메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 56, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1888-1897

The prenatal environment and type 1 diabetes

Author keywords

Aetiology; Maternal factors; Non genetic factors; Prenatal environment; Review; Risk factors; Type 1 diabetes

Indexed keywords

BIRTH ORDER; BIRTH WEIGHT; CESAREAN SECTION; CHILDBIRTH; CONCEPTION; DIZYGOTIC TWINS; DNA METHYLATION; ENTEROVIRUS INFECTION; EPIGENETICS; FAMILY STUDY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INTRAUTERINE INFECTION; MATERNAL AGE; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MATERNAL SMOKING; MICROCHIMERISM; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; NONHUMAN; PERINATAL PERIOD; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW;

EID: 84881613172     PISSN: 0012186X     EISSN: 14320428     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2929-6     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (79)

References (115)
  • 2
    • 84866369211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The thrifty phenotype hypothesis revisited
    • 22643933 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38nntFGlsQ%3D%3D 10.1007/s00125-012-2589-y
    • Vaag AA, Grunnet LG, Arora GP, Brons C (2012) The thrifty phenotype hypothesis revisited. Diabetologia 55:2085-2088
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 2085-2088
    • Vaag, A.A.1    Grunnet, L.G.2    Arora, G.P.3    Brons, C.4
  • 3
    • 80053469106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse health outcomes in women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol
    • 21991952 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXht12murfN 10.1056/NEJMoa1013961
    • Hoover RN, Hyer M, Pfeiffer RM et al (2011) Adverse health outcomes in women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. N Engl J Med 365:1304-1314
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.365 , pp. 1304-1314
    • Hoover, R.N.1    Hyer, M.2    Pfeiffer, R.M.3
  • 4
    • 0035857997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth weight and childhood onset type 1 diabetes: Population based cohort study
    • the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group 11302899 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3mtFKjuw%3D%3D 10.1136/bmj.322.7291.889
    • Stene LC, Magnus P, Lie RT, Søvik O, Joner G, the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group (2001) Birth weight and childhood onset type 1 diabetes: population based cohort study. BMJ 322:889-892
    • (2001) BMJ , vol.322 , pp. 889-892
    • Stene, L.C.1    Magnus, P.2    Lie, R.T.3    Søvik, O.4    Joner, G.5
  • 5
    • 77749342807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birthweight and the risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis of observational studies using individual patient data
    • 20063147 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3c7nsF2mtw%3D%3D 10.1007/s00125-009-1648-5
    • Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G et al (2010) Birthweight and the risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies using individual patient data. Diabetologia 53:641-651
    • (2010) Diabetologia , vol.53 , pp. 641-651
    • Cardwell, C.R.1    Stene, L.C.2    Joner, G.3
  • 6
    • 77957374555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allergic disease: Understanding how in utero events set the scene
    • 20587128 10.1017/S0029665110001874
    • Prescott SL (2010) Allergic disease: understanding how in utero events set the scene. Proc Nutr Soc 69:366-372
    • (2010) Proc Nutr Soc , vol.69 , pp. 366-372
    • Prescott, S.L.1
  • 7
    • 84655176310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of perinatal immune development on mucosal homeostasis and chronic inflammation
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1aisLfI
    • Renz H, Brandtzaeg P, Hornef M (2012) The impact of perinatal immune development on mucosal homeostasis and chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 12:9-23
    • (2012) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.12 , pp. 9-23
    • Renz, H.1    Brandtzaeg, P.2    Hornef, M.3
  • 8
    • 84882064690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental origins of asthma and related allergic disorders
    • Gluckman M. Hanson (eds) Cambridge University Press Cambridge 10.1017/CBO9780511544699.027
    • Warner JO (2006) Developmental origins of asthma and related allergic disorders. In: Gluckman P, Hanson M (eds) Developmental origins of health and disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 349-369
    • (2006) Developmental Origins of Health and Disease , pp. 349-369
    • Warner, J.O.1
  • 9
    • 70349659510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes
    • J-M Ekoé M. Rewers R. Williams Zimmet (eds) 2 Wiley-Blackwell Chichester 10.1002/9780470779750.ch24
    • Stene LC, Tuomilehto J, Rewers M (2008) Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. In: Ekoé J-M, Rewers M, Williams R, Zimmet P (eds) The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp 355-383
    • (2008) The Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus , pp. 355-383
    • Stene, L.C.1    Tuomilehto, J.2    Rewers, M.3
  • 10
    • 84870936276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes
    • 22762021 10.1101/cshperspect.a007690 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXntlemtLk%3D
    • Knip M, Simell O (2012) Environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2:a007690
    • (2012) Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med , vol.2 , pp. 007690
    • Knip, M.1    Simell, O.2
  • 11
    • 77951965439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infant feeding and the risk of type 1 diabetes
    • 20335552 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28701C
    • Knip M, Virtanen SM, Åkerblom HK (2010) Infant feeding and the risk of type 1 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 91:1506S-1513S
    • (2010) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.91
    • Knip, M.1    Virtanen, S.M.2    Åkerblom, H.K.3
  • 12
    • 84868121007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast-feeding and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: A pooled analysis of individual participant data from 43 observational studies
    • 22837371 10.2337/dc12-0438
    • Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Ludvigsson J et al (2012) Breast-feeding and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of individual participant data from 43 observational studies. Diabetes Care 35:2215-2225
    • (2012) Diabetes Care , vol.35 , pp. 2215-2225
    • Cardwell, C.R.1    Stene, L.C.2    Ludvigsson, J.3
  • 13
    • 67649196774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth weight, early weight gain, and subsequent risk of type 1 diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • 19363100 10.1093/aje/kwp065
    • Harder T, Roepke K, Diller N, Stechling Y, Dudenhausen JW, Plagemann A (2009) Birth weight, early weight gain, and subsequent risk of type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 169:1428-1436
    • (2009) Am J Epidemiol , vol.169 , pp. 1428-1436
    • Harder, T.1    Roepke, K.2    Diller, N.3    Stechling, Y.4    Dudenhausen, J.W.5    Plagemann, A.6
  • 14
    • 78650254387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between childhood obesity and subsequent type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • 21166841 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M%2Flt1eltw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010. 03160.x
    • Verbeeten KC, Elks CE, Daneman D, Ong KK (2011) Association between childhood obesity and subsequent type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 28:10-18
    • (2011) Diabet Med , vol.28 , pp. 10-18
    • Verbeeten, K.C.1    Elks, C.E.2    Daneman, D.3    Ong, K.K.4
  • 15
    • 84857753583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunology in the clinic review series; Focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: The enterovirus link to type 1 diabetes: Critical review of human studies
    • 22385232 1:STN:280:DC%2BC383otlektw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04555. x
    • Stene LC, Rewers M (2012) Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the enterovirus link to type 1 diabetes: critical review of human studies. Clin Exp Immunol 168:12-23
    • (2012) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.168 , pp. 12-23
    • Stene, L.C.1    Rewers, M.2
  • 17
    • 84867577892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the gut microbiota have a role in type 1 diabetes? Early evidence from humans and animal models of the disease
    • 22875196 1:STN:280:DC%2BC38fmsFaksw%3D%3D 10.1007/s00125-012-2672-4
    • Atkinson MA, Chervonsky A (2012) Does the gut microbiota have a role in type 1 diabetes? Early evidence from humans and animal models of the disease. Diabetologia 55:2868-2877
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 2868-2877
    • Atkinson, M.A.1    Chervonsky, A.2
  • 18
    • 85028109952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the role of human contamination by environmental chemicals in the development of type 1 diabetes?
    • 21502091 10.1136/jech.2011.133694
    • Howard SG, Lee DH (2012) What is the role of human contamination by environmental chemicals in the development of type 1 diabetes? J Epidemiol Community Health 66:479-481
    • (2012) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.66 , pp. 479-481
    • Howard, S.G.1    Lee, D.H.2
  • 19
    • 77951776390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetics, pathogenesis and clinical interventions in type 1 diabetes
    • 20432533 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXltl2ltr8%3D 10.1038/nature08933
    • Bluestone JA, Herold K, Eisenbarth G (2010) Genetics, pathogenesis and clinical interventions in type 1 diabetes. Nature 464:1293-1300
    • (2010) Nature , vol.464 , pp. 1293-1300
    • Bluestone, J.A.1    Herold, K.2    Eisenbarth, G.3
  • 20
    • 77951926420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology of type 1 diabetes
    • 20412756 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXlslSju74%3D 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.04.001
    • Todd JA (2010) Etiology of type 1 diabetes. Immunity 32:457-467
    • (2010) Immunity , vol.32 , pp. 457-467
    • Todd, J.A.1
  • 22
    • 0038222568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal changes in the frequencies of HLA genotypes in patients with type 1 diabetes - Indication of an increased environmental pressure?
    • 12687342 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s7mvVKmug%3D%3D
    • Hermann R, Knip M, Veijola R et al (2003) Temporal changes in the frequencies of HLA genotypes in patients with type 1 diabetes - indication of an increased environmental pressure? Diabetologia 46:420-425
    • (2003) Diabetologia , vol.46 , pp. 420-425
    • Hermann, R.1    Knip, M.2    Veijola, R.3
  • 23
    • 7644230152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes and reduced contribution of high-risk HLA haplotypes
    • 15530631 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17357-1
    • Gillespie KM, Bain SC, Barnett AH et al (2004) The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes and reduced contribution of high-risk HLA haplotypes. Lancet 364:1699-1700
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 1699-1700
    • Gillespie, K.M.1    Bain, S.C.2    Barnett, A.H.3
  • 24
    • 84866394974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related islet autoantibody incidence in offspring of patients with type 1 diabetes
    • the BABYDIAB-BABYDIET Study Group 22289814 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xotleltr0%3D 10.1007/s00125-012-2472-x
    • Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E, the BABYDIAB-BABYDIET Study Group (2012) Age-related islet autoantibody incidence in offspring of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 55:1937-1943
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 1937-1943
    • Ziegler, A.G.1    Bonifacio, E.2
  • 25
    • 84866382555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early seroconversion and rapidly increasing autoantibody concentrations predict prepubertal manifestation of type 1 diabetes in children at genetic risk
    • 22441569 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xotleltro%3D 10.1007/s00125-012-2523-3
    • Parikka V, Näntö-Salonen K, Saarinen M et al (2012) Early seroconversion and rapidly increasing autoantibody concentrations predict prepubertal manifestation of type 1 diabetes in children at genetic risk. Diabetologia 55:1926-1936
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 1926-1936
    • Parikka, V.1    Näntö-Salonen, K.2    Saarinen, M.3
  • 26
    • 84859835474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective role of anti-idiotypic antibodies in autoimmunity - Lessons for type 1 diabetes
    • 22288464 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xls12ju7k%3D 10.3109/08916934.2012.659299
    • Hampe CS (2012) Protective role of anti-idiotypic antibodies in autoimmunity - lessons for type 1 diabetes. Autoimmunity 45:320-331
    • (2012) Autoimmunity , vol.45 , pp. 320-331
    • Hampe, C.S.1
  • 27
    • 55549118026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of the endocrine pancreas
    • C.R. Kahn G.C. Weir G.L. King A.M. Jacobson A.C. Moses R.J. Smith (eds) 14 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia
    • Cleaver O, Melton DA (2005) Development of the endocrine pancreas. In: Kahn CR, Weir GC, King GL, Jacobson AM, Moses AC, Smith RJ (eds) Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus, 14th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 22-39
    • (2005) Joslin's Diabetes Mellitus , pp. 22-39
    • Cleaver, O.1    Melton, D.A.2
  • 28
    • 84882838790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental immunology and role of host defenses in fetal and neonatal susceptibility to infection
    • J.S. Remington J.O. Klein C.B. Wilson C.J. Baker (eds) 6 Elsevier Saunders Philadelphia 10.1016/B0-72-160537-0/50006-2
    • Lewis DB, Wilson CB (2006) Developmental immunology and role of host defenses in fetal and neonatal susceptibility to infection. In: Remington JS, Klein JO, Wilson CB, Baker CJ (eds) Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant, 6th edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 87-210
    • (2006) Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant , pp. 87-210
    • Lewis, D.B.1    Wilson, C.B.2
  • 29
    • 79951596628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges in infant immunity: Implications for responses to infection and vaccines
    • 21321588 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhvFWks7Y%3D 10.1038/ni0311-189
    • PrabhuDas M, Adkins B, Gans H et al (2011) Challenges in infant immunity: implications for responses to infection and vaccines. Nat Immunol 12:189-194
    • (2011) Nat Immunol , vol.12 , pp. 189-194
    • Prabhudas, M.1    Adkins, B.2    Gans, H.3
  • 30
    • 33645098806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mother's little helpers: Mechanisms of maternal-fetal tolerance
    • 16482172 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhsVSrs7g%3D 10.1038/ni1317
    • Trowsdale J, Betz AG (2006) Mother's little helpers: mechanisms of maternal-fetal tolerance. Nat Immunol 7:241-246
    • (2006) Nat Immunol , vol.7 , pp. 241-246
    • Trowsdale, J.1    Betz, A.G.2
  • 31
    • 0032925805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Islet autoantibodies in cord blood from children who developed type i (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus before 15 years of age
    • 10064098 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtFajtrw%3D 10.1007/s001250051137
    • Lindberg B, Ivarsson SA, Landin-Olsson M, Sundkvist G, Svanberg L, Lernmark Å (1999) Islet autoantibodies in cord blood from children who developed type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus before 15 years of age. Diabetologia 42:181-187
    • (1999) Diabetologia , vol.42 , pp. 181-187
    • Lindberg, B.1    Ivarsson, S.A.2    Landin-Olsson, M.3    Sundkvist, G.4    Svanberg, L.5    Lernmark, Å.6
  • 32
    • 0036116272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elimination of maternally transmitted autoantibodies prevents diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice
    • 11927947 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XivVGmu7o%3D 10.1038/nm0402-399
    • Greeley SA, Katsumata M, Yu L et al (2002) Elimination of maternally transmitted autoantibodies prevents diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Nat Med 8:399-402
    • (2002) Nat Med , vol.8 , pp. 399-402
    • Greeley, S.A.1    Katsumata, M.2    Yu, L.3
  • 33
    • 0347990607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of maternal islet antibodies and risk of autoimmune diabetes in offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes
    • 14693690 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXitlagsQ%3D%3D 10.2337/diabetes.53.1.1
    • Koczwara K, Bonifacio E, Ziegler AG (2004) Transmission of maternal islet antibodies and risk of autoimmune diabetes in offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 53:1-4
    • (2004) Diabetes , vol.53 , pp. 1-4
    • Koczwara, K.1    Bonifacio, E.2    Ziegler, A.G.3
  • 34
    • 0036201211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Islet autoantibodies in cord blood: Maternal, fetal, or neither?
    • 11921412 10.1002/dmrr.240
    • Rewers M (2002) Islet autoantibodies in cord blood: maternal, fetal, or neither? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 18:2-4
    • (2002) Diabetes Metab Res Rev , vol.18 , pp. 2-4
    • Rewers, M.1
  • 35
    • 34347353296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Islet autoantibody development during follow-up of high-risk children from the general Norwegian population from three months of age: Design and early results from the MIDIA study
    • 17560077 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnsFKktb4%3D 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.04.003
    • Stene LC, Witsø E, Torjesen PA et al (2007) Islet autoantibody development during follow-up of high-risk children from the general Norwegian population from three months of age: design and early results from the MIDIA study. J Autoimmun 29:44-51
    • (2007) J Autoimmun , vol.29 , pp. 44-51
    • Stene, L.C.1    Witsø, E.2    Torjesen, P.A.3
  • 36
    • 84872716878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple origins of type 1 diabetes
    • 23181718 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXjt1elurw%3D 10.1111/dme.12081
    • Pugliese A (2013) The multiple origins of type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 30:135-146
    • (2013) Diabet Med , vol.30 , pp. 135-146
    • Pugliese, A.1
  • 37
    • 58849167380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The non-inherited maternal HLA haplotype affects the risk for type 1 diabetes
    • 19055605 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2008.00802.x 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXit1Kjs7k%3D
    • Åkesson K, Carlsson A, Ivarsson SA et al (2009) The non-inherited maternal HLA haplotype affects the risk for type 1 diabetes. Int J Immunogenet 36:1-8
    • (2009) Int J Immunogenet , vol.36 , pp. 1-8
    • Åkesson, K.1    Carlsson, A.2    Ivarsson, S.A.3
  • 38
    • 58549090344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of maternal-offspring HLA compatibility, parent-of-origin and non-inherited maternal effects for the classical HLA loci in type 1 diabetes
    • 19143818 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.01006.x
    • Bronson PG, Ramsay PP, Thomson G, Barcellos LF (2009) Analysis of maternal-offspring HLA compatibility, parent-of-origin and non-inherited maternal effects for the classical HLA loci in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 11(Suppl 1):74-83
    • (2009) Diabetes Obes Metab , vol.11 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 74-83
    • Bronson, P.G.1    Ramsay, P.P.2    Thomson, G.3    Barcellos, L.F.4
  • 39
    • 84864802016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging effects of early environmental factors over genetic background for type 1 diabetes susceptibility: Evidence from a nationwide Italian twin study
    • 22569240 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtlGisb3F 10.1210/jc.2011-3457
    • Nistico L, Iafusco D, Galderisi A et al (2012) Emerging effects of early environmental factors over genetic background for type 1 diabetes susceptibility: evidence from a nationwide Italian twin study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E1483-E1491
    • (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.97
    • Nistico, L.1    Iafusco, D.2    Galderisi, A.3
  • 41
    • 0345505676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic liability of type 1 diabetes and the onset age among 22,650 young Finnish twin pairs: A nationwide follow-up study
    • 12663480 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXislOnsLo%3D 10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1052
    • Hyttinen V, Kaprio J, Kinnunen L, Koskenvuo M, Tuomilehto J (2003) Genetic liability of type 1 diabetes and the onset age among 22,650 young Finnish twin pairs: a nationwide follow-up study. Diabetes 52:1052-1055
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , pp. 1052-1055
    • Hyttinen, V.1    Kaprio, J.2    Kinnunen, L.3    Koskenvuo, M.4    Tuomilehto, J.5
  • 42
    • 0029128706 scopus 로고
    • Concordance rates of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: A population based study of young Danish twins
    • 7580548 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FhtFeisw%3D%3D 10.1136/bmj.311.7010.913
    • Kyvik KO, Green A, Beck-Nielsen H (1995) Concordance rates of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: a population based study of young Danish twins. BMJ 311:913-917
    • (1995) BMJ , vol.311 , pp. 913-917
    • Kyvik, K.O.1    Green, A.2    Beck-Nielsen, H.3
  • 43
    • 0026641354 scopus 로고
    • Concordance for type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland
    • 1473616 1:STN:280:DyaK3s7hsVCqsA%3D%3D 10.1007/BF02221682
    • Kaprio J, Tuomilehto J, Koskenvuo M et al (1992) Concordance for type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland. Diabetologia 35:1060-1067
    • (1992) Diabetologia , vol.35 , pp. 1060-1067
    • Kaprio, J.1    Tuomilehto, J.2    Koskenvuo, M.3
  • 44
    • 12744277942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes in 10,168 siblings of Finnish young-onset type 1 diabetic patients
    • 15677516 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsVCrtrg%3D 10.2337/diabetes.54.2.563
    • Harjutsalo V, Podar T, Tuomilehto J (2005) Cumulative incidence of type 1 diabetes in 10,168 siblings of Finnish young-onset type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes 54:563-569
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , pp. 563-569
    • Harjutsalo, V.1    Podar, T.2    Tuomilehto, J.3
  • 45
    • 0028297290 scopus 로고
    • Long-term risk of IDDM in first-degree relatives of patients with IDDM
    • 8174848 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ivFChsw%3D%3D 10.1007/BF00398061
    • Lorenzen T, Pociot F, Hougaard P, Nerup J (1994) Long-term risk of IDDM in first-degree relatives of patients with IDDM. Diabetologia 37:321-327
    • (1994) Diabetologia , vol.37 , pp. 321-327
    • Lorenzen, T.1    Pociot, F.2    Hougaard, P.3    Nerup, J.4
  • 46
    • 0021249781 scopus 로고
    • Differences in risk of insulin-dependent diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers and diabetic fathers
    • 6738600 1:STN:280:DyaL2c3ksFKltQ%3D%3D 10.1056/NEJM198407193110304
    • Warram JH, Krolewski AS, Gottlieb MS, Kahn CR (1984) Differences in risk of insulin-dependent diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers and diabetic fathers. N Engl J Med 311:149-152
    • (1984) N Engl J Med , vol.311 , pp. 149-152
    • Warram, J.H.1    Krolewski, A.S.2    Gottlieb, M.S.3    Kahn, C.R.4
  • 47
    • 15444356485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of IDDM recurrence risk in offspring of Danish IDDM patients. Danish IDDM Epidemiology and Genetics Group
    • 9662048 1:STN:280:DyaK1czisVChtw%3D%3D 10.1007/s001250050966
    • Lorenzen T, Pociot F, Stilgren L et al (1998) Predictors of IDDM recurrence risk in offspring of Danish IDDM patients. Danish IDDM Epidemiology and Genetics Group. Diabetologia 41:666-673
    • (1998) Diabetologia , vol.41 , pp. 666-673
    • Lorenzen, T.1    Pociot, F.2    Stilgren, L.3
  • 48
    • 33745306321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential transmission of type 1 diabetes from diabetic fathers and mothers to their offspring
    • 16644714 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XksFahurg%3D 10.2337/db05-1296
    • Harjutsalo V, Reunanen A, Tuomilehto J (2006) Differential transmission of type 1 diabetes from diabetic fathers and mothers to their offspring. Diabetes 55:1517-1524
    • (2006) Diabetes , vol.55 , pp. 1517-1524
    • Harjutsalo, V.1    Reunanen, A.2    Tuomilehto, J.3
  • 49
    • 68449085623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial association between type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune and related diseases
    • 19543881 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpsFyrsL8%3D 10.1007/s00125-009-1427-3
    • Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2009) Familial association between type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune and related diseases. Diabetologia 52:1820-1828
    • (2009) Diabetologia , vol.52 , pp. 1820-1828
    • Hemminki, K.1    Li, X.2    Sundquist, J.3    Sundquist, K.4
  • 51
    • 0036097477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High familial risk and genetic susceptibility in early onset childhood diabetes
    • 11756343 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt1ehuw%3D%3D 10.2337/diabetes.51.1.210
    • Gillespie KM, Gale EA, Bingley PJ (2002) High familial risk and genetic susceptibility in early onset childhood diabetes. Diabetes 51:210-214
    • (2002) Diabetes , vol.51 , pp. 210-214
    • Gillespie, K.M.1    Gale, E.A.2    Bingley, P.J.3
  • 52
    • 0035076548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterogeneity of type i diabetes: Analysis of monozygotic twins in Great Britain and the United States
    • 11317668 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhsFCmsrc%3D 10.1007/s001250051626
    • Redondo MJ, Yu L, Hawa M et al (2001) Heterogeneity of type I diabetes: analysis of monozygotic twins in Great Britain and the United States. Diabetologia 44:354-362
    • (2001) Diabetologia , vol.44 , pp. 354-362
    • Redondo, M.J.1    Yu, L.2    Hawa, M.3
  • 53
    • 77449121844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age at onset of type 1 diabetes in parents and recurrence risk in offspring
    • 19833881 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtVKmsw%3D%3D 10.2337/db09-0344
    • Harjutsalo V, Lammi N, Karvonen M, Groop PH (2010) Age at onset of type 1 diabetes in parents and recurrence risk in offspring. Diabetes 59:210-214
    • (2010) Diabetes , vol.59 , pp. 210-214
    • Harjutsalo, V.1    Lammi, N.2    Karvonen, M.3    Groop, P.H.4
  • 54
    • 0023550313 scopus 로고
    • Age-corrected empirical genetic risk estimates for first-degree relatives of IDDM patients
    • 3792666 1:STN:280:DyaL2s%2FotFWitg%3D%3D 10.2337/diabetes.36.1.93
    • Tillil H, Köbberling J (1987) Age-corrected empirical genetic risk estimates for first-degree relatives of IDDM patients. Diabetes 36:93-99
    • (1987) Diabetes , vol.36 , pp. 93-99
    • Tillil, H.1    Köbberling, J.2
  • 55
    • 0027165390 scopus 로고
    • Decreased risk of type i diabetes in offspring of mothers who acquire diabetes during adrenarchy
    • 8375582 1:STN:280:DyaK3szoslGrsg%3D%3D 10.2337/diabetes.42.10.1433
    • Bleich D, Polak M, Eisenbarth GS, Jackson RA (1993) Decreased risk of type I diabetes in offspring of mothers who acquire diabetes during adrenarchy. Diabetes 42:1433-1439
    • (1993) Diabetes , vol.42 , pp. 1433-1439
    • Bleich, D.1    Polak, M.2    Eisenbarth, G.S.3    Jackson, R.A.4
  • 56
    • 41849111273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood onset type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis of observational studies
    • 18292986 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvhtFKntg%3D%3D 10.1007/s00125-008-0941-z
    • Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G et al (2008) Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood onset type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetologia 51:726-735
    • (2008) Diabetologia , vol.51 , pp. 726-735
    • Cardwell, C.R.1    Stene, L.C.2    Joner, G.3
  • 57
    • 77449124552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal age at birth and childhood type 1 diabetes: A pooled analysis of 30 observational studies
    • 19875616 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhvVyru7c%3D 10.2337/db09-1166
    • Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G et al (2010) Maternal age at birth and childhood type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 30 observational studies. Diabetes 59:486-494
    • (2010) Diabetes , vol.59 , pp. 486-494
    • Cardwell, C.R.1    Stene, L.C.2    Joner, G.3
  • 58
    • 79953723753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Birth order and childhood type 1 diabetes risk: A pooled analysis of 31 observational studies
    • 21149280 10.1093/ije/dyq207
    • Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G et al (2011) Birth order and childhood type 1 diabetes risk: a pooled analysis of 31 observational studies. Int J Epidemiol 40:363-374
    • (2011) Int J Epidemiol , vol.40 , pp. 363-374
    • Cardwell, C.R.1    Stene, L.C.2    Joner, G.3
  • 59
    • 84857427454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interbirth interval is associated with childhood type 1 diabetes risk
    • 22315303 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XovFegurs%3D 10.2337/db11-1000
    • Cardwell CR, Svensson J, Waldhoer T et al (2012) Interbirth interval is associated with childhood type 1 diabetes risk. Diabetes 61:702-707
    • (2012) Diabetes , vol.61 , pp. 702-707
    • Cardwell, C.R.1    Svensson, J.2    Waldhoer, T.3
  • 60
    • 79960280721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the association between pre-eclampsia and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus
    • 21418091 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MnnsVCjug%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03291. x
    • Henry EB, Patterson CC, Cardwell CR (2011) A meta-analysis of the association between pre-eclampsia and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 28:900-905
    • (2011) Diabet Med , vol.28 , pp. 900-905
    • Henry, E.B.1    Patterson, C.C.2    Cardwell, C.R.3
  • 61
    • 84862845746 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neonatal jaundice is associated with a small increase in the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: A meta-analysis of observational studies
    • 21984049 10.1007/s00592-011-0326-5
    • McNamee MB, Cardwell CR, Patterson CC (2012) Neonatal jaundice is associated with a small increase in the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Acta Diabetol 49:83-87
    • (2012) Acta Diabetol , vol.49 , pp. 83-87
    • McNamee, M.B.1    Cardwell, C.R.2    Patterson, C.C.3
  • 62
    • 3042728016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perinatal factors and development of islet autoimmunity in early childhood: The Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young
    • 15229111 10.1093/aje/kwh159
    • Stene LC, Barriga K, Norris JM et al (2004) Perinatal factors and development of islet autoimmunity in early childhood: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young. Am J Epidemiol 160:3-10
    • (2004) Am J Epidemiol , vol.160 , pp. 3-10
    • Stene, L.C.1    Barriga, K.2    Norris, J.M.3
  • 63
    • 0035036607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of perinatal factors on the appearance of islet autoantibodies in offspring of parents with type 1 diabetes
    • 15016209 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7isFyksQ%3D%3D
    • Hummel M, Schenker M, Ziegler AG (2001) Influence of perinatal factors on the appearance of islet autoantibodies in offspring of parents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2:40-42
    • (2001) Pediatr Diabetes , vol.2 , pp. 40-42
    • Hummel, M.1    Schenker, M.2    Ziegler, A.G.3
  • 64
    • 3042963734 scopus 로고
    • On the manifestation of diabetes mellitus in childhood (age of manifestation, maternal age at birth, familial diabetes)
    • 13831294 1:STN:280:DyaF3c3gt1Sitg%3D%3D [article in German]
    • Struwe FE (1960) On the manifestation of diabetes mellitus in childhood (age of manifestation, maternal age at birth, familial diabetes). Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 108:487-490 [article in German]
    • (1960) Monatsschr Kinderheilkd , vol.108 , pp. 487-490
    • Struwe, F.E.1
  • 65
    • 0020415396 scopus 로고
    • Increased incidence of type i diabetes in children of older mothers
    • 10.2337/diacare.5.6.571
    • Flood TM, Brink SJ, Gleason RE (1982) Increased incidence of type I diabetes in children of older mothers. Diabetes Care 6:571-573
    • (1982) Diabetes Care , vol.6 , pp. 571-573
    • Flood, T.M.1    Brink, S.J.2    Gleason, R.E.3
  • 66
    • 0021251575 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of recurrence risk in siblings of diabetic children: Importance of age and birth order in relation to HLA genotypes
    • 6335686 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7lt12jtA%3D%3D
    • Deschamps I, Lestradet H, Busson M, Hors J (1984) Evaluation of recurrence risk in siblings of diabetic children: importance of age and birth order in relation to HLA genotypes. Diabetes Res 1:125-130
    • (1984) Diabetes Res , vol.1 , pp. 125-130
    • Deschamps, I.1    Lestradet, H.2    Busson, M.3    Hors, J.4
  • 67
    • 0026734966 scopus 로고
    • Maternal-child blood group incompatibility and other perinatal events increase the risk for early-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
    • 1644246 1:STN:280:DyaK38zlsVynsA%3D%3D 10.1007/BF00400261
    • Dahlquist G, Källén B (1992) Maternal-child blood group incompatibility and other perinatal events increase the risk for early-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 35:671-675
    • (1992) Diabetologia , vol.35 , pp. 671-675
    • Dahlquist, G.1    Källén, B.2
  • 68
    • 77958596171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs beta-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring
    • 20962845 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlWlsr%2FF 10.1038/nature09491
    • Ng SF, Lin RC, Laybutt DR, Barres R, Owens JA, Morris MJ (2010) Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs beta-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature 467:963-966
    • (2010) Nature , vol.467 , pp. 963-966
    • Ng, S.F.1    Lin, R.C.2    Laybutt, D.R.3    Barres, R.4    Owens, J.A.5    Morris, M.J.6
  • 69
    • 78650446334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paternally induced transgenerational environmental reprogramming of metabolic gene expression in mammals
    • 21183072 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhs1agtrbE 10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.008
    • Carone BR, Fauquier L, Habib N et al (2010) Paternally induced transgenerational environmental reprogramming of metabolic gene expression in mammals. Cell 143:1084-1096
    • (2010) Cell , vol.143 , pp. 1084-1096
    • Carone, B.R.1    Fauquier, L.2    Habib, N.3
  • 70
    • 0024417450 scopus 로고
    • Hay fever, hygiene, and household size
    • 2513902 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7gsFyhsA%3D%3D 10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259
    • Strachan DP (1989) Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ 299:1259-1260
    • (1989) BMJ , vol.299 , pp. 1259-1260
    • Strachan, D.P.1
  • 71
    • 82255164604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cesarean section and interferon-induced helicase gene polymorphisms combine to increase childhood type 1 diabetes risk
    • 22110093 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XpvFOgtg%3D%3D 10.2337/db11-0729
    • Bonifacio E, Warncke K, Winkler C, Wallner M, Ziegler AG (2011) Cesarean section and interferon-induced helicase gene polymorphisms combine to increase childhood type 1 diabetes risk. Diabetes 60:3300-3306
    • (2011) Diabetes , vol.60 , pp. 3300-3306
    • Bonifacio, E.1    Warncke, K.2    Winkler, C.3    Wallner, M.4    Ziegler, A.G.5
  • 72
    • 77955386857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns
    • 20566857 10.1073/pnas.1002601107
    • Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M et al (2010) Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:11971-11975
    • (2010) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.107 , pp. 11971-11975
    • Dominguez-Bello, M.G.1    Costello, E.K.2    Contreras, M.3
  • 73
    • 33746712917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relation between size at birth and risk of type 1 diabetes is not influenced by adjustment for the insulin gene (-23HphI) polymorphism or HLA-DQ genotype
    • 16691379 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XnslSitLk%3D 10.1007/s00125-006-0292-6
    • Stene LC, Thorsby PM, Berg JP et al (2006) The relation between size at birth and risk of type 1 diabetes is not influenced by adjustment for the insulin gene (-23HphI) polymorphism or HLA-DQ genotype. Diabetologia 49:2068-2073
    • (2006) Diabetologia , vol.49 , pp. 2068-2073
    • Stene, L.C.1    Thorsby, P.M.2    Berg, J.P.3
  • 74
    • 44649165790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of beta-cell rest on beta-cell function: A review of clinical and preclinical data
    • 18221429 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsV2hs77L 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00272.x
    • Brown RJ, Rother KI (2008) Effects of beta-cell rest on beta-cell function: a review of clinical and preclinical data. Pediatr Diabetes 9:14-22
    • (2008) Pediatr Diabetes , vol.9 , pp. 14-22
    • Brown, R.J.1    Rother, K.I.2
  • 75
    • 50649096339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addressing insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes
    • 19183305 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1aqtL3L 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02493.x
    • Pang TT, Narendran P (2008) Addressing insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 25:1015-1024
    • (2008) Diabet Med , vol.25 , pp. 1015-1024
    • Pang, T.T.1    Narendran, P.2
  • 76
    • 77952676256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal and neonatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes: A matched case-control study
    • 10.1186/1471-2458-10-281
    • Robertson L, Harrild K (2010) Maternal and neonatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes: a matched case-control study. BMC Publ Health 10:281
    • (2010) BMC Publ Health , vol.10 , pp. 281
    • Robertson, L.1    Harrild, K.2
  • 77
    • 4544302034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood: A matched case control study in Lancashire and Cumbria, UK
    • 15317611 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvhtlWmtw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01282. x
    • Marshall AL, Chetwynd A, Morris JA et al (2004) Type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood: a matched case control study in Lancashire and Cumbria, UK. Diabet Med 21:1035-1040
    • (2004) Diabet Med , vol.21 , pp. 1035-1040
    • Marshall, A.L.1    Chetwynd, A.2    Morris, J.A.3
  • 78
    • 38349087256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental country of birth is a major determinant of childhood type 1 diabetes in Sweden
    • 18036132
    • Hjern A, Söderström U (2008) Parental country of birth is a major determinant of childhood type 1 diabetes in Sweden. Pediatr Diabetes 9:35-39
    • (2008) Pediatr Diabetes , vol.9 , pp. 35-39
    • Hjern, A.1    Söderström, U.2
  • 79
    • 34249304437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perinatal factors associated with subsequent diabetes mellitus in the child: Record linkage study
    • 17403119 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2szhtFGiuw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02147. x
    • Ievins R, Roberts SE, Goldacre MJ (2007) Perinatal factors associated with subsequent diabetes mellitus in the child: record linkage study. Diabet Med 24:664-670
    • (2007) Diabet Med , vol.24 , pp. 664-670
    • Ievins, R.1    Roberts, S.E.2    Goldacre, M.J.3
  • 80
    • 80855138430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported lower respiratory tract infections and development of islet autoimmunity in children with the type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotype: The MIDIA study
    • 22069269 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1Gqs7vI 10.1002/dmrr.1258
    • Rasmussen T, Witsø E, Tapia G, Stene LC, Rønningen KS (2011) Self-reported lower respiratory tract infections and development of islet autoimmunity in children with the type 1 diabetes high-risk HLA genotype: the MIDIA study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 27:834-837
    • (2011) Diabetes Metab Res Rev , vol.27 , pp. 834-837
    • Rasmussen, T.1    Witsø, E.2    Tapia, G.3    Stene, L.C.4    Rønningen, K.S.5
  • 81
    • 33744948470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age at introduction of new foods and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes
    • 16596359 1:STN:280:DC%2BD28zjtVCiuw%3D%3D 10.1007/s00125-006-0236-1
    • Virtanen SM, Kenward MG, Erkkola M et al (2006) Age at introduction of new foods and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 49:1512-1521
    • (2006) Diabetologia , vol.49 , pp. 1512-1521
    • Virtanen, S.M.1    Kenward, M.G.2    Erkkola, M.3
  • 82
    • 34247151225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking during pregnancy: Subsequent effects on offspring immune competence and disease vulnerability in later life
    • 17188840 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXksFegtbc%3D 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.11.008
    • Ng SP, Zelikoff JT (2007) Smoking during pregnancy: subsequent effects on offspring immune competence and disease vulnerability in later life. Reprod Toxicol 23:428-437
    • (2007) Reprod Toxicol , vol.23 , pp. 428-437
    • Ng, S.P.1    Zelikoff, J.T.2
  • 83
    • 84867251622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 450K Epigenome-wide scan identifies differential DNA methylation in newborns related to maternal smoking during pregnancy
    • 22851337 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs12isrrJ
    • Joubert BR, Håberg SE, Nilsen RM et al (2012) 450K Epigenome-wide scan identifies differential DNA methylation in newborns related to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 120:1425-1431
    • (2012) Environ Health Perspect , vol.120 , pp. 1425-1431
    • Joubert, B.R.1    Håberg, S.E.2    Nilsen, R.M.3
  • 84
    • 0014215262 scopus 로고
    • A twenty-five-year follow-up of congenital rubella
    • 4170037 1:STN:280:DyaF1c7ivVWrtQ%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90932-4
    • Menser MA, Dods L, Harley JD (1967) A twenty-five-year follow-up of congenital rubella. Lancet 2:1347-1350
    • (1967) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1347-1350
    • Menser, M.A.1    Dods, L.2    Harley, J.D.3
  • 85
    • 0037011527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gregg's congenital rubella patients 60 years later
    • 12463994
    • Forrest JM, Turnbull FM, Sholler GF et al (2002) Gregg's congenital rubella patients 60 years later. Med J Aust 177:664-667
    • (2002) Med J Aust , vol.177 , pp. 664-667
    • Forrest, J.M.1    Turnbull, F.M.2    Sholler, G.F.3
  • 86
    • 0015223187 scopus 로고
    • High frequency of diabetes mellitus in young adults with congenital rubella
    • 4105044 1:STN:280:DyaE3M3msFGhtQ%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(71)90057-2
    • Forrest JM, Menser MA, Burgess JA (1971) High frequency of diabetes mellitus in young adults with congenital rubella. Lancet 2:332-334
    • (1971) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 332-334
    • Forrest, J.M.1    Menser, M.A.2    Burgess, J.A.3
  • 87
    • 49249094939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital rubella: Citation virus or viral cause of type 1 diabetes?
    • 18641967 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvpvFWlsA%3D%3D 10.1007/s00125-008-1099-4
    • Gale EA (2008) Congenital rubella: citation virus or viral cause of type 1 diabetes? Diabetologia 51:1559-1566
    • (2008) Diabetologia , vol.51 , pp. 1559-1566
    • Gale, E.A.1
  • 88
    • 84861790183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal enterovirus infection as a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the exposed offspring
    • 22432113 10.2337/dc11-2389
    • Viskari H, Knip M, Tauriainen S et al (2012) Maternal enterovirus infection as a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the exposed offspring. Diabetes Care 35:1328-1332
    • (2012) Diabetes Care , vol.35 , pp. 1328-1332
    • Viskari, H.1    Knip, M.2    Tauriainen, S.3
  • 90
    • 79952000497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta-cell autoimmunity in the offspring
    • 21352426 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3MvgtlCksw%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00668. x
    • Virtanen SM, Uusitalo L, Kenward MG et al (2011) Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta-cell autoimmunity in the offspring. Pediatr Diabetes 12:95-99
    • (2011) Pediatr Diabetes , vol.12 , pp. 95-99
    • Virtanen, S.M.1    Uusitalo, L.2    Kenward, M.G.3
  • 91
    • 0033811930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of type i diabetes in the offspring
    • 10.1007/s001250051499
    • Stene LC, Ulriksen J, Magnus P, Joner G (2000) Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of type I diabetes in the offspring. Diabetologia 43:1083-1092
    • (2000) Diabetologia , vol.43 , pp. 1083-1092
    • Stene, L.C.1    Ulriksen, J.2    Magnus, P.3    Joner, G.4
  • 92
    • 84863730742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum long chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in the pregnant mother are independent of risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring
    • 22396195 10.1002/dmrr.2293 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XpvVegtr8%3D
    • Sørensen IM, Joner G, Jenum PA, Eskild A, Stene LC (2012) Serum long chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in the pregnant mother are independent of risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 28:431-438
    • (2012) Diabetes Metab Res Rev , vol.28 , pp. 431-438
    • Sørensen, I.M.1    Joner, G.2    Jenum, P.A.3    Eskild, A.4    Stene, L.C.5
  • 93
    • 59649105735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism precedes islet autoimmunity in children who later progress to type 1 diabetes
    • 19075291 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXosFCg 10.1084/jem.20081800
    • Oresic M, Simell S, Sysi-Aho M et al (2008) Dysregulation of lipid and amino acid metabolism precedes islet autoimmunity in children who later progress to type 1 diabetes. J Exp Med 205:2975-2984
    • (2008) J Exp Med , vol.205 , pp. 2975-2984
    • Oresic, M.1    Simell, S.2    Sysi-Aho, M.3
  • 94
    • 79952683647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal vitamin D during pregnancy and its relation to immune-mediated diseases in the offspring
    • 21419274 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXovVChsbg%3D 10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00010- 1
    • Erkkola M, Nwaru BI, Viljakainen HT (2011) Maternal vitamin D during pregnancy and its relation to immune-mediated diseases in the offspring. Vitam Horm 86:239-260
    • (2011) Vitam Horm , vol.86 , pp. 239-260
    • Erkkola, M.1    Nwaru, B.I.2    Viljakainen, H.T.3
  • 95
    • 0036310342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3 1α-hydroxylase expression in human placenta and decidua
    • 12107095 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlsl2ksr0%3D 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64162-4
    • 3 1α-hydroxylase expression in human placenta and decidua. Am J Pathol 161:105-114
    • (2002) Am J Pathol , vol.161 , pp. 105-114
    • Zehnder, D.1    Evans, K.N.2    Kilby, M.D.3
  • 96
    • 77955511055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring
    • 20369220 10.1007/s00125-010-1734-8
    • Marjamäki L, Niinistö S, Kenward MG et al (2010) Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in offspring. Diabetologia 53:1599-1607
    • (2010) Diabetologia , vol.53 , pp. 1599-1607
    • Marjamäki, L.1    Niinistö, S.2    Kenward, M.G.3
  • 97
    • 84555188733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring
    • 22124461 10.2337/db11-0875 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XltFSnsrs%3D
    • Sørensen IM, Joner G, Jenum PA, Eskild A, Torjesen PA, Stene LC (2012) Maternal serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. Diabetes 61:175-178
    • (2012) Diabetes , vol.61 , pp. 175-178
    • Sørensen, I.M.1    Joner, G.2    Jenum, P.A.3    Eskild, A.4    Torjesen, P.A.5    Stene, L.C.6
  • 98
    • 84862540257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level during early pregnancy and type 1 diabetes risk in the offspring
    • 22270224 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XlvFGmtrg%3D 10.1007/s00125-012-2458-8
    • Miettinen ME, Reinert L, Kinnunen L et al (2012) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level during early pregnancy and type 1 diabetes risk in the offspring. Diabetologia 55:1291-1294
    • (2012) Diabetologia , vol.55 , pp. 1291-1294
    • Miettinen, M.E.1    Reinert, L.2    Kinnunen, L.3
  • 99
    • 79953747035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) study: Recruitment, intervention and follow-up
    • The TRIGR Study Group 10.1007/s00125-010-1964-9
    • The TRIGR Study Group (2011) The Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) study: recruitment, intervention and follow-up. Diabetologia 54:627-633
    • (2011) Diabetologia , vol.54 , pp. 627-633
  • 100
    • 78149475225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity
    • 21067382 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVCht77I 10.1056/NEJMoa1004809
    • Knip M, Virtanen SM, Seppa K et al (2010) Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity. N Engl J Med 363:1900-1908
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.363 , pp. 1900-1908
    • Knip, M.1    Virtanen, S.M.2    Seppa, K.3
  • 101
    • 84863554905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of bovine insulin from cow's milk formula and early initiation of beta-cell autoimmunity in the FINDIA pilot study
    • 22393174 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1559
    • Vaarala O, Ilonen J, Ruohtula T et al (2012) Removal of bovine insulin from cow's milk formula and early initiation of beta-cell autoimmunity in the FINDIA pilot study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 166:608-614
    • (2012) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med , vol.166 , pp. 608-614
    • Vaarala, O.1    Ilonen, J.2    Ruohtula, T.3
  • 102
    • 1842844448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitamin D deficiency in early life accelerates type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice
    • 14758446 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXis1Ggsb0%3D 10.1007/s00125-004-1329-3
    • Giulietti A, Gysemans C, Stoffels K et al (2004) Vitamin D deficiency in early life accelerates type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 47:451-462
    • (2004) Diabetologia , vol.47 , pp. 451-462
    • Giulietti, A.1    Gysemans, C.2    Stoffels, K.3
  • 103
    • 7644236948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of effect of vitamin D administration during pregnancy and early life on diabetes incidence in the non-obese diabetic mouse
    • 15486813 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptlGisb4%3D 10.1055/s-2004-825926
    • Hawa MI, Valorani MG, Buckley LR et al (2004) Lack of effect of vitamin D administration during pregnancy and early life on diabetes incidence in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Horm Metab Res 36:620-624
    • (2004) Horm Metab Res , vol.36 , pp. 620-624
    • Hawa, M.I.1    Valorani, M.G.2    Buckley, L.R.3
  • 104
    • 34147130286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In utero undernutrition reduces diabetes incidence in non-obese diabetic mice
    • 17370059 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2s3gslyktQ%3D%3D 10.1007/s00125-007-0617-0
    • Oge A, Isganaitis E, Jimenez-Chillaron J et al (2007) In utero undernutrition reduces diabetes incidence in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 50:1099-1108
    • (2007) Diabetologia , vol.50 , pp. 1099-1108
    • Oge, A.1    Isganaitis, E.2    Jimenez-Chillaron, J.3
  • 105
    • 0032717523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microchimerism of maternal origin persists into adult life
    • 10393697 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktlOgsLs%3D 10.1172/JCI6611
    • Maloney S, Smith A, Furst DE et al (1999) Microchimerism of maternal origin persists into adult life. J Clin Invest 104:41-47
    • (1999) J Clin Invest , vol.104 , pp. 41-47
    • Maloney, S.1    Smith, A.2    Furst, D.E.3
  • 106
    • 57349108583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal alloantigens promote the development of tolerogenic fetal regulatory T cells in utero
    • 19056990 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsVGltb%2FK 10.1126/science.1164511
    • Mold JE, Michaelsson J, Burt TD et al (2008) Maternal alloantigens promote the development of tolerogenic fetal regulatory T cells in utero. Science 322:1562-1565
    • (2008) Science , vol.322 , pp. 1562-1565
    • Mold, J.E.1    Michaelsson, J.2    Burt, T.D.3
  • 107
    • 33846828821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal microchimerism in peripheral blood in type 1 diabetes and pancreatic islet β cell microchimerism
    • 17244711 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhslerurs%3D 10.1073/pnas.0606169104
    • Nelson JL, Gillespie KM, Lambert NC et al (2007) Maternal microchimerism in peripheral blood in type 1 diabetes and pancreatic islet β cell microchimerism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:1637-1642
    • (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.104 , pp. 1637-1642
    • Nelson, J.L.1    Gillespie, K.M.2    Lambert, N.C.3
  • 108
    • 79952264073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why are levels of maternal microchimerism higher in type 1 diabetes pancreas?
    • 21327046 10.4161/chim.1.2.13891
    • vanZyl B, Planas R, Ye Y et al (2010) Why are levels of maternal microchimerism higher in type 1 diabetes pancreas? Chimerism 1:45-50
    • (2010) Chimerism , vol.1 , pp. 45-50
    • Vanzyl, B.1    Planas, R.2    Ye, Y.3
  • 109
    • 72849129001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetics: Deciphering how environmental factors may modify autoimmune type 1 diabetes
    • 19697079 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVyqs77N 10.1007/s00335-009-9213-6
    • MacFarlane AJ, Strom A, Scott FW (2009) Epigenetics: deciphering how environmental factors may modify autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Mamm Genome 20:624-632
    • (2009) Mamm Genome , vol.20 , pp. 624-632
    • Macfarlane, A.J.1    Strom, A.2    Scott, F.W.3
  • 110
    • 79955594736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming
    • 20971919 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmsFWmsbo%3D 10.1210/er.2009-0039
    • Hochberg Z, Feil R, Constancia M et al (2011) Child health, developmental plasticity, and epigenetic programming. Endocr Rev 32:159-224
    • (2011) Endocr Rev , vol.32 , pp. 159-224
    • Hochberg, Z.1    Feil, R.2    Constancia, M.3
  • 111
    • 84859222932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Periconceptional maternal micronutrient supplementation is associated with widespread gender related changes in the epigenome: A study of a unique resource in the Gambia
    • 22307237 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XkvVerurg%3D 10.1093/hmg/dds026
    • Khulan B, Cooper WN, Skinner BM et al (2012) Periconceptional maternal micronutrient supplementation is associated with widespread gender related changes in the epigenome: a study of a unique resource in the Gambia. Hum Mol Genet 21:2086-2101
    • (2012) Hum Mol Genet , vol.21 , pp. 2086-2101
    • Khulan, B.1    Cooper, W.N.2    Skinner, B.M.3
  • 112
    • 78149381194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenetic epidemiology of common complex disease: Prospects for prediction, prevention, and treatment
    • 21048988 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000356
    • Relton CL, Davey SG (2010) Epigenetic epidemiology of common complex disease: prospects for prediction, prevention, and treatment. PLoS Med 7:e1000356
    • (2010) PLoS Med , vol.7 , pp. 1000356
    • Relton, C.L.1    Davey, S.G.2
  • 113
    • 79960556965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epigenome-wide association studies for common human diseases
    • 21747404 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXovFyjtbg%3D 10.1038/nrg3000
    • Rakyan VK, Down TA, Balding DJ, Beck S (2011) Epigenome-wide association studies for common human diseases. Nat Rev Genet 12:529-541
    • (2011) Nat Rev Genet , vol.12 , pp. 529-541
    • Rakyan, V.K.1    Down, T.A.2    Balding, D.J.3    Beck, S.4
  • 114
    • 80053457972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of type 1 diabetes-associated DNA methylation variable positions that precede disease diagnosis
    • 21980303 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlCmtrjI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002300
    • Rakyan VK, Beyan H, Down TA et al (2011) Identification of type 1 diabetes-associated DNA methylation variable positions that precede disease diagnosis. PLoS Genet 7:e1002300
    • (2011) PLoS Genet , vol.7 , pp. 1002300
    • Rakyan, V.K.1    Beyan, H.2    Down, T.A.3
  • 115
    • 79951969605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the relative risk for type 1 diabetes conferred by HLA-DQ, INS, and PTPN22 polymorphisms vary with maternal age, birth weight, or cesarean section?
    • 21352425 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00669.x
    • Stene LC, Rønningen KS, Undlien DE, Joner G (2011) Does the relative risk for type 1 diabetes conferred by HLA-DQ, INS, and PTPN22 polymorphisms vary with maternal age, birth weight, or cesarean section? Pediatr Diabetes 12:91-94
    • (2011) Pediatr Diabetes , vol.12 , pp. 91-94
    • Stene, L.C.1    Rønningen, K.S.2    Undlien, D.E.3    Joner, G.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.