.E., El-Fakahany E.E., Sidwell R.W., Thuras P. Prenatal viral infection causes alterations in nNOS expression in developing mouse brains. Neuroreport 2000, 11:1493-1496.
78. Fatemi S.H., Earle J., Kanodia R., Kist D., Emamian E.S., Patterson P.H., et al. Prenatal viral infection leads to pyramidal cell atrophy and macrocephaly in adulthood: implications for genesis of autism and schizophrenia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2002, 22:25-33.
79. Fatemi S.H., Emamian E.S., Kist D., Sidwell R.W., Nakajima K., Akhter P., et al. Defective corticogenesis and reduction in Reelin immunoreactivity in cortex and hippocampus of prenatally infected neonatal mice. Mol Psychiatry 1999, 4:145-154.
80. Fatemi S.H., Emamian E.S., Sidwell R.W., Kist D.A., Stary J.M., Earle J.A., et al. Human influenza viral infection in utero alters glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the developing brains of neonatal mice. Mol Psychiatry 2002, 7:633-640.
81. Fatemi S.H., Folsom T.D., Reutiman T.J., Abu-Odeh D., Mori S., Huang H., et al. Abnormal expression of myelination genes and alterations in white matter fractional anisotropy following prenatal viral influenza infection at E16 in mice. Schizophr Res 2009, 112:46-53.
82. Fatemi S.H., Folsom T.D. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, revisited. Schizophr Bull 2009, 35:528-548.
83. Fatemi S.H., Pearce D.A., Brooks A.I., Sidwell R.W. Prenatal viral infection in mouse causes differential expression of genes in brains of mouse progeny: a potential animal model for schizophrenia and autism. Synapse 2005, 57:91-99.
84. Fatemi S.H., Reutiman T.J., Folsom T.D., Huang H., Oishi K., Mori S., et al. Maternal infection leads to abnormal gene regulation and brain atrophy in mouse offspring: implications for genesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Schizophr Res 2008, 99:56-70.
85. Fatemi S.H., Sidwell R., Kist D., Akhter P., Meltzer H.Y., Bailey K., et al. Differential expression of synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa [SNAP-25] in hippocampi of neonatal mice following exposure to human influenza virus in utero. Brain Res 1998, 800:1-9.
86. Feng Z., Ko C.P. Schwann cells promote synaptogenesis at the neuromuscular junction via transforming growth factor-beta1. J Neurosci 2008, 28:9599-9609.
87. Ferré N., Clària J. New insights into the regulation of liver inflammation and oxidative stress. Mini Rev Med Chem 2006, 6:1321-1330.
88. Field R., Campion S., Warren C., Murray C., Cunningham C. Systemic challenge with the TLR3 agonist poly I:C induces amplified IFNalpha/beta and IL-1beta responses in the diseased brain and exacerbates chronic neurodegeneration. Brain Behav Immun 2010, 24:996-1007.
89. Fortier M.E., Joober R., Luheshi G.N., Boksa P. Maternal exposure to bacterial endotoxin during pregnancy enhances amphetamine-induced locomotion and startle responses in adult rat offspring. J Psychiatr Res 2004, 38:335-345.
90. Fortier M.E., Kent S., Ashdown H., Poole S., Boksa P., Luheshi G.N. The viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, induces fever in rats via an interleukin-1-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004, 287:R759-R766.
91. Fortier M.E., Luheshi G.N., Boksa P. Effects of prenatal infection on prepulse inhibition in the rat depend on the nature of the infectious agent and the stage of pregnancy. Behav Brain Res 2007, 181:270-277.
92. Frank M.G., Baratta M.V., Sprunger D.B., Watkins L.R., Maier S.F. Microglia serve as a neuroimmune substrate for stress-induced potentiation of CNS pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Brain Behav Immun 2007, 21:47-59.
93. Gallin J.I., Snyderman R., Fearon D.T., Haynes B.F., Nathan C. Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates 1999, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
94. Ganz T., Nemeth E. Iron sequestration and anemia of inflammation. Semin Hematol 2009, 46:387-393.
95. García-Bueno B., Caso J.R., Leza J.C. Stress as a neuroinflammatory condition in brain: damaging and protective mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008, 32:1136-1151.
96. Gilmore J.H., Jarskog L.F., Vadlamudi S., Lauder J.M. Prenatal infection and risk for schizophrenia: IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha inhibit cortical neuron dendrite development. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:1221-1229.
97. Gilmore J.H., Jarskog L.F. Exposure to infection and brain development: cytokines in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997, 24:365-367.
98. Girard S., Tremblay L., Lepage M., Sébire G. IL-1 receptor antagonist protects against placental and neurodevelopmental defects induced by maternal inflammation. J Immunol 2010, 184:3997-4005.
99. Golan H.M., Lev V., Hallak M., Sorokin Y., Huleihel M. Specific neurodevelopmental damage in mice offspring following maternal inflammation during pregnancy. Neuropharmacology 2005, 48:903-917.
100. Goshen I., Kreisel T., Ben-Menachem-Zidon O., Licht T., Weidenfeld J., Ben-Hur T., et al. Brain interleukin-1 mediates chronic stress-induced depression in mice via adrenocortical activation and hippocampal neurogenesis suppression. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13:717-728.
101. Graciarena M., Depino A.M., Pitossi F.J. Prenatal inflammation impairs adult neurogenesis and memory related behavior through persistent hippocampal TGFβ1 downregulation. Brain Behav Immun 2010, 24:1301-1309.
102. Hagberg H., Mallard C., Jacobsson B. Role of cytokines in preterm labour and brain injury. BJOG 2005, 112(Suppl 1):16-18.
103. Hagberg H., Peebles D., Mallard C. Models of white matter injury: comparison of infectious, hypoxic-ischemic, and excitotoxic insults. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2002, 8:30-38.
104. Han X., Li N., Meng Q., Shao F., Wang W. Maternal immune activation impairs reversal learning and increases serum tumor necrosis factor-α in offspring. Neuropsychobiology 2011, 64:9-14.
105. Howes O.D., Kapur S. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: version III-the final common pathway. Schizophr Bull 2009, 35:549-562.
106. Hsiao E.Y., Patterson P.H. Activation of the maternal immune system induces endocrine changes in the placenta via IL-6. Brain Behav Immun 2011, 25:604-615.
107. Hulshoff Pol H.E., Kahn R.S. What happens after the first episode? A review of progressive brain changes in chronically ill patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2008, 34:354-366.
108. Hutton L.C., Castillo-Melendez M., Smythe G.A., Walker D.W. Microglial activation, macrophage infiltration, and evidence of cell death in the fetal brain after uteroplacental administration of lipopolysaccharide in sheep in late gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 198:117.e1-117.e11.
109. Insel T.R. Rethinking schizophrenia. Nature 2010, 468:187-193.
110. Jaaro-Peled H., Hayashi-Takagi A., Seshadri S., Kamiya A., Brandon N.J., Sawa A. Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding disturbed postnatal brain maturation through neuregulin-1-ErbB4 and DISC1. Trends Neurosci 2009, 32:485-495.
111. Janeway C.A., Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 2002, 20:197-216.
112. Jarskog L.F., Xiao H., Wilkie M.B., Lauder J.M., Gilmore J.H. Cytokine regulation of embryonic rat dopamine and serotonin neuronal survival in vitro. Int J Dev Neurosci 1997, 15:711-776.
113. Jonakait G.M. The effects of maternal inflammation on neuronal development: possible mechanisms. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007, 25:415-425.
114. Juckel G., Manitz M.P., Brüne M., Friebe A., Heneka M.T., Wolf R.J. Microglial activation in a neuroinflammational animal model of schizophrenia-a pilot study. Schizophr Res 2011, 131:96-100.
115. Kato T., Mizoguchi Y., Monji A., Horikawa H., Suzuki S.O., Seki Y., et al. Inhibitory effects of aripiprazole on interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation via intracellular Ca2+ regulation in vitro. J Neurochem 2008, 106:815-825.
116. Kato T., Monji A., Hashioka S., Kanba S. Risperidone significantly inhibits interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation in vitro. Schizophr Res 2007, 92:108-115.
117. Keshavan M.S., Hogarty G.E. Brain maturational processes and delayed onset in schizophrenia. Dev Psychopathol 1999, 11:525-543.
118. Keshavan M.S. Development, disease and degeneration in schizophrenia: a unitary pathophysiological model. J Psychiatr Res 1999, 33:513-521.
119. Kluger M.J., Rothenburg B.A. Fever and reduced iron: their interaction as a host defense response to bacterial infection. Science 1979, 203:374-376.
120. Knickmeyer R.C., Styner M., Short S.J., Lubach G.R., Kang C., Hamer R., et al. Maturational trajectories of cortical brain development through the pubertal transition: unique species and sex differences in the monkey revealed through structural magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb Cortex 2010, 20:1053-1063.
121. Kohen R., Nyska A. Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol Pathol 2002, 30:620-650.
122. Kumral A., Baskin H., Yesilirmak D.C., Ergur B.U., Aykan S., Genc S., et al. Erythropoietin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain. Neonatology 2007, 92:269-278.
123. Kushima Y., Hama T., Hatanaka H. Interleukin-6 as a neurotrophic factor for promoting the survival of cultured catecholaminergic neurons in a chemically defined medium from fetal and postnatal rat midbrains. Neurosci Res 1992, 13:267-280.
124. Kwik-Uribe C.L., Gietzen D., German J.B., Golub M.S., Keen C.L. Chronic marginal iron intakes during early development in mice result in persistent changes in dopamine metabolism and myelin composition. J Nutr 2000, 130:2821-2830.
125. Kwik-Uribe C.L., Golub M.S., Keen C.L. Chronic marginal iron intakes during early development in mice alter brain iron concentrations and behavior despite postnatal iron supplementation. J Nutr 2000, 130:2040-2048.
126. Lahti A.C., Reid M.A. Is there evidence for neurotoxicity in the prodromal and early stages of schizophrenia?. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:1779-1780.
127. Lanté F., Meunier J., Guiramand J., De Jesus Ferreira M.C., Cambonie G., Aimar R., et al. Late N-acetylcysteine treatment prevents the deficits induced in the offspring of dams exposed to an immune stress during gestation. Hippocampus 2008, 18:602-609.
128. Lanté F., Meunier J., Guiramand J., Maurice T., Cavalier M., de Jesus Ferreira M.C., et al. Neurodevelopmental damage after prenatal infection: role of oxidative stress in the fetal brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2007, 42:1231-1245.
129. Lau A., Tymianski M. Glutamate receptors, neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. Pflugers Arch 2010, 460:525-542.
130. Lee P., Peng H., Gelbart T., Wang L., Beutler E. Regulation of hepcidin transcription by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:1906-1910.
131. Leviton A., Allred E.N., Kuban K.C., Hecht J.L., Onderdonk A.B., O'shea T.M., et al. Microbiologic and histologic characteristics of the extremely preterm infant's placenta predict white matter damage and later cerebral palsy. The ELGAN study. Pediatr Res 2010, 67:95-101.
132. Leviton A., Gressens P. Neuronal damage accompanies perinatal white-matter damage. Trends Neurosci 2007, 30:473-478.
133. Levkovitz Y., Mendlovich S., Riwkes S., Braw Y., Levkovitch-Verbin H., Gal G., et al. A double-blind, randomized study of minocycline for the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2010, 71:138-149.
134. Lewis D.A., Levitt P. Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annu Rev Neurosci 2002, 25:409-432.
135. Li Q., Cheung C., Wei R., Cheung V., Hui E.S., You Y., et al. Voxel-based analysis of postnatal white matter microstructure in mice exposed to immune challenge in early or late pregnancy. Neuroimage 2010, 52:1-8.
136. Li Q., Cheung C., Wei R., Hui E.S., Feldon J., Meyer U., et al. Prenatal immune challenge is an environmental risk factor for brain and behavior change relevant to schizophrenia: evidence from MRI in a mouse model. PLoS One 2009, 4(7):e6354.
137. Ling Z.D., Potter E.D., Lipton J.W., Carvey P.M. Differentiation of mesencephalic progenitor cells into dopaminergic neurons by cytokines. Exp Neurol 1998, 149:411-423.
138. Lowe G.C., Luheshi G.N., Williams S. Maternal infection and fever during late gestation are associated with altered synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of juvenile offspring rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008, 295:R1563-R1571.
139. Luheshi G.N., Stefferl A., Turnbull A.V., Dascombe M.J., Brouwer S., Hopkins S.J., et al. Febrile response to tissue inflammation involves both peripheral and brain IL-1 and TNF-alpha in the rat. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:R862-R868.
140. Makinodan M., Tatsumi K., Manabe T., Yamauchi T., Makinodan E., Matsuyoshi H., et al. Maternal immune activation in mice delays myelination and axonal development in the hippocampus of the offspring. J Neurosci Res 2008, 86:2190-2200.
141. McAlonan G.M., Li Q., Cheung C. The timing and specificity of prenatal immune risk factors for autism modeled in the mouse and relevance to schizophrenia. Neurosignals 2010, 18:129-139.
142. McGlashan T.H. Is active psychosis neurotoxic?. Schizophr Bull 2006, 32:609-613.
143. McGrath J.J., Féron F.P., Burne T.H., Mackay-Sim A., Eyles D.W. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia: a review of recent developments. Ann Med 2003, 35:86-93.
144. Mednick S.A., Machon R.A., Huttunen M.O., Bonett D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988, 45:189-192.
145. Mehler M.F., Kessler J.A. Hematolymphopoietic and inflammatory cytokines in neural development. Trends Neurosci 1997, 20:357-365.
146. Meyer U., Engler A., Weber L., Schedlowski M., Feldon J. Preliminary evidence for a modulation of fetal dopaminergic development by maternal immune activation during pregnancy. Neuroscience 2008, 154:701-709.
147. Meyer U., Feldon J., Dammann O. Schizophrenia and autism: both shared and disorder-specific pathogenesis via perinatal inflammation?. Pediatr Res 2011, 69:26R-33R.
148. Meyer U., Feldon J., Fatemi S.H. In-vivo rodent models for the experimental investigation of prenatal immune activation effects in neurodevelopmental brain disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009, 33:1061-1079.
149. Meyer U., Feldon J., Schedlowski M., Yee B.K. Immunological stress at the maternal-foetal interface: a link between neurodevelopment and adult psychopathology. Brain Behav Immun 2006, 20:378-388.
150. Meyer U., Feldon J., Schedlowski M., Yee B.K. Towards an immuno-precipitated neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005, 29:913-947.
151. Meyer U., Feldon J., Yee B.K. A review of the fetal brain cytokine imbalance hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2009, 35:959-972.
152. Meyer U., Feldon J. Epidemiology-driven neurodevelopmental animal models of schizophrenia. Prog Neurobiol 2010, 90:285-326.
153. Meyer U., Feldon J. Neural basis of psychosis-related behaviour in the infection model of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2009, 204:322-334.
154. Meyer U., Feldon J. Prenatal exposure to infection: a primary mechanism for abnormal dopaminergic development in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 2009, 206:587-602.
155. Meyer U., Knuesel I., Nyffeler M., Feldon J. Chronic clozapine treatment improves prenatal infection-induced working memory deficits without influencing adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Psychopharmacology 2010, 208:531-543.
156. Meyer U., Murray P.J., Urwyler A., Yee B.K., Schedlowski M., Feldon J. Adult behavioral and pharmacological dysfunctions following disruption of the fetal brain balance between pro-inflammatory and IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2008, 13:208-221.
157. Meyer U., Nyffeler M., Engler A., Urwyler A., Schedlowski M., Knuesel I., et al. The time of prenatal immune challenge determines the specificity of inflammation-mediated brain and behavioral pathology. J Neurosci 2006, 26:4752-4762.
158. Meyer U., Nyffeler M., Schwendener S., Knuesel I., Yee B.K., Feldon J. Relative prenatal and postnatal maternal contributions to schizophrenia-related neurochemical dysfunction after in utero immune challenge. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:441-456.
159. Meyer U., Nyffeler M., Yee B.K., Knuesel I., Feldon J. Adult brain and behavioral pathological markers of prenatal immune challenge during early/middle and late fetal development in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2008, 22:469-486.
160. Meyer U., Schwarz M.J., Müller N. Inflammatory processes in schizophrenia: a promising neuroimmunological target for the treatment of negative/cognitive symptoms and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2011, 132:96-110.
161. Meyer U., Schwendener S., Feldon J., Yee B.K. Prenatal and postnatal maternal contributions in the infection model of schizophrenia. Exp Brain Res 2006, 173:243-257.
162. Meyer U., Spoerri E., Yee B.K., Schwarz M.J., Feldon J. Evaluating early preventive antipsychotic and antidepressant drug treatment in an infection-based neurodevelopmental mouse model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2010, 36:607-623.
163. Meyer U., Weiner I., McAlonan G.M., Feldon J. The neuropathological contribution of prenatal inflammation to schizophrenia. Expert Rev Neurother 2011, 11:29-32.
164. Meyer U., Yee B.K., Feldon J. The neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal infections at different times of pregnancy: the earlier the worse?. Neuroscientist 2007, 13:241-256.
165. Miller B.J., Buckley P., Seabolt W., Mellor A., Kirkpatrick B. Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol Psychiatry. 2011, 70:663-671.
166. Mino Y., Oshima I., Tsuda T., Okagami K. No relationship between schizophrenic birth and influenza epidemics in Japan. J Psychiatr Res 2000, 34:133-138.
167. Möller H.J. Clinical evaluation of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2007, 22:380-386.
168. Moreno J.L., Kurita M., Holloway T., López J., Cadagan R., Martínez-Sobrido L., et al. Maternal influenza viral infection causes schizophrenia-like alterations of 5-HT[U+2082]A and mGlu[U+2082] receptors in the adult offspring. J Neurosci 2011, 31:1863-1872.
169. Morgan V., Castle D., Page A., Fazio S., Gurrin L., Burton P., et al. Influenza epidemics and incidence of schizophrenia, affective disorders and mental retardation in Western Australia: no evidence of a major effect. Schizophr Res 1997, 26:25-39.
170. Mortensen P.B., Nørgaard-Pedersen B., Waltoft B.L., Sørensen T.L., Hougaard D., Yolken R.H. Early infections of Toxoplasma gondii and the later development of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2007, 33:741-744.
171. Mousa A., Seiger A., Kjaeldgaard A., Bakhiet M. Human first trimester forebrain cells express genes for inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine 1999, 11:55-60.
172. Müller N., Krause D., Dehning S., Musil R., Schennach-Wolff R., Obermeier M., et al. Celecoxib treatment in an early stage of schizophrenia: Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of celecoxib augmentation of amisulpride treatment. Schizophr Res 2010, 121:118-124.
173. Müller N., Myint A.M., Schwarz M.J. Kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia: pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. Curr Pharm Des 2011, 17:130-136.
174. Müller N., Riedel M., Ackenheil M., Schwarz M.J. Cellular and humoral immune system in schizophrenia: a conceptual re-evaluation. World J Biol Psychiatry 2000, 1:173-179.
175. Müller N., Schwarz M. Schizophrenia as an inflammation-mediated dysbalance of glutamatergic neurotransmission. Neurotox Res 2006, 10:131-148.
176. Müller N., Schwarz M.J. Immune system and schizophrenia. Curr Immunol Rev 2010, 6:213-220.
177. Murray R.M., Lewis S.W. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?. Br Med J 1987, 295:681-682.
178. Nathan C., Shiloh M.U. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in the relationship between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:8841-8848.
179. Nemeth E., Rivera S., Gabayan V., Keller C., Taudorf S., Pedersen B.K., et al. IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. J Clin Invest 2004, 113:1271-1276.
180. Neumann H., Schweigreiter R., Yamashita T., Rosenkranz K., Wekerle H., Barde Y.A. Tumor necrosis factor inhibits neurite outgrowth and branching of hippocampal neurons by a rho-dependent mechanism. J Neurosci 2002, 22:854-862.
181. Nitsos I., Rees S.M., Duncan J., Kramer B.W., Harding R., Newnham J.P., et al. Chronic exposure to intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide affects the ovine fetal brain. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2006, 13:239-247.
182. Nyffeler M., Meyer U., Yee B.K., Feldon J., Knuesel I. Maternal immune activation during pregnancy increases limbic GABAA receptor immunoreactivity in the adult offspring: implications for schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2006, 143:51-62.
183. Ozawa K., Hashimoto K., Kishimoto T., Shimizu E., Ishikura H., Iyo M. Immune activation during pregnancy in mice leads to dopaminergic hyperfunction and cognitive impairment in the offspring: a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 59:546-554.
184. Paintlia M.K., Paintlia A.S., Barbosa E., Singh I., Singh A.K. N-acetylcysteine prevents endotoxin-induced degeneration of oligodendrocyte progenitors and hypomyelination in developing rat brain. J Neurosci Res 2004, 78:347-361.
185. Paintlia M.K., Paintlia A.S., Contreras M.A., Singh I., Singh A.K. Lipopolysaccharide-induced peroxisomal dysfunction exacerbates cerebral white matter injury: attenuation by N-acetyl cysteine. Exp Neurol 2008, 210:560-576.
186. Palin K., Cunningham C., Forse P., Perry V.H., Platt N. Systemic inflammation switches the inflammatory cytokine profile in CNS Wallerian degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2008, 30:19-29.
187. Pang Y., Rodts-Palenik S., Cai Z., Bennett W.A., Rhodes P.G. Suppression of glial activation is involved in the protection of IL-10 on maternal E. coli induced neonatal white matter injury. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 2005, 157:141-149.
188. Pantelis C., Yücel M., Wood S.J., Velakoulis D., Sun D., Berger G., et al. Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2005, 31:672-696.
189. Patterson P.H. Immune involvement in schizophrenia and autism: etiology, pathology and animal models. Behav Brain Res 2009, 204:313-321.
190. Patterson P.H. Maternal infection: window on neuroimmune interactions in fetal brain development and mental illness. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002, 12:115-118.
191. Paus T., Keshavan M., Giedd J.N. Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008, 9:947-957.
192. Pérez-Neri I., Ramírez-Bermúdez J., Montes S., Ríos C. Possible mechanisms of neurodegeneration in schizophrenia. Neurochem Res 2006, 31:1279-1294.
193. Perry V.H., Cunningham C., Holmes C. Systemic infections and inflammation affect chronic neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Immunol 2007, 7:161-167.
194. Phillips L.J., McGorry P.D., Garner B., Thompson K.N., Pantelis C., Wood S.J., et al. Stress, the hippocampus and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: implications for the development of psychotic disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006, 40:725-741.
195. Piontkewitz Y., Arad M., Weiner I. Abnormal trajectories of neurodevelopment and behavior following in utero insult in the rat. Biol Psychiatry 2011, 70:842-851.
196. Piontkewitz Y., Arad M., Weiner I. Risperidone administered during asymptomatic period of adolescence prevents the emergence of brain structural pathology and behavioral abnormalities in an animal model of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2011, 37:1257-1269.
197. Piontkewitz Y., Assaf Y., Weiner I. Clozapine administration in adolescence prevents postpubertal emergence of brain structural pathology in an animal model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 66:1038-1046.
198. Pollmächer T., Haack M., Schuld A., Kraus T., Hinze-Selch D. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on cytokine networks. J Psychiatr Res 2000, 34:369-382.
199. Ponzio N.M., Servatius R., Beck K., Marzouk A., Kreider T. Cytokine levels during pregnancy influence immunological profiles and neurobehavioral patterns of the offspring. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1107:118-128.
200. Potter E.D., Ling Z.D., Carvey P.M. Cytokine-induced conversion of mesencephalic-derived progenitor cells into dopamine neurons. Cell Tissue Res 1999, 296:235-246.
201. Potvin S., Stip E., Sepehry A.A., Gendron A., Bah R., Kouassi E. Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic quantitative review. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 63:801-808.
202. Pousset F. Developmental expression of cytokine genes in the cortex and hippocampus of the rat central nervous system. Dev Brain Res 1994, 81:143-146.
203. Prasad A.S. Zinc: role in immunity, oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009, 12:646-652.
204. Ransohoff R.M., Cardona A.E. The myeloid cells of the central nervous system parenchyma. Nature 2010, 468:253-262.
205. Ransohoff R.M., Perry V.H. Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2009, 27:119-145.
206. Rapaport M.H., Delrahim K.K., Bresee C.J., Maddux R.E., Ahmadpour O., Dolnak D. Celecoxib augmentation of continuously ill patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 57:1594-1596.
207. Rapoport J.L., Addington A.M., Frangou S., Psych M.R. The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005. Mol Psychiatry 2005, 10:434-449.
208. Read J., Perry B.D., Moskowitz A., Connolly J. The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: a traumagenic neurodevelopmental model. Psychiatry 2001, 64:319-345.
209. Richtand N.M., Ahlbrand R., Horn P., Stanford K., Bronson S.L., McNamara R.K. Effects of risperidone and paliperidone pre-treatment on locomotor response following prenatal immune activation. J Psychiatr Res 2011, 45:1194-1201.
210. Robertson S.A., Care A.S., Skinner R.J. Interleukin 10 regulates inflammatory cytokine synthesis to protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced abortion and fetal growth restriction in mice. Biol Reprod 2007, 76:738-748.
211. Romero E., Ali C., Molina-Holgado E., Castellano B., Guaza C., Borrell J. Neurobehavioral and immunological consequences of prenatal immune activation in rats. Influence of antipsychotics. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007, 32:1791-1804.
212. Romero E., Guaza C., Castellano B., Borrell J. Ontogeny of sensorimotor gating and immune impairment induced by prenatal immune challenge in rats: implications for the etiopathology of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2010, 15:372-383.
213. Ross C.A., Margolis R.L., Reading S.A., Pletnikov M., Coyle J.T. Neurobiology of schizophrenia. Neuron 2006, 52:139-153.
214. Rothermundt M., Ahn J.N., Jörgens S. S100B in schizophrenia: an update. Gen Physiol Biophys 2009, 28:F76-F81.
215. Roumier A., Pascual O., Béchade C., Wakselman S., Poncer J.C., Réal E., et al. Prenatal activation of microglia induces delayed impairment of glutamatergic synaptic function. PLoS One 2008, 3:e2595.
216. Roussa E., Wiehle M., Dünker N., Becker-Katins S., Oehlke O., Krieglstein K. Transforming growth factor beta is required for differentiation of mouse mesencephalic progenitors into dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo: ectopic induction in dorsal mesencephalon. Stem Cells 2006, 24:2120-2129.
217. Rousset C.I., Kassem J., Olivier P., Chalon S., Gressens P., Saliba E. Antenatal bacterial endotoxin sensitizes the immature rat brain to postnatal excitotoxic injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008, 67:994-1000.
218. Saadani-Makki F., Kannan S., Lu X., Janisse J., Dawe E., Edwin S., et al. Intrauterine administration of endotoxin leads to motor deficits in a rabbit model: a link between prenatal infection and cerebral palsy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 199:651.e1-651.e7.
219. Samuelsson A.M., Jennische E., Hansson H.A., Holmäng A. Prenatal exposure to interleukin-6 results in inflammatory neurodegeneration in hippocampus with NMDA/GABA(A) dysregulation and impaired spatial learning. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006, 290:R1345-R1356.
220. Scrimgeour A.G., Condlin M.L. Zinc and micronutrient combinations to combat gastrointestinal inflammation. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009, 12:653-660.
221. Selten J.P., Frissen A., Lensvelt-Mulders G., Morgan V.A. Schizophrenia and 1957 pandemic of influenza: meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull 2010, 36:219-228.
222. Serhan C.N., Savill J. Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end. Nat Immunol 2005, 6:1191-1197.
223. Seth P., Koul N. Astrocyte, the star avatar: redefined. J Biosci 2008, 33:405-421.
224. Shatrov J.G., Birch S.C., Lam L.T., Quinlivan J.A., McIntyre S., Mendz G.L. Chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010, 116:387-392.
225. Shi L., Fatemi S.H., Sidwell R.W., Patterson P.H. Maternal influenza infection causes marked behavioral and pharmacological changes in the offspring. J Neurosci 2003, 23:297-302.
226. Shi L., Smith S.E., Malkova N., Tse D., Su Y., Patterson P.H. Activation of the maternal immune system alters cerebellar development in the offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2009, 23:116-123.
227. Short S.J., Lubach G.R., Karasin A.I., Olsen C.W., Styner M., Knickmeyer R.C., et al. Maternal influenza infection during pregnancy impacts postnatal brain development in the rhesus monkey. Biol Psychiatry 2010, 67:965-973.
228. Smith S.E., Li J., Garbett K., Mirnics K., Patterson P.H. Maternal immune activation alters fetal brain development through interleukin-6. J Neurosci 2007, 27:10695-10702.
229. Sørensen H.J., Mortensen E.L., Reinisch J.M., Mednick S.A. Association between prenatal exposure to bacterial infection and risk of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2009, 35:631-637.
230. Soumiya H., Fukumitsu H., Furukawa S. Prenatal immune challenge compromises development of upper-layer but not deeper-layer neurons of the mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci Res 2011, 89:1342-1350.
231. Soumiya H., Fukumitsu H., Furukawa S. Prenatal immune challenge compromises the normal course of neurogenesis during development of the mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci Res 2011, 89:1575-1585.
232. Spulber S., Oprica M., Bartfai T., Winblad B., Schultzberg M. Blunted neurogenesis and gliosis due to transgenic overexpression of human soluble IL-1ra in the mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2008, 27:549-558.
233. Steiner J., Jacobs R., Panteli B., Brauner M., Schiltz K., Bahn S., et al. Acute schizophrenia is accompanied by reduced T cell and increased B cell immunity. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010, 260:509-518.
234. Suvisaari J., Haukka J., Tanskanen A., Hovi T., Lönnqvist J. Association between prenatal exposure to poliovirus infection and adult schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:1100-1102.
235. Svedin P., Kjellmer I., Welin A.K., Blad S., Mallard C. Maturational effects of lipopolysaccharide on white-matter injury in fetal sheep. J Child Neurol 2005, 20:960-964.
236. Takeuchi O., Akira S. Recognition of viruses by innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2007, 220:214-224.
237. Tandon R., Keshavan M.S., Nasrallah H.A. Schizophrenia, "just the facts": what we know in 2008. 2. Epidemiology and etiology. Schizophr Res 2008, 102:1-18.
238. Tandon R., Nasrallah H., Keshavan M.S. Schizophrenia, "just the facts" 4. Clinical features and conceptualization. Schizophr Res 2009, 110:1-23.
239. Taubeneck M.W., Daston G.P., Rogers J.M., Gershwin M.E., Ansari A., Keen C.L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha alters maternal and embryonic zinc metabolism and is developmentally toxic in mice. J Nutr 1995, 125:908-919.
240. Torrey E.F., Rawlings R., Waldman I.N. Schizophrenic births and viral diseases in two states. Schizophr Res 1988, 1:73-77.
241. Traynor T.R., Majde J.A., Bohnet S.G., Krueger J.M. Intratracheal double-stranded RNA plus interferon-gamma: a model for analysis of the acute phase response to respiratory viral infections. Life Sci 2004, 74:2563-2576.
242. Triantafilou M., Triantafilou K. Lipopolysaccharide recognition: CD14, TLRs and the LPS-activation cluster. Trends Immunol 2002, 23:301-304.
243. Unger E.L., Paul T., Murray-Kolb L.E., Felt B., Jones B.C., Beard J.L. Early iron deficiency alters sensorimotor development and brain monoamines in rats. J Nutr 2007, 137:118-124.
244. Urakubo A., Jarskog L.F., Lieberman J.A., Gilmore J.H. Prenatal exposure to maternal infection alters cytokine expression in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and fetal brain. Schizophr Res 2001, 47:27-36.
245. Vallee B.L., Falchuk K.H. The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. Physiol Rev 1993, 73:79-118.
246. van Berckel B.N., Bossong M.G., Boellaard R., Kloet R., Schuitemaker A., Caspers E., et al. Microglia activation in recent-onset schizophrenia: a quantitative (R)-[11 C]PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 2008, 64:820-822.
247. van Os J., Kapur S. Schizophrenia. Lancet 2009, 374:635-645.
248. Vuillermot S., Feldon J., Meyer U. Nurr1 is not essential for the development of prepulse inhibition deficits induced by prenatal immune activation. Brain Behav Immun 2011, 25:1316-1321.
249. Vuillermot S., Weber L., Feldon J., Meyer U. A longitudinal examination of the neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal immune activation in mice reveals primary defects in dopaminergic development relevant to schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2010, 30:1270-1287.
250. Walker E.F., Diforio D., Baum K. Developmental neuropathology and the precursors of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1999, 395:12-19.
251. Wang J. Preclinical and clinical research on inflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2010, 92:463-477.
252. Wang X., Rousset C.I., Hagberg H., Mallard C. Polysaccharide-induced inflammation and perinatal brain injury. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2006, 11:343-353.
253. Wang X., Stridh L., Li W., Dean J., Elmgren A., Gan L., et al. Lipopolysaccharide sensitizes neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in a MyD88-dependent manner. J Immunol 2009, 183:7471-7477.
254. Weinberger D.R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987, 44:660-669.
255. Winter C., Djodari-Irani A., Sohr R., Morgenstern R., Feldon J., Juckel G., et al. Prenatal immune activation leads to multiple changes in basal neurotransmitter levels in the adult brain: implications for brain disorders of neurodevelopmental origin such as schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009, 12:513-524.
256. Winter C., Reutiman T.J., Folsom T.D., Sohr R., Wolf R.J., Juckel G., et al. Dopamine and serotonin levels following prenatal viral infection in mouse-implications for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008, 18:712-716.
257. Wolf S.A., Melnik A., Kempermann G. Physical exercise increases adult neurogenesis and telomerase activity, and improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2011, 25:971-980.
258. Wolff A.R., Bilkey D.K. Immune activation during mid-gestation disrupts sensorimotor gating in rat offspring. Behav Brain Res 2008, 190:156-159.
259. Wolff A.R., Cheyne K.R., Bilkey D.K. Behavioural deficits associated with maternal immune activation in the rat model of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2011, 225:382-387.
260. Wonodi I., Schwarcz R. Cortical kynurenine pathway metabolism: a novel target for cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2010, 36:211-218.
261. Wood S.J., Pantelis C., Velakoulis D., Yücel M., Fornito A., McGorry P.D. Progressive changes in the development toward schizophrenia: studies in subjects at increased symptomatic risk. Schizophr Bull 2008, 34:322-329.
262. Xu D.X., Chen Y.H., Wang H., Zhao L., Wang J.P., Wei W. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on lipopolysaccharide-induced intra-uterine fetal death and intra-uterine growth retardation in mice. Toxicol Sci 2005, 88:525-533.
263. Yang L., Lindholm K., Konishi Y., Li R., Shen Y. Target depletion of distinct tumor necrosis factor receptor subtypes reveals hippocampal neuron death and survival through different signal transduction pathways. J Neurosci 2002, 22:3025-3032.
264. Zhang L., Liu W., Alizadeh D., Zhao D., Farrukh O., Lin J., et al. S100B attenuates microglia activation in gliomas: possible role of STAT3 pathway. Glia 2011, 59:486-498.
265. Zhang Y, Cazakoff BN, Thai CA, Howland, JG. Prenatal exposure to a viral mimetic alters behavioural flexibility in male, but not female, rats. Neuropharmacology, in press (Epub ahead of print [PMID: 21376064]).
266. Zheng L.T., Hwang J., Ock J., Lee M.G., Lee W.H., Suk K. The antipsychotic spiperone attenuates inflammatory response in cultured microglia via the reduction of proinflammatory cytokine expression and nitric oxide production. J Neurochem 2008, 107:1225-1235.
267. Zhou Z., Peng X., Insolera R., Fink D.J., Mata M. IL-10 promotes neuronal survival following spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2009, 220:183-190.
268. Zhou Z., Peng X., Insolera R., Fink D.J., Mata M. Interleukin-10 provides direct trophic support to neurons. J Neurochem 2009, 110:1617-1627.
269. Zhu G., Mehler M.F., Mabie P.C., Kessler J.A. Developmental changes in progenitor cell responsiveness to cytokines. J Neurosci Res 1999, 56:131-145.
270. Zuckerman L., Rehavi M., Nachman R., Weiner I. Immune activation during pregnancy in rats leads to a postpubertal emergence of disrupted latent inhibition, dopaminergic hyperfunction, and altered limbic morphology in the offspring: a novel neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003, 28:1778-1789.
271. Zuckerman L., Weiner I. Maternal immune activation leads to behavioral and pharmacological changes in the adult offspring. J Psychiatr Res 2005, 39:311-323.
272. Zuckerman L., Weiner I. Post-pubertal emergence of disrupted latent inhibition following prenatal immune activation. Psychopharmacology 2003, 169:308-313.