Integrative neurobiology of metabolic diseases, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration

Frontiers in Neuroscience

Volumn 9, Issue APR, 2015, Pages

  van Dijk, Gertjan ^a   van Heijningen, S ^a   Reijne, A C ^a,c   Nyakas, C ^b   van der Zee, E A ^b   Eisel, U L M ^b,c  

^a Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aging; Alzheimer's disease; Blood brain barrier; Metabolic syndrome; Neuroinflammation; Obesity; Tnf; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E; CYTOKINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; PRESENILIN 1; SATURATED FATTY ACID; SUGAR; TAU PROTEIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULT; AGED; AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM SLEEP DISORDER; CYTOKINE RELEASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE COURSE; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; ONSET AGE; PAIRED HELICAL FILAMENT; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE; SENESCENCE; STRESS; SUGAR INTAKE; SYSTEMS BIOLOGY;

EID: 84928746179     PISSN: 16624548     EISSN: 1662453X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00173     Document Type: Article

References (281)

1. World Health Organization, Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet 311, 2015.
2. World Health Organization, Diabetes. Fact sheet 312, 2015.
3. L.A. Profenno, A.P. Porsteinsson, and S.V. Faraone, Meta-analysis of Alzheimer's disease risk with obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Biological psychiatry 67 (2010) 505-12.
4. S. Craft, Insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: age- and obesity-related effects on memory, amyloid, and inflammation. Neurobiology of aging 26 Suppl 1 (2005) 65-9.
5. R. Brookmeyer, E. Johnson, K. Ziegler-Graham, and H.M. Arrighi, Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer's Association 3 (2007) 186-91.
6. D. Vykoukal, and M.G. Davies, Vascular biology of metabolic syndrome. Journal of vascular surgery 54 (2011) 819-31.
7. B. Gustafson, Adipose tissue, inflammation and atherosclerosis. Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 17 (2010) 332-41.
8. C.E. Hanzel, A. Pichet-Binette, L.S. Pimentel, M.F. Iulita, S. Allard, A. Ducatenzeiler, S. Do Carmo, and A.C. Cuello, Neuronal driven pre-plaque inflammation in a transgenic rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of aging 35 (2014) 2249-62.
9. C. Nathan, Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420 (2002) 846-52.
10. O. Takeuchi, and S. Akira, Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140 (2010) 805-20.
11. Z. Kmiec, Cooperation of liver cells in health and disease. Advances in anatomy, embryology, and cell biology 161 (2001) III-XIII, 1-151.
12. P.C. Rath, and B.B. Aggarwal, TNF-induced signaling in apoptosis. Journal of clinical immunology 19 (1999) 350-64.
13. B.W. Winston, P.M. Krein, C. Mowat, and Y. Huang, Cytokine-induced macrophage differentiation: a tale of 2 genes. Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale 22 (1999) 236-55.
14. S. Gupta, R. Bi, C. Kim, S. Chiplunkar, L. Yel, and S. Gollapudi, Role of NFkappaB signaling pathway in increased tumor necrosis factor-alphainduced apoptosis of lymphocytes in aged humans. Cell death and differentiation 12 (2005) 177-83.
15. M.S. Bitar, Insulin and glucocorticoid-dependent suppression of the IGF-I system in diabetic wounds. Surgery 127 (2000) 687-95.
16. V. Dunaiski, and D.A. Belford, Contribution of circulating IGF-I to wound repair in GH-treated rats. Growth hormone & IGF research: official journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International IGF Research Society 12 (2002) 381-7.
17. S.N. Rajpathak, M.J. Gunter, J. Wylie-Rosett, G.Y. Ho, R.C. Kaplan, R. Muzumdar, T.E. Rohan, and H.D. Strickler, The role of insulin-like growth factor-I and its binding proteins in glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 25 (2009) 3-12.
18. K.P. Singh, R. Prasad, P.S. Chari, and R.J. Dash, Effect of growth hormone therapy in burn patients on conservative treatment. Burns: journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries 24 (1998) 733-8.
19. A.M. Barcia, and H.W. Harris, Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as agents of innate immunity. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 41 Suppl 7 (2005) S498-503.
20. H.W. Harris, J.E. Gosnell, and Z.L. Kumwenda, The lipemia of sepsis: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as agents of innate immunity. Journal of endotoxin research 6 (2000) 421-30.
21. S. Ogawa, J. Lozach, C. Benner, G. Pascual, R.K. Tangirala, S. Westin, A. Hoffmann, S. Subramaniam, M. David, M.G. Rosenfeld, and C.K. Glass, Molecular determinants of crosstalk between nuclear receptors and tolllike receptors. Cell 122 (2005) 707-21.
22. S. Bhattacharyya, D.E. Brown, J.A. Brewer, S.K. Vogt, and L.J. Muglia, Macrophage glucocorticoid receptors regulate Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory responses by selective inhibition of p38 MAP kinase. Blood 109 (2007) 4313-9.
23. G. Tulipano, J.E. Taylor, H.A. Halem, R. Datta, J.Z. Dong, M.D. Culler, I. Bianchi, D. Cocchi, and A. Giustina, Glucocorticoid inhibition of growth in rats: partial reversal with the full-length ghrelin analog BIM-28125. Pituitary 10 (2007) 267-74.
24. A. Castrillo, and P. Tontonoz, Nuclear receptors in macrophage biology: at the crossroads of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Annual review of cell and developmental biology 20 (2004) 455-80.
25. E. Esteve, W. Ricart, and J.M. Fernandez-Real, Dyslipidemia and inflammation: an evolutionary conserved mechanism. Clin.Nutr. 24 (2005) 16-31.
26. R.W. Grant, and V.D. Dixit, Adipose tissue as an immunological organ. Obesity (2015).
27. P. Dandona, A. Aljada, and A. Bandyopadhyay, Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends in immunology 25 (2004) 4-7.
28. G.C. Kennedy, The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing papers of a Biological character. Royal Society 140 (1953) 578-96.
29. Y. Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold, and J.M. Friedman, Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 372 (1994) 425-32.
30. M.W. Schwartz, S.C. Woods, D. Porte, Jr., R.J. Seeley, and D.G. Baskin, Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404 (2000) 661-71.
31. Q. Gao, and T.L. Horvath, Neuronal control of energy homeostasis. FEBS letters 582 (2008) 132-41.
32. L.M. Zeltser, R.J. Seeley, and M.H. Tschop, Synaptic plasticity in neuronal circuits regulating energy balance. Nature neuroscience 15 (2012) 1336-42.
33. K.C. Berridge, 'Liking' and 'wanting' food rewards: brain substrates and roles in eating disorders. Physiology & behavior 97 (2009) 537-50.
34. H.R. Berthoud, Metabolic and hedonic drives in the neural control of appetite: who is the boss? Current opinion in neurobiology 21 (2011) 888-96.
35. I.S. Farooqi, E. Bullmore, J. Keogh, J. Gillard, S. O'Rahilly, and P.C. Fletcher, Leptin regulates striatal regions and human eating behavior. Science 317 (2007) 1355.
36. J.F. Davis, D.L. Choi, and S.C. Benoit, Insulin, leptin and reward. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 21 (2010) 68-74.
37. E.J. McAllister, N.V. Dhurandhar, S.W. Keith, L.J. Aronne, J. Barger, M. Baskin, R.M. Benca, J. Biggio, M.M. Boggiano, J.C. Eisenmann, M. Elobeid, K.R. Fontaine, P. Gluckman, E.C. Hanlon, P. Katzmarzyk, A. Pietrobelli, D.T. Redden, D.M. Ruden, C. Wang, R.A. Waterland, S.M. Wright, and D.B. Allison, Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 49 (2009) 868-913.
38. M.V. Chakravarthy, and F.W. Booth, Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases. Journal of applied physiology 96 (2004) 3-10.
39. M.F. Dallman, A.M. Strack, S.F. Akana, M.J. Bradbury, E.S. Hanson, K.A. Scribner, and M. Smith, Feast and famine: critical role of glucocorticoids with insulin in daily energy flow. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology 14 (1993) 303-47.
40. J.R. Speakman, Thrifty genes for obesity and the metabolic syndrome--time to call off the search? Diabetes & vascular disease research: official journal of the International Society of Diabetes and Vascular Disease 3 (2006) 7-11.
41. B.G. Hoebel, N.M. Avena, M.E. Bocarsly, and P. Rada, Natural addiction: a behavioral and circuit model based on sugar addiction in rats. Journal of addiction medicine 3 (2009) 33-41.
42. N.M. Avena, Examining the addictive-like properties of binge eating using an animal model of sugar dependence. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology 15 (2007) 481-91.
43. M. Rosenbaum, and R.L. Leibel, 20 years of leptin: role of leptin in energy homeostasis in humans. The Journal of endocrinology 223 (2014) T83-96.
44. P.A. Permana, C. Menge, and P.D. Reaven, Macrophage-secreted factors induce adipocyte inflammation and insulin resistance. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 341 (2006) 507-14.
45. G.H. Goossens, and E.E. Blaak, Adipose tissue oxygen tension: implications for chronic metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 15 (2012) 539-46.
46. J. Ye, Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance. International journal of obesity 33 (2009) 54-66.
47. I.S. Wood, F.P. de Heredia, B. Wang, and P. Trayhurn, Cellular hypoxia and adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 68 (2009) 370-7.
48. J.N. Fain, Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells. Vitamins and hormones 74 (2006) 443-77.
49. C. Tsigos, I. Kyrou, E. Chala, P. Tsapogas, J.C. Stavridis, S.A. Raptis, and N. Katsilambros, Circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations are higher in abdominal versus peripheral obesity. Metabolism 48 (1999) 1332-1335.
50. G.S. Hotamisligil, P. Arner, J.F. Caro, R.L. Atkinson, and B.M. Spiegelman, Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J.Clin.Invest 95 (1995) 2409-2415.
51. D.A. Winer, S. Winer, L. Shen, P.P. Wadia, J. Yantha, G. Paltser, H. Tsui, P. Wu, M.G. Davidson, M.N. Alonso, H.X. Leong, A. Glassford, M. Caimol, J.A. Kenkel, T.F. Tedder, T. McLaughlin, D.B. Miklos, H.M. Dosch, and E.G. Engleman, B cells promote insulin resistance through modulation of T cells and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies. Nature medicine 17 (2011) 610-7.
52. B. Wang, and P. Trayhurn, Acute and prolonged effects of TNF-alpha on the expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines by human adipocytes differentiated in culture. Pflugers Archiv: European journal of physiology 452 (2006) 418-27.
53. A.S. Greenberg, and M.S. Obin, Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. The American journal of clinical nutrition 83 (2006) 461S-465S.
54. L. Lionetti, M.P. Mollica, A. Lombardi, G. Cavaliere, G. Gifuni, and A. Barletta, From chronic overnutrition to insulin resistance: the role of fat-storing capacity and inflammation. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases: NMCD 19 (2009) 146-52.
55. T. Yamauchi, K. Hara, N. Kubota, Y. Terauchi, K. Tobe, P. Froguel, R. Nagai, and T. Kadowaki, Dual roles of adiponectin/Acrp30 in vivo as an antidiabetic and anti-atherogenic adipokine. Current drug targets. Immune, endocrine and metabolic disorders 3 (2003) 243-54.
56. K. Hojlund, J. Frystyk, K. Levin, A. Flyvbjerg, J.F. Wojtaszewski, and H. Beck-Nielsen, Reduced plasma adiponectin concentrations may contribute to impaired insulin activation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 49 (2006) 1283-91.
57. T. Yamauchi, J. Kamon, H. Waki, Y. Terauchi, N. Kubota, K. Hara, Y. Mori, T. Ide, K. Murakami, N. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, O. Ezaki, Y. Akanuma, O. Gavrilova, C. Vinson, M.L. Reitman, H. Kagechika, K. Shudo, M. Yoda, Y. Nakano, K. Tobe, R. Nagai, S. Kimura, M. Tomita, P. Froguel, and T. Kadowaki, The fat-derived hormone adiponectin reverses insulin resistance associated with both lipoatrophy and obesity. Nature medicine 7 (2001) 941-6.
58. K. Yamane, H. Ihn, Y. Asano, M. Jinnin, and K. Tamaki, Antagonistic effects of TNF-alpha on TGF-beta signaling through down-regulation of TGF-beta receptor type II in human dermal fibroblasts. Journal of immunology 171 (2003) 3855-62.
59. F.M. Brennan, P. Green, P. Amjadi, H.J. Robertshaw, M. Alvarez-Iglesias, and M. Takata, Interleukin-10 regulates TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM-17) involving a TIMP-3 dependent and independent mechanism. European journal of immunology 38 (2008) 1106-17.
60. S. Dhingra, A.K. Sharma, R.C. Arora, J. Slezak, and P.K. Singal, IL-10 attenuates TNF-alpha-induced NF kappaB pathway activation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Cardiovascular research 82 (2009) 59-66.
61. B. Balasa, A. La Cava, K. Van Gunst, L. Mocnik, D. Balakrishna, N. Nguyen, L. Tucker, and N. Sarvetnick, A mechanism for IL-10-mediated diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse: ICAM-1 deficiency blocks accelerated diabetes. Journal of immunology 165 (2000) 7330-7.
62. K.R. Feingold, S. Adi, I. Staprans, A.H. Moser, R. Neese, J.A. Verdier, W. Doerrler, and C. Grunfeld, Diet affects the mechanisms by which TNF stimulates hepatic triglyceride production. The American journal of physiology 259 (1990) E177-84.
63. J. Salles, N. Tardif, J.F. Landrier, I. Mothe-Satney, C. Guillet, C. Boue-Vaysse, L. Combaret, C. Giraudet, V. Patrac, J. Bertrand-Michel, P. Denis, J.M. Chardigny, Y. Boirie, and S. Walrand, TNFalpha gene knockout differentially affects lipid deposition in liver and skeletal muscle of highfat-diet mice. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 23 (2012) 1685-93.
64. C. Popa, M.G. Netea, P.L. van Riel, J.W. van der Meer, and A.F. Stalenhoef, The role of TNF-alpha in chronic inflammatory conditions, intermediary metabolism, and cardiovascular risk. J.Lipid Res. 48 (2007) 751-762.
65. M. Vaz, G. Jennings, A. Turner, H. Cox, G. Lambert, and M. Esler, Regional sympathetic nervous activity and oxygen consumption in obese normotensive human subjects. Circulation 96 (1997) 3423-9.
66. G. Grassi, A. Facchini, F.Q. Trevano, R. Dell'Oro, F. Arenare, F. Tana, G. Bolla, A. Monzani, M. Robuschi, and G. Mancia, Obstructive sleep apneadependent and -independent adrenergic activation in obesity. Hypertension 46 (2005) 321-5.
67. L.J. Arrone, R. Mackintosh, M. Rosenbaum, R.L. Leibel, and J. Hirsch, Cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in obese and never-obese young men. Obesity research 5 (1997) 354-9.
68. L. de Jonge, E.A. Moreira, C.K. Martin, E. Ravussin, and C.T. Pennington, Impact of 6-month caloric restriction on autonomic nervous system activity in healthy, overweight, individuals. Obesity 18 (2010) 414-6.
69. I. Skrapari, N. Tentolouris, D. Perrea, C. Bakoyiannis, A. Papazafiropoulou, and N. Katsilambros, Baroreflex sensitivity in obesity: relationship with cardiac autonomic nervous system activity. Obesity 15 (2007) 1685-93.
70. B.E. Levin, Sympathetic activity, age, sucrose preference, and diet-induced obesity. Obesity research 1 (1993) 281-7.
71. P. Bjorntorp, Metabolic implications of body fat distribution. Diabetes care 14 (1991) 1132-43.
72. L. Benthem, K. Keizer, C.H. Wiegman, S.F. de Boer, J.H. Strubbe, A.B. Steffens, F. Kuipers, and A.J. Scheurink, Excess portal venous long-chain fatty acids induce syndrome X via HPA axis and sympathetic activation. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 279 (2000) E1286-93.
73. I.S. Jang, D.Y. Hwang, K.R. Chae, J.E. Lee, Y.K. Kim, T.S. Kang, J.H. Hwang, C.H. Lim, Y.B. Huh, and J.S. Cho, Role of dietary fat type in the development of adiposity from dietary obesity-susceptible Sprague-Dawley rats. The British journal of nutrition 89 (2003) 429-38.
74. R.H. Unger, and P.E. Scherer, Gluttony, sloth and the metabolic syndrome: a roadmap to lipotoxicity. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 21 (2010) 345-52.
75. Y.Y. Wang, S.Y. Lin, Y.H. Chuang, C.J. Chen, K.C. Tung, and W.H. Sheu, Adipose proinflammatory cytokine expression through sympathetic system is associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in a rat ischemic stroke model. Am.J.Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 300 (2011) E155-E163.
76. K.J. Tracey, Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. J.Clin.Invest 117 (2007) 289-296.
77. P.G. Luiten, G.J. ter Horst, H. Karst, and A.B. Steffens, The course of paraventricular hypothalamic efferents to autonomic structures in medulla and spinal cord. Brain research 329 (1985) 374-8.
78. J.S. Marino, Y. Xu, and J.W. Hill, Central insulin and leptin-mediated autonomic control of glucose homeostasis. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 22 (2011) 275-85.
79. X.Q. Xiong, W.W. Chen, Y. Han, Y.B. Zhou, F. Zhang, X.Y. Gao, and G.Q. Zhu, Enhanced adipose afferent reflex contributes to sympathetic activation in diet-induced obesity hypertension. Hypertension 60 (2012) 1280-6.
80. C.X. Yi, O. Al-Massadi, E. Donelan, M. Lehti, J. Weber, C. Ress, C. Trivedi, T.D. Muller, S.C. Woods, and S.M. Hofmann, Exercise protects against high-fat diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Physiol Behav. 106 (2012) 485-490.
81. J.P. Thaler, C.X. Yi, E.A. Schur, S.J. Guyenet, B.H. Hwang, M.O. Dietrich, X. Zhao, D.A. Sarruf, V. Izgur, K.R. Maravilla, H.T. Nguyen, J.D. Fischer, M.E. Matsen, B.E. Wisse, G.J. Morton, T.L. Horvath, D.G. Baskin, M.H. Tschop, and M.W. Schwartz, Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. J.Clin.Invest 122 (2012) 153-162.
82. H. Neumann, M.R. Kotter, and R.J. Franklin, Debris clearance by microglia: an essential link between degeneration and regeneration. Brain: a journal of neurology 132 (2009) 288-95.
83. A.P. Signore, F. Zhang, Z. Weng, Y. Gao, and J. Chen, Leptin neuroprotection in the CNS: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Journal of neurochemistry 106 (2008) 1977-90.
84. K. Akassoglou, L. Probert, G. Kontogeorgos, and G. Kollias, Astrocyte-specific but not neuron-specific transmembrane TNF triggers inflammation and degeneration in the central nervous system of transgenic mice. Journal of immunology 158 (1997) 438-45.
85. P.K. Picardi, A.M. Caricilli, L.L. de Abreu, J.B. Carvalheira, L.A. Velloso, and M.J. Saad, Modulation of hypothalamic PTP1B in the TNF-alpha-induced insulin and leptin resistance. FEBS letters 584 (2010) 3179-84.
86. C.T. De Souza, E.P. Araujo, S. Bordin, R. Ashimine, R.L. Zollner, A.C. Boschero, M.J. Saad, and L.A. Velloso, Consumption of a fat-rich diet activates a proinflammatory response and induces insulin resistance in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 146 (2005) 4192-9.
87. K.A. Posey, D.J. Clegg, R.L. Printz, J. Byun, G.J. Morton, A. Vivekanandan-Giri, S. Pennathur, D.G. Baskin, J.W. Heinecke, S.C. Woods, M.W. Schwartz, and K.D. Niswender, Hypothalamic proinflammatory lipid accumulation, inflammation, and insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 296 (2009) E1003-12.
88. J.P. Thaler, and M.W. Schwartz, Minireview: Inflammation and obesity pathogenesis: the hypothalamus heats up. Endocrinology 151 (2010) 4109-15.
89. C.N. Lumeng, and A.R. Saltiel, Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. The Journal of clinical investigation 121 (2011) 2111-7.
90. W.A. Banks, A.J. Kastin, W. Huang, J.B. Jaspan, and L.M. Maness, Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin. Peptides 17 (1996) 305-11.
91. R.V. Considine, M.K. Sinha, M.L. Heiman, A. Kriauciunas, T.W. Stephens, M.R. Nyce, J.P. Ohannesian, C.C. Marco, L.J. McKee, T.L. Bauer, and et al., Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. The New England journal of medicine 334 (1996) 292-5.
92. W.A. Banks, A.B. Coon, S.M. Robinson, A. Moinuddin, J.M. Shultz, R. Nakaoke, and J.E. Morley, Triglycerides induce leptin resistance at the blood-brain barrier. Diabetes 53 (2004) 1253-60.
93. K.J. Kaiyala, R.L. Prigeon, S.E. Kahn, S.C. Woods, and M.W. Schwartz, Obesity induced by a high-fat diet is associated with reduced brain insulin transport in dogs. Diabetes 49 (2000) 1525-33.
94. D.G. Baskin, L.J. Stein, H. Ikeda, S.C. Woods, D.P. Figlewicz, D. Porte, Jr., M.R. Greenwood, and D.M. Dorsa, Genetically obese Zucker rats have abnormally low brain insulin content. Life sciences 36 (1985) 627-33.
95. A. Urayama, and W.A. Banks, Starvation and triglycerides reverse the obesity-induced impairment of insulin transport at the blood-brain barrier. Endocrinology 149 (2008) 3592-7.
96. E.R. Seaquist, G.S. Damberg, I. Tkac, and R. Gruetter, The effect of insulin on in vivo cerebral glucose concentrations and rates of glucose transport/metabolism in humans. Diabetes 50 (2001) 2203-9.
97. A.B. Patel, J.C. Lai, G.M. Chowdhury, F. Hyder, D.L. Rothman, R.G. Shulman, and K.L. Behar, Direct evidence for activity-dependent glucose phosphorylation in neurons with implications for the astrocyte-to-neuron lactate shuttle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (2014) 5385-90.
98. P.J. Magistretti, and L. Pellerin, Cellular mechanisms of brain energy metabolism and their relevance to functional brain imaging. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 354 (1999) 1155-63.
99. G. Winocur, C.E. Greenwood, G.G. Piroli, C.A. Grillo, L.R. Reznikov, L.P. Reagan, and B.S. McEwen, Memory impairment in obese Zucker rats: an investigation of cognitive function in an animal model of insulin resistance and obesity. Behavioral neuroscience 119 (2005) 1389-95.
100. B.S. McEwen, and L.P. Reagan, Glucose transporter expression in the central nervous system: relationship to synaptic function. European journal of pharmacology 490 (2004) 13-24.
101. P. Doyle, F. Rohner-Jeanrenaud, and B. Jeanrenaud, Local cerebral glucose utilization in brains of lean and genetically obese (fa/fa) rats. The American journal of physiology 264 (1993) E29-36.
102. J.I. Malone, S. Hanna, S. Saporta, R.F. Mervis, C.R. Park, L. Chong, and D.M. Diamond, Hyperglycemia not hypoglycemia alters neuronal dendrites and impairs spatial memory. Pediatric diabetes 9 (2008) 531-9.
103. P.S. Koekkoek, G.E. Rutten, and G.J. Biessels, Cognitive disorders in diabetic patients. Handbook of clinical neurology 126 (2014) 145-66.
104. M. Kooistra, M.I. Geerlings, W.P. Mali, K.L. Vincken, Y. van der Graaf, G.J. Biessels, and S.-M.S. Group, Diabetes mellitus and progression of vascular brain lesions and brain atrophy in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease. The SMART-MR study. Journal of the neurological sciences 332 (2013) 69-74.
105. C.A. Grillo, G.G. Piroli, D.R. Rosell, E.K. Hoskin, B.S. McEwen, and L.P. Reagan, Region specific increases in oxidative stress and superoxide dismutase in the hippocampus of diabetic rats subjected to stress. Neuroscience 121 (2003) 133-40.
106. T.L. Davidson, A. Monnot, A.U. Neal, A.A. Martin, J.J. Horton, and W. Zheng, The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal-dependent discrimination performance and blood-brain barrier integrity differ for diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats. Physiology & behavior 107 (2012) 26-33.
107. L.R. Freeman, V. Haley-Zitlin, D.S. Rosenberger, and A.C. Granholm, Damaging effects of a high-fat diet to the brain and cognition: a review of proposed mechanisms. Nutritional neuroscience 17 (2014) 241-51.
108. S. Fitzpatrick, S. Gilbert, and L. Serpell, Systematic review: are overweight and obese individuals impaired on behavioural tasks of executive functioning? Neuropsychology review 23 (2013) 138-56.
109. U. Vainik, A. Dagher, L. Dube, and L.K. Fellows, Neurobehavioural correlates of body mass index and eating behaviours in adults: a systematic review. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 37 (2013) 279-99.
110. W.A. Banks, Blood-brain barrier transport of cytokines: a mechanism for neuropathology. Current pharmaceutical design 11 (2005) 973-84.
111. Y. Wang, K.S. Lam, E.W. Kraegen, G. Sweeney, J. Zhang, A.W. Tso, W.S. Chow, N.M. Wat, J.Y. Xu, R.L. Hoo, and A. Xu, Lipocalin-2 is an inflammatory marker closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia in humans. Clinical chemistry 53 (2007) 34-41.
112. E. Song, P. Fan, B. Huang, H.B. Deng, B.M. Cheung, M. Feletou, J.P. Vilaine, N. Villeneuve, A. Xu, P.M. Vanhoutte, and Y. Wang, Deamidated lipocalin-2 induces endothelial dysfunction and hypertension in dietary obese mice. Journal of the American Heart Association 3 (2014) e000837.
113. W. Pan, K.P. Stone, H. Hsuchou, V.K. Manda, Y. Zhang, and A.J. Kastin, Cytokine signaling modulates blood-brain barrier function. Current pharmaceutical design 17 (2011) 3729-40.
114. M. Gavillet, I. Allaman, and P.J. Magistretti, Modulation of astrocytic metabolic phenotype by proinflammatory cytokines. Glia 56 (2008) 975-89.
115. T. Lu, Y. Pan, S.Y. Kao, C. Li, I. Kohane, J. Chan, and B.A. Yankner, Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain. Nature 429 (2004) 883-91.
116. L.R. Freeman, L. Zhang, A. Nair, K. Dasuri, J. Francis, S.O. Fernandez-Kim, A.J. Bruce-Keller, and J.N. Keller, Obesity increases cerebrocortical reactive oxygen species and impairs brain function. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 56 (2013) 226-233.
117. A.M. Tolppanen, T. Ngandu, I. Kareholt, T. Laatikainen, M. Rusanen, H. Soininen, and M. Kivipelto, Midlife and late-life body mass index and late life dementia: results from a prospective population-based cohort. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD 38 (2014) 201-9.
118. W.L. Xu, A.R. Atti, M. Gatz, N.L. Pedersen, B. Johansson, and L. Fratiglioni, Midlife overweight and obesity increase late-life dementia risk: a population-based twin study. Neurology 76 (2011) 1568-74.
119. O.N. C, PI3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling: impaired on/off switches in aging, cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Experimental gerontology 48 (2013) 647-53.
120. K.K. Ho, and D.M. Hoffman, Aging and growth hormone. Hormone research 40 (1993) 80-6.
121. J.D. Veldhuis, D.L. Metzger, P.M. Martha, Jr., N. Mauras, J.R. Kerrigan, B. Keenan, A.D. Rogol, and S.M. Pincus, Estrogen and testosterone, but not a nonaromatizable androgen, direct network integration of the hypothalamo-somatotrope (growth hormone)-insulin-like growth factor I axis in the human: evidence from pubertal pathophysiology and sexsteroid hormone replacement. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 82 (1997) 3414-20.
122. A. Bartke, Growth hormone and aging: a challenging controversy. Clinical interventions in aging 3 (2008) 659-65.
123. M.V. Blagosklonny, Big mice die young but large animals live longer. Aging 5 (2013) 227-33.
124. N. Vahl, J.O. Jorgensen, C. Skjaerbaek, J.D. Veldhuis, H. Orskov, and J.S. Christiansen, Abdominal adiposity rather than age and sex predicts mass and regularity of GH secretion in healthy adults. The American journal of physiology 272 (1997) E1108-16.
125. F. Cordido, J. Garcia-Buela, S. Sangiao-Alvarellos, T. Martinez, and O. Vidal, The decreased growth hormone response to growth hormone releasing hormone in obesity is associated to cardiometabolic risk factors. Mediators of inflammation 2010 (2010) 434562.
126. H. Makimura, T. Stanley, D. Mun, S.M. You, and S. Grinspoon, The effects of central adiposity on growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone-arginine stimulation testing in men. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 93 (2008) 4254-60.
127. F.J. Steyn, T.Y. Xie, L. Huang, S.T. Ngo, J.D. Veldhuis, M.J. Waters, and C. Chen, Increased adiposity and insulin correlates with the progressive suppression of pulsatile GH secretion during weight gain. The Journal of endocrinology 218 (2013) 233-44.
128. A.K. Dubey, A. Hanukoglu, B.C. Hansen, and A.A. Kowarski, Metabolic clearance rates of synthetic human growth hormone in lean and obese male rhesus monkeys. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 67 (1988) 1064-7.
129. I. Ahmad, A.W. Steggles, A.J. Carrillo, and J.A. Finkelstein, Obesity- and sexrelated alterations in growth hormone messenger RNA levels. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 65 (1989) 103-9.
130. S.C. Woods, R.J. Seeley, P.A. Rushing, D. D'Alessio, and P. Tso, A controlled high-fat diet induces an obese syndrome in rats. The Journal of nutrition 133 (2003) 1081-7.
131. S.P. Sebert, G. Lecannu, F. Kozlowski, B. Siliart, J.M. Bard, M. Krempf, and M.M. Champ, Childhood obesity and insulin resistance in a Yucatan mini piglet model: putative roles of IGF-1 and muscle PPARs in adipose tissue activity and development. International journal of obesity 29 (2005) 324-33.
132. J.H. Kranzler, A.L. Rosenbloom, V. Martinez, and J. Guevara-Aguirre, Normal intelligence with severe insulin-like growth factor I deficiency due to growth hormone receptor deficiency: a controlled study in a genetically homogeneous population. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 83 (1998) 1953-8.
133. R.C. Li, S.Z. Guo, M. Raccurt, E. Moudilou, G. Morel, K.R. Brittian, and D. Gozal, Exogenous growth hormone attenuates cognitive deficits induced by intermittent hypoxia in rats. Neuroscience 196 (2011) 237-50.
134. W.A. Banks, J.E. Morley, S.A. Farr, T.O. Price, N. Ercal, I. Vidaurre, and A.V. Schally, Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist on telomerase activity, oxidative stress, longevity, and aging in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (2010) 22272-7.
135. E. Enhamre-Brolin, A. Carlsson, M. Hallberg, and F. Nyberg, Growth hormone reverses streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairments in male mice. Behavioural brain research 238 (2013) 273-8.
136. A. Scheepens, E.S. Sirimanne, B.H. Breier, R.G. Clark, P.D. Gluckman, and C.E. Williams, Growth hormone as a neuronal rescue factor during recovery from CNS injury. Neuroscience 104 (2001) 677-87.
137. T. Winkler, H.S. Sharma, E. Stalberg, R.D. Badgaiyan, J. Westman, and F. Nyberg, Growth hormone attenuates alterations in spinal cord evoked potentials and cell injury following trauma to the rat spinal cord. An experimental study using topical application of rat growth hormone. Amino acids 19 (2000) 363-71.
138. M. Hanci, C. Kuday, and S.A. Oguzoglu, The effects of synthetic growth hormone on spinal cord injury. Journal of neurosurgical sciences 38 (1994) 43-9.
139. J. Garcia-Aragon, P.E. Lobie, G.E. Muscat, K.S. Gobius, G. Norstedt, and M.J. Waters, Prenatal expression of the growth hormone (GH) receptor/binding protein in the rat: a role for GH in embryonic and fetal development? Development 114 (1992) 869-76.
140. P.E. Lobie, J. Garcia-Aragon, D.T. Lincoln, R. Barnard, J.N. Wilcox, and M.J. Waters, Localization and ontogeny of growth hormone receptor gene expression in the central nervous system. Brain research. Developmental brain research 74 (1993) 225-33.
141. N.D. Aberg, B. Carlsson, L. Rosengren, J. Oscarsson, O.G. Isaksson, L. Ronnback, and P.S. Eriksson, Growth hormone increases connexin-43 expression in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. Endocrinology 141 (2000) 3879-86.
142. D. Aberg, Role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 axis in neurogenesis. Endocrine development 17 (2010) 63-76.
143. A.J. D'Ercole, Insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in growth. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 25 (1996) 573-90.
144. F. Folli, S. Ghidella, L. Bonfanti, C.R. Kahn, and A. Merighi, The early intracellular signaling pathway for the insulin/insulin-like growth factor receptor family in the mammalian central nervous system. Molecular neurobiology 13 (1996) 155-83.
145. H. Yan, M. Mitschelen, G.V. Bixler, R.M. Brucklacher, J.A. Farley, S. Han, W.M. Freeman, and W.E. Sonntag, Circulating IGF1 regulates hippocampal IGF1 levels and brain gene expression during adolescence. The Journal of endocrinology 211 (2011) 27-37.
146. S.E. Park, R. Dantzer, K.W. Kelley, and R.H. McCusker, Central administration of insulin-like growth factor-I decreases depressive-like behavior and brain cytokine expression in mice. Journal of neuroinflammation 8 (2011) 12.
147. H. Zhang, M. Han, X. Zhang, X. Sun, and F. Ling, The effect and mechanism of growth hormone replacement on cognitive function in rats with traumatic brain injury. PloS one 9 (2014) e108518.
148. M.P. Mattson, and T. Magnus, Ageing and neuronal vulnerability. Nature reviews. Neuroscience 7 (2006) 278-94.
149. B. Hattiangady, M.S. Rao, G.A. Shetty, and A.K. Shetty, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein and neuropeptide Y decline as early as middle age in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. Experimental neurology 195 (2005) 353-71.
150. J.L. Trejo, J. Piriz, M.V. Llorens-Martin, A.M. Fernandez, M. Bolos, D. LeRoith, A. Nunez, and I. Torres-Aleman, Central actions of liver-derived insulinlike growth factor I underlying its pro-cognitive effects. Molecular psychiatry 12 (2007) 1118-28.
151. O. Takach, T.B. Gill, and M.A. Silverman, Modulation of insulin signaling rescues BDNF transport defects independent of tau in amyloid-beta oligomer-treated hippocampal neurons. Neurobiology of aging 36 (2015) 1378-82.
152. A.M. Stranahan, E.D. Norman, K. Lee, R.G. Cutler, R.S. Telljohann, J.M. Egan, and M.P. Mattson, Diet-induced insulin resistance impairs hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognition in middle-aged rats. Hippocampus 18 (2008) 1085-8.
153. C.W. Cotman, The role of neurotrophins in brain aging: a perspective in honor of Regino Perez-Polo. Neurochemical research 30 (2005) 877-81.
154. L. Ho, W. Qin, P.N. Pompl, Z. Xiang, J. Wang, Z. Zhao, Y. Peng, G. Cambareri, A. Rocher, C.V. Mobbs, P.R. Hof, and G.M. Pasinetti, Diet-induced insulin resistance promotes amyloidosis in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 18 (2004) 902-4.
155. P. Cras, M. Kawai, D. Lowery, P. Gonzalez-DeWhitt, B. Greenberg, and G. Perry, Senile plaque neurites in Alzheimer disease accumulate amyloid precursor protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 (1991) 7552-6.
156. Y.H. Suh, and F. Checler, Amyloid precursor protein, presenilins, and alphasynuclein: molecular pathogenesis and pharmacological applications in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacological reviews 54 (2002) 469-525.
157. H.W. Querfurth, and F.M. LaFerla, Alzheimer's disease. The New England journal of medicine 362 (2010) 329-44.
158. S.J. Soscia, J.E. Kirby, K.J. Washicosky, S.M. Tucker, M. Ingelsson, B. Hyman, M.A. Burton, L.E. Goldstein, S. Duong, R.E. Tanzi, and R.D. Moir, The Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide. PloS one 5 (2010) e9505.
159. P. Dournaud, P. Delaere, J.J. Hauw, and J. Epelbaum, Differential correlation between neurochemical deficits, neuropathology, and cognitive status in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of aging 16 (1995) 817-23.
160. M. Belkhelfa, H. Rafa, O. Medjeber, A. Arroul-Lammali, N. Behairi, M. Abada-Bendib, M. Makrelouf, S. Belarbi, A.N. Masmoudi, M. Tazir, and C. Touil-Boukoffa, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha are involved during Alzheimer disease progression and correlate with nitric oxide production: a study in Algerian patients. Journal of interferon & cytokine research: the official journal of the International Society for Interferon and Cytokine Research 34 (2014) 839-47.
161. L. Dumery, F. Bourdel, Y. Soussan, A. Fialkowsky, S. Viale, P. Nicolas, and M. Reboud-Ravaux, beta-Amyloid protein aggregation: its implication in the physiopathology of Alzheimer's disease. Pathologie-biologie 49 (2001) 72-85.
162. C.R. Giordano, L.J. Terlecky, A. Bollig-Fischer, P.A. Walton, and S.R. Terlecky, Amyloid-beta neuroprotection mediated by a targeted antioxidant. Scientific reports 4 (2014) 4983.
163. P. Eikelenboom, E. van Exel, J.J. Hoozemans, R. Veerhuis, A.J. Rozemuller, and W.A. van Gool, Neuroinflammation - an early event in both the history and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neuro-degenerative diseases 7 (2010) 38-41.
164. L.B. Jaeger, S. Dohgu, R. Sultana, J.L. Lynch, J.B. Owen, M.A. Erickson, G.N. Shah, T.O. Price, M.A. Fleegal-Demotta, D.A. Butterfield, and W.A. Banks, Lipopolysaccharide alters the blood-brain barrier transport of amyloid beta protein: a mechanism for inflammation in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Brain, behavior, and immunity 23 (2009) 507-17.
165. C.M. Wischik, M. Novak, H.C. Thogersen, P.C. Edwards, M.J. Runswick, R. Jakes, J.E. Walker, C. Milstein, M. Roth, and A. Klug, Isolation of a fragment of tau derived from the core of the paired helical filament of Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85 (1988) 4506-10.
166. K. Santacruz, J. Lewis, T. Spires, J. Paulson, L. Kotilinek, M. Ingelsson, A. Guimaraes, M. DeTure, M. Ramsden, E. McGowan, C. Forster, M. Yue, J. Orne, C. Janus, A. Mariash, M. Kuskowski, B. Hyman, M. Hutton, and K.H. Ashe, Tau suppression in a neurodegenerative mouse model improves memory function. Science 309 (2005) 476-81.
167. P. Eikelenboom, R. Veerhuis, W. Scheper, A.J. Rozemuller, W.A. van Gool, and J.J. Hoozemans, The significance of neuroinflammation in understanding Alzheimer's disease. Journal of neural transmission 113 (2006) 1685-95.
168. A. Familian, R.S. Boshuizen, P. Eikelenboom, and R. Veerhuis, Inhibitory effect of minocycline on amyloid beta fibril formation and human microglial activation. Glia 53 (2006) 233-40.
169. C. Sims-Robinson, B. Kim, A. Rosko, and E.L. Feldman, How does diabetes accelerate Alzheimer disease pathology? Nature reviews. Neurology 6 (2010) 551-9.
170. B. Kim, C. Backus, S. Oh, J.M. Hayes, and E.L. Feldman, Increased tau phosphorylation and cleavage in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinology 150 (2009) 5294-301.
171. Y. Liu, F. Liu, I. Grundke-Iqbal, K. Iqbal, and C.X. Gong, Brain glucose transporters, O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of tau in diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of neurochemistry 111 (2009) 242-9.
172. Y. Takada, X. Fang, M.S. Jamaluddin, D.D. Boyd, and B.B. Aggarwal, Genetic deletion of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta abrogates activation of IkappaBalpha kinase, JNK, Akt, and p44/p42 MAPK but potentiates apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor. The Journal of biological chemistry 279 (2004) 39541-54.
173. K.A. Zettlitz, V. Lorenz, K. Landauer, S. Munkel, A. Herrmann, P. Scheurich, K. Pfizenmaier, and R. Kontermann, ATROSAB, a humanized antagonistic anti-tumor necrosis factor receptor one-specific antibody. mAbs 2 (2010) 639-47.
174. R. Fischer, O. Maier, M. Siegemund, H. Wajant, P. Scheurich, and K. Pfizenmaier, A TNF receptor 2 selective agonist rescues human neurons from oxidative stress-induced cell death. PloS one 6 (2011) e27621.
175. L. Marchetti, M. Klein, K. Schlett, K. Pfizenmaier, and U.L. Eisel, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated neuroprotection against glutamateinduced excitotoxicity is enhanced by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation. Essential role of a TNF receptor 2-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent NF-kappa B pathway. The Journal of biological chemistry 279 (2004) 32869-81.
176. R.E. Kontermann, S. Munkel, J. Neumeyer, D. Muller, M. Branschadel, P. Scheurich, and K. Pfizenmaier, A humanized tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1)-specific antagonistic antibody for selective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) action. Journal of immunotherapy 31 (2008) 225-34.
177. H. Wajant, K. Pfizenmaier, and P. Scheurich, Tumor necrosis factor signaling. Cell death and differentiation 10 (2003) 45-65.
178. J. Inoue, T. Ishida, N. Tsukamoto, N. Kobayashi, A. Naito, S. Azuma, and T. Yamamoto, Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family: adapter proteins that mediate cytokine signaling. Experimental cell research 254 (2000) 14-24.
179. D.E. Moller, Potential role of TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 11 (2000) 212-7.
180. J.M. Bruun, C. Verdich, S. Toubro, A. Astrup, and B. Richelsen, Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. European journal of endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 148 (2003) 535-42.
181. H. Ghanim, S.V. Monte, C.L. Sia, S. Abuaysheh, K. Green, J.A. Caruana, and P. Dandona, Reduction in inflammation and the expression of amyloid precursor protein and other proteins related to Alzheimer's disease following gastric bypass surgery. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 97 (2012) E1197-201.
182. A. Burns, and S. Iliffe, Alzheimer's disease. Bmj 338 (2009) b158.
183. G.J. Landry, and T. Liu-Ambrose, Buying time: a rationale for examining the use of circadian rhythm and sleep interventions to delay progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 6 (2014) 325.
184. H. Braak, and E. Braak, Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta neuropathologica 82 (1991) 239-59.
185. M.L. Schroeter, T. Stein, N. Maslowski, and J. Neumann, Neural correlates of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic and quantitative meta-analysis involving 1351 patients. NeuroImage 47 (2009) 1196-206.
186. R. Brookmeyer, S. Gray, and C. Kawas, Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. American journal of public health 88 (1998) 1337-42.
187. S.T. DeKosky, and S.W. Scheff, Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer's disease: correlation with cognitive severity. Annals of neurology 27 (1990) 457-64.
188. M.K. McCoy, and M.G. Tansey, TNF signaling inhibition in the CNS: implications for normal brain function and neurodegenerative disease. Journal of neuroinflammation 5 (2008) 45.
189. P. He, Z. Zhong, K. Lindholm, L. Berning, W. Lee, C. Lemere, M. Staufenbiel, R. Li, and Y. Shen, Deletion of tumor necrosis factor death receptor inhibits amyloid beta generation and prevents learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer's mice. The Journal of cell biology 178 (2007) 829-41.
190. G.J. Biessels, S. Staekenborg, E. Brunner, C. Brayne, and P. Scheltens, Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. The Lancet. Neurology 5 (2006) 64-74.
191. A.M. Brands, G.J. Biessels, E.H. de Haan, L.J. Kappelle, and R.P. Kessels The effects of type 1 diabetes on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Diabetes care 28 (2005) 726-35.
192. J. Janson, T. Laedtke, J.E. Parisi, P. O'Brien, R.C. Petersen, and P.C. Butler, Increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Alzheimer disease. Diabetes 53 (2004) 474-81.
193. M.N. Haan, Therapy Insight: type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of lateonset Alzheimer's disease. Nature clinical practice. Neurology 2 (2006) 159-66.
194. T.L. Emmerzaal, A.J. Kiliaan, and D.R. Gustafson, 2003-2013: a decade of body mass index, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD 43 (2015) 739-55.
195. L. Bertram, M.B. McQueen, K. Mullin, D. Blacker, and R.E. Tanzi, Systematic meta-analyses of Alzheimer disease genetic association studies: the AlzGene database. Nature genetics 39 (2007) 17-23.
196. R.E. Tanzi, A genetic dichotomy model for the inheritance of Alzheimer's disease and common age-related disorders. The Journal of clinical investigation 104 (1999) 1175-9.
197. W.J. Strittmatter, A.M. Saunders, D. Schmechel, M. Pericak-Vance, J. Enghild, G.S. Salvesen, and A.D. Roses, Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90 (1993) 1977-81.
198. C.C. Liu, T. Kanekiyo, H. Xu, and G. Bu, Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy. Nature reviews. Neurology 9 (2013) 106-18.
199. Q. Jiang, C.Y. Lee, S. Mandrekar, B. Wilkinson, P. Cramer, N. Zelcer, K. Mann, B. Lamb, T.M. Willson, J.L. Collins, J.C. Richardson, J.D. Smith, T.A. Comery, D. Riddell, D.M. Holtzman, P. Tontonoz, and G.E. Landreth, ApoE promotes the proteolytic degradation of Abeta. Neuron 58 (2008) 681-93.
200. E. Bagyinszky, Y.C. Youn, S.S. An, and S. Kim, The genetics of Alzheimer's disease. Clinical interventions in aging 9 (2014) 535-51.
201. G. Cao, K.R. Bales, R.B. DeMattos, and S.M. Paul, Liver X receptor-mediated gene regulation and cholesterol homeostasis in brain: relevance to Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Current Alzheimer research 4 (2007) 179-84.
202. M. Kivipelto, E.L. Helkala, M.P. Laakso, T. Hanninen, M. Hallikainen, K. Alhainen, H. Soininen, J. Tuomilehto, and A. Nissinen, Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study. Bmj 322 (2001) 1447-51.
203. L. Puglielli, R.E. Tanzi, and D.M. Kovacs, Alzheimer's disease: the cholesterol connection. Nature neuroscience 6 (2003) 345-51.
204. H. Ohta, H. Wada, T. Niwa, H. Kirii, N. Iwamoto, H. Fujii, K. Saito, K. Sekikawa, and M. Seishima, Disruption of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene diminishes the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 180 (2005) 11-7.
205. S. Timmermans, J.F. Bogie, T. Vanmierlo, D. Lutjohann, P. Stinissen, N. Hellings, and J.J. Hendriks, High fat diet exacerbates neuroinflammation in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by activation of the Renin Angiotensin system. Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology: the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology 9 (2014) 209-17.
206. E. Fuente-Martin, C. Garcia-Caceres, M. Granado, M.L. de Ceballos, M.A. Sanchez-Garrido, B. Sarman, Z.W. Liu, M.O. Dietrich, M. Tena-Sempere, P. Argente-Arizon, F. Diaz, J. Argente, T.L. Horvath, and J.A. Chowen, Leptin regulates glutamate and glucose transporters in hypothalamic astrocytes. The Journal of clinical investigation 122 (2012) 3900-13.
207. V.F. Labrousse, A. Nadjar, C. Joffre, L. Costes, A. Aubert, S. Gregoire, L. Bretillon, and S. Laye, Short-term long chain omega3 diet protects from neuroinflammatory processes and memory impairment in aged mice. PloS one 7 (2012) e36861.
208. K. Makki, P. Froguel, and I. Wolowczuk, Adipose tissue in obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance: cells, cytokines, and chemokines. ISRN inflammation 2013 (2013) 139239.
209. K.J. Teerds, D.G. de Rooij, and J. Keijer, Functional relationship between obesity and male reproduction: from humans to animal models. Human reproduction update 17 (2011) 667-83.
210. A. Jayaraman, D. Lent-Schochet, and C.J. Pike, Diet-induced obesity and low testosterone increase neuroinflammation and impair neural function. Journal of neuroinflammation 11 (2014) 162.
211. S. Kalmijn, E.J. Feskens, L.J. Launer, and D. Kromhout, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very old men. American journal of epidemiology 145 (1997) 33-41.
212. M.C. Morris, D.A. Evans, J.L. Bienias, C.C. Tangney, and R.S. Wilson, Dietary fat intake and 6-year cognitive change in an older biracial community population. Neurology 62 (2004) 1573-9.
213. M.H. Eskelinen, T. Ngandu, E.L. Helkala, J. Tuomilehto, A. Nissinen, H. Soininen, and M. Kivipelto, Fat intake at midlife and cognitive impairment later in life: a population-based CAIDE study. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 23 (2008) 741-7.
214. M.H. Laitinen, T. Ngandu, S. Rovio, E.L. Helkala, U. Uusitalo, M. Viitanen, A. Nissinen, J. Tuomilehto, H. Soininen, and M. Kivipelto, Fat intake at midlife and risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 22 (2006) 99-107.
215. M.J. James, R.A. Gibson, and L.G. Cleland, Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. The American journal of clinical nutrition 71 (2000) 343S-8S.
216. A. Zendedel, P. Habib, J. Dang, L. Lammerding, S. Hoffmann, C. Beyer, and A. Slowik, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate neuroinflammation and mitigate ischemic stroke damage through interactions with astrocytes and microglia. Journal of neuroimmunology 278 (2015) 200-11.
217. S.K. Orr, M.O. Trepanier, and R.P. Bazinet, n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal models with neuroinflammation. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids 88 (2013) 97-103.
218. N.G. Bazan, Omega-3 fatty acids, pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroprotection. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 10 (2007) 136-41.
219. L. Belayev, L. Khoutorova, K.D. Atkins, and N.G. Bazan, Robust docosahexaenoic acid-mediated neuroprotection in a rat model of transient, focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 40 (2009) 3121-6.
220. M.R. Prasad, M.A. Lovell, M. Yatin, H. Dhillon, and W.R. Markesbery, Regional membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochemical research 23 (1998) 81-8.
221. H. Suzuki, S.J. Park, M. Tamura, and S. Ando, Effect of the long-term feeding of dietary lipids on the learning ability, fatty acid composition of brain stem phospholipids and synaptic membrane fluidity in adult mice: a comparison of sardine oil diet with palm oil diet. Mechanisms of ageing and development 101 (1998) 119-28.
222. D. Cutuli, P. De Bartolo, P. Caporali, D. Laricchiuta, F. Foti, M. Ronci, C. Rossi, C. Neri, G. Spalletta, C. Caltagirone, S. Farioli-Vecchioli, and L. Petrosini, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation enhances hippocampal functionality in aged mice. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 6 (2014) 220.
223. J. Woo, Nutritional strategies for successful aging. The Medical clinics of North America 95 (2011) 477-93, ix-x.
224. S. Yehuda, Polyunsaturated fatty acids as putative cognitive enhancers. Medical hypotheses 79 (2012) 456-61.
225. P. Barberger-Gateau, C. Samieri, C. Feart, and M. Plourde, Dietary omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and Alzheimer's disease: interaction with apolipoprotein E genotype. Current Alzheimer research 8 (2011) 479-91.
226. J. Jiao, Q. Li, J. Chu, W. Zeng, M. Yang, and S. Zhu, Effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cognitive function throughout the life span from infancy to old age: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The American journal of clinical nutrition 100 (2014) 1422-36.
227. T. Cederholm, N. Salem, Jr., and J. Palmblad, omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of cognitive decline in humans. Advances in nutrition 4 (2013) 672-6.
228. K.J. Anstey, A. Kingston, K.M. Kiely, M.A. Luszcz, P. Mitchell, and C. Jagger, The influence of smoking, sedentary lifestyle and obesity on cognitive impairment-free life expectancy. International journal of epidemiology 43 (2014) 1874-83.
229. E. Zhao, M.J. Tranovich, and V.J. Wright, The role of mobility as a protective factor of cognitive functioning in aging adults: a review. Sports health 6 (2014) 63-9.
230. C.J. Pritzlaff, L. Wideman, J. Blumer, M. Jensen, R.D. Abbott, G.A. Gaesser, J.D. Veldhuis, and A. Weltman, Catecholamine release, growth hormone secretion, and energy expenditure during exercise vs. recovery in men. Journal of applied physiology 89 (2000) 937-46.
231. L. Wideman, J.Y. Weltman, M.L. Hartman, J.D. Veldhuis, and A. Weltman, Growth hormone release during acute and chronic aerobic and resistance exercise: recent findings. Sports medicine 32 (2002) 987-1004.
232. R.J. Godfrey, Z. Madgwick, and G.P. Whyte, The exercise-induced growth hormone response in athletes. Sports medicine 33 (2003) 599-613.
233. T.J. Marcell, R.A. Wiswell, S.A. Hawkins, and K.M. Tarpenning, Age-related blunting of growth hormone secretion during exercise may not be soley due to increased somatostatin tone. Metabolism 48 (1999) 665-70.
234. B.W. Craig, R. Brown, and J. Everhart, Effects of progressive resistance training on growth hormone and testosterone levels in young and elderly subjects. Mechanisms of ageing and development 49 (1989) 159-69.
235. J.A. Kanaley, Growth hormone, arginine and exercise. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care 11 (2008) 50-4.
236. A. Ruiz-Torres, and M. Soares de Melo Kirzner, Ageing and longevity are related to growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 secretion. Gerontology 48 (2002) 401-7.
237. J.L. Trejo, E. Carro, E. Garcia-Galloway, and I. Torres-Aleman, Role of insulin-like growth factor I signaling in neurodegenerative diseases. Journal of molecular medicine 82 (2004) 156-62.
238. H. Yamamoto, M. Sohmiya, N. Oka, and Y. Kato, Effects of aging and sex on plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels in normal adults. Acta endocrinologica 124 (1991) 497-500.
239. J.L. Trejo, E. Carro, A. Nunez, and I. Torres-Aleman, Sedentary life impairs self-reparative processes in the brain: the role of serum insulin-like growth factor-I. Reviews in the neurosciences 13 (2002) 365-74.
240. A.S. Aguiar, Jr., A.A. Castro, E.L. Moreira, V. Glaser, A.R. Santos, C.I. Tasca, A. Latini, and R.D. Prediger, Short bouts of mild-intensity physical exercise improve spatial learning and memory in aging rats: involvement of hippocampal plasticity via AKT, CREB and BDNF signaling. Mechanisms of ageing and development 132 (2011) 560-7.
241. R.A. Kohman, E.K. DeYoung, T.K. Bhattacharya, L.N. Peterson, and J.S. Rhodes, Wheel running attenuates microglia proliferation and increases expression of a proneurogenic phenotype in the hippocampus of aged mice. Brain, behavior, and immunity 26 (2012) 803-10.
242. L. Cao, E.Y. Choi, X. Liu, A. Martin, C. Wang, X. Xu, and M.J. During, White to brown fat phenotypic switch induced by genetic and environmental activation of a hypothalamic-adipocyte axis. Cell Metab 14 (2011) 324-38.
243. K. Marosi, Z. Bori, N. Hart, L. Sarga, E. Koltai, Z. Radak, and C. Nyakas, Longterm exercise treatment reduces oxidative stress in the hippocampus of aging rats. Neuroscience 226 (2012) 21-8.
244. A.M. Petersen, and B.K. Pedersen, The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. Journal of applied physiology 98 (2005) 1154-62.
245. J.A. Woods, K.R. Wilund, S.A. Martin, and B.M. Kistler, Exercise, inflammation and aging. Aging and disease 3 (2012) 130-40.
246. J.M. Koolhaas, A. Bartolomucci, B. Buwalda, S.F. de Boer, G. Flugge, S.M. Korte, P. Meerlo, R. Murison, B. Olivier, P. Palanza, G. Richter-Levin, A. Sgoifo, T. Steimer, O. Stiedl, G. van Dijk, M. Wohr, and E. Fuchs, Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 35 (2011) 1291-301.
247. B.S. McEwen, and J.C. Wingfield, The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and behavior 43 (2003) 2-15.
248. M.F. Dallman, Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM 21 (2010) 159-65.
249. B.F. Reader, B.L. Jarrett, D.B. McKim, E.S. Wohleb, J.P. Godbout, and J.F. Sheridan, Peripheral and central effects of repeated social defeat stress: Monocyte trafficking, microglial activation, and anxiety. Neuroscience 289C (2015) 429-442.
250. G.J. Norman, K. Karelina, N. Zhang, J.C. Walton, J.S. Morris, and A.C. Devries, Stress and IL-1beta contribute to the development of depressive-like behavior following peripheral nerve injury. Molecular psychiatry 15 (2010) 404-14.
251. S. Cohen, D. Janicki-Deverts, W.J. Doyle, G.E. Miller, E. Frank, B.S. Rabin, and R.B. Turner, Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (2012) 5995-9.
252. L. Capuron, and A.H. Miller, Immune system to brain signaling: neuropsychopharmacological implications. Pharmacology & therapeutics 130 (2011) 226-38.
253. E.S. Wohleb, J.M. Patterson, V. Sharma, N. Quan, J.P. Godbout, and J.F. Sheridan, Knockdown of interleukin-1 receptor type-1 on endothelial cells attenuated stress-induced neuroinflammation and prevented anxiety-like behavior. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 34 (2014) 2583-91.
254. E.S. Wohleb, D.B. McKim, J.F. Sheridan, and J.P. Godbout, Monocyte trafficking to the brain with stress and inflammation: a novel axis of immune-to-brain communication that influences mood and behavior. Frontiers in neuroscience 8 (2014) 447.
255. V.A. Pavlov, and K.J. Tracey, The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex--linking immunity and metabolism. Nat.Rev.Endocrinol. 8 (2012) 743-754.
256. H. Wang, M. Yu, M. Ochani, C.A. Amella, M. Tanovic, S. Susarla, J.H. Li, H. Wang, H. Yang, L. Ulloa, Y. Al-Abed, C.J. Czura, and K.J. Tracey, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. Nature 421 (2003) 384-8.
257. L.V. Borovikova, S. Ivanova, M. Zhang, H. Yang, G.I. Botchkina, L.R. Watkins, H. Wang, N. Abumrad, J.W. Eaton, and K.J. Tracey, Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature 405 (2000) 458-62.
258. K. Vonck, R. Raedt, J. Naulaerts, F. De Vogelaere, E. Thiery, D. Van Roost, B. Aldenkamp, M. Miatton, and P. Boon, Vagus nerve stimulation..25 years later! What do we know about the effects on cognition? Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews 45 (2014) 63-71.
259. H. Dong, and J.G. Csernansky, Effects of stress and stress hormones on amyloid-beta protein and plaque deposition. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD 18 (2009) 459-69.
260. M. Srivareerat, T.T. Tran, K.H. Alzoubi, and K.A. Alkadhi, Chronic psychosocial stress exacerbates impairment of cognition and long-term potentiation in beta-amyloid rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Biological psychiatry 65 (2009) 918-26.
261. J.P. Wisor, M.A. Schmidt, and W.C. Clegern, Evidence for neuroinflammatory and microglial changes in the cerebral response to sleep loss. Sleep 34 (2011) 261-72.
262. D. Krstic, and I. Knuesel, Deciphering the mechanism underlying late-onset Alzheimer disease. Nature reviews. Neurology 9 (2013) 25-34.
263. A. Sadki, M. Bentivoglio, K. Kristensson, and M. Nygard, Suppressors, receptors and effects of cytokines on the aging mouse biological clock. Neurobiology of aging 28 (2007) 296-305.
264. M. Bentivoglio, X.H. Deng, M. Nygard, A. Sadki, and K. Kristensson, The aging suprachiasmatic nucleus and cytokines: functional, molecular, and cellular changes in rodents. Chronobiology international 23 (2006) 437-49.
265. D. Weinert, Age-dependent changes of the circadian system. Chronobiology international 17 (2000) 261-83.
266. E.A. Van der Zee, K. Jansen, and M.P. Gerkema, Severe loss of vasopressinimmunoreactive cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aging voles coincides with reduced circadian organization of running wheel activity. Brain research 816 (1999) 572-9.
267. T.L. Leise, M.E. Harrington, P.C. Molyneux, I. Song, H. Queenan, E. Zimmerman, G.S. Lall, and S.M. Biello, Voluntary exercise can strengthen the circadian system in aged mice. Age 35 (2013) 2137-52.
268. R.A. Hut, and E.A. Van der Zee, The cholinergic system, circadian rhythmicity, and time memory. Behavioural brain research 221 (2011) 466-80.
269. C.K. Mulder, M.P. Gerkema, and E.A. Van der Zee, Circadian clocks and memory: time-place learning. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 6 (2013) 8.
270. R.D. Shytle, T. Mori, K. Townsend, M. Vendrame, N. Sun, J. Zeng, J. Ehrhart, A.A. Silver, P.R. Sanberg, and J. Tan, Cholinergic modulation of microglial activation by alpha 7 nicotinic receptors. Journal of neurochemistry 89 (2004) 337-43.
271. D.M. Araujo, P.A. Lapchak, B. Collier, and R. Quirion, Localization of interleukin-2 immunoreactivity and interleukin-2 receptors in the rat brain: interaction with the cholinergic system. Brain research 498 (1989) 257-66.
272. T. Roenneberg, K.V. Allebrandt, M. Merrow, and C. Vetter, Social jetlag and obesity. Current biology: CB 22 (2012) 939-43.
273. P.A. Kudlow, D.S. Cha, R.W. Lam, and R.S. McIntyre, Sleep architecture variation: a mediator of metabolic disturbance in individuals with major depressive disorder. Sleep medicine 14 (2013) 943-9.
274. B. Staels, When the Clock stops ticking, metabolic syndrome explodes. Nature medicine 12 (2006) 54-5; discussion 55.
275. P.J. Naude, J.A. den Boer, P.G. Luiten, and U.L. Eisel, Tumor necrosis factor receptor cross-talk. The FEBS journal 278 (2011) 888-98.
276. E. Steen, B.M. Terry, E.J. Rivera, J.L. Cannon, T.R. Neely, R. Tavares, X.J. Xu, J.R. Wands, and S.M. de la Monte, Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease--is this type 3 diabetes? Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD 7 (2005) 63-80.
277. M. Pascualy, E.C. Petrie, K. Brodkin, E.R. Peskind, C.W. Wilkinson, and M.A. Raskind, Hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical and sympathetic nervous system responses to the cold pressor test in Alzheimer's disease. Biological psychiatry 48 (2000) 247-54.
278. O.E. Owen, A.P. Morgan, H.G. Kemp, J.M. Sullivan, M.G. Herrera, and G.F. Cahill, Jr., Brain metabolism during fasting. The Journal of clinical investigation 46 (1967) 1589-95.
279. L.M. Davis, J.R. Pauly, R.D. Readnower, J.M. Rho, and P.G. Sullivan, Fasting is neuroprotective following traumatic brain injury. Journal of neuroscience research 86 (2008) 1812-22.
280. M. Gasior, M.A. Rogawski, and A.L. Hartman, Neuroprotective and diseasemodifying effects of the ketogenic diet. Behavioural pharmacology 17 (2006) 431-9.
281. A. Julio-Amilpas, T. Montiel, E. Soto-Tinoco, C. Geronimo-Olvera, and L. Massieu, Protection of hypoglycemia-induced neuronal death by betahydroxybutyrate involves the preservation of energy levels and decreased production of reactive oxygen species. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism: official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism (2015).