Examining the Addictive-Like Properties of Binge Eating Using an Animal Model of Sugar Dependence

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 481-491

  Avena, Nicole M ^a,b  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

acetylcholine; dopamine; nucleus accumbens; opioids; withdrawal

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; SUGAR;

ABSTINENCE; ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BINGE EATING DISORDER; BODY WEIGHT; BULIMIA; CROSS ALLERGY; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG DEPENDENCE; FOOD INTAKE; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; RECEPTOR BLOCKING;

ACETYLCHOLINE; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; BULIMIA; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOPAMINE; EATING; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; RATS; SUBSTANCE WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SUCROSE;

EID: 36049003996     PISSN: 10641297     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.15.5.481     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Acquas E., Carboni E., and Di Chiara G. Profound depression of mesolimbic dopamine release after morphine withdrawal in dependent rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 193 (1991) 133-134
2. Acquas E., and Di Chiara G. Depression of mesolimbic dopamine transmission and sensitization to morphine during opiate abstinence. Journal of Neurochemistry 58 (1992) 1620-1625
3. Alburges M.E., Narang N., and Wamsley J.K. Alterations in the dopaminergic receptor system after chronic administration of cocaine. Synapse 14 (1993) 314-323
4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text rev. (2000), Author, Washington, DC
5. Antelman S.M., and Caggiula A.R. Oscillation follows drug sensitization: Implications. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 10 1 (1996) 101-117
6. Appleton N. Lick the sugar habit (1996), Author, Santa Monica, CA
7. Ary M., Chesarek W., Sorensen S.M., and Lomax P. Naltrexone-induced hypothermia in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology 39 (1976) 215-220
8. Bocarsly, M., Rada., P., Kim, A., Avena, N. M., & Hoebel, B. G. (2007). Signs of opiate-like withdrawal induced by fasting in sugar-bingeing rats. Unpublished manuscript.
9. Avena N.M., Carrillo C.A., Needham L., Leibowitz S.F., and Hoebel B.G. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced intake of unsweetened ethanol. Alcohol 34 (2004) 203-209
10. Avena N.M., and Hoebel B.G. A diet promoting sugar dependency causes behavioral cross-sensitization to a low dose of amphetamine. Neuroscience 122 (2003) 17-20
11. Avena N.M., Long K.A., and Hoebel B.G. Sugar-dependent rats show enhanced responding for sugar after abstinence: Evidence of a sugar deprivation effect. Physiology & Behavior 84 (2005) 359-362
12. Avena N.M., Rada P., and Hoebel B.G. Evidence of sugar addiction: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake [Epub ahead of print]. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews (2007)
13. Avena N.M., Rada P., Moise N., and Hoebel B.G. Sucrose sham feeding on a binge schedule releases accumbens dopamine repeatedly and eliminates the acetylcholine satiety response. Neuroscience 139 (2006) 813-820
14. Bassareo V., and Di Chiara G. Differential influence of associative and nonassociative learning mechanisms on the responsiveness of prefrontal and accumbal dopamine transmission to food stimuli in rats fed ad libitum. Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997) 851-861
15. Bassareo V., and Di Chiara G. Modulation of feeding-induced activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by appetitive stimuli and its relation to motivational state. European Journal of Neuroscience 11 (1999) 4389-4397
16. Bello N.T., Sweigart K.L., Lakoski J.M., Norgren R., and Hajnal A. Restricted feeding with scheduled sucrose access results in an upregulation of the rat dopamine transporter. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 284 (2003) R1260-R1268
17. Bennett C., and Sinatra S. Sugar shock! How sweets and simple carbs can derail your life-and how you can get back on track (2007), Berkeley, New York
18. Berthoud H.R., and Jeanrenaud B. Sham feeding-induced cephalic phase insulin release in the rat. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism 242 (1982) E280-E285
19. Boggiano M.M., Chandler P.C., Viana J.B., Oswald K.D., Maldonado C.R., and Wauford P.K. Combined dieting and stress evoke exaggerated responses to opioids in binge-eating rats. Behavioral Neuroscience 119 (2005) 1207-1214
20. Bray G.A., Nielsen S.J., and Popkin B.M. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79 (2004) 537-543
21. Bray G.A., York B., and DeLany J. A survey of the opinions of obesity experts on the causes and treatment of obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55 Suppl. 1 (1992) 151S-154S
22. Bulik C.M., and Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Medical morbidity in binge eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders 34 Suppl. (2003) S39-S46
23. Carr K.D. Chronic food restriction: Enhancing effects on drug reward and striatal cell signaling. Physiology & Behavior 91 (2007) 459-472
24. Carroll M.E. The role of food deprivation in the maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 16 (1985) 95-109
25. Carroll M.E., Anderson M.M., and Morgan A.D. Regulation of intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats selectively bred for high (HiS) and low (LoS) saccharin intake. Psychopharmacology 190 3 (2007) 331-341
26. Ciccocioppo R., Angeletti S., and Weiss F. Long-lasting resistance to extinction of response reinstatement induced by ethanol-related stimuli: Role of genetic ethanol preference. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 25 (2001) 1414-1419
27. Colantuoni C., Rada P., McCarthy J., Patten C., Avena N.M., Chadeayne A., et al. Evidence that intermittent, excessive sugar intake causes endogenous opioid dependence. Obesity Research 10 (2002) 478-488
28. Colantuoni C., Schwenker J., McCarthy J., Rada P., Ladenheim B., Cadet J.L., et al. Excessive sugar intake alters binding to dopamine and mu-opioid receptors in the brain. NeuroReport 12 (2001) 3549-3552
29. Corwin R.L. Bingeing rats: A model of intermittent excessive behavior?. Appetite 46 (2006) 11-15
30. Davis C., and Claridge G. The eating disorders as addiction: A psychobiological perspective. Addictive Behaviors 23 (1998) 463-475
31. DesMaisons K. Your last diet! The sugar addict's weight-loss plan (2001), Random House, Toronto
32. De Vries T.J., and Shippenberg T.S. Neural systems underlying opiate addiction. Journal of Neuroscience 22 (2002) 3321-3325
33. De Witte P., Pinto E., Ansseau M., and Verbanck P. Alcohol and withdrawal: From animal research to clinical issues. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 27 (2003) 189-197
34. Diamond J. The double puzzle of diabetes. Nature 423 (2003, June 5) 599-602
35. Di Chiara, G., & Imperato, A. (1988). Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85, 5274-5278.
36. Di Chiara G., and Tanda G. Blunting of reactivity of dopamine transmission to palatable food: A biochemical marker of anhedonia in the CMS model?. Psychopharmacology 134 (1997) 351-353
37. Drewnowski A., Krahn D.D., Demitrack M.A., Nairn K., and Gosnell B.A. Taste responses and preferences for sweet high-fat foods: Evidence for opioid involvement. Physiology & Behavior 51 (1992) 371-379
38. Ellgren M., Spano S.M., and Hurd Y.L. Adolescent cannabis exposure alters opiate intake and opioid limbic neuronal populations in adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 (2007) 607-615
39. Elliott S.S., Keim N.L., Stern J.S., Teff K., and Havel P.J. Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 (2002) 911-922
40. Espejo E.F., Stinus L., Cador M., and Mir D. Effects of morphine and naloxone on behaviour in the hot plate test: An ethopharmacological study in the rat. Psychopharmacology 113 (1994) 500-510
41. Foley K.A., Fudge M.A., Kavaliers M., and Ossenkopp K.P. Quinpirole-induced behavioral sensitization is enhanced by prior scheduled exposure to sucrose: A multi-variable examination of locomotor activity. Behavioural Brain Research 167 (2006) 49-56
42. Galic M.A., and Persinger M.A. Voluminous sucrose consumption in female rats: Increased "nippiness" during periods of sucrose removal and possible oestrus periodicity. Psychological Reports 90 (2002) 58-60
43. Gendall K.A., Sullivan P.E., Joyce P.R., Carter F.A., and Bulik C.M. The nutrient intake of women with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 21 (1997) 115-127
44. Georges F., Stinus L., Bloch B., and Le Moine C. Chronic morphine exposure and spontaneous withdrawal are associated with modifications of dopamine receptor and neuropeptide gene expression in the rat striatum. European Journal of Neuroscience 11 (1999) 481-490
45. Gillman M.A., and Lichtigfeld F.J. The opioids, dopamine, cholecystokinin, and eating disorders. Clinical Neuropharmacology 9 (1986) 91-97
46. Glick S.D., Shapiro R.M., Drew K.L., Hinds P.A., and Carlson J.N. Differences in spontaneous and amphetamine-induced rotational behavior, and in sensitization to amphetamine, among Sprague-Dawley derived rats from different sources. Physiology & Behavior 38 (1986) 67-70
47. Goeders N.E., and Kuhar M.J. Chronic cocaine administration induces opposite changes in dopamine receptors in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Alcohol and Drug Research 7 4 (1987) 207-216
48. Gosnell B.A. Sucrose intake enhances behavioral sensitization produced by cocaine. Brain Research 1031 (2005) 194-201
49. Greenberg B.D., and Segal D.S. Acute and chronic behavioral interactions between phencyclidine (PCP) and amphetamine: Evidence for a dopaminergic role in some PCP-induced behaviors. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 23 (1985) 99-105
50. Grimm J.W., Fyall A.M., and Osincup D.P. Incubation of sucrose craving: Effects of reduced training and sucrose pre-loading. Physiology & Behavior 84 (2005) 73-79
51. Grimm J.W., Shaham Y., and Hope B.T. Effect of cocaine and sucrose withdrawal period on extinction behavior, cue-induced reinstatement, and protein levels of the dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase in limbic and cortical areas in rats. Behavioural Pharmacology 13 (2002) 379-388
52. Grucza R.A., Przybeck T.R., and Cloninger C.R. Prevalence and correlates of binge eating disorder in a community sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry 48 (2007) 124-131
53. Hajnal A., and Norgren R. Repeated access to sucrose augments dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens. NeuroReport 13 (2002) 2213-2216
54. Hajnal A., Smith G.P., and Norgren R. Oral sucrose stimulation increases accumbens dopamine in the rat. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286 (2004) R31-R37
55. Henningfield J.E., Clayton R., and Pollin W. Involvement of tobacco in alcoholism and illicit drug use. British Journal of Addiction 85 2 (1990) 279-291
56. Hernandez L., and Hoebel B.G. Food reward and cocaine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens as measured by microdialysis. Life Sciences 42 (1988) 1705-1712
57. Hoebel B.G. Brain neurotransmitters in food and drug reward. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42 Suppl. 5 (1985) 1133-1150
58. Hoebel, B. G., Avena, N. M., & Rada, P. (in press). An accumbens dopamine-acetylcholine system for approach and avoidance. In A. Elliot (Ed.), The handbook of approach and avoidance. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
59. Holderness C.C., Brooks-Gunn J., and Warren M.P. Co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse review of the literature. International Journal of Eating Disorders 16 (1994) 1-34
60. Howard B.V., and Wylie-Rosett J. Sugar and cardiovascular disease: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Nutrition of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 106 (2002, July 23) 523-527
61. Hubbell C.L., Mankes R.F., and Reid L.D. A small dose of morphine leads rats to drink more alcohol and achieve higher blood alcohol concentrations. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 17 (1993) 1040-1043
62. Hudson J.I., Hiripi E., Pope Jr. H.G., and Kessler R.C. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biological Psychiatry 61 (2007) 348-358
63. Itzhak Y., and Martin J.L. Effects of cocaine, nicotine, dizocipline and alcohol on mice locomotor activity: Cocaine-alcohol cross-sensitization involves upregulation of striatal dopamine transporter binding sites. Brain Research 818 (1999) 204-211
64. Jimerson D.C., Lesem M.D., Kaye W.H., and Brewerton T.D. Low serotonin and dopamine metabolite concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from bulimic patients with frequent binge episodes. Archives of General Psychiatry 49 (1992) 132-138
65. Kalivas P.W., and Weber B. Amphetamine injection into the ventral mesencephalon sensitizes rats to peripheral amphetamine and cocaine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 245 (1988) 1095-1102
66. Kantak K.M., and Miczek K.A. Aggression during morphine withdrawal: Effects of method of withdrawal, fighting experience, and social role. Psychopharmacology 90 (1986) 451-456
67. Katherine A. Anatomy of a food addiction: An effective program to overcome compulsive eating (1996), Gurze Books, Carlsbad, CA
68. Kelley A.E., Bakshi V.P., Haber S.N., Steininger T.L., Will M.J., and Zhang M. Opioid modulation of taste hedonics within the ventral striatum. Physiology & Behavior 76 (2002) 365-377
69. Kelley A.E., Schlitz C.A., and Landry C.F. Neural systems recruited by drug- and food-related cues: Studies of gene activation in corticolimbic regions. Physiology & Behavior 86 (2005) 11-14
70. Kelley A.E., Will M.J., Steininger T.L., Zhang M., and Haber S.N. Restricted daily consumption of a highly palatable food (chocolate Ensure®) alters striatal enkephalin gene expression. European Journal of Neuroscience 18 (2003) 2592-2598
71. Klein D.A., Boudreau G.S., Devlin M.J., and Walsh B.T. Artificial sweetener use among individuals with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 39 (2006) 341-345
72. Koob G.F., and Le Moal M. Drug abuse: Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science 278 (1997, October 3) 52-58
73. Koob G.F., and Le Moal M. Neurobiology of addiction (2005), Academic Press, San Diego, CA
74. Koob G.F., Maldonado R., and Stinus L. Neural substrates of opiate withdrawal. Trends in Neurosciences 15 (1992) 186-191
75. Le Magnen J. A role for opiates in food reward and food addiction. In: Capaldi P.T. (Ed). Taste, experience, and feeding (1990), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 241-252
76. Liang N.C., Hajnal A., and Norgren R. Sham feeding corn oil increases accumbens dopamine in the rat. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291 (2006) R1236-R1239
77. Liguori A., Hughes J.R., Goldberg K., and Callas P. Subjective effects of oral caffeine in formerly cocaine-dependent humans. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 49 (1997) 17-24
78. Lowe M.R., and Butryn M.L. Hedonic hunger: A new dimension of appetite?. Physiology & Behavior 91 (2007) 432-439
79. Lu L., Grimm J.W., Hope B.T., and Shaham Y. Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal: A review of preclinical data. Neuropharmacology 47 Suppl. 1 (2004) 214-226
80. Ludwig D.S., Peterson K.E., and Gortmaker S.L. Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: A prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 357 (2001, February 17) 505-508
81. Lustig R.H. The "skinny" on childhood obesity: How our Western environment starves kids' brains. Pediatric Annals 35 12 (2006) 898-902 905-897
82. Mark G.P., Rada P., Pothos E., and Hoebel B.G. Effects of feeding and drinking on acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, and hippocampus of freely behaving rats. Journal of Neurochemistry 58 (1992) 2269-2274
83. Mark G.P., Smith S.E., Rada P.V., and Hoebel B.G. An appetitively conditioned taste elicits a preferential increase in mesolimbic dopamine release. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 48 (1994) 651-660
84. Marrazzi M.A., and Luby E.D. An auto-addiction opioid model of chronic anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 5 (1986) 191-208
85. Martin W.R., Wikler A., Eades C.G., and Pescor F.T. Tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine in rats. Psychopharmacologia 4 (1963) 247-260
86. Mercer M.E., and Holder M.D. Food cravings, endogenous opioid peptides, and food intake: A review. Appetite 29 (1997) 325-352
87. Mifsud J.C., Hernandez L., and Hoebel B.G. Nicotine infused into the nucleus accumbens increases synaptic dopamine as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Brain Research 478 (1989) 365-367
88. Nichols M.L., Hubbell C.L., Kalsher M.J., and Reid L.D. Morphine increases intake of beer among rats. Alcohol 8 (1991) 237-240
89. O'Brien K.M., and Vincent N.K. Psychiatric comorbidity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: Nature, prevalence, and causal relationships. Clinical Psychology Review 23 (2003) 57-74
90. Ogden C.L., Yanovski S.Z., Carroll M.D., and Flegal K.M. The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology 132 (2007) 2087-2102
91. Pelchat M.L., Johnson A., Chan R., Valdez J., and Ragland J.D. Images of desire: Food-craving activation during fMRI. NeuroImage 23 (2004) 1486-1493
92. Piazza P.V., Deminiere J.M., Le Moal M., and Simon H. Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science 245 (1989, September 29) 1511-1513
93. Pierce R.C., and Kalivas P.W. Amphetamine produces sensitized increases in locomotion and extracellular dopamine preferentially in the nucleus accumbens shell of rats administered repeated cocaine. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 275 2 (1995) 1019-1029
94. Pontieri F.E., Monnazzi P., Scontrini A., Buttarelli F.R., and Patacchioli F.R. Behavioral sensitization to heroin by cannabinoid pretreatment in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology 421 (2001) R1-R3
95. Pothos E.N., Creese I., and Hoebel B.G. Restricted eating with weight loss selectively decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and alters dopamine response to amphetamine, morphine, and food intake. Journal of Neuroscience 15 (1995) 6640-6650
96. Pothos E., Rada P., Mark G.P., and Hoebel B.G. Dopamine microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens during acute and chronic morphine, naloxone-precipitated withdrawal and clonidine treatment. Brain Research 566 (1991) 348-350
97. Putnam J., and Allhouse J.E. Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1970-1997 (1999), Food & Consumers Economics Division, Economics Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
98. Rada P., Avena N.M., and Hoebel B.G. Daily bingeing on sugar repeatedly releases dopamine in the accumbens shell. Neuroscience 134 (2005) 737-744
99. Rada P., Jensen K., and Hoebel B.G. Effects of nicotine and mecamylamine-induced withdrawal on extracellular dopamine and acetylcholine in the rat nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 157 (2001) 105-110
100. Rada P., Johnson D.F., Lewis M.J., and Hoebel B.G. In alcohol-treated rats, naloxone decreases extracellular dopamine and increases acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens: Evidence of opioid withdrawal. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 79 (2004) 599-605
101. Rada P.V., Mark G.P., Taylor K.M., and Hoebel B.G. Morphine and naloxone, i. p. or locally, affect extracellular acetylcholine in the accumbens and prefrontal cortex. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 53 (1996) 809-816
102. Rada P., Pothos E., Mark G.P., and Hoebel B.G. Microdialysis evidence that acetylcholine in the nucleus accumbens is involved in morphine withdrawal and its treatment with clonidine. Brain Research 561 (1991) 354-356
103. Radhakishun F.S., Korf J., Venema K., and Westerink B.H. The release of endogenous dopamine and its metabolites from rat striatum as detected in push-pull perfusates: Effects of systematically administered drugs. Pharmaceutisch Weekblad 5 4 (1983) 153-158
104. Riva G., Bacchetta M., Cesa G., Conti S., Castelnuovo G., Mantovani F., et al. Is severe obesity a form of addiction? Rationale, clinical approach, and controlled clinical trial. Cyberpsychological Behavior 9 4 (2006) 457-479
105. Rossetti Z.L., Hmaidan Y., and Gessa G.L. Marked inhibition of mesolimbic dopamine release: A common feature of ethanol, morphine, cocaine and amphetamine abstinence in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 221 (1992) 227-234
106. Rufus E. Sugar addiction: A step-by-step guide to overcoming sugar addiction (2004), Elizabeth Brown Rufus, Bloomington, IN
107. Schenk S., Snow S., and Horger B.A. Pre-exposure to amphetamine but not nicotine sensitizes rats to the motor activating effect of cocaine. Psychopharmacology 103 (1991) 62-66
108. Schulteis G., Yackey M., Risbrough V., and Koob G.F. Anxiogenic-like effects of spontaneous and naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 60 (1998) 727-731
109. Sclafani A., and Nissenbaum J.W. Is gastric sham feeding really sham feeding?. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 248 (1985) R387-R390
110. Sinclair J.D., and Senter R.J. Development of an alcohol-deprivation effect in rats. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 29 4 (1968) 863-867
111. Smith G.P. Sham feeding in rats with chronic, reversible gastric fistulas. In: Crawley J.N., Gerfen C.R., McKay R., Rogawski M.A., Sibley D.R., and Skolnick P. (Eds). Current protocols in neuroscience 8.6 (1998), Wiley, New York D.1-D.6
112. Spangler R., Goddard N.L., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G., and Leibowitz S.F. Elevated D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in dopaminergic and dopaminoceptive regions of the rat brain in response to morphine. Brain Research: Molecular Brain Research 111 (2003) 74-83
113. Spangler R., Wittkowski K.M., Goddard N.L., Avena N.M., Hoebel B.G., and Leibowitz S.F. Opiate-like effects of sugar on gene expression in reward areas of the rat brain. Brain Research: Molecular Brain Research 124 (2004) 134-142
114. Stunkard A.J. Eating patterns and obesity. Psychiatric Quarterly 33 (1959) 284-295
115. Tanofsky-Kraff M., Cohen M.L., Yanovski S.Z., Cox C., Theim K.R., Keil M., et al. A prospective study of psychological predictors of body fat gain among children at high risk for adult obesity. Pediatrics 117 (2006) 1203-1209
116. Tanofsky-Kraff M., Wilfley D.E., Young J.F., Mufson L., Yanovski S.Z., Glasofer D.R., et al. Preventing excessive weight gain in adolescents: Interpersonal psychotherapy for binge eating. Obesity 15 (2007) 1345-1355
117. Teegarden S.L., and Bale T.L. Decreases in dietary preference produce increased emotionality and risk for dietary relapse. Biological Psychiatry 61 (2007) 1021-1029
118. Turchan J., Lason W., Budziszewska B., and Przewlocka B. Effects of single and repeated morphine administration on the prodynorphin, proenkephalin and dopamine D2 receptor gene expression in the mouse brain. Neuropeptides 31 (1997) 24-28
119. Unterwald E.M., Ho A., Rubenfeld J.M., and Kreek M.J. Time course of the development of behavioral sensitization and dopamine receptor up-regulation during binge cocaine administration. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 270 (1994) 1387-1396
120. Unterwald E.M., Kreek M.J., and Cuntapay M. The frequency of cocaine administration impacts cocaine-induced receptor alterations. Brain Research 900 (2001) 103-109
121. Vezina P., Giovino A.A., Wise R.A., and Stewart J. Environment-specific cross-sensitization between the locomotor activating effects of morphine and amphetamine. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 32 (1989) 581-584
122. Volkow N.D., and Wise R.A. How can drug addiction help us understand obesity?. Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005) 555-560
123. Volpicelli J.R., Ulm R.R., and Hopson N. Alcohol drinking in rats during and following morphine injections. Alcohol 8 (1991) 289-292
124. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Logan J., Pappas N.R., Wong C.T., Zhu W., et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet 357 (2001, February 3) 354-357
125. Wang G.J., Volkow N.D., Thanos P.K., and Fowler J.S. Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: A concept review. Journal of Addictive Diseases 23 3 (2004) 39-53
126. Way E.L., Loh H.H., and Shen F.H. Simultaneous quantitative assessment of morphine tolerance and physical dependence. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 167 (1969) 1-8
127. Wideman C.H., Nadzam G.R., and Murphy H.M. Implications of an animal model of sugar addiction, withdrawal and relapse for human health. Nutritional Neuroscience 8 (2005) 269-276
128. Wise R.A. The neurobiology of craving: Implications for the understanding and treatment of addiction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97 (1988) 118-132
129. Wise R.A. Opiate reward: Sites and substrates. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 13 (1989) 129-133
130. Wise R.A., Newton P., Leeb K., Burnette B., Pocock D., and Justice Jr. J.B. Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology 120 (1995) 10-20