Nanoparticle shape, thermodynamics and kinetics

Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Volumn 28, Issue 5, 2016, Pages

  Marks, L D ^a   Peng, L ^a  

^a Northwestern University   (United States)

Author keywords

electron microscopy; kinetics; nanoparticles; shape; thermodynamics; wulff construction

Indexed keywords

DIAMOND FILMS; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ENZYME KINETICS; HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; KINETICS; NANOPARTICLES; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMODYNAMICS;

GAS PHASE CONDENSATION; MINIMUM ENERGY; NANOPARTICLE SHAPE; RESEARCH FOCUS; SHAPE; SYNTHETIC METHODS; THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS; WULFF CONSTRUCTION;

STAINED GLASS;

NANOPARTICLE;

CHEMISTRY; KINETICS; SURFACE PROPERTY; THERMODYNAMICS;

KINETICS; NANOPARTICLES; SURFACE PROPERTIES; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 84955453497     PISSN: 09538984     EISSN: 1361648X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/5/053001     Document Type: Review

References (432)

1. Whewell W 1847 The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Founded Upon Their History (London: John W. Parker)
2. Marks L D 1994 Experimental studies of small-particle structures Rep. Prog. Phys. 57 603-49
3. Hofmeister H 1998 Forty years study of fivefold twinned structures in small particles and thin films Cryst. Res. Technol. 33 3-25
4. Gryaznov V G, Heydenreich J, Kaprelov A M, Nepijko S A, Romanov A E and Urban J 1999 Pentagonal symmetry and disclinations in small particles Cryst. Res. Technol. 34 1091-19
5. Winn D and Doherty M F 2000 Modeling crystal shapes of organic materials grown from solution Aiche J. 46 1348-67
6. Yacaman M J, Ascencio J A, Liu H B and Gardea-Torresdey J 2001 Structure shape and stability of nanometric sized particles J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 19 1091-103
7. Astruc D, Lu F and Aranzaes J R 2005 Nanoparticles as recyclable catalysts: the frontier between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 44 7852-72
8. Baletto F and Ferrando R 2005 Structural properties of nanoclusters: Energetic, thermodynamic, and kinetic effects Rev. Mod. Phys. 77 371-423
9. Rosi N L and Mirkin C A 2005 Nanostructures in biodiagnostics Chem. Rev. 105 1547-62
10. Hu M, Chen J, Li Z Y, Au L, Hartland G V, Li X, Marquez M and Xia Y 2006 Gold nanostructures: engineering their plasmonic properties for biomedical applications Chem. Soc. Rev. 35 1084-94
11. Jun Y W, Choi J S and Cheon J 2006 Shape control of semiconductor and metal oxide nanocrystals through nonhydrolytic colloidal routes Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 45 3414-39
12. Fan H J, Gosele U and Zacharias M 2007 Formation of nanotubes and hollow nanoparticles based on Kirkendall and diffusion processes: a review Small 3 1660-71
13. Anker J N, Hall W P, Lyandres O, Shah N C, Zhao J and Van Duyne R P 2008 Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors Nat. Mater. 7 442-53
14. Grzelczak M, Perez-Juste J, Mulvaney P and Liz-Marzan L M 2008 Shape control in gold nanoparticle synthesis Chem. Soc. Rev. 37 1783-91
15. Hofmeister H 2009 Shape variations and anisotropic growth of multiply twinned nanoparticles Z. Kristallogr. 224 528-38
16. Millstone J E, Hurst S J, Metraux G S, Cutler J I and Mirkin C A 2009 Colloidal gold and silver triangular nanoprisms Small 5 646-64
17. Xia Y, Xiong Y, Lim B and Skrabalak S E 2009 Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals: simple chemistry meets complex physics? Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48 60-103
18. Mayoral A, Barron H, Estrada-Salas R, Vazquez-Duran A and Jose-Yacaman M 2010 Nanoparticle stability from the nano to the meso interval Nanoscale 2 335-42
19. Cao Y L, Ding X L, Li H C, Yi Z G, Wang X F, Zhu J J and Kan C X 2011 Morphology-controllable noble metal nanoparticles: synthesis, optical property and growth mechanism Acta Phys. Chim. Sin. 27 1273-86
20. Henry A I, Bingham J M, Ringe E, Marks L D, Schatz G C and Van Duyne R P 2011 Correlated structure and optical property studies of plasmonic nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 115 9291-305
21. Prabhu S and Poulose E K 2012 Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects Int. Nano Lett. 2 32
22. Li N, Zhao P and Astruc D 2014 Anisotropic gold nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, applications, and toxicity Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 53 1756-89
23. Thanh N T, Maclean N and Mahiddine S 2014 Mechanisms of nucleation and growth of nanoparticles in solution Chem. Rev. 114 7610-30
24. Ringe E 2014 Nanocrystalline materials: recent advances in crystallographic characterization techniques IUCrJ 1 530-9
25. Alex S and Tiwari A 2015 Functionalized gold nanoparticles: synthesis, properties and applications-a review J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 15 1869-94
26. Haider A and Kang I K 2015 Preparation of silver nanoparticles and their industrial and biomedical applications: a comprehensive review Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2015 165257
27. Rabenau A 1985 The role of hydrothermal synthesis in preparative chemistry Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 24 1026-40
28. Adschiri T, Hakuta Y and Arai K 2000 Hydrothermal synthesis of metal oxide fine particles at supercritical conditions Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 39 4901-7
29. Goh G K L, Haile S M, Levi C G and Lange F F 2002 Hydrothermal synthesis of perovskite and pyrochlore powders of potassium tantalate J. Mater. Res. 17 3168-76
30. Suchanek W L and Riman R E 2006 Hydrothermal synthesis of advanced ceramic powders Adv. Sci. Technol. 45 184-93
31. Modeshia D R and Walton R I 2010 Solvothermal synthesis of perovskites and pyrochlores: crystallisation of functional oxides under mild conditions Chem. Soc. Rev. 39 4303-25
32. Zhu X H and Hang Q M 2013 Microscopical and physical characterization of microwave and microwave-hydrothermal synthesis products Micron 44 21-44
33. Wulff G 1901 On the question of speed of growth and dissolution of crystal surfaces Z. Krystallogr. Mineral. 34 449-530
34. Hofmeister H 2004 Fivefold twinned nanoparticles Encyclopedia Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 3 431-52
35. Evans D M and Wilman H 1952 Crystal growth and orientation in deposits condensed from the vapour Acta Crystallog. 5 731-8
36. Melmed A J and Hayward D O 1959 Occurrence of fivefold rotational symmetry in metal whiskers J. Chem. Phys. 31 545-6
37. Ogburn F, Peiser H S and Paretzkin B 1964 Pseudopentagonal twins in electrodeposited copper dendrites Acta Crystallogr. 17 774
38. Schwoebel R L 1966 Anomalous growth of gold from the vapor phase J. Appl. Phys. 37 2515-6
39. Ino S 1966 Epitaxial growth of metals on rocksalt faces cleaved in vacuum.2. Orientation and structure of gold particles formed in ultrahigh vacuum J. Phys. Soc. Japan 21 346-62
40. Ino S and Ogawa S 1967 Multiply twinned particles at earlier stages of gold film formation on alkalihalide crystals J. Phys. Soc. Japan 42 1365-74
41. Ino S 1969 Stability of multiply-twinned particles J. Phys. Soc. Japan 27 941-53
42. Marks L D 1980 The Structure of Small Silver Particles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
43. Allpress J G and Sanders J V 1967 Structure and orientation of crystals in deposits of metals on mica Surf. Sci. 7 1-25
44. Volterra V 1907 Sur l'equilibre des corps elastiques multiplement connexes Annu. Sci. d de l'Ecole Norm. Super. 24 401-517
45. Komoda T 1968 Study on structure of evaporated gold particles by means of a high resolution electron microscope Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 7 27-30
46. Marks L D and Smith D J 1981 High resolution studies of small particles of gold and silver: I. Multiply-twinned particles J. Cryst. Growth 54 425-32
47. Smith D J and Marks L D 1981 High-resolution studies of small particles of gold and silver.2. Single-crystals, lamellar twins and polyparticles J. Cryst. Growth 54 433-8
48. Hoare M R and Pal P 1972 Statistics and stability of small assemblies of atoms J. Cryst. Growth 17 77-96
49. Kazuo K and Isao N 1967 An electron microscope and electron diffraction study of fine smoke particles prepared by evaporation in argon gas at low pressures (II) Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 6 1047
50. Yatsuya S, Kasukabe S and Uyeda R 1973 Formation of ultrafine metal particles by gas evaporation technique.1. Aluminum in helium Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 12 1675-84
51. Kasukabe S, Yatsuya S and Uyeda R 1974 Ultrafine metal particles formed by gas-evaporation technique.2. Crystal habits of magnesium, manganese, beryllium and tellurium Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 13 1714-21
52. Ohno T, Yatsuya S and Uyeda R 1976 Formation of ultrafine metal particles by gas-evaporation technique.3. Al in He, Ar and Xe, and Mg in mixtures of inactive gas and air Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 15 1213-7
53. Granqvist C G 1976 Ultrafine metal particles J. Appl. Phys. 47 2200
54. Hayashi T, Ohno T, Yatsuya S and Uyeda R 1977 Formation of ultrafine metal particles by gas-evaporation technique.4. Crystal habits of iron and Fcc metals, Al, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Ag, In, Au And Pb Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 16 705-17
55. Dmitrieva O, Rellinghaus B, Kästner J and Dumpich G 2007 Quantitative structure analysis of L10-ordered FePt nanoparticles by HRTEM J. Cryst. Growth 303 645-50
56. Wales D J, Kirkland A I and Jefferson D A 1989 Structure and growth of colloidal metal particles J. Chem. Phys. 91 603-11
57. Kirkland A I, Edwards P P, Jefferson D A and Duff D G 1990 The structure, characterization, and evolution of colloidal metals Annu Rep. C 87 247
58. Martínez A 2001 The Truth about Darwin's Finches, Einstein's Wife, and Other Myths (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press)
59. Cleveland C L and Landman U 1991 The energetics and structure of nickel clusters - size dependence J. Chem. Phys. 94 7376-96
60. Hamilton J C 2006 Edge energies: atomistic calculations of a continuum quantity Phys. Rev. B 73 125447
61. Barnard A S, Young N P, Kirkland A I, van Huis M A and Xu H F 2009 Nanogold: a quantitative phase map Acs Nano 3 1431-6
62. Barnard A S 2010 Modelling of nanoparticles: approaches to morphology and evolution Rep. Prog. Phys. 73 086502
63. Marks L D 1983 Modified wulff constructions for twinned particles J. Cryst. Growth 61 556-66
64. Howie A and Marks L D 1984 Elastic strains and the energy-balance for multiply twinned particles Phil. Mag. A 49 95-109
65. Marks L D 1984 Surface-structure and energetics of multiply twinned particles Phil. Mag. A 49 81-93
66. Taylor J E 1992 Mean-curvature and weighted mean-curvature.2 Acta Metall. Et Mater. 40 1475-85
67. Alpay D, Peng L and Marks L D 2015 Are nanoparticle corners round? J. Phys. Chem. C 119 21018-23
68. Cahn J W and Hoffman D W 1974 Vector thermodynamics for anisotropic surfaces.2. Curved and faceted surfaces Acta Metall. 22 1205-14
69. Dicarlo A, Gurtin M E and Podioguidugli P 1992 A regularized equation for anisotropic motion-by-curvature SIAM J. Appl. Math. 52 1111-9
70. Voorhees P W, Coriell S R, Mcfadden G B and Sekerka R F 1984 The effect of anisotropic crystal melt surface-tension on grain-boundary groove morphology J. Cryst. Growth 67 425-40
71. Golovin A A, Davis S H and Nepomnyashchy A A 1998 A convective Cahn-Hilliard model for the formation of facets and corners in crystal growth Physica D 122 202-30
72. Akaiwa N, Thornton K and Voorhees P W 2001 Large-scale simulations of microstructural evolution in elastically stressed solids J. Comput. Phys. 173 61-86
73. Eggleston J J, McFadden G B and Voorhees P W 2001 A phase-field model for highly anisotropic interfacial energy Physica D 150 91-103
74. Wise S, Kim J and Lowengrub J 2007 Solving the regularized, strongly anisotropic Cahn-Hilliard equation by an adaptive nonlinear multigrid method J. Comput. Phys. 226 414-46
75. Torabi S, Lowengrub J, Voigt A and Wise S 2009 A new phase-field model for strongly anisotropic systems Proc. R. Soc. A 465 1337-59
76. Mastroberardino A and Spencer B J 2010 3D equilibrium crystal shapes with corner energy regularization IMA J. Appl. Math. 75 190-205
77. Drucker J 1993 Coherent islands and microstructural evolution Phys. Rev. B 48 18203-6
78. Hammar M, LeGoues F K, Tersoff J, Reuter M C and Tromp R M 1996 In situ ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscopy studies of hetero-epitaxial growth.1. Si(0 0 1)/Ge Surf. Sci. 349 129-44
79. Ross F M, Tersoff J and Tromp R M 1998 Coarsening of self-assembled Ge quantum dots on Si(0 0 1) Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 984-7
80. Hamilton J C, Léonard F, Johnson E and Dahmen U 2007 Pb nanoprecipitates in Al: magic-shape effects due to elastic strain Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 236102
81. Muller P and Saul A 2004 Elastic effects on surface physics Surf. Sci. Rep. 54 157-258
82. Pimpinelli A and Villain J 1998 Physics of Crystal Growth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
83. Watari M, McKendry R A, Vogtli M, Aeppli G, Soh Y A, Shi X, Xiong G, Huang X, Harder R and Robinson I K 2011 Differential stress induced by thiol adsorption on facetted nanocrystals Nat. Mater. 10 862-6
84. Lin Y, Wu Z, Wen J, Poeppelmeier K R and Marks L D 2014 Imaging the atomic surface structures of CeO2 nanoparticles Nano Lett. 14 191-6
85. Lin Y, Wen J, Hu L, Kennedy R M, Stair P C, Poeppelmeier K R and Marks L D Synthesis-dependent atomic surface structures of oxide nanoparticles Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 156101
86. 3(0 0 1) Surf. Sci. 425 343-54
87. 3(0 0 1) surface studied by STM Surf. Sci. 516 33-42
88. 3(001) surface Surf. Sci. 505 1-13
89. 3(001) Nature 419 55-8
90. 2-rich reconstruction with a c(4 × 2) unit cell J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 10050-6
91. 3(0 0 1)(2 × 1) reconstructions: first-principles calculations of surface energy and atomic structure compared with scanning tunneling microscopy images Phys. Rev. B 70 085415
92. 3(0 0 1): a theoretical study of structural patterns Surf. Sci. 573 446-56
93. Silly F and Castell M R 2005 Self-assembled supported Co nanocrystals: The adhesion energy of face-centered-cubic Co on SrTiO[sub 3](0 0 1)-(2 × 2) Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 053106
94. 3(0 0 1) reconstructions: The (2 × 2) to c(4 4) transition Surf. Sci. 600 L219-23
95. 3(0 0 1) Materials (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 168
96. Herger R, Willmott P R, Bunk O, Schleputz C M, Patterson B D and Delley B 2007 Surface of strontium titanate Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 076102
97. 3 (0 0 1), the (root 13 x root 13)R33.7 degrees surface, and related structures Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 176102
98. 3 from TEM Nature 490 384-7
99. 3 surfaces CrystEngComm 14 7833-9
100. Marshall M J, Becerra-Toledo A, Marks L and Castell M 2015 Defects on strontium titanate Defects at Oxide Surfaces ed J Jupille and G Thornton (New York: Springer International Publishing) pp 327-49
101. Ciston J et al 2015 Surface determination through atomically resolved secondary-electron imaging Nat. Commun. 6 7358
102. Hoffman D W and Cahn J W 1972 Vector thermodynamics for anisotropic surfaces.1. Fundamentals and application to plane surface junctions Surf. Sci. 31 368-88
103. von Laue M 1943 Der Wulffsche satz fur die gleichgewichtsform von kristallen Z. Kristallogr. 105 124-33
104. Dinghas A 1944 Uber einen geometrischen sat von Wulff fur die gleichgewitchtsform von kristallen Z. Kristallogr. 105 304-14
105. Crosby L, Enterkin J, Rabuffetti F, Poeppelmeier K and Marks L 2015 Wulff shape of strontium titanate nanocuboids Surf. Sci. 632 L22-5
106. Zucker R, Chatain D, Dahmen U, Hagège S and Carter W C 2012 New software tools for the calculation and display of isolated and attached interfacial-energy minimizing particle shapes J. Mater. Sci. 47 1-13
107. Tian N, Zhou Z Y and Sun S G 2008 Platinum metal catalysts of high-index surfaces: from single-crystal planes to electrochemically shape-controlled nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 112 19801-17
108. Winterbottom W L 1967 Equilibrium shape of a small particle in contact with a foreign substrate Acta Metall. 15 303-10
109. Zia R K P, Avron J E and Taylor J E 1988 The summertop construction - crystals in a corner J. Stat. Phys. 50 727-36
110. Lin Y, Wu Z, Wen J, Ding K, Yang X, Poeppelmeier K R and Marks L D 2015 Adhesion and atomic structures of gold on ceria nanostructures: the role of surface structure and oxidation state of ceria supports Nano Lett. 15 5375-81
111. Ajayan P M and Marks L D 1989 Evidence for sinking of small particles into substrates and implications for heterogeneous catalysis Nature 338 139-141
112. Marks L D and Ajayan P M 1990 Equilibrium shape of a buoyant particle J. Mater. Res. 5 1496-501
113. Gontard L C, Dunin-Borkowski R E, Gass M H, Bleloch A L and Ozkaya D 2009 3D shapes and structures of lamellar-twinned fcc nanoparticles using ADF STEM J. Electron Microsc. 58 167-74
114. Ji W H, Qi W H, Tang S S, Huang B Y, Wang M P, Li Y, Jia Y L and Pang Y 2014 Synthesis of marks-decahedral pd nanoparticles in aqueous solutions Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 31 851-6
115. Mariscal M M, Velazquez-Salazar J J and Yacaman M J 2012 Growth mechanism of nanoparticles: theoretical calculations and experimental results CrystEngComm 14 544-9
116. Yacaman M J 2012 Private communication
117. Hubert H, Devouard B, Garvie L A J, O'Keeffe M, Buseck P R, Petuskey W T and McMillan P F 1998 Icosahedral packing of B-12 icosahedra in boron suboxide (B6O) Nature 391 376-8
118. Dundurs J, Marks L D and Ajayan P M 1988 Structural fluctuations in small particles Phil. Mag. A 57 605-20
119. Lim B, Wang J G, Camargo P H C, Cobley C M, Kim M J and Xia Y N 2009 Twin-induced growth of palladium-platinum alloy nanocrystals Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 6304-8
120. Koga K 2006 Novel bidecahedral morphology in gold nanoparticles frozen from liquid Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 115501
121. Hoare M R and Pal P 1971 Physical cluster mechanics - statics and energy surfaces for monatomic systems Adv. Phys. 20 161-96
122. Hoare M R and Pal P 1975 Physical cluster mechanics - statistical thermodynamics and nucleation theory for monatomic systems Adv. Phys. 24 645-78
123. McEachran M and Kitaev V 2008 Direct structural transformation of silver platelets into right bipyramids and twinned cube nanoparticles: morphology governed by defects Chem. Commun. 44 5737-9
124. Zhang J, Li S, Wu J, Schatz G C and Mirkin C A 2009 Plasmon-mediated synthesis of silver triangular bipyramids Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48 7787-91
125. Wiley B J, Xiong Y, Li Z-Y, Yin Y and Xia Y 2006 Right bipyramids of silver: a new shape derived from single twinned seeds Nano Lett. 6 765-8
126. Lu J, Low K B, Lei Y, Libera J A, Nicholls A, Stair P C and Elam J W 2014 Toward atomically-precise synthesis of supported bimetallic nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition Nat. Commun. 5 3264
127. Serpell C J, Cookson J, Ozkaya D and Beer P D 2011 Core@shell bimetallic nanoparticle synthesis via anion coordination Nat. Chem. 3 478-83
128. Chen H Y, Li Y, Zhang F B, Zhang G L and Fan X B 2011 Graphene supported Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles with core-shell structures and superior peroxidase-like activities J. Mater. Chem. 21 17658-61
129. Li B, Wen X, Li R, Wang Z, Clem P G and Fan H 2014 Stress-induced phase transformation and optical coupling of silver nanoparticle superlattices into mechanically stable nanowires Nat. Commun. 5 4179
130. Stappert S, Rellinghaus B, Acet M and Wassermann E F 2003 Gas-phase preparation of L10 ordered FePt nanoparticles J. Cryst. Growth 252 440-50
131. Wang D L, Xin H L L, Hovden R, Wang H S, Yu Y C, Muller D A, DiSalvo F J and Abruna H D 2013 Structurally ordered intermetallic platinum-cobalt core-shell nanoparticles with enhanced activity and stability as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts Nat. Mater. 12 81-7
132. Langlois C, Li Z L, Yuan J, Alloyeau D, Nelayah J, Bochicchio D, Ferrando R and Ricolleau C 2012 Transition from core-shell to Janus chemical configuration for bimetallic nanoparticles Nanoscale 4 3381-8
133. Song Y, Liu K and Chen S 2012 AgAu bimetallic Janus nanoparticles and their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction in alkaline media Langmuir 28 17143-52
134. Herzing A A, Watanabe M, Edwards J K, Conte M, Tang Z R, Hutchings G J and Kiely C J 2008 Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy of bimetallic nanoparticles in an aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope Faraday Dis. 138 337-51
135. Cui C H, Gan L, Heggen M, Rudi S and Strasser P 2013 Compositional segregation in shaped Pt alloy nanoparticles and their structural behaviour during electrocatalysis Nat. Mater. 12 765-71
136. Chen S, Ferreira P J and Shao-Horn Y 2007 Surface segregation in Pt3Co nanoparticles characterized by scanning transmission electron microscopy Microsc. Microanal. 13 604-5
137. Ringe E, Van Duyne R P and Marks L D 2011 Wulff construction for alloy nanoparticles Nano Lett. 11 3399-403
138. Peng L, Ringe E, Van Duyne R P and Marks L D 2015 Segregation in bimetallic nanoparticles Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 27940-51
139. Suntivich J et al 2013 Surface composition tuning of Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles for enhanced carbon monoxide and methanol electro-oxidation J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 7985-91
140. Marks L D 1985 Particle-size effects on wulff constructions Surf. Sci. 150 358-66
141. Finch G I and Fordham S 1936 The effect of crystal-size on lattice-dimensions Proc. Phys. Soc. 48 85-94
142. Boswell F W C 1951 Precise determination of lattice constants by electron diffraction and variations in the lattice constants of very small crystallites Proc. Phys. Soc. London A 64 465-76
143. Berry C R 192 Electron diffraction from small crystals Phys. Rev. 88 596-9
144. Cimino A, Porta P and Valigi M 1966 Dependence of lattice parameter of magnesium oxide on crystallite size J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 49 152-6
145. Vermaak J S, Mays C W and Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf D 1968 On surface stress and surface tension: I. Theoretical considerations Surf. Sci. 12 128-33
146. Mays C W, Vermaak J S and Kuhlmann D 1968 On surface stress and surface tension.2. Determination of surface stress of gold Surf. Sci. 12 134-40
147. Wasserma H J and Vermaak J S 1970 On determination of a lattice contraction in very small silver particles Surf. Sci. 22 164-72
148. Wasserman H J and Vermaak J S 1997 On the determination of the surface stress of copper and platinum Surf. Sci. 32 168-74
149. Khanna S N, Bucher J P, Buttet J and Cyrotlackmann F 1983 Stability and lattice contraction of small platinum particles Surf. Sci. 127 165-74
150. Solliard C and Flueli M 1985 Surface stress and size effect on the lattice-parameter in small particles of gold and platinum Surf. Sci. 156 487-94
151. Borel J P and Chatelain A 1985 Surface stress and surface-tension - equilibrium and pressure in small particles Surf. Sci. 156 572-9
152. Scamarcio G, Lugara M and Manno D 1992 Size-dependent lattice contraction in CdS1-xSex nanocrystals embedded in glass observed by Raman scattering Phys. Rev. B 45 13792-5
153. Cammarata R C and Sieradzki K 1994 Surface and interface stresses Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 24 215-34
154. Lamber R, Wetjen S and Jaeger N I 1995 Size dependence of the lattice parameter of small palladium particles Phys. Rev. B 51 10968-71
155. Reimann K and Wurschum R 1997 Distribution of internal strains in nanocrystalline Pd studied by x-ray diffraction J. Appl. Phys. 81 7186-92
156. Jiang Q, Liang L H and Zhao D S 2001 Lattice contraction and surface stress of fcc nanocrystals J. Phys. Chem. B 105 6275-7
157. Qi W H, Wang M P and Su Y C 2002 Size effect on the lattice parameters of nanoparticles J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 21 877-8
158. 2 nanocrystals Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 2059-61
159. Qi W H and Wang M P 2005 Size and shape dependent lattice parameters of metallic nanoparticles J. Nanopart. Res. 7 51-7
160. Shreiber D and Jesser W A 2006 Size dependence of lattice parameter for SixGe1-x nanoparticles Surf. Sci. 600 4584-90
161. Ahmad M I and Bhattacharya S S 2009 Size effect on the lattice parameters of nanocrystalline anatase Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 191906
162. Diehm P M, Agoston P and Albe K 2012 Size-dependent lattice expansion in nanoparticles: reality or anomaly? Chemphyschem 13 2443-54
163. Oehl N, Knipper M, Parisi J, Plaggenborg T and Kolny-Olesiak J 2015 Size-dependent lattice distortion in epsilon-Ag3Sn alloy nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 119 14450-4
164. Pfeifer M A, Williams G J, Vartanyants I A, Harder R and Robinson I K 2006 3D mapping of a deformation field inside a nanocrystal Nature 442 63-6
165. Harder R, Pfeifer M A, Williams G J, Vartaniants I A and Robinson I K 2007 Orientation variation of surface strain Phys. Rev. B 76 115425
166. Huang W J, Sun R, Tao J, Menard L D, Nuzzo R G and Zuo J M 2008 Coordination-dependent surface atomic contraction in nanocrystals revealed by coherent diffraction Nat. Mater. 7 308-13
167. Robinson I and Harder R 2009 Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging of strain at the nanoscale Nat. Mater. 8 291-8
168. Favre-Nicolin V et al 2010 Analysis of strain and stacking faults in single nanowires using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging New J. Phys. 12 035013
169. Newton M C, Leake S J, Harder R and Robinson I K 2010 3D imaging of strain in a single ZnO nanorod Nat. Mater. 9 120-4
170. Beutier G et al 2013 Strain inhomogeneity in copper islands probed by coherent x-ray diffraction Thin Solid Films 530 120-4
171. Harder R and Robinson I K 2013 Coherent x-ray diffraction imaging of morphology and strain in nanomaterials JOM 65 1202-7
172. Robinson I 2013 Nanoparticle structure by coherent x-ray diffraction J. Phys. Soc. Japan 82 021012
173. Kim J W, Manna S, Dietze S H, Ulvestad A, Harder R, Fohtung E, Fullerton E E and Shpyrko O G 2014 Curvature-induced and thermal strain in polyhedral gold nanocrystals Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 173108
174. Spencer B J, Voorhees P W and Davis S H 1991 Morphological instability in epitaxially strained dislocation-free solid films Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 3696-9
175. Spencer B J, Voorhees P W and Davis S H 1993 Morphological instability in epitaxially strained dislocation-free solid films - linear-stability theory J. Appl. Phys. 73 4955-70
176. Tersoff J and Tromp R M 1993 Shape transition in growth of strained islands: Spontaneous formation of quantum wires Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 2782-5
177. Guyer J E and Voorhees P W 1995 Morphological stability of alloy thin films Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 4031-4
178. Spencer B J and Tersoff J 1997 Equilibrium shapes and properties of epitaxially strained islands Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 4858-61
179. Medeiros-Ribeiro G, Bratkovski A M, Kamins T I, Ohlberg D A A and Williams R S 1998 Shape transition of germanium nanocrystals on a silicon (0 0 1) surface from pyramids to domes Science 279 353-5
180. Daruka I, Tersoff J and Barabasi A L 1999 Shape transition in growth of strained islands Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2753-6
181. Shchukin V A and Bimberg D 1999 Spontaneous ordering of nanostructures on crystal surfaces Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 1125-71
182. Spencer B J 1999 Asymptotic derivation of the glued-wetting-layer model and contact-angle condition for Stranski-Krastanow islands Phys. Rev. B 59 2011-7
183. Li A, Liu F and Lagally M G 2000 Equilibrium shape of 2D islands under stress Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 1922-5
184. Cristini V and Lowengrub J 2002 3D crystal growth - I: linear analysis and self-similar evolution J. Cryst. Growth 240 267-76
185. Aqua J N, Berbezier I, Favre L, Frisch T and Ronda A 2013 Growth and self-organization of SiGe nanostructures Phys. Rep. 522 59-189
186. Feng L, Wang J, Wang S B, Li L A, Shen M, Wang Z Y, Chen Z F and Zhao Y 2015 Understanding the effects of strain on morphological instabilities of a nanoscale island during heteroepitaxial growth J. Appl. Phys. 118 035304
187. Muller P and Kern R Equilibrium shape of epitaxially strained crystals (Volmer-Weber case) J. Cryst. Growth 193 257-70
188. Muller P and Kern R 2000 Equilibrium nano-shape changes induced by epitaxial stress (generalised Wulf-Kaishew theorem) Surf. Sci. 457 229-53
189. Lazzari R and Jupille J 2012 Growth kinetics and size-dependent wetting of Ag/alpha-Al(2)O(3)(0 0 0 1) nanoparticles studied via the plasmonic response Nanotechnology 23 135707
190. 2(1 1 0) Phys. Rev. B 82 195421
191. Bettge M, MacLaren S, Burdin S, Abraham D, Petrov I, Yu M F and Sammann E 2011 Importance of line and interfacial energies during VLS growth of finely stranded silica nanowires J. Mater. Res. 26 2247-53
192. 2 interfaces Phil. Mag. 93 1197-218
193. Gao W P, Choi A S and Zuo J M 2014 Interaction of nanometer-sized gold nanocrystals with rutile (1 1 0) surface steps revealed at atomic resolution Surf. Sci. 625 16-22
194. Berg W F 1938 Crystal growth from solutions Proc. R. Soc. London A 164 0079-95
195. Bircumshaw L L and Riddiford A C 1952 Transport control in heterogeneous reactions Q. Rev. 6 157-85
196. Volmer M 1939 Kinetics of phase formation Die Chemische Reaktion ed K F Bonhoeffer (Ann Arbor, Michigtn: Edwards Brothers, Inc.)
197. Burton W K, Cabrera N and Frank F C 1951 The growth of crystals and the equilibrium structure of their surfaces Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London A 243 299-358
198. Kumar S, Gandhi K S and Kumar R 2007 Modeling of formation of gold nanoparticles by citrate method Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46 3128-36
199. Rodriguez-Gonzalez B, Mulvaney P and Liz-Marzan L M 2007 An electrochemical model for gold colloid formation via citrate reduction Z. Phys. Chem. 221 415-26
200. Soni V, Sindal R S and Mehrotra R N 2007 Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of oxalic acid by tetrachloroaurate(III) ion Inorg. Chim. Acta 360 3141-8
201. Finney E E and Finke R G 2008 Nanocluster nucleation and growth kinetic and mechanistic studies: a review emphasizing transition-metal nanoclusters J. Colloid Interface Sci. 317 351-74
202. Harada M and Katagiri E 2010 Mechanism of silver particle formation during photoreduction using in situ time-resolved SAXS analysis Langmuir 26 17896-905
203. Polte J, Ahner T T, Delissen F, Sokolov S, Emmerling F, Thunemann A F and Kraehnert R 2010 Mechanism of gold nanoparticle formation in the classical citrate synthesis method derived from coupled in situ XANES and SAXS evaluation J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 1296-301
204. Polte J, Erler R, Thunemann A F, Sokolov S, Ahner T T, Rademann K, Emmerling F and Kraehnert R 2010 Nucleation and growth of gold nanoparticles studied via in situ small angle x-ray scattering at millisecond time resolution ACS Nano 4 1076-82
205. Yao T et al 2010 Insights into initial kinetic nucleation of gold nanocrystals J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 7696-701
206. Harada M, Tamura N and Takenaka M 2011 Nucleation and growth of metal nanoparticles during photoreduction using in situ time-resolved SAXS analysis J. Phys. Chem. C 115 14081-92
207. Hudgens J W, Pettibone J M, Senftle T P and Bratton R N 2011 Reaction mechanism governing formation of 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane-protected gold nanoclusters Inorg. Chem. 50 10178-89
208. Harada M and Kamigaito Y 2012 Nucleation and aggregative growth process of platinum nanoparticles studied by in situ quick XAFS spectroscopy Langmuir 28 2415-28
209. Ojea-Jimenez I and Campanera J M 2012 Molecular modeling of the reduction mechanism in the citrate mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 116 23682-91
210. Streszewski B, Jaworski W, Paclawski K, Csapo E, Dekany I and Fitzner K 2012 Gold nanoparticles formation in the aqueous system of gold(III) chloride complex ions and hydrazine sulfate-kinetic studies Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 397 63-72
211. Wojnicki M, Rudnik E, Luty-Blocho M, Paclawski K and Fitzner K 2012 Kinetic studies of gold(III) chloride complex reduction and solid phase precipitation in acidic aqueous system using dimethylamine borane as reducing agent Hydrometallurgy 127 43-53
212. Wuithschick M et al 2013 Size-controlled synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles based on mechanistic understanding Chem. Mater. 25 4679-89
213. Perala S R and Kumar S 2014 On the two-step mechanism for synthesis of transition-metal nanoparticles Langmuir 30 12703-11
214. Wuithschick M, Birnbaum A, Witte S, Sztucki M, Vainio U, Pinna N, Rademann K, Emmerling F, Kraehnert R and Polte J 2015 Turkevich in new robes: key questions answered for the most common gold nanoparticle synthesis ACS Nano 9 7052-71
215. Sun Y G, Mayers B, Herricks T and Xia Y N 2003 Polyol synthesis of uniform silver nanowires: A plausible growth mechanism and the supporting evidence Nano Lett. 3 955-60
216. Hamilton D R and SeidenstickerR G 1960 Propagation mechanism of germanium dendrites J. Appl. Phys. 31 1165-8
217. Wagner R S 1960 On the growth of germanium dendrites Acta Metall. 8 57-60
218. Marks L D and Howie A 1979 Multiply-twinned particles in silver catalysts Nature 282 196-8
219. vandeWaal B W 1996 Cross-twinning model of fcc crystal growth J. Cryst. Growth 158 153-65
220. Kirkland A I, Jefferson D A, Duff D G, Edwards P P, Gameson I, Johnson B F G and Smith D J 1993 Structural studies of trigonal lamellar particles of gold and silver Proc. R. Soc. London A 440 589-609
221. Lofton C and Sigmund W 2005 Mechanisms controlling crystal habits of gold and silver colloids Adv. Funct. Mater. 15 1197-208
222. Gamalski A D, Voorhees P W, Ducati C, Sharma R and Hofmann S 2014 Twin plane re-entrant mechanism for catalytic nanowire growth Nano Lett. 14 1288-92
223. Cahn J W and Taylor J E 1984 A contribution to the theory of surface-energy minimizing shapes Scr. Metall. 18 1117-20
224. Cahn J W and Carter W C 1996 Crystal shapes and phase equilibria: a common mathematical basis Metall. Mater. Trans. A 27 1431-40
225. Sekerka R F 2005 Equilibrium and growth shapes of crystals: how do they differ and why should we care? Cryst. Res. Technol. 40 291-306
226. Herring C 1951 Some theorems on the free energies of crystal surfaces Phys. Rev. 82 87-93
227. Coriell S R and Sekerka R F 1976 Effect of anisotropy of surface-tension and interface kinetics on morphological stability J. Cryst. Growth 34 157-63
228. Uehara T and Sekerka R F 2003 Phase field simulations of faceted growth for strong anisotropy of kinetic coefficient J. Cryst. Growth 254 251-61
229. Villain J 1991 Nonequilibrium systems - the shape of crystals to come Nature 350 273-4
230. Taylor J E, Cahn J W and Handwerker C A 1992 Geometric models of crystal growth Acta Metall. Et Mater. 40 1443-74
231. Almgren F, Taylor J E and Wang L 1993 Curvature-driven flows - a variational approach SIAM J. Control Optim. 31 387-437
232. Cahn J W and Taylor J E 1994 Overview No-113 - Surface motion by surface-diffusion Acta Metall. Et Mater. 42 1045-63
233. Carter W C, Roosen A R, Cahn J W and Taylor J E 1995 Shape evolution by surface-diffusion end surface attachment limited kinetics on completely faceted surfaces Acta Metall. Et Mater. 43 4309-23
234. Ambrosio L and Soner H M 1996 Level set approach to mean curvature flow in arbitrary codimension J. Differ. Geom. 43 693-737
235. Du D, Srolovitz D J, Coltrin M E and Mitchell C C 2005 Systematic prediction of kinetically limited crystal growth morphologies Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 155503
236. Sun Q, Yerino C D, Ko T S, Cho Y S, Lee I H, Han J and Coltrin M E 2008 Understanding nonpolar GaN growth through kinetic Wulff plots J. Appl. Phys. 104 093523
237. Leung B, Sun Q, Yerino C D, Han J and Coltrin M E 2012 Using the kinetic Wulff plot to design and control nonpolar and semipolar GaN heteroepitaxy Semicond. Sci. Technol. 27 024005
238. Sun Q, Yerino C D, Leung B, Han J and Coltrin M E 2011 Understanding and controlling heteroepitaxy with the kinetic Wulff plot: a case study with GaN J. Appl. Phys. 110 053517
239. Buhler J and Prior Y 2000 Study of morphological behavior of single diamond crystals J. Cryst. Growth 209 779-88
240. Ringe E, Van Duyne R P and Marks L D 2013 Kinetic and thermodynamic modified wulff constructions for twinned nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 117 15859-70
241. Xia X, Zeng J, McDearmon B, Zheng Y, Li Q and Xia Y 2011 Silver nanocrystals with concave surfaces and their optical and surface-enhanced Raman scattering properties Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 50 12542-6
242. Royne A and Dysthe D K 2012 Rim formation on crystal faces growing in confinement J. Cryst. Growth 346 89-100
243. Kubica A and Rybka P 2015 Fine singularity analysis of solutions to the Laplace equation: Berg's effect Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 38 1734-45
244. Jindal V and Shahedipour-Sandvik F 2009 Theoretical prediction of GaN nanostructure equilibrium and nonequilibrium shapes J. Appl. Phys. 106 083115
245. Zhang L F, Wang L, Zhong S L, Huang Y X and Xu A W 2012 Facile synthesis of concave decahedra enclosed by high-index facets and truncated decahedra with a large size Dalton Trans. 41 4948-54
246. Siegfried M J and Choi K S 2005 Directing the architecture of cuprous oxide crystals during electrochemical growth Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 44 3218-23
247. Miao W F, Liu H R, Zhang Z M and Chen J F 2008 Large-scale growth and shape evolution of micrometer-sized Cu2O cubes with concave planes via gamma-irradiation Solid State Sci. 10 1322-6
248. Cordeiro M A L, Weng W H, Stroppa D G, Kiely C J and Leite E R 2013 High resolution electron microscopy study of nanocubes and polyhedral nanocrystals of cerium(IV) oxide Chem. Mater. 25 2028-34
249. Zhang L, Niu W, Zhao J, Zhu S, Yuan Y, Hua L and Xu G 2013 Pd@Au core-shell nanocrystals with concave cubic shapes: kinetically controlled synthesis and electrocatalytic properties Faraday Dis. 164 175-88
250. Liu M, Leng M, Liu D, Chen F, Li C and Wang C 2014 Local supersaturation dictated branching and faceting of submicrometer PbS particles with cubic growth habit Inorg. Chem. 53 11484-91
251. You H, Yang S, Ding B and Yang H 2013 Synthesis of colloidal metal and metal alloy nanoparticles for electrochemical energy applications Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 2880-904
252. Shah A B, Sivapalan S T, DeVetter B M, Yang T K, Wen J G, Bhargava R, Murphy C J and Zuo J M 2013 High-index facets in gold nanocrystals elucidated by coherent electron diffraction Nano Lett. 13 1840-6
253. Xu X et al 2014 Synthesis of Pt-Ni alloy nanocrystals with high-index facets and enhanced electrocatalytic properties Angew. Chem. 126 12730-5
254. Peng L, Jiang L, Lapedes D and Marks L D 2015 In preparation
255. De Wit R 1972 Partial Disclinations J. Phys. C: Solid State 5 529-34
256. Gryaznov V G, Kaprelov A M, Romanov A E and Polonskii I A 1991 Channels of relaxation of elastic stresses in pentagonal nanoparticles Phys. Status Solidi B 167 441-50
257. Polonsky I A, Romanov A E, Gryaznov V G and Kaprelov A M 1991 Disclination in an Elastic Sphere Phil. Mag. A 64 281-7
258. Romanov A E 2002 Fundamentals of Disclination Theory: Development of Disclination-Dislocation Structures in Deformed Materials Solid State Phenom. 87 47-56
259. Romanov A E 2003 Mechanics and physics of disclinations in solids Eur. J. Mech. A 22 727-41
260. Romanov A E and Kolesnikova A L 2009 Application of disclination concept to solid structures Prog. Mater. Sci. 54 740-69
261. Kolesnikova A L and Romanov A E 2010 Representations of elastic fields of circular dislocation and disclination loops in terms of spherical harmonics and their application to various problems of the theory of defects Int. J. Solids Struct. 47 58-70
262. Gutkin M Y 2011 Elastic and plastic deformation in nanocrystalline metals Nanostructured Metals and Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Applications ed S H Whang (Cambridge: Woodhead) pp 329-74
263. Romanov A E, Vikarchuk A A, Kolesnikova A L, Dorogin L M, Kink I and Aifantis E C 2012 Structural transformations in nano- and microobjects triggered by disclinations J. Mater. Res. 27 545-51
264. Dorogin L M, Vlassov S, Kolesnikova A L, Kink I, Lohmus R and Romanov A E 2010 Crystal mismatched layers in pentagonal nanorods and nanoparticles Phys. Status Solidi B 247 288-98
265. Dorogin L M, Vlassov S, Kolesnikova A L, Kink I, Lohmus R and Romanov A E 2010 Pentagonal nanorods and nanoparticles with mismatched shell layers J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 10 6136-43
266. Johnson C L, Snoeck E, Ezcurdia M, Rodriguez-Gonzalez B, Pastoriza-Santos I, Liz-Marzan L M and Hytch M J 2008 Effects of elastic anisotropy on strain distributions in decahedral gold nanoparticles Nat. Mater. 7 120-4
267. Patala S, Marks L D and de la Cruz M O 2013 Elastic strain energy effects in faceted decahedral nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 117 1485-94
268. Patala S, Marks L D and de la Cruz M O 2013 Thermodynamic analysis of multiply twinned particles: surface stress effects J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 3089-94
269. Zhou Y and Fichthorn K A 2014 Internal stress-induced orthorhombic phase in 5-fold-twinned noble metal nanowires J. Phys. Chem. C 118 18746-55
270. Takeguchi M, Tanaka M, Yasuda H and Furuya K 2001 Real-time high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observation of the growth process of () surfaces on a nanometer-sized Si multiply twinned particle Surf. Sci. 493 414-9
271. Bagley B G 1965 A dense packing of hard spheres with 5-fold symmetry Nature 208 674-5
272. Yang C Y, Yacaman M J and Heineman K 1979 Crystallography of decahedral and icosahedral particles J. Cryst. Growth 47 283-90
273. Marks L D 1985 Inhomogeneous strains in small particles Surf. Sci. 150 302-18
274. Marks L D and Smith D J 1983 Hrem and stem of defects in multiply-twinned particles J. Microsc. Oxford 130 249-61
275. Ji W H, Qi W H, Li X, Zhao S L, Tang S S, Peng H C and Li S Q 2015 Investigation of disclinations in marks decahedral Pd nanoparticles by aberration-corrected HRTEM Mater. Lett. 152 283-6
276. Pohl D, Wiesenhutter U, Mohn E, Schultz L and Rellinghaus B 2014 Near-surface strain in icosahedra of binary metallic alloys: segregational versus intrinsic effects Nano Lett. 14 1776-84
277. Walsh M J, Yoshida K, Kuwabara A, Pay M L, Gai P L and Boyes E D 2012 On the structural origin of the catalytic properties of inherently strained ultrasmall decahedral gold nanoparticles Nano Lett. 12 2027-31
278. Niekiel F, Bitzek E and Spiecker E 2014 Combining atomistic simulation and x-ray diffraction for the characterization of nanostructures: a case study on fivefold twinned nanowires ACS Nano 8 1629-38
279. Iijima S 1987 Fine particles of silicon.2. Decahedral multiply-twinned particles Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 1 26 365-72
280. Goris B et al 2015 Measuring lattice strain in three dimensions through electron microscopy Nano Lett. 15 26340328
281. Hofmeister H 1991 Lattice-defects in decahedral multiply twinned particles of palladium Z. Phys. D 19 307-10
282. Peng L X, Van Duyne R P and Marks L D 2015 Strain-induced segregation in bimetallic multiply twinned particles J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 1930-4
283. Ferrando R 2015 Symmetry breaking and morphological instabilities in core-shell metallic nanoparticles J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 27 013003
284. Bochicchio D and Ferrando R 2013 Morphological instability of core-shell metallic nanoparticles Phys. Rev. B 87 165435
285. Li Z-A, Spasova M, Ramasse Q M, Gruner M E, Kisielowski C and Farle M 2014 Chemically ordered decahedral FePt nanocrystals observed by electron microscopy Phys. Rev. B 89 161406
286. Wang R M, Zhang H Z, Farle M and Kisielowski C 2009 Structural stability of icosahedral FePt nanoparticles Nanoscale 1 276-9
287. Wang R, Dmitrieva O, Farle M, Dumpich G, Ye H, Poppa H, Kilaas R and Kisielowski C 2008 Layer resolved structural relaxation at the surface of magnetic FePt icosahedral nanoparticles Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 017205
288. Gruner M E and Entel P 2012 Competition between ordering, twinning, and segregation in binary magnetic 3d-5d nanoparticles: a supercomputing perspective Int. J. Quantum Chem. 112 277-88
289. Ajayan P M and Marks L D 1988 Quasimelting and phases of small particles Phys. Rev. Lett. 60 585-7
290. Ajayan P M and Marks L D 1990 Phase instabilities in small particles Phase Trans. 24-6 229-58
291. Berry R S and Smirnov B M 2013 Configurational transitions in processes involving metal clusters Phys. Rep. 527 205-50
292. Cheng B and Ngan A H 2013 Thermally induced solid-solid structural transition of copper nanoparticles through direct geometrical conversion J. Chem. Phys. 138 164314
293. Goloven'ko Z V, Gafner Y Y, Gafner S L and Redel L V 2013 Thermal stability of structure in small gold clusters Phys. Metals Metallography 114 1038-44
294. Berry R S and Smirnov B M 2009 Phase transitions in various kinds of clusters Phys.-Usp. 52 137-64
295. Cox G, Berry R S and Johnston R L 2006 Characterizing potential surface topographies through the distribution of saddles and minima J. Phys. Chem. A 110 11543-50
296. Doye J P and Wales D J 2001 Polytetrahedral clusters Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 5719-22
297. Wales D J, Doye J P K, Miller M A, Mortenson P N and Walsh T R 2000 Energy landscapes: from clusters to biomolecules Advances in Chemical Physics vol 115 ed I Prigogine and S A Rice (New York: J Wiley & Sons) pp 1-111
298. Doye J P K, Wales D J and Miller M A 1998 Thermodynamics and the global optimization of Lennard-Jones clusters J. Chem. Phys. 109 8143-53
299. Ball K D, Berry R S, Kunz R E, Li F-Y, Proykova A and Wales D J 1996 From topographies to dynamics on multidimensional potential energy surfaces of atomic clusters Science 271 963-6
300. Uppenbrink J and Wales D J 1992 Structure and energetics of model metal-clusters J. Chem. Phys. 96 8520-34
301. Berry R S 1990 Clusters, melting, freezing and phase-transitions - introductory lecture J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 86 2343-9
302. Berry R S, Jellinek J and Natanson G 1984 Melting of clusters and melting Phys. Rev. A 30 919-31
303. Wells D M, Rossi G, Ferrando R and Palmer R E 2015 Metastability of the atomic structures of size-selected gold nanoparticles Nanoscale 7 6498-503
304. Baletto F, Mottet C and Ferrando R 2000 Reentrant morphology transition in the growth of free silver nanoclusters Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 5544-7
305. Koga K, Ikeshoji T and Sugawara K 2004 Size- and temperature-dependent structural transitions in gold nanoparticles Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 115507
306. Chen Q, Tanaka M and Furuya K Unusual crystallographic structure and its fluctuation of indium nanoparticles as-deposited and observed with HRTEM using the UHV-DC-TEM system Surf. Sci. 440 398-406
307. Iijima S and Ichihashi T 1986 Structural instability of ultrafine particles of metals Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 616-9
308. Yagi K, Takayanagi K, Kobayashi K and Honjo G 1975 In situ observations of growth processes of multiply twinned particles J. Cryst. Growth 28 117-24
309. Buffat P A 2003 Dynamical behaviour of nanocrystals in transmission electron microscopy: size, temperature or irradiation effects Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 361 291-5
310. Du X W, Wang B, Zhao N Q and Furuya K 2005 Structure evolution of silicon nanocrystals under electron irradiation Scr. Mater. 53 899-903
311. Silly F and Castell M R 2009 Temperature-dependent stability of supported five-fold twinned copper nanocrystals ACS Nano 3 901-6
312. van Huis M A, Young N P, Pandraud G, Creemer J F, Vanmaekelbergh D, Kirkland A I and Zandbergen H W 2009 Atomic imaging of phase transitions and morphology transformations in nanocrystals Adv. Mater. 21 4992-5
313. Young N P, van Huis M A, Zandbergen H W, Xu H and Kirkland A I 2010 Transformations of gold nanoparticles investigated using variable temperature high-resolution transmission electron microscopy Ultramicroscopy 110 506-16
314. Wang Z W and Palmer R E 2012 Determination of the ground-state atomic structures of size-selected au nanoclusters by electron-beam-induced transformation Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 245502
315. Wei B Q, Vajtai R, Jung Y J, Banhart F, Ramanath G and Ajayan P M 2002 Massive icosahedral boron carbide crystals J. Phys. Chem. B 106 5807-9
316. Gillet M 1977 Structure of small metallic particles Surf. Sci. 67 139-57
317. Jadzinsky P D, Calero G, Ackerson C J, Bushnell D A and Kornberg R D 2007 Structure of a thiol monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle at 1.1 a resolution Science 318 430-3
318. Akola J, Walter M, Whetten R L, Hakkinen H and Gronbeck H 2008 On the structure of thiolate-protected Au25 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 3756-7
319. Heaven M W, Dass A, White P S, Holt K M and Murray R W 2008 Crystal structure of the gold nanoparticle [N(C8H17)4][Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18] J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 3754-5
320. Lopez-Acevedo O, Akola J, Whetten R L, Gronbeck H and Hakkinen H 2009 Structure and bonding in the ubiquitous icosahedral metallic gold cluster Au-144(SR)(60) J. Phys. Chem. C 113 5035-8
321. Qian H, Eckenhoff W T, Zhu Y, Pintauer T and Jin R 2010 Total structure determination of thiolate-protected Au38 nanoparticles J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132 8280-1
322. Zeng C, Li T, Das A, Rosi N L and Jin R 2013 Chiral structure of thiolate-protected 28-gold-atom nanocluster determined by x-ray crystallography J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 10011-3
323. Crasto D, Barcaro G, Stener M, Sementa L, Fortunelli A and Dass A 2014 Au(2)(4)(SAdm)(1)(6) nanomolecules: x-ray crystal structure, theoretical analysis, adaptability of adamantane ligands to form Au(2)(3)(SAdm)(1)(6) and Au(2)(5)(SAdm)(1)(6), and its relation to Au(2)(5)(SR)(1)(8) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 14933-40
324. Crasto D, Malola S, Brosofsky G, Dass A and Hakkinen H 2014 Single crystal XRD structure and theoretical analysis of the chiral Au30S(S-t-Bu)18 cluster J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 5000-5
325. Das A, Liu C, Byun H Y, Nobusada K, Zhao S, Rosi N and Jin R 2015 Structure determination of [Au18(SR)14] Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 54 3140-4
326. Dass A, Theivendran S, Nimmala P R, Kumara C, Jupally V R, Fortunelli A, Sementa L, Barcaro G, Zuo X and Noll B C 2015 Au133(SPh-tBu)52 nanomolecules: x-ray crystallography, optical, electrochemical, and theoretical analysis J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 4610-3
327. Jin R 2015 Atomically precise metal nanoclusters: stable sizes and optical properties Nanoscale 7 1549-65
328. Xu W W and Gao Y 2015 Unraveling the atomic structures of the Au-68(SR)(34) nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 119 14224-9
329. Reinhard D, Hall B D, Ugarte D and Monot R 1997 Size-independent fcc-to-icosahedral structural transition in unsupported silver clusters: an electron diffraction study of clusters produced by inert-gas aggregation Phys. Rev. B 55 7868-81
330. Reinhard D, Hall B D, Berthoud P, Valkealahti S and Monot R 1998 Unsupported nanometer-sized copper clusters studied by electron diffraction and molecular dynamics Phys. Rev. B 58 4917-26
331. Ajayan P M and Marks L D 1989 Experimental evidence for quasimelting in small particles Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 279-82
332. Dai Z R, Sun S H and Wang Z L 2002 Shapes, multiple twins and surface structures of monodisperse FePt magnetic nanocrystals Surf. Sci. 505 325-35
333. Koga K and Sugawara K 2003 Population statistics of gold nanoparticle morphologies: direct determination by HREM observations Surf. Sci. 529 23-35
334. MacArthur K E, Young N P, Critchell J W and Kirkland A I 2011 'Ex situ' annealing and structural transformations in gold nanoparticles Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group Conf. 2011 vol 371
335. Volk A, Thaler P, Koch M, Fisslthaler E, Grogger W and Ernst W E 2013 High resolution electron microscopy of Ag-clusters in crystalline and non-crystalline morphologies grown inside superfluid helium nanodroplets J. Chem. Phys. 138 214312
336. Pohl D, Surrey A, Schultz L and Rellinghaus B 2012 The impact of oxygen on the morphology of gas-phase prepared Au nanoparticles Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 263105
337. Hayashi T, Ohno T, Yatsuya S and Uyeda R 1997 Formation of ultrafine metal particles by gas-evaporation technique.4. Crystal habits of iron and Fcc metals, Al, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, Ag, In, Au and Pb Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 16 705-17
338. Enterkin J A, Poeppelmeier K R and Marks L D 2011 Oriented catalytic platinum nanoparticles on high surface area strontium titanate nanocuboids Nano Lett. 11 993-7
339. Ray N A, Van Duyne R P and Stair P C 2012 Synthesis strategy for protected metal nanoparticles J. Phys. Chem. C 116 7748-56
340. Masango S S, Peng L X, Marks L D, Van Duyne R P and Stair P C 2014 Nucleation and growth of silver nanoparticles by AB and ABC-type atomic layer deposition J. Phys. Chem. C 118 17655-61
341. Keranen J, Auroux A, Ek S and Niinisto L 2002 Preparation, characterization and activity testing of vanadia catalysts deposited onto silica and alumina supports by atomic layer deposition Appl. Catal. A 228 213-25
342. Aaltonen T, Ritala M, Sajavaara T, Keinonen J and Leskela M 2003 Atomic layer deposition of platinum thin films Chem. Mater. 15 1924-8
343. Knez M, Niesch K and Niinisto L 2007 Synthesis and surface engineering of complex nanostructures by atomic layer deposition Adv. Mater. 19 3425-38
344. Christensen S T et al 2009 Controlled growth of platinum nanoparticles on strontium titanate nanocubes by atomic layer deposition Small 5 750-7
345. Christensen S T, Feng H, Libera J L, Guo N, Miller J T, Stair P C and Elam J W 2010 Supported Ru-Pt bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts prepared by atomic layer deposition Nano Lett. 10 3047-51
346. George S M 2010 Atomic layer deposition: an overview Chem. Rev. 110 111-31
347. Cho S, Kim D-H, Lee B-S, Jung J, Yu W-R, Hong S-H and Lee S 2012 Ethanol sensors based on ZnO nanotubes with controllable wall thickness via atomic layer deposition, an O2 plasma process and an annealing process Sensors Actuators B 162 300-6
348. Erkens I, Blauw M, Verheijen M, Roozeboom F and Kessels W M M 2013 Room temperature sensing of O2 and CO by atomic layer deposition prepared ZnO films coated with Pt nanoparticles ECS Trans. 58 203-14
349. Miikkulainen V, Nilsen O, Laitinen M, Sajavaara T and Fjellvåg H 2013 Atomic layer deposition of LixTiyOz thin films RSC Adv. 3 7537-42
350. Wender H, de Oliveira L F, Migowski P, Feil A F, Lissner E, Prechtl M H G, Teixeira S R and Dupont J 2010 Ionic liquid surface composition controls the size of gold nanoparticles prepared by sputtering deposition J. Phys. Chem. C 114 11764-8
351. Pashley D W and Stowell M J 1963 Electron microscopy and diffraction of twinned structures in evaporated films of gold Phil. Mag. 8 1605-32
352. Fukaya K, Ino S and Ogawa S 1978 Orientation and structure of palladium particles formed by evaporation on alkali-halide crystals Trans. Japan Inst. Metals 19 445-53
353. Shah P and Gavrin A 2006 Synthesis of nanoparticles using high-pressure sputtering for magnetic domain imaging J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 301 118-23
354. Penuelas J, Andreazza P, Andreazza-Vignolle C, Mottet C, De Santis M and Tolentino H C N 2009 Real-time icosahedral to fcc structure transition during CoPt nanoparticles formation Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 167 19-25
355. Smigelskas A D and Kirkendall E O 1974 Zinc diffusion in alpha-brass Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. 171 130-42
356. Yin Y, Rioux R M, Erdonmez C K, Hughes S, Somorjai G A and Alivisatos A P 2004 Formation of hollow nanocrystals through the nanoscale Kirkendall effect Science 304 711-4
357. Lou X W, Wang Y, Yuan C L, Lee J Y and Archer L A 2006 Template-free synthesis of SnO2 hollow nanostructures with high lithium storage capacity Adv. Mater. 18 2325-9
358. Lou X W, Archer L A and Yang Z C 2008 Hollow micro-/nanostructures: synthesis and applications Adv. Mater. 20 3987-4019
359. Watanabe Y, Mowbray R W, Rice K P and Stoykovich M P 2014 Kinetic description of metal nanocrystal oxidation: a combined theoretical and experimental approach for determining morphology and diffusion parameters in hollow nanoparticles by the nanoscale Kirkendall effect Phil. Mag. 94 3487-506
360. Yang Z, Yang N and Pileni M-P 2015 Nano kirkendall effect related to nanocrystallinity of metal nanocrystals: influence of the outward and inward atomic diffusion on the final nanoparticle structure J. Phys. Chem. C 119 22249-60
361. Xia X, Xie S, Liu M, Peng H C, Lu N, Wang J, Kim M J and Xia Y 2013 On the role of surface diffusion in determining the shape or morphology of noble-metal nanocrystals Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 6669-73
362. Ostwald W 1900 On the assumed isomerism of red and yellow mercury oxide and the surface-tension of solid bodies Z. Phys. Chem. 34 495-503
363. Greenwood G W 1956 The growth of dispersed precipitates in solutions Acta Metall. 4 243-8
364. Voorhees P W 1985 The theory of ostwald ripening J. Stat. Phys. 38 231-52
365. Voorhees P W 1992 Ostwald ripening of 2-phase mixtures Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 22 197-215
366. Zinkeallmang M, Feldman L C and Grabow M H 1992 Clustering on surfaces Surf. Sci. Rep. 16 377-463
367. Zhang Z and Lagally M G 1997 Atomistic processes in the early stages of thin-film growth Science 276 377-83
368. Brune H 1998 Microscopic view of epitaxial metal growth: nucleation and aggregation Surf. Sci. Rep. 31 121-229
369. Chan S W and Balluffi R W 1985 Study of energy versus misorientation for grain-boundaries in gold by crystallite rotation method.1. [0 0 1] twist boundaries Acta Metall. 33 1113-9
370. Chan S W and Balluffi R W 1986 Study of energy versus misorientation for grain-boundaries in gold by crystallite rotation method.2. Tilt boundaries and mixed boundaries Acta Metall. 34 2191-9
371. Bonevich J E and Marks L D 1992 The sintering behavior of ultrafine alumina particles J. Mater. Res. 7 1489-500
372. Yeadon M, Ghaly M, Yang J C, Averback R S and Gibson J M 'Contact epitaxy' observed in supported nanoparticles Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 3208-10
373. Cahn J W and Taylor J E 2004 A unified approach to motion of grain boundaries, relative tangential translation along grain boundaries, and grain rotation Acta Mater. 52 4887-98
374. Jose-Yacaman M, Gutierrez-Wing C, Miki M, Yang D Q, Piyakis K N and Sacher E 2005 Surface diffusion and coalescence of mobile metal nanoparticles J Phys Chem B 109 9703-11
375. Niederberger M and Colfen H 2006 Oriented attachment and mesocrystals: non-classical crystallization mechanisms based on nanoparticle assembly Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8 3271-87
376. Theissmann R, Fendrich M, Zinetullin R, Guenther G, Schierning G and Wolf D E 2008 Crystallographic reorientation and nanoparticle coalescence Phys. Rev. B 78 205413
377. Yin Z, Zhang Y, Chen K, Li J, Li W, Tang P, Zhao H, Zhu Q, Bao X and Ma D 2014 Monodispersed bimetallic PdAg nanoparticles with twinned structures: formation and enhancement for the methanol oxidation Sci. Rep. 4 4288
378. Nichols F A 1966 Coalescence of 2 Spheres by surface diffusion J. Appl. Phys. 37 2805-8
379. Rankin J and Sheldon B W 1995 In situ TEM sintering of nano-sized ZrO2 particles Mater. Sci. Eng. A Struct. Mater. 204 48-53
380. 2 J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Mat. Sci. Ed. 22 209-13
381. Lim T H, McCarthy D, Hendy S C, Stevens K J, Brown S A and Tilley R D 2009 Real-time TEM and kinetic Monte Carlo studies of the coalescence of decahedral gold nanoparticles ACS Nano 3 3809-13
382. Holland T B, Thron A M, Bonifacio C S, Mukherjee A K and van Benthem K 2010 Field assisted sintering of nickel nanoparticles during in situ transmission electron microscopy Appl. Phys. Lett. 96 243106
383. Klinger L and Rabkin E 2010 Sintering of fully faceted crystalline particles Int. J. Mater. Res. 101 75-83
384. Ingham B, Lim T H, Dotzler C J, Henning A, Toney M F and Tilley R D 2011 How nanoparticles coalesce: an in situ study of au nanoparticle aggregation and grain growth Chem. Mater. 23 3312-7
385. Niu K Y, Liao H G and Zheng H 2014 Visualization of the coalescence of bismuth nanoparticles Microsc. Microanal. 20 416-24
386. Combe N, Jensen P and Pimpinelli A 2000 Changing shapes in the nanoworld Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 110-3
387. Combe N and Larralde H 2000 Low-temperature shape relaxation of 2D islands by edge diffusion Phys. Rev. B 62 16074-84
388. Mullins W W and Rohrer G S 2000 Nucleation barrier for volume-conserving shape changes of faceted crystals J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83 214-6
389. Rohrer G S, Rohrer C L and Mullins W W 2002 Coarsening of faceted crystals J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 85 675-82
390. Sheldon B W and Rankin J 2002 Step-energy barriers and particle shape changes during coarsening J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 85 683-90
391. Hendy S, Brown S A and Hyslop M 2003 Coalescence of nanoscale metal clusters: Molecular-dynamics study Phys. Rev. B 68 241403
392. Thurmer K, Reutt-Robey J E and Williams E D 2003 Nucleation limited crystal shape transformations Surf. Sci. 537 123-33
393. Degawa M and Williams E D 2005 Barriers to shape evolution of supported nano-crystallites Surf. Sci. 595 87-96
394. Degawa M, Thurmer K and Williams E D 2006 Constrained evolution of nanocrystallites Phys. Rev. B 74 155432
395. Marks L and Voyles P 2014 When is Z-contrast D-contrast? Microsc. Today 22 65
396. Perdew J P, Ruzsinszky A, Csonka G I, Vydrov O A, Scuseria G E, Constantin L A, Zhou X and Burke K 2008 Restoring the density-gradient expansion for exchange in solids and surfaces Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 136406
397. Stroppa A and Kresse G 2008 The shortcomings of semi-local and hybrid functionals: what we can learn from surface science studies New J. Phys. 10 063020
398. Zhao Y and Truhlar D G 2008 Exploring the limit of accuracy of the global hybrid meta density functional for main-group thermochemistry, kinetics, and noncovalent interactions J. Chem. Theory Comput. 4 1849-68
399. Cramer C J and Truhlar D G 2009 Density functional theory for transition metals and transition metal chemistry Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11 10757-816
400. Haas P, Tran F and Blaha P 2009 Calculation of the lattice constant of solids with semilocal functionals Phys. Rev. B 79 085104
401. Perdew J P, Ruzsinszky A, Csonka G I, Constantin L A and Sun J 2009 Workhorse semilocal density functional for condensed matter physics and quantum chemistry Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 026403
402. Schimka L, Harl J, Stroppa A, Gruneis A, Marsman M, Mittendorfer F and Kresse G 2010 Accurate surface and adsorption energies from many-body perturbation theory Nat. Mater. 9 741-4
403. Goerigk L and Grimme S 2011 A thorough benchmark of density functional methods for general main group thermochemistry, kinetics, and noncovalent interactions Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 6670-88
404. Klimes J, Bowler D R and Michaelides A 2011 Van der Waals density functionals applied to solids Phys. Rev. B 83 195131
405. Cohen A J, Mori-Sanchez P and Yang W 2012 Challenges for density functional theory Chem. Rev. 112 289-320
406. Sun J W, Xiao B, Fang Y, Haunschild R, Hao P, Ruzsinszky A, Csonka G I, Scuseria G E and Perdew J P 2013 Density functionals that recognize covalent, metallic, and weak bonds Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 106401
407. Becke A D 2014 Perspective: Fifty years of density-functional theory in chemical physics J. Chem. Phys. 140 18A301
408. Perdew J P, Ruzsinszky A, Sun J and Burke K 2014 Gedanken densities and exact constraints in density functional theory J. Chem. Phys. 140 18A533
409. Sun J, Ruzsinszky A and Perdew J P 2015 Strongly constrained and appropriately normed semilocal density functional Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 036402
410. Johansson M P, Lechtken A, Schooss D, Kappes M M and Furche F 2008 2D-3D transition of gold cluster anions resolved Phys. Rev. A 77 053202
411. Li Z Y, Young N P, Di Vece M, Palomba S, Palmer R E, Bleloch A L, Curley B C, Johnston R L, Jiang J and Yuan J 2008 3D atomic-scale structure of size-selected gold nanoclusters Nature 451 46-U42
412. Goris B, Bals S, Van den Broek W, Carbo-Argibay E, Gomez-Grana S, Liz-Marzan L M and Van Tendeloo G 2012 Atomic-scale determination of surface facets in gold nanorods Nat. Mater. 11 930-5
413. Bals S, Van Aert S and Van Tendeloo G 2013 High resolution electron tomography Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sc. 17 107-14
414. Goris B, De Backer A, Van Aert S, Gomez-Grana S, Liz-Marzan L M, Van Tendeloo G and Bals S 2013 3D elemental mapping at the atomic scale in bimetallic nanocrystals Nano Lett. 13 4236-41
415. Van Aert S, De Backer A, Martinez G T, Goris B, Bals S, Van Tendeloo G and Rosenauer A 2013 Procedure to count atoms with trustworthy single-atom sensitivity Phys. Rev. B 87 064107
416. Chen C-C, Zhu C, White E R, Chiu C-Y, Scott M C, Regan B C, Marks L D, Huang Y and Miao J 2013 3D imaging of dislocations in a nanoparticle at atomic resolution Nature 496 74-7
417. Bals S, Goris B, Altantzis T, Heidari H, Van Aert S and Van Tendeloo G 2014 Seeing and measuring in 3D with electrons C. R. Phys. 15 140-50
418. Bals S, Goris B, Liz-Marzan L M and Van Tendeloo G 2014 3D Characterization of noble-metal nanoparticles and their assemblies by electron tomography Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 10600-10
419. Zhu C, Chen C C, Du J C, Sawaya M R, Scott M C, Ercius P, Ciston J and Miao J W 2013 Towards 3D structural determination of amorphous materials at atomic resolution Phys. Rev. B 88 100201
420. Zhang B and Su D S 2013 Electron tomography: 3D imaging of real crystal structures at atomic resolution Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 52 8504-6
421. Leary R, Saghi Z, Midgley P A and Holland D J 2013 Compressed sensing electron tomography Ultramicroscopy 131 70-91
422. Goris B, Turner S, Bals S and Van Tendeloo G 2014 3D valency mapping in ceria nanocrystals ACS Nano 8 10878-84
423. Midgley P A and Thomas J M 2014 Multi-dimensional electron microscopy Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 53 8614-7
424. Van den Broek W, Rosenauer A, Van Aert S, Sijbers J and Van Dyck D 2014 A memory efficient method for fully 3D object reconstruction with HAADF STEM Ultramicroscopy 141 22-31
425. Willhammar T, Mayoral A and Zou X 2014 3D reconstruction of atomic structures from high angle annular dark field (HAADF) STEM images and its application on zeolite silicalite-1 Dalton Trans. 43 14158-63
426. Xu R et al 2015 3D coordinates of individual atoms in materials revealed by electron tomography Nat. Mater. 14 1099-103
427. Marks L D 1983 Direct imaging of carbon-covered and clean gold (1 1 0) surfaces Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 1000-2
428. Marks L D and Smith D J 1983 Direct surface imaging in small metal particles Nature 303 316-7
429. Marks L D 1984 High-resolution surface imaging Acta Crystallogr. A 40 C390
430. Marks L D 1984 Direct atomic imaging of solid-surfaces.1. Image simulation and interpretation Surf. Sci. 139 281-98
431. Marks L D, Heine V and Smith D J 1984 Direct observation of elastic and plastic-deformations at Au(1 1 1) surfaces Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 656-8
432. Marks L D and Smith D J 1984 Direct atomic imaging of solid-surfaces.2. Gold (1 1 1) surfaces during and after in situ carbon etching Surf. Sci. 143 495-508