Can exposure to environmental chemicals increase the risk of diabetes type 1 development?

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2015, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Bodin, Johanna ^a   Stene, Lars Christian ^a   Nygaard, Unni Cecilie ^a  

^a NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

1,1 DICHLORO 2,2 BIS(4 CHLOROPHENYL)ETHYLENE; 2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; 4,4' ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL; ARSENIC; BAFILOMYCIN; CEREULIDE; CHLORPHENOTANE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; NITROSO DERIVATIVE; ORGANOTIN COMPOUND; PHTHALIC ACID; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; STREPTOZOCIN; TOBACCO SMOKE; TRICLOSAN; VACOR; POLLUTANT;

AIR POLLUTION; CELL FUNCTION; CYTOTOXICITY; DIABETOGENESIS; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EPIGENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INTESTINE MUCOSA PERMEABILITY; MICROFLORA; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; REVIEW; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANIMAL; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; IMMUNOLOGY; INTOXICATION; POLLUTANT; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANIMALIA;

ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HUMANS; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84926622028     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2015/208947     Document Type: Review

References (250)

1. J. A. Noble and H. A. Erlich, "Genetics of type 1 diabetes, " Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, Article ID a007732, 2012.
2. J. A. Bluestone, K. Herold, and G. Eisenbarth, "Genetics, pathogenesis and clinical interventions in type 1 diabetes, " Nature, vol. 464, no. 7293, pp. 1293-1300, 2010.
3. L. Nistico, D. Iafusco, A. Galderisi et al., "Emerging effects of early environmental factors over genetic background for type 1 diabetes susceptibility: evidence from a Nationwide Italian Twin Study, " The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 97, no. 8, pp. E1483-E1491, 2012.
4. L. C. Stene and E. A. M. Gale, "The prenatal environment and type 1 diabetes, " Diabetologia, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 1888-1897, 2013.
5. M. Knip and O. Simell, "Environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes, " Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 2, no. 7, Article IDa007690, 2012.
6. M. A. Atkinson and A. Chervonsky, "Does the gut microbiota have a role in type 1 diabetes? Early evidence from humans and animal models of the disease, " Diabetologia, vol. 55, no. 11, pp. 2868-2877, 2012.
7. J. F. Bach and L. Chatenoud, "The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes, " Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 2, no. 2, Article ID a007799, 2012.
8. M. S. Anderson and J. A. Bluestone, "The NOD mouse: amodel of immune dysregulation, " Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 23, pp. 447-485, 2005.
9. L. K. M. Shoda, D. L. Young, S. Ramanujanet al., "Acomprehensive reviewof interventions in theNODmouse and implications for translation, " Immunity, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 115-126, 2005.
10. R. Bortell and C. Yang, "The BB rat as a model of human type diabetes, " Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 933, pp. 31-44, 2012.
11. S. Lenzen, "The mechanisms of alloxan-and streptozotocininduced diabetes, " Diabetologia, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 216-226, 2008.
12. T. L. van Belle, P. Taylor, andM. G. vonHerrath, "Mouse models for type 1 diabetes, " Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 41-45, 2009.
13. S. J. Bhathena, S. Awoke, N. R. Voyles et al., "Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion by cultured rat islet cell tumor and its clones, " Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, vol. 175, no. 1, pp. 35-38, 1984.
14. A. Merglen, S. Theander, B. Rubi, G. Chaffard, C. B. Wollheim, and P. Maechler, "Glucose sensitivity andmetabolism-secretion coupling studied during two-year continuous culture in INS-1E insulinoma cells, " Endocrinology, vol. 145, no. 2, pp. 667-678, 2004.
15. H. Ishihara, T. Asano, K. Tsukuda et al., "Pancreatic beta cell line MIN6 exhibits characteristics of glucose metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion similar to those of normal islets, " Diabetologia, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1139-1145, 1993.
16. M. P. Longnecker, M. A. Klebanoff, J. W. Brock, and H. Zhou, "Polychlorinated biphenyl serum levels in pregnant subjects with diabetes, " Diabetes Care, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1099-1101, 2001.
17. A. Rignell-Hydbom, M. Elfving, S. A. Ivarsson et al., "A nested case-control study of intrauterine exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants in relation to risk of Type 1 diabetes, " PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 6, Article ID e11281, 2010.
18. P. Langer, M. Tajtakova, H. J. Guretzki et al., "High prevalence of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antibodies in employees at a polychlorinated biphenyl production factory, " Archives of Environmental Health, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 412-415, 2002.
19. M. M. Ibrahim, E. Fjre, E. J. Lock et al., "Chronic consumption of farmed salmon containing persistent organic pollutants causes insulin resistance and obesity in mice, " PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 9, Article ID e25170, 2011.
20. J. Ruzzin, R. Petersen, E. Meugnier et al., "Persistent organic pollutant exposure leads to insulin resistance syndrome, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 118, no. 4, pp. 465-471, 2010.
21. D. O. Carpenter, "Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): routes of exposure and effects on human health, " Reviews on Environmental Health, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 1-23, 2006.
22. C. J. Everett, I. Frithsen, and M. Player, "Relationship of polychlorinated biphenyls with type 2 diabetes and hypertension, " Journal of Environmental Monitoring, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 241-251, 2011.
23. J. V. Schmidt and C. A. Bradfield, "AH receptor signaling pathways, " Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol. 12, pp. 55-89, 1996.
24. M. P. Holsapple, N. K. Snyder, S. C. Wood, and D. L. Morris, "A review of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced changes in immunocompetence: 1991 Update, " Toxicology, vol. 69, no. 3, pp. 219-255, 1991.
25. L. Martino, M. Masini, M. Novelli et al., "The aryl receptor inhibitor epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects INS-1E beta-cell line against acute dioxin toxicity, " Chemosphere, vol. 93, no. 8, pp. 1447-1455, 2013.
26. H. Kurita, W. Yoshioka, N. Nishimura, N. Kubota, T. Kadowaki, and C. Tohyama, "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice, " Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 689-694, 2009.
27. Y. H. Kim, Y. J. Shim, Y. J. Shin, D. Sul, E. Lee, and B. H. Min, "2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces calcium influx through T-type calcium channel and enhances lysosomal exocytosis and insulin secretion in INS-1 cells, " International Journal of Toxicology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 151-161, 2009.
28. M. Shinomiya, S. Nadano, H. Shinomiya, and M. Onji, "In situ characterization of dendritic cells occurring in the islets of nonobese diabetic mice during the development of insulitis, " Pancreas, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 290-296, 2000.
29. N. I. Kerkvliet, L. B. Steppan, W. Vorachek et al., "Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor by TCDD prevents diabetes in NOD mice and increases Foxp3+ T cells in pancreatic lymph nodes, " Immunotherapy, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 539-547, 2009.
30. D. Rohlman, D. Pham, Z. Yu, L. B. Steppan, and N. I. Kerkvliet, "Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated perturbations in gene expression during early stages of CD4+T-cell differentiation, " Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 3, article 223, 2012.
31. L. A. Zenewicz and R. A. Flavell, "IL-22 and inflammation: Leukin through a glass onion, " European Journal of Immunology, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 3265-3268, 2008.
32. H. Hanieh, "Toward understanding the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the immune system: current progress and future trends, " BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, Article ID 520763, 14 pages, 2014.
33. J. Li and R. W. McMurray, "Effects of chronic exposure to DDT and TCDD on disease activity in murine systemic lupus erythematosus, " Lupus, vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 941-949, 2009.
34. V. J. Schulz, J. J. Smit, V. Huijgen et al., "Non-dioxin-like AhR ligands in a mouse peanut allergy model, " Toxicological Sciences, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 92-102, 2012.
35. V. J. Schulz, J. J. Smit, M. Bol-Schoenmakers, M. B. M. van Duursen, M. van den Berg, and R. H. H. Pieters, "Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor reduces the number of precursor and effector T cells, but preserves thymic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, " Toxicology Letters, vol. 215, no. 2, pp. 100-109, 2012.
36. N. Ishimaru, A. Takagi, M. Kohashi et al., "Neonatal exposure to low-dose 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin causes autoimmunity due to the disruption of T cell tolerance, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 182, no. 10, pp. 6576-6586, 2009.
37. A. Mustafa, S. D. Holladay, S. Witonsky, D. P. Sponenberg, E. Karpuzoglu, and R. M. Gogal Jr., "A single mid-gestation exposure to TCDD yields a postnatal autoimmune signature, differing by sex, in early geriatric C57BL/6 mice., " Toxicology, vol. 290, no. 2-3, pp. 156-168, 2011.
38. A. Mustafa, S. Holladay, S. Witonsky et al., "Prenatal TCDD causes persistent modulation of the postnatal immune response, and exacerbates inflammatory disease, in 36-weekold lupus-like autoimmune SNF1 mice, " Birth Defects Research Part B-Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, vol. 92, no. 1, pp. 82-94, 2011.
39. M. Cranmer, S. Louie, R. H. Kennedy, P. A. Kern, and V. A. Fonseca, "Exposure to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, " Toxicological Sciences, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 431-436, 2000.
40. D. Pelclova, P. Urban, J. Preiss et al., "Adverse health effects in humans exposed to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), " Reviews on Environmental Health, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 119-138, 2006.
41. M. Warner, P. Mocarelli, P. Brambilla et al., "Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity in relation to serum dioxin concentrations: the SevesoWomens Health Study, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 121, no. 8, pp. 906-911, 2013.
42. S. W. Yi, J. S. Hong, H. Ohrr, andJ. J. Yi, "AgentOrange exposure and disease prevalence in Korean Vietnamveterans: the Korean veterans health study, " Environmental Research, vol. 133, pp. 56-65, 2014.
43. N. Codru, M. J. Schymura, S. Negoita, R. Rej, and D. O. Carpenter, "Diabetes in relation to serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in adult native Americans, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, no. 10, pp. 1442-1447, 2007.
44. B. Yang, J. Fu, H. Zheng et al., "Deficiency in the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 renders pancreatic -cells vulnerable to arsenic-induced cell damage, " Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 264, no. 3, pp. 315-323, 2012.
45. A. Philibert, H. Schwartz, andD. Mergler, "An exploratory study of diabetes in a first nation community with respect to serum concentrations of p, p-DDE and PCBs and fish consumption, " International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 3179-3189, 2009.
46. K. W. Taylor, R. F. Novak, H. A. Anderson et al., "Evaluation of the association between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and diabetes in epidemiological studies: a national toxicology program workshop review, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 121, no. 7, pp. 774-783, 2013.
47. M. Turyk, H. A. Anderson, L. Knobeloch, P. Imm, and V. W. Persky, "Prevalence of diabetes and body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and p, p-diphenyldichloroethene in Great Lakes sport fish consumers, " Chemosphere, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 674-679, 2009.
48. D. H. Lee, P. M. Lind, D. R. Jacobs Jr., S. Salihovic, B. van Bavel, and L. Lind, "Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plasma predict development of type 2 diabetes in the elderly: the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study, " Diabetes Care, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 1778-1784, 2011.
49. Z. Zhang, Z.-Z. Sun, X. Xiao et al., "Mechanism of BDE209-induced impaired glucose homeostasis based on gene microarray analysis of adult rat liver, " Archives of Toxicology, vol. 87, no. 8, pp. 1557-1567, 2013.
50. S. R. Hennigar, J. L. Myers, and A. R. Tagliaferro, "Exposure of alveolar macrophages to polybrominated diphenyl ethers suppresses the release of pro-inflammatory products in vitro, " Experimental Biology andMedicine, vol. 237, no. 4, pp. 429-434, 2012.
51. M. E. Turyk, V. W. Persky, P. Imm, L. Knobeloch, R. Chatterton Jr., and H. A. Anderson, "Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 116, no. 12, pp. 1635-1641, 2008.
52. J.-S. Llm, D.-H. Lee, and D. R. Jacobs, "Association of brominated flame retardants with diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the U. S. population, 2003-2004, " Diabetes Care, vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1802-1807, 2008.
53. L. Lind, B. Zethelius, S. Salihovic, B. van Bavel, and P. M. Lind, "Circulating levels of perfluoroalkyl substances and prevalent diabetes in the elderly, " Diabetologia, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 473-479, 2014.
54. C.-Y. Lin, P.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Lin, and L.-Y. Lin, "Association among serum perfluoroalkyl chemicals, glucose homeostasis, and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and adults, " Diabetes Care, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 702-707, 2009.
55. P. Grandjean, E. W. Andersen, E. Budtz-Jørgensen et al., "Serum vaccine antibody concentrations in children exposed to perfluorinated compounds, " Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 307, no. 4, pp. 391-397, 2012.
56. Z. Lv, G. Li, Y. Li et al., "Glucose and lipid homeostasis in adult rat is impaired by early-life exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate, " Environmental Toxicology, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 532-542, 2013.
57. B. Granum, L. S. Haug, E. Namork et al., "Pre-natal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances may be associated with altered vaccine antibody levels and immune-related health outcomes in early childhood, " Journal of Immunotoxicology, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 373-379, 2013.
58. D. Borg, B.-O. Lund, N.-G. Lindquist, and H. Hakansson, "Cumulative health risk assessment of 17 perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the Swedish population, " Environment International, vol. 59, pp. 112-123, 2013.
59. J. Bodin, A. K. Bolling, M. Samuelsen, R. Becher, M. Lovik, and U. C. Nygaard, "Long-term bisphenol A exposure accelerates insulitis development in diabetes-prone NOD mice, " Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 349-358, 2013.
60. J. Bodin, A. K. Bølling, R. Becher, F. Kuper, M. Løvik, and U. C. Nygaard, "Transmaternal bisphenol a exposure accelerates diabetes type 1 development in NOD mice, " Toxicological Sciences, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 311-323, 2014.
61. W. Aekplakorn, L. O. Chailurkit, and B. Ongphiphadhanakul, "Relationship of serum bisphenol A with diabetes in the Thai population, National Health Examination Survey IV, 2009, " Journal of Diabetes, 2014.
62. L. Song, W. Xia, Z. Zhou et al., "Low-level phenolic estrogen pollutants impair islet morphology and -cell function in isolated rat islets, " Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 215, no. 2, pp. 303-311, 2012.
63. R. Ahmadkhaniha, M. Mansouri, M. Yunesian et al., "Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with type-2 diabetes mellitus, " Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, vol. 12, no. 1, article 64, 2014.
64. S. Soriano, P. Alonso-Magdalena, M. Garca-Arevalo et al., "Rapid insulinotropic action of low doses of Bisphenol-A on mouse and human islets of Langerhans: role of estrogen receptor , " PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 2, Article ID e31109, 2012.
65. K. Kim and H. Park, "Association between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and type 2 diabetes in Korean adults: a population-based cross-sectional study, " International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol. 216, no. 4, pp. 467-471, 2013.
66. A. Nadal, P. Alonso-Magdalena, S. Soriano, I. Quesada, and A. B. Ropero, "The pancreatic -cell as a target of estrogens and xenoestrogens: implications for blood glucose homeostasis and diabetes, " Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 304, no. 1-2, pp. 63-68, 2009.
67. C. Sabanayagam, S. Teppala, and A. Shankar, "Relationship between urinary bisphenol A levels and prediabetes among subjects free of diabetes, " Acta Diabetologica, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 625-631, 2013.
68. A. Shankar and S. Teppala, "Relationship between urinary bisphenol A levels and diabetes mellitus, " Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 96, no. 12, pp. 3822-3826, 2011.
69. M. K. Silver, M. S. ONeill, M. R. Sowers, and S. K. Park, "Urinary Bisphenol a and type-2 diabetes in U. S. Adults: data from NHANES 2003-2008, " PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 10, Article ID e26868, 2011.
70. Q. Sun, M. C. Cornelis, M. K. Townsend et al., "Association of urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and phthalate metabolites with risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective investigation in the nurses health study (NHS) and NHSII cohorts, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 122, no. 6, pp. 616-623, 2014.
71. K. B. Paul, J. M. Hedge, M. J. Devito, and K. M. Crofton, "Short-term exposure to triclosan decreases thyroxine in vivo via upregulation of hepatic catabolism in young long-evans rats, " Toxicological Sciences, vol. 113, no. 2, pp. 367-379, 2009.
72. L. M. Zorrilla, E. K. Gibson, S. C. Jeffay et al., "The effects of triclosan on puberty and thyroid hormones inmale wistar rats, " Toxicological Sciences, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 56-64, 2009.
73. E. S. Koeppe, K. K. Ferguson, J. A. Colacino, and J. D. Meeker, "Relationship between urinary triclosan and paraben concentrations and serum thyroidmeasures in NHANES 2007-2008, " Science of the Total Environment, vol. 445-446, pp. 299-305, 2013.
74. T. Huang, A. R. Saxena, E. Isganaitis, and T. James-Todd, "Gender and racial/ethnic differences in the associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with markers of diabetes risk: National health and nutrition examination survey 2001-2008, " Environmental Health, vol. 13, no. 1, article 6, 2014.
75. R. Mankidy, S. Wiseman, H. Ma, and J. P. Giesy, "Biological impact of phthalates, " Toxicology Letters, vol. 217, no. 1, pp. 50-58, 2013.
76. T. James-Todd, R. Stahlhut, J. D. Meeker et al., "Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and diabetes among women in the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2001-2008, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 120, no. 9, pp. 1307-1313, 2012.
77. A. M. Vetrano, D. L. Laskin, F. Archer et al., "Inflammatory effects of phthalates in neonatal neutrophils, " Pediatric Research, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 134-139, 2010.
78. J. H. Kim, H. Y. Park, S. Bae, Y.-H. Lim, and Y.-C. Hong, "Diethylhexyl phthalates is associated with insulin resistance via oxidative stress in the elderly: a panel study, " PloS ONE, vol. 8, no. 8, Article ID e71392, 2013.
79. M. K. Sarath Josh, S. Pradeep, K. S. VijayalekshmiAmma et al., "Phthalates efficiently bind to human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor and retinoid X receptor, subtypes: an in silico approach, " Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 754-765, 2014.
80. P. M. Lind, B. Zethelius, and L. Lind, "Circulating levels of phthalate metabolites are associated with prevalent diabetes in the elderly, " Diabetes Care, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 1519-1524, 2012.
81. R. W. Stahlhut, E. van Wijngaarden, T. D. Dye, S. Cook, and S. H. Swan, "Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increasedwaist circumference and insulin resistance in adult U. S. males, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, no. 6, pp. 876-882, 2007.
82. K. Svensson, R. U. Hernandez-Ramrez, A. Burguete-Garca et al., "Phthalate exposure associated with self-reported diabetes among Mexican women, " Environmental Research, vol. 111, no. 6, pp. 792-796, 2011.
83. L. Trasande, A. J. Spanier, S. Sathyanarayana, T. M. Attina, and J. Blustein, "Urinary phthalates and increased insulin resistance in adolescents, " Pediatrics, vol. 132, no. 3, pp. e646-e655, 2013.
84. J. E. Rager, K. A. Bailey, L. Smeester et al., "Prenatal arsenic exposure and the epigenome: Altered microRNAs associated with innate and adaptive immune signaling in newborn cord blood, " Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 196-208, 2014.
85. C. Douillet, J. Currier, J. Saunders, W. M. Bodnar, T. Matousek, and M. Styblo, "Methylated trivalent arsenicals are potent inhibitors of glucose stimulated insulin secretion by murine pancreatic islets, " Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 267, no. 1, pp. 11-15, 2013.
86. N. L. Dangleben, C. F. Skibola, and M. T. Smith, "Arsenic immunotoxicity: a review, " Environmental Health, vol. 12, no. 1, article 73, 2013.
87. S.-M. Tsai, T.-N. Wang, and Y.-C. Ko, "Mortality for certain diseases in areas with high levels of arsenic in drinking water, " Archives of Environmental Health, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 186-193, 1999.
88. T. H. Lu, C. C. Su, Y. W. Chen et al., "Arsenic induces pancreatic -cell apoptosis via the oxidative stress-regulated mitochondria-dependent and endoplasmic reticulum stresstriggered signaling pathways, " Toxicology Letters, vol. 201, no. 1, pp. 15-26, 2011.
89. S. Ahmed, K. B. Ahsan, M. Kippler et al., "In Utero arsenic exposure is associated with impaired thymic function in newborns possibly via oxidative stress and apoptosis, " Toxicological Sciences, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 305-314, 2012.
90. E. V. Brauner, R. B. Nordsborg, Z. I. Andersen, A. Tjønneland, S. Loft, and O. Raaschou-Nielsen, "Long-term exposure to low-level arsenic in drinking water and diabetes incidence: a prospective study of the diet, cancer and health cohort, " Environmental Health Perspectives, 2014.
91. N. Banerjee, S. Banerjee, R. Senet al., "Chronic arsenic exposure impairs macrophage functions in the exposed individuals, " Journal of Clinical Immunology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 582-594, 2009.
92. B. K. Lee and Y. Kim, "Association of diabetes mellitus with a combination of vitamin d deficiency and arsenic exposure in the Korean general population: analysis of 2008-2009 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey data, " Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 25, no. 1, p. 7, 2013.
93. K. Lu, R. P. Abo, K. A. Schlieper et al., "Arsenic exposure perturbs the gut microbiome and its metabolic profile in mice: an integrated metagenomics and metabolomics analysis, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 284-291, 2014.
94. M. Mahram, D. Shahsavari, S. Oveisi, and S. Jalilolghadr, "Comparison of hypertension and diabetes mellitus prevalence in areas with and without water arsenic contamination, " Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 408-412, 2013.
95. Y. Miura, M. Kato, K. Ogino, andH. Matsui, "Impairedcytosolic Ca2+ response to glucose and gastric inhibitory polypeptide in pancreatic -cells from triphenyltin-induced diabetic hamster, " Endocrinology, vol. 138, no. 7, pp. 2769-2775, 1997.
96. Y. Miura, Y. Hori, S. Kimura et al., "Triphenyltin impairs insulin secretion by decreasing glucose-induced NADP(H) and ATP production in hamster pancreatic -cells, " Toxicology, vol. 299, no. 2-3, pp. 165-171, 2012.
97. Z. Zuo, T. Wu, M. Lin et al., "Chronic exposure to tributyltin chloride induces pancreatic islet cell apoptosis and disrupts glucose homeostasis in male mice, " Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 5179-5186, 2014.
98. H. Matsui, O. Wada, S. Manabe, Y. Ushijima, and T. Fujikura, "Species difference in sensitivity to the diabetogenic action of triphenyltin hydroxide, " Experientia, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 377-378, 1984.
99. G. G. Dahlquist, L. G. Blom, L.-A. Persson, A. I. M. Sandstrom, and S. G. I. Wall, "Dietary factors and the risk of developing insulin dependent diabetes in childhood, " British Medical Journal, vol. 300, no. 6735, pp. 1302-1306, 1990.
100. T. Helgason and M. R. Jonasson, "Evidence for a food additive as a cause of ketosis-prone diabetes, "TheLancet, vol. 2, no. 8249, pp. 716-720, 1981.
101. V. S. Benson, J. A. VanLeeuwen, J. Taylor, G. S. Somers, P. A. McKinney, and L. Van Til, "Type 1 diabetes mellitus and components in drinking water and diet: a population-based, case-control study in prince Edward Island, Canada, " Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 612-624, 2010.
102. G. L. Wilson, B. T. Mossman, and J. E. Craighead, "Use of pancreatic beta cells in culture to identify diabetogenic Nnitroso compounds, " In Vitro, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 25-30, 1983.
103. U. Samuelsson, S. Oikarinen, H. Hyoty, and J. Ludvigsson, "Low zinc in drinking water is associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in children, " Pediatric Diabetes, vol. 12, no. 3, part 1, pp. 156-164, 2011.
104. M. P. Cherian, K. A. Al-Kanani, S. S. Al Qahtani et al., "The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus and the role of environmental factors-three decade experience in a primary care health center in Saudi Arabia, " Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology andMetabolism, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 685-695, 2010.
105. J. N. Kostraba, E. C. Gay, M. Rewers, andR. F. Hamman, "Nitrate levels in community drinking waters and risk of IDDM: an ecological analysis, " Diabetes Care, vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1505-1508, 1992.
106. R. C. Parslow, P. A. McKinney, G. R. Law, A. Staines, R. Williams, and H. J. Bodansky, "Incidence of childhood diabetes mellitus in Yorkshire, Northern England, is associated with nitrate in drinking water: an ecological analysis, " Diabetologia, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 550-556, 1997.
107. J. M. S. van Maanen, H. J. Albering, S. G. J. van Breda et al., "Nitrate in drinking water and risk of childhood diabetes in the Netherlands, " Diabetes Care, vol. 22, no. 10, article 1750, 1999.
108. T. Szkudelski, "The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas, " Physiological Research, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 537-546, 2001.
109. W. J. Schnedl, S. Ferber, J. H. Johnson, and C. B. Newgard, "STZ transport and cytotoxicity: Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells, " Diabetes, vol. 43, no. 11, pp. 1326-1333, 1994.
110. E. H. Leiter, "Multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia and insulitis in C57BL mice: Influence of inbred background, sex, and thymus, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 630-634, 1982.
111. Z. Wang and H. Gleichmann, "GLUT2 in pancreatic islets: crucial target molecule in diabetes induced with multiple low doses of streptozotocin in mice, " Diabetes, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 50-56, 1998.
112. A. A. Rossini, A. A. Like, W. L. Chick, M. C. Appel, and G. F. Cahill Jr., "Studies of streptozotocin induced insulitis and diabetes, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 74, no. 6, pp. 2485-2489, 1977.
113. C. C. Rerup, "Drugs producing diabetes through damage of the insulin secreting cells, " Pharmacological Reviews, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 485-518, 1970.
114. D. L. Eizirik, D. G. Pipeleers, Z. Ling, N. Welsh, C. Hellerstrom, and A. Andersson, "Major species differences between humans and rodents in the susceptibility to pancreatic -cell injury, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 91, no. 20, pp. 9253-9256, 1994.
115. K. D. Hettiarachchi, P. Z. Zimmet, and M. A. Myers, "Transplacental exposure to bafilomycin disrupts pancreatic islet organogenesis and accelerates diabetes onset in NOD mice, " Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 287-296, 2004.
116. M. A. Myers, K. D. Hettiarachchi, J. P. Ludeman, A. J. Wilson, C. R. Wilson, and P. Z. Zimmet, "Dietary microbial toxins and type 1 diabetes, " Annals of theNew York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1005, pp. 418-422, 2003.
117. K. D. Hettiarachchi, P. Z. Zimmet, and M. A. Myers, "The plecomacrolide vacuolar-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin, alters insulin signaling in MIN6 -cells, " Cell Biology and Toxicology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 169-181, 2006.
118. M. D. Esposti, A. Ngo, and M. A. Myers, "Inhibition of mitochondrial complex I may account for IDDM induced by intoxication with the rodenticide vacor, " Diabetes, vol. 45, no. 11, pp. 1531-1534, 1996.
119. H. Taniguchi, Y. Yamashiro, M. Y. Chung et al., "Vacor inhibits insulin release from islets in vitro, " Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 273-275, 1989.
120. G. L. Wilson and K. L. Gaines, "Effects of the rodenticide Vacor on cultured rat pancreatic beta cells, " Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 375-379, 1983.
121. S. M. Virtanen, M. Roivainen, M. A. Andersson et al., "In vitro toxicity of cereulide on porcine pancreatic Langerhans islets, " Toxicon, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1029-1037, 2008.
122. R. Vangoitsenhoven, D. Rondas, I. Crevecoeur et al., "Foodborne cereulide causes Beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, " PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 8, Article ID e104866, 2014.
123. I. C. Eze, E. Schaffner, E. Fischer et al., "Long-termair pollution exposure and diabetes in a population-based Swiss cohort, " Environment International, vol. 70, pp. 95-105, 2014.
124. P. H. Danielsen, P. Møller, K. A. Jensen et al., "Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines, " Chemical Research in Toxicology, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 168-184, 2011.
125. E. H. Hathout, W. Thomas, M. El-Shahawy, F. Nahab, and J. W. Mace, "Diabetic autoimmune markers in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes, " Pediatrics, vol. 107, no. 6, article e102, 2001.
126. L. J. den Hartigh, M. W. Lame, W. Ham, M. J. Kleeman, F. Tablin, and D. W. Wilson, "Endotoxin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient fine particulate matter from Fresno, California initiate human monocyte inflammatory responses mediated by reactive oxygen species, " Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1993-2002, 2010.
127. R. D. Brook, X. Xu, R. L. Bard et al., "Reduced metabolic insulin sensitivity following sub-acute exposures to low levels of ambient fine particulate matter air pollution, " Science of the Total Environment, vol. 448, pp. 66-71, 2013.
128. Y.-H. Yan, C. C. Chou, C.-T. Lee, J.-Y. Liu, and T.-J. Cheng, "Enhanced insulin resistance in diet-induced obese rats exposed to fine particles by instillation, " Inhalation Toxicology, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 507-519, 2011.
129. E. H. Hathout, W. L. Beeson, M. Ischander, R. Rao, and J. W. Mace, "Air pollution and type 1 diabetes in children, " Pediatric Diabetes, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 81-87, 2006.
130. V. Bass, C. J. Gordon, K. A. Jarema et al., "Ozone induces glucose intolerance and systemic metabolic effects in young and aged brown Norway rats, " Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 273, no. 3, pp. 551-560, 2013.
131. M. Janghorbani, F. Momeni, and M. Mansourian, "Systematic review and metaanalysis of air pollution exposure and risk of diabetes, " European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 231-242, 2014.
132. R. E. Dales, S. Cakmak, C. B. Vidal, and M. A. Rubio, "Air pollution and hospitalization for acute complications of diabetes in Chile, " Environment International, vol. 46, pp. 1-5, 2012.
133. I. Nikolic, T. Saksida, K. Mangano et al., "Pharmacological application of carbon monoxide ameliorates islet-directed autoimmunity in mice via anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects, " Diabetologia, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 980-990, 2014.
134. E. Thiering, I. Bruske, J. Kratzsch et al., "Prenatal and postnatal tobacco smoke exposure and development of insulin resistance in 10 year old children, " International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol. 214, no. 5, pp. 361-368, 2011.
135. B. Rasouli, V. Grill, K. Midthjell, A. Ahlbom, T. Andersson, and S. Carlsson, "Smoking is associatedwith reduced risk of autoimmune diabetes in adults contrastingwith increased risk in overweight menwith type 2 diabetes, " Diabetes Care, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 604-610, 2013.
136. G. Dahlquist and B. Kallen, "Maternal-child blood group incompatibility and other perinatal events increase the risk for early-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, " Diabetologia, vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 671-675, 1992.
137. P.-G. Persson, S. Carlsson, L. Svanstrom, C.-G. Ostenson, S. Efendic, and V. Grill, "Cigarette smoking, oral moist snuff use and glucose intolerance, " Journal of Internal Medicine, vol. 248, no. 2, pp. 103-110, 2000.
138. A. Hjern and U. Soderstrom, "Parental country of birth is a major determinant of childhood type 1 diabetes in Sweden, " Pediatric Diabetes, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 35-39, 2008.
139. R. Ievins, S. E. Roberts, and M. J. Goldacre, "Perinatal factors associated with subsequent diabetes mellitus in the child: record linkage study, " Diabetic Medicine, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 664-670, 2007.
140. A. Johansson, G. Hermansson, and J. Ludvigsson, "Tobacco exposure and diabetes-related autoantibodies in children: results from the ABIS study, " Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1150, pp. 197-199, 2008.
141. A. L. Marshall, A. Chetwynd, J. A. Morris et al., "Type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood: a matched case control study in Lancashire and Cumbria, UK, " Diabetic Medicine, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1035-1040, 2004.
142. L. Robertson and K. Harrild, "Maternal and neonatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes: a matched case-control study, " BMC Public Health, vol. 10, article 281, 2010.
143. O. Alshaarawy, M. Zhu, A. M. Ducatman, B. Conway, andM. E. Andrew, "Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers and diabetes mellitus, " Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 437-441, 2014.
144. K. Nadeau, C. McDonald-Hyman, E. M. Noth et al., "Ambient air pollution impairs regulatory T-cell function in asthma, " Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 126, no. 4, pp. 845. e10-852. e10, 2010.
145. L. Perreault, C. McCurdy, A. A. Kerege, J. Houck, K. Frch, and B. C. Bergman, "Bisphenol A impairs hepatic glucose sensing in C57BL/6male mice, " PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 7, Article ID e69991, 2013.
146. M. Kajta, E. Litwa, J. Rzemieniec et al., "Isomer-nonspecific action of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane on aryl hydrocarbon receptor and G-protein-coupled receptor 30 intracellular signaling in apoptotic neuronal cells, " Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 392, no. 1-2, pp. 90-105, 2014.
147. L. N. Vandenberg, I. Chahoud, J. J. Heindel, V. Padmanabhan, F. J. R. Paumgartten, and G. Schoenfelder, "Urinary, circulating, and tissue biomonitoring studies indicate widespread exposure to bisphenol A, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 118, no. 8, pp. 1055-1070, 2010.
148. G. Schonfelder, W. Wittfoht, H. Hopp, C. E. Talsness, M. Paul, and I. Chahoud, "Parent bisphenol a accumulation in the human maternal-fetal-placental unit, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 110, no. 11, pp. A703-A707, 2002.
149. K. M. Donohue, R. L. Miller, M. S. Perzanowski et al., "Prenatal and postnatal bisphenol A exposure and asthma development among inner-city children, " Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 736. e6-742. e6, 2013.
150. S. V. Vaidya and H. Kulkarni, "Association of urinary bisphenol a concentration with allergic asthma: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2005-2006, " Journal of Asthma, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 800-806, 2012.
151. Y. Nakajima, R. M. Goldblum, and T. Midoro-Horiuti, "Fetal exposure to bisphenol A as a risk factor for the development of childhood asthma: An animal model study, " Environmental Health, vol. 11, article 8, 2012.
152. T. Midoro-Horiuti, R. Tiwari, C. S. Watson, and R. M. Goldblum, "Maternal bisphenol a exposure promotes the development of experimental asthma in mouse pups, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 273-277, 2010.
153. P. Alonso-Magdalena, O. Laribi, A. B. Ropero et al., "Low doses of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol impair Ca2+ signals in pancreatic -cells through a nonclassical membrane estrogen receptor within intact islets of Langerhans, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 113, no. 8, pp. 969-977, 2005.
154. P. Alonso-Magdalena, E. Vieira, S. Soriano et al., "Bisphenol a exposure during pregnancy disrupts glucose homeostasis in mothers and adult male offspring, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 118, no. 9, pp. 1243-1250, 2010.
155. S. Ding, Y. Fan, N. Zhao et al., "High-fat diet aggravates glucose homeostasis disorder caused by chronic exposure to bisphenol A, " Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 221, no. 1, pp. 167-179, 2014.
156. H. Gong, X. Zhang, B. Cheng et al., "Bisphenol A accelerates toxic amyloid formation of human islet amyloid polypeptide: a possible link between bisphenol A exposure and type 2 diabetes, " PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 1, Article ID e54198, 2013.
157. A. B. Ropero, P. Alonso-Magdalena, E. Garcia-Garcia, C. Ripoll, E. Fuentes, and A. Nadal, "Bisphenol-A disruption of the endocrine pancreas and blood glucose homeostasis, " International Journal of Andrology, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 194-200, 2008.
158. S. P. Barros, S. Wirojchanasak, D. A. Barrow, F. S. Panagakos, W. Devizio, and S. Offenbacher, "Triclosan inhibition of acute and chronic inflammatory gene pathways, " Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 412-418, 2010.
159. E. M. Rees Clayton, M. Todd, J. B. Dowd, and A. E. Aiello, "The impact of bisphenol A and triclosan on immune parameters in the U. S. population, NHANES 2003-2006, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 390-396, 2011.
160. S. H. Sicherer and D. Y. M. Leung, "Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2012, " Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 131, no. 1, pp. 55-66, 2013.
161. R. J. Bertelsen, M. P. Longnecker, M. Løvik et al., "Triclosan exposure and allergic sensitization in Norwegian children, " Allergy, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 84-91, 2013.
162. M.-L. Hartoft-Nielsen, A. K. Rasmussen, T. Bock, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, A. Kaas, and K. Buschard, "Iodine and tri-iodothyronine reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the autoimmune prone BB rats, " Autoimmunity, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 131-138, 2009.
163. S. Dzhekova-Stojkova, J. Bogdanska, and Z. Stojkova, "Peroxisome proliferators: their biological and toxicological effects, " Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 468-474, 2001.
164. C.-H. Kuo, C.-C. Hsieh, H.-F. Kuo et al., "Phthalates suppress type i interferon in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells via epigenetic regulation, " Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 68, no. 7, pp. 870-879, 2013.
165. H. Shu, B. A. Jonsson, M. Larsson, E. Nanberg, and C.-G. Bornehag, "PVC flooring at home and development of asthma among young children in Sweden, a 10-year follow-up, " Indoor Air, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 227-235, 2014.
166. J. A. Hoppin, R. Jaramillo, S. J. London et al., "Phthalate exposure and allergy in the U. S. population: results from NHANES 2005-2006, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 121, no. 10, pp. 1129-1134, 2013.
167. A. C. Just, R. M. Whyatt, R. L. Miller et al., "Childrens urinary phthalate metabolites and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in an Urban cohort, "The American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 186, no. 9, pp. 830-837, 2012.
168. H. Garelick, H. Jones, A. Dybowska, and E. Valsami-Jones, "Arsenic pollution sources, " Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 197, pp. 17-60, 2008.
169. C. Guay, E. Roggli, V. Nesca, C. Jacovetti, and R. Regazzi, "Diabetes mellitus, a microRNA-related disease?" Translational Research, vol. 157, no. 4, pp. 253-264, 2011.
170. C.-H. Tseng, T.-Y. Tai, C.-K. Chong et al., "Long-term arsenic exporure and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a cohort study in arseniasis-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 108, no. 9, pp. 847-851, 2000.
171. K. Fent, "Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds, " Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 1-117, 1996.
172. S. A. Sheweita and M. H. Mostafa, "N-nitroso compounds induce changes in carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, " Cancer Letters, vol. 106, no. 2, pp. 243-249, 1996.
173. E. Moltchanova, M. Rytkonen, A. Kousa, O. Taskinen, J. Tuomilehto, and M. Karvonen, "Zinc and nitrate in the ground water and the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Finland, " Diabetic Medicine, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 256-261, 2004.
174. S. Muntoni, P. Cocco, S. Muntoni, and G. Aru, "Nitrate in community water supplies and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in Sardinia, Italy, " European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 245-247, 2006.
175. E. Schober, B. Rami, and T. Waldhoer, "Small area variation in childhood diabetes mellitus in Austria: links to population density, 1989 to 1999, " Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 269-273, 2003.
176. C. F. Verge, N. J. Howard, L. Irwig, J. M. Simpson, D. Mackerras, and M. Silink, "Environmental factors in childhood IDDM: a population-based, case-control study, " Diabetes Care, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1381-1390, 1994.
177. S. M. Virtanen, L. Jaakkola, L. Rasanen et al., "Nitrate and nitrite intake and the risk for type 1 diabetes in Finnish children. Childhood Diabetes in Finland StudyGroup, " Diabetic Medicine, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 656-662, 1994.
178. C. Winkler, U. Mollenhauer, S. Hummel, E. Bonifacio, andA.-C. Zieglei, "Exposure to environmental factors in drinking water: risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes-the BABYDIAB Study, " Hormone and Metabolic Research, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 566-571, 2008.
179. M. A. Myers, I. R. Mackay, and P. Z. Zimmet, "Toxic type 1 diabetes, " Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 225-231, 2003.
180. M. S. Salkinoja-Salonen, R. Vuorio, M. A. Andersson et al., "Toxigenic strains of Bacillus licheniformis related to food poisoning, " Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 4637-4645, 1999.
181. D. H. Phillips, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet, " Mutation Research-Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, vol. 443, no. 1-2, pp. 139-147, 1999.
182. T. Hussain, O. S. Al-Attas, N. M. Al-Daghri et al., "Induction of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, increased oxidative stress and inflammation in the lung and liver tissues of rats exposed to incense smoke, " Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 391, no. 1-2, pp. 127-136, 2014.
183. Z. Zhao, Y. S. Low, N. A. Armstrong et al., "Repurposing cAMPmodulating medications 12 to promote -cell replication, " Molecular Endocrinology, 2014.
184. O. Andersson, B. A. Adams, D. Yoo et al., "Adenosine signaling promotes regeneration of pancreatic cells in vivo, " Cell Metabolism, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 885-894, 2012.
185. R. Glas, N. S. Sauter, F. T. Schulthess, L. Shu, J. Oberholzer, and K. Maedler, "Purinergic P2X7 receptors regulate secretion of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and beta cell function and survival, " Diabetologia, vol. 52, no. 8, pp. 1579-1588, 2009.
186. S. Amisten, S. Meidute-Abaraviciene, C. Tan et al., "ADP mediates inhibition of insulin secretion by activation of P2Y13 receptors in mice, " Diabetologia, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1927-1934, 2010.
187. M. C. Jacques-Silva, M. Correa-Medina, O. Cabrera et al., "ATPgated P2X3 receptors constitute a positive autocrine signal for insulin release in the human pancreatic cell, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 107, no. 14, pp. 6465-6470, 2010.
188. M. ElOuaaliti, M. Seil, and J. P. Dehaye, "Activation of calciuminsensitive phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) by P2X7 receptors in murine peritoneal macrophages, " Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators, vol. 99, no. 3-4, pp. 116-123, 2012.
189. H. Kouzaki, K. Iijima, T. Kobayashi, S. M. OGrady, and H. Kita, "The danger signal, extracellular ATP, is a sensor for an airborne allergen and triggers IL-33 release and innateTh2-type responses, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 186, no. 7, pp. 4375-4387, 2011.
190. J. P. Tiano and F. Mauvais-Jarvis, "Selective estrogen receptor modulation in pancreatic -cells and the prevention of type 2 diabetes, " Islets, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 173-176, 2012.
191. F. Allagnat, P. Klee, A. K. Cardozo, P. Meda, and J.-A. Haefliger, "Connexin36 contributes to INS-1E cells survival through modulation of cytokine-induced oxidative stress, ER stress and AMPK activity, " Cell Death and Differentiation, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1742-1752, 2013.
192. S. Oikarinen, S. Tauriainen, D. Hober et al., "Virus antibody survey in different european populations indicates risk association between coxsackievirus B1 and type 1 diabetes, " Diabetes, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 655-662, 2014.
193. L. C. Stene, S. Oikarinen, H. Hyoty et al., "Enterovirus infection and progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes and Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), " Diabetes, vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 3174-3180, 2010.
194. J. Liu, L. Zhang, L. C. Winterrothet al., "Epigeneticallymediated pathogenic effects of phenanthrene on regulatory T cells, " Journal of Toxicology, vol. 2013, Article ID 967029, 13 pages, 2013.
195. E. Corsini, E. Sangiovanni, A. Avogadro et al., "In vitro characterization of the immunotoxic potential of several perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), " Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 258, no. 2, pp. 248-255, 2012.
196. A. Brieger, N. Bienefeld, R. Hasan, R. Goerlich, and H. Haase, "Impact of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid on human peripheral leukocytes, " Toxicology in Vitro, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 960-968, 2011.
197. H. Bilrha, R. Roy, B. Moreau, M. Belles-Isles, E. Dewailly, and P. Ayotte, "Invitro activation of cord bloodmononuclear cells and cytokine production in a remote coastal population exposed to organochlorines and methyl mercury, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 111, no. 16, pp. 1952-1957, 2003.
198. G.-H. Dong, M.-M. Liu, D. Wang, L. Zheng, Z.-F. Liang, and Y.-H. Jin, "Sub-chronic effect of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) on the balance of type 1 and type 2 cytokine in adult C57BL6 mice, " Archives of Toxicology, vol. 85, no. 10, pp. 1235-1244, 2011.
199. M. Goto, Y. Takano-Ishikawa, H. Ono, M. Yoshida, K. Yamaki, and H. Shinmoto, "Orally administered bisphenol A disturbed antigen specific immunoresponses in the naive condition, " Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 2136-2143, 2007.
200. P. Imbeault, C. S. Findlay, M. A. Robidoux et al., "Dysregulation of cytokine response in Canadian first nations communities: is there an association with persistent organic pollutant levels?" PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 7, Article ID e39931, 2012.
201. P. Latzin, U. Frey, J. Armann et al., "Exposure to moderate air pollution during late pregnancy and cord blood cytokine secretion in healthy neonates, " PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 8, Article ID e23130, 2011.
202. C. Morzadec, F. Bouezzedine, M. Macoch, O. Fardel, and L. Vernhet, "Inorganic arsenic impairs proliferation and cytokine expression in human primary T lymphocytes, " Toxicology, vol. 300, no. 1-2, pp. 46-56, 2012.
203. K. T. Coppieters, A. Wiberg, and M. G. von Herrath, "Viral infections and molecular mimicry in type 1 diabetes, " APMIS, vol. 120, no. 12, pp. 941-949, 2012.
204. S. A. Naser, S. Thanigachalam, C. T. Dow, and M. T. Collins, "Exploring the role of Mycobacteriumaviumsubspecies Paratuberculosis in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: a pilot study, " Gut Pathogens, vol. 5, no. 1, article 14, 2013.
205. S. Masala, D. Paccagnini, D. Cossu et al., "Antibodies recognizing mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis epitopes crossreact with the beta-cell antigen znt8 in sardinian type 1 diabetic patients, " PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 10, Article IDe26931, 2011.
206. J. R. Balmes, M. Cisternas, P. J. Quinlan et al., "Annual average ambient particulate matter exposure estimates, measured home particulatematter, and hair nicotine are associated with respiratory outcomes in adults with asthma, " Environmental Research, vol. 129, pp. 1-10, 2014.
207. R. J. Bertelsen, K. C. Ldrup Carlsen, A. M. Calafat et al., "Urinary biomarkers for phthalates associated with asthma in Norwegian children, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 251-256, 2013.
208. M. Callesen, G. Beko, C. J. Weschler et al., "Phthalate metabolites in urine and asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis in preschool children, " International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol. 217, no. 6, pp. 645-652, 2014.
209. D. Das, B. Bindhani, B. Mukherjee et al., "Chronic low-level arsenic exposure reduces lung function in male population without skin lesions, " International Journal of Public Health, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 655-663, 2014.
210. J. M. Gaffin, W. Kanchongkittiphon, and W. Phipatanakul, "Perinatal and early childhood environmental factors influencing allergic asthma immunopathogenesis, " International Immunopharmacology, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 21-30, 2014.
211. M. Guarnieri and J. R. Balmes, "Outdoor air pollution and asthma, " The Lancet, vol. 383, no. 9928, pp. 1581-1592, 2014.
212. S. Hansen, M. Strøm, S. F. Olsen et al., "Maternal concentrations of persistent organochlorine pollutants and the risk of asthma in offspring: results from a prospective cohort with 20 years of follow-up, "Environmental HealthPerspectives, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 93-99, 2014.
213. J. A. Hoppin, D. M. Umbach, S. Long et al., "Respiratory disease in United States farmers, " Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 484-491, 2014.
214. E. C. Klingbeil, K. M. Hew, U. C. Nygaard, and K. C. Nadeau, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco smoke, and epigenetic remodeling in asthma, " Immunologic Research, vol. 58, no. 2-3, pp. 369-373, 2014.
215. J. H. Savage, C. B. Johns, R. Hauser, and A. A. Litonjua, "Urinary triclosan levels and recent asthma exacerbations, " Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, vol. 112, no. 2, pp. 179-181, 2014.
216. J. Y. Kim and H. G. Jeong, "Down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor- expression by bisphenolAvia nuclear factor-B inactivation inmacrophages, " Cancer Letters, vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 69-76, 2003.
217. D. C. Koestler, M. Avissar-Whiting, E. Andres Houseman, M. R. Karagas, and C. J. Marsit, "Differential DNA methylation in umbilical cord blood of infants exposed to low levels of arsenic in utero, " Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 121, no. 8, pp. 971-977, 2013.
218. C. K. Se and M. L. Byung, "DNA methylation of estrogen receptor gene by phthalates, " Journal of Toxicology and EnvironmentalHealth A, vol. 68, no. 23-24, pp. 1995-2003, 2005.
219. T. M. Edwards and J. P. Myers, "Environmental exposures and gene regulation in disease etiology, " Ciencia e Saude Coletiva, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 269-281, 2008.
220. M. N. Poy, L. Eliasson, J. Krutzfeldt et al., "A pancreatic isletspecific microRNAregulates insulin secretion, " Nature, vol. 432, no. 7014, pp. 226-230, 2004.
221. E. Roggli, A. Britan, S. Gattesco et al., "Involvement of microRNAs in the cytotoxic effects exerted by proinflammatory cytokines on pancreatic -cells, " Diabetes, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 978-986, 2010.
222. G. J. Berry, L. R. Budgeon, T. K. Cooper, N. D. Christensen, and H. Waldner, "The type 1 diabetes resistance locus B10 Idd9. 3 mediates impaired B-cell lymphopoiesis and implicates microRNA-34a in diabetes protection, " European Journal of Immunology, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 1716-1727, 2014.
223. Q. Ruan, T. Wang, V. Kameswaran et al., "The microRNA-21-PDCD4 axis prevents type 1 diabetes by blocking pancreatic cell death, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 29, pp. 12030-12035, 2011.
224. E. Roggli, S. Gattesco, D. Caille et al., "Changes in microRNA expression contribute to pancreatic -cell dysfunction in prediabetic NOD mice, " Diabetes, vol. 61, no. 7, pp. 1742-1751, 2012.
225. M. C. deGoffau, K. Luopajarvi, M. Knip et al., "Fecalmicrobiota composition differs between children with -cell autoimmunity and those without, " Diabetes, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1238-1244, 2013.
226. M. Murri, I. Leiva, J. M. Gomez-Zumaquero et al., "Gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes differs from that in healthy children: a case-control study, " BMC Medicine, vol. 11, no. 1, article 46, 2013.
227. E. Soyucen, A. Gulcan, A. C. Aktuglu-Zeybek, H. Onal, E. Kiykim, and A. Aydin, "Differences in the gut microbiota of healthy children and those with type 1 diabetes, " Pediatrics International, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 336-343, 2014.
228. O. Vaarala, "Immunological effects of probiotics with special reference to lactobacilli, " Clinical and Experimental Allergy, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1634-1640, 2003.
229. O. Vaarala, M. A. Atkinson, and J. Neu, "The "perfect storm" for type 1 diabetes: the complex interplay between intestinal microbiota, gut permeability, andmucosal immunity, " Diabetes, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2555-2562, 2008.
230. D. Zipris, "The interplay between the gut microbiota and the immune system in the mechanism of type 1 diabetes, " Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 265-270, 2013.
231. J. Peng, S. Narasimhan, J. R. Marchesi, A. Benson, F. S. Wong, and L. Wen, "Long term effect of gut microbiota transfer on diabetes development, " Journal ofAutoimmunity, vol. 53, pp. 85-94, 2014.
232. J. G. M. Markle, D. N. Frank, S. Mortin-Toth et al., "Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity, " Science, vol. 339, no. 6123, pp. 1084-1088, 2013.
233. R. Emani, M. N. Asghar, R. Toivonen et al., "Casein hydrolysate diet controls intestinal T cell activation, free radical production and microbial colonisation inNOD mice, " Diabetologia, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1781-1791, 2013.
234. C. H. Hansen, L. Krych, K. Buschard et al., "A maternal glutenfree diet reduces inflammation and diabetes incidence in the offspring of NOD mice, " Diabetes, 2014.
235. K. J. Wolf, J. G. Daft, S. M. Tanner, R. Hartmann, E. Khafipour, and R. G. Lorenz, "Consumption of acidic water alters the gut microbiome and decreases the risk of diabetes in NOD mice, " Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 237-250, 2014.
236. A. Aumeunier, F. Grela, A. Ramadan et al., "Systemic toll-like receptor stimulation suppresses experimental allergic asthma and autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, " PLoS ONE, vol. 5, no. 7, Article ID e11484, 2010.
237. F. Calcinaro, S. Dionisi, M. Marinaro et al., "Oral probiotic administration induces interleukin-10 production and prevents spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse, " Diabetologia, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1565-1575, 2005.
238. K. Lau, P. Benitez, A. Ardissone et al., "Inhibition of type 1 diabetes correlated to a Lactobacillus johnsonii N6. 2-mediated Th17 bias, " Journal of Immunology, vol. 186, no. 6, pp. 3538-3546, 2011.
239. T. Matsuzaki, Y. Nagata, S. Kado et al., "Prevention of onset in an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus model, NOD mice, by oral feeding of Lactobacillus casei, " APMIS, vol. 105, no. 8, pp. 643-649, 1997.
240. M. Ljungberg, R. Korpela, J. Ilonen, J. Ludvigsson, andO. Vaarala, "Probiotics for the prevention of beta cell autoimmunity in children at genetic risk of type 1 diabetes-the PRODIA study, " Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1079, pp. 360-364, 2006.
241. J. B. Meddings, J. Jarand, S. J. Urbanski, J. Hardin, and D. G. Gall, "Increased gastrointestinal permeability is an early lesion in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat, " The American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 276, no. 4, pp. G951-G957, 1999.
242. T. Watts, I. Berti, A. Sapone et al., "Role of the intestinal tight junction modulator zonulin in the pathogenesis of type I diabetes in BB diabetic-prone rats, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 102, no. 8, pp. 2916-2921, 2005.
243. S. F. Assimakopoulos, I. Papageorgiou, and A. Charonis, "Enterocytes tight junctions: From molecules to diseases, " World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 123-137, 2011.
244. E. Bosi, L. Molteni, M. G. Radaelli et al., "Increased intestinal permeability precedes clinical onset of type 1 diabetes, " Diabetologia, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 2824-2827, 2006.
245. S. De Kort, D. Keszthelyi, and A. A. M. Masclee, "Leaky gut and diabetes mellitus: what is the link?" Obesity Reviews, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 449-458, 2011.
246. A. Sapone, L. DeMagistris, M. Pietzak et al., "Zonulin upregulation is associated with increased gut permeability in subjects with type 1 diabetes and their relatives, " Diabetes, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1443-1449, 2006.
247. T. Vorobjova, O. Uibo, I. Ojakivi et al., "Lower expression of tight junction protein 1 gene and increased FOXP3 expression in the small bowel mucosa in coeliac disease and associated type 1 diabetes mellitus, " International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, vol. 156, no. 4, pp. 451-461, 2011.
248. G. T. Keusch, G. F. Grady, L. J. Mata, and J. McIver, "The pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. I. Enterotoxin production by Shigella dysenteriae I, " Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1212-1218, 1972.
249. J. B. Pritchard, "Toxic substances and cell membrane function, " Federation Proceedings, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 2220-2225, 1979.
250. S. Ahrne and M. L. J. Hagslatt, "Effect of lactobacilli on paracellular permeability in the gut, " Nutrients, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 104-117, 2011.