Genotoxicity of metal oxide nanomaterials: Review of recent data and discussion of possible mechanisms

Nanoscale

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 2154-2198

  Golbamaki, Nazanin ^a   Rasulev, Bakhtiyor ^b,d   Cassano, Antonio ^c   Marchese Robinson, Richard L ^c   Benfenati, Emilio ^a   Leszczynski, Jerzy ^b   Cronin, Mark T D ^c  

^a MARIO NEGRI INSTITUTE FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH   (Italy)

^b JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^d NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHROMOSOMES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; METALLIC COMPOUNDS; METALS; SILICA; SILICA NANOPARTICLES; TESTING;

ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION TESTS; GENOTOXICITIES; IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT; METAL OXIDE NANOMATERIALS; POSSIBLE MECHANISMS; STANDARDIZED TESTS;

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

METAL; METAL NANOPARTICLE; MUTAGENIC AGENT; OXIDE;

ANIMAL; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; COMET ASSAY; DNA DAMAGE; DRUG EFFECTS; ENVIRONMENT; HUMAN; MUTAGEN TESTING; NANOTECHNOLOGY; PARTICLE SIZE; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS; COMET ASSAY; DNA DAMAGE; ENVIRONMENT; HUMANS; METAL NANOPARTICLES; METALS; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; MUTAGENS; NANOTECHNOLOGY; OXIDES; PARTICLE SIZE;

EID: 84922360946     PISSN: 20403364     EISSN: 20403372     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06670g     Document Type: Review

References (266)

1. G. Oberdörster, E. Oberdörster and J. Oberdörster, Nanotoxicology An emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles, Environ. Health Perspect., 2005, 113(7), 823-839.
2. Z. Magdolenova, et al., Can standard genotoxicity tests be applied to nanoparticles?, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 2012, 75(13 -15), 800-806.
3. H. R. Göran Lövestam, G. Roebben, N. G. Birgit Sokull Klüttgen, J.-P. Putaud and H. Stamm, Considerations on a Definition of Nanomaterial for Regulatory Purposes. Joint Research Center (JRC) reference reports 2010; Available from: http://ihcp.jrc.ec.europa.eu/our-activities/nanotechnology/report-definition-nanomaterial
4. 2011, E., Commission Recommendation of 18 October 2011 on the Definition of Nanomaterial. O. J. L 275: 38-40. Brussels: European Union.
5. D. B. Warheit, et al., Testing Strategies to Establish the Safety of Nanomaterials: Conclusions of an ECETOC Workshop, Inhalation Toxicol., 2007, 19(8), 631-643.
6. J. A. Barreto, et al., Nanomaterials: Applications in cancer imaging and therapy, Adv. Mater., 2011, 23(12), H18-H40.
7. X. Chen and S. S. Mao, Titanium dioxide nanomaterials: Synthesis, properties, modifications and applications, Chem. Rev., 2007, 107(7), 2891-2959.
8. S. Guo and E. Wang, Noble metal nanomaterials: Controllable synthesis and application in fuel cells and analytical sensors, Nano Today, 2011, 6(3), 240-264.
9. J. Jang, Conducting polymer nanomaterials and their applications, in Emissive Materials Nanomaterials: Advances in Polymer Science, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006, vol. 199, pp. 189-260.
10. X. Lu, C. Wang and Y. Wei, One-dimensional composite nanomaterials: Synthesis by electrospinning and their applications, Small, 2009, 5(21), 2349-2370.
11. M. S. Mauter and M. Elimelech, Environmental applications of carbon-based nanomaterials, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42(16), 5843-5859.
12. J. L. West and N. J. Halas, Engineered nanomaterials for biophotonics applications: Improving sensing, imaging, and therapeutics, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 2003, 5, 285-292.
13. H. L. Karlsson, The comet assay in nanotoxicology research, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2010, 398(2), 651-666.
14. 2 nanocomposites on Vicia faba, Environ. Pollut., 2011, 159(10), 2515-2522.
15. A. F. Hubbs, et al., Nanotechnology: Toxicologic pathology, Toxicol. Pathol., 2013, 41(2), 395-409.
16. V. Kumar, A. Kumari, P. Guleria and S. Yadav, Evaluating the toxicity of selected types of nanochemicals, in Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Springer, New York, 2012, vol. 215, pp. 39-121.
17. N. Singh, et al., NanoGenotoxicology: The DNA damaging potential of engineered nanomaterials, Biomaterials, 2009, 30(23-24), 3891-3914.
18. K. R. Vega-Villa, et al., Clinical toxicities of nanocarrier systems, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 2008, 60, 929-938.
19. H. Xie, M. M. Mason and J. P. Wise Sr, Genotoxicity of metal nanoparticles, Rev. Environ. Health, 2011, 26(4), 251-268.
20. J. Zhao and V. Castranova, Toxicology of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part B, 2011, 14(8), 593-632.
21. M. R. Gwinn and V. Vallyathan, Nanoparticles: Health effects - Pros and cons, Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114(12), 1818-1825.
22. R. Hardman, A toxicologic review of quantum dots: Toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors, Environ. Health Perspect., 2006, 114(2), 165-172.
23. A. Helland, et al., Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes, Environ. Health Perspect., 2007, 115(8), 1125-1131.
24. P. Schulte, et al., Occupational risk management of engineered nanoparticles, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 2008, 5(4), 239-249.
25. D. A. Tomalia, In quest of a systematic framework for unifying and defining nanoscience, J. Nanopart. Res., 2009, 11(6), 1251-1310.
26. K. Donaldson and C. A. Poland, Nanotoxicity: challenging the myth of nano-specific toxicity, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2013, 24(4), 724-734.
27. L. K. Limbach, R. N. Grass and W. J. Stark, Physico-chemical differences between particle- and molecule-derived toxicity: Can we make inherently safe nanoparticles?, Chimia, 2009, 63(1-2), 38-43.
28. M. N. Moore, Do nanoparticles present ecotoxicological risks for the health of the aquatic environment?, Environ. Int., 2006, 32(8), 967-976.
29. A. A. Shvedova, et al., Mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity and medical applications of carbon nanotubes: Two faces of Janus?, Pharmacol. Ther., 2009, 121(2), 192-204.
30. J. M. Wörle-Knirsch, K. Pulskamp and H. F. Krug, Oops they did it again! Carbon nanotubes hoax scientists in viability assays, Nano Lett., 2006, 6(6), 1261-1268.
31. H. L. Karlsson, et al., Size-dependent toxicity of metal oxide particles-A comparison between nano- and micrometer size, Toxicol. Lett., 2009, 188(2), 112-118.
32. M. Riediker, Compendium of projects in the European Nano-Safety Cluster, Institute for Work and Health, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2013.
33. C. J. van Leeuwen, General Introduction, in Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction, ed. C.J. van Leeuwen and J. L. M. Hermens, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.
34. F. Gottschalk, T. Sun and B. Nowack, Environmental concentrations of engineered nanomaterials: Review of modeling and analytical studies, Environ. Pollut., 2013, 181, 287-300.
35. OECD. No. 36. Guidance on sample preparation and dosimetry for the safety testing of manufactured nanomaterials. Safety of manufactured nanomaterials.
36. D. B. Warheit and E. M. Donner, Rationale of genotoxicity testing of nanomaterials: Regulatory requirements and appropriateness of available OECD test guidelines, Nanotoxicology, 2010, 4(4), 409-413.
37. S. H. Doak, et al., In vitro genotoxicity testing strategy for nanomaterials and the adaptation of current OECD guidelines, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2012, 745(1-2), 104-111.
38. D. Kühnel and C. Nickel, The OECD expert meeting on ecotoxicology and environmental fate - Towards the development of improved OECD guidelines for the testing of nanomaterials, Sci. Total Environ., 2014, 472, 347-353.
39. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL FATE OF MANUFACTURED NANOMATERIALS: TEST GUIDELINES, in Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials. 2014, OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications.
40. OECD. Report of the OECD expert meeting on the physical chemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials and test guidelines. Safety of manufactured nanomaterials; ENV/JM/MONO(2014)15]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono%282014%2915&doclanguage=en.
41. V. Stone, et al., Nanomaterials for environmental studies: classification, reference material issues, and strategies for physico-chemical characterisation, Sci. Total Environ., 2010, 408, 1745-1754.
42. T. Puzyn, et al., Using nano-QSAR to predict the cytotoxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2011, 6(3), 175-178.
43. OECD. No.27 List of Manufactured Nanomaterials and List of Endpoints for Phase One of the Sponsorship Programme for the Testing of Manufactured Nanomaterials: Revision. Safety of manufactured nanomaterials; Available from: http://www.oecd.org/science/nanosafety/publicationsintheseriesonthesafetyofmanufacturednanomaterials.htm.
44. (SCCS), S.C.o.C.S., et al., Silica (nano) CAS n. l 12945-52-5; Hydrated Silica(nano) CAS n. 112926-00-8; Silica Sylilate CAS n. 68909-20-6 Silica Dimethyl silylate (nano) CAS n. 68611-44-9. 2 October 2013 [cited 2014 July 29]Nanomaterial in cosmetic ingredients Request for a scientific opinion]. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific-committees/consumer-safety/requests/index-en.htm
45. R. Landsiedel, et al., Application of short-term inhalation studies to assess the inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials (1743-8977 (Electronic)).
46. R. E. Vernon, Which Elements Are Metalloids?, J. Chem. Educ., 2013, 90(12), 1703-1707.
47. Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. Consumer Products Inventory., 2014 [cited 2014 July]; Available from: http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi
48. C. O. Hendren, et al., Estimating production data for five engineered nanomaterials as a basis for exposure assessment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45(7), 2562-2569.
49. S. Wijnhoven, et al., Exposure to nanomaterials in consumer products, RIVM Letter Report, 2009, 340370001(2009), 2009.
50. L. D. Wijnhoven, V. S. Houk and T. J. Hughes, Genotoxicity of industrial wastes and effluents, Mutat. Res., Rev. Mutat. Res., 1998, 410(3), 237-243.
51. L. Gonzalez, D. Lison and M. Kirsch-Volders, Genotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials: A critical review, Nanotoxicology, 2008, 2(4), 252-273.
52. R. Landsiedel, et al., Genotoxicity investigations on nanomaterials: Methods, preparation and characterization of test material, potential artifacts and limitations-Many questions, some answers, Mutat. Res., Rev. Mutat. Res., 2009, 681 (2-3), 241-258.
53. C. T. Ng, et al., Current studies into the genotoxic effects of nanomaterials, J. Nucl. Acids, 2010, 2010.
54. E. J. Petersen and B. C. Nelson, Mechanisms and measurements of nanomaterial-induced oxidative damage to DNA, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2010, 398(2), 613-650.
55. H. Yang, et al., Comparative study of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity induced by four typical nanomaterials: The role of particle size, shape and composition, J. Appl. Toxicol., 2009, 29(1), 69-78.
56. R. P. Schins, Mechanisms of genotoxicity of particles and fibers, Inhalation Toxicol., 2002, 14, 57-78.
57. E. R. Kisin, et al., Single-walled carbon nanotubes: genoand cytotoxic effects in lung fibroblast V79 cells, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 2007, 70, 2071-2079.
58. A. R. Collins, The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: Principles, applications, and limitations, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., Part B Mol. Biotechnol., 2004, 26(3), 249-261.
59. R. Magaye, et al., Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of cobalt-, nickel- and copper-based nanoparticles (Review), Exp. Ther. Med., 2012, 4(4), 551-561.
60. Z. Magdolenova, et al., Mechanisms of genotoxicity. A review of in vitro and in vivo studies with engineered nanoparticles, Nanotoxicology, 2014, 8(3), 233-278.
61. F. Oesch and R. Landsiedel, Genotoxicity investigations on nanomaterials, Arch. Toxicol., 2012, 86(7), 985-994.
62. S. Arora, J. M. Rajwade and K. M. Paknikar, Nanotoxicology and in vitro studies: The need of the hour, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2012, 258(2), 151-165.
63. G. Krishna and M. Hayashi, In vivo rodent micronucleus assay: Protocol, conduct and data interpretation, Mutat. Res., Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen., 2000, 455(1-2), 155-166.
64. B. N. Ames, et al., Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1973, 70(8), 2281-2285.
65. P. Mosesso, S. Cinelli, A. T. Natarajan and F. Palitti, In Vitro Cytogenetic Assays: Chromosomal Aberrations and Micronucleus Tests, in Genotoxicity Assessment: Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press, 2013, vol. 1044, pp. 123-146.
66. N. N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 2nd edn, 1997.
67. M. Fernandez-Garcia, et al., Nanostructured oxides in chemistry: characterization and properties. (0009-2665 (Print)).
68. D. Baresel, et al., Influence of catalytic activity on semiconducting metal oxide sensors I. experimental sensor characteristics and their qualitative interpretation, Sens. Actuators, 1984, 6(1), 35-50.
69. K. J. Haralambous, Z. Loizos and N. Spyrellis, Catalytic properties of some mixed transition-metal oxides, Mater. Lett., 1991, 11(3-4), 133-141.
70. A. Fujishima, T. N. Rao and D. A. Tryk, Titanium dioxide photocatalysis, J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2000, 1(1), 1-21.
71. 2 films, Nature, 1991, 353(6346), 737-740.
72. S. J. L. Billinge and I. Levin, The Problem with Determining Atomic Structure at the Nanoscale, Science, 2007, 316(5824), 561-565.
73. V. M. Samsonov, N. Y. Sdobnyakov and A. N. Bazulev, On thermodynamic stability conditions for nanosized particles, Surf. Sci., 2003, 532-535, 526-530.
74. Z. Song, et al., Molecular level study of the formation and the spread of MoO3 on Au (111) by scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125(26), 8059-8066.
75. H. Zhang and J. F. Banfield, Thermodynamic analysis of phase stability of nanocrystalline titania, J. Mater. Chem., 1998, 8 (9), 2073-2076.
76. J. A. Rodríguez and M. Fernández-García, Introduction the World of Oxide Nanomaterials, in Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007, pp. 1-5.
77. J. A. Rodriguez, Orbital-band interactions and the reactivity of molecules on oxide surfaces: From explanations to predictions, Theor. Chem. Acc., 2002, 107(3), 117-129.
78. T. A. Albright, J. K. Burdett and M. H. Whangbo, Orbital Interactions in Chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985.
79. R. Hoffmann, Solids and Surfaces: A Chemist 's View of Bonding in Extended Structures, VCH, New York, 1988.
80. H. Zhang, et al., Use of Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Band Gap To Develop a Predictive Paradigm for Oxidative Stress and Acute Pulmonary Inflammation, ACS Nano, 2012, 6 (5), 4349-4368.
81. S. Gražulis, A. Daskevic, A. Merkys, D. Chateigner, L. Lutterotti, M. Quiros, et al., Crystallography Open Database (COD): an open-access collection of crystal structures and platform for world-wide collaboration, Nucleic Acids Res., 2012, 40(D1), D420-D427.
82. S. P. Singh, et al., Comparative study of genotoxicity and tissue distribution of nano and micron sized iron oxide in rats after acute oral treatment, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2013, 266 (1), 56-66.
83. E. K. Dufour, et al., Clastogenicity, photo-clastogenicity or pseudo-photo-clastogenicity: Genotoxic effects of zinc oxide in the dark, in pre-irradiated or simultaneously irradiated Chinese hamster ovary cells, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2006, 607(2), 215-224.
84. M. V. D. Z. Park, et al., Genotoxicity evaluation of amorphous silica nanoparticles of different sizes using the micronucleus and the plasmid lacZ gene mutation assay, Nanotoxicology, 2011, 5(2), 168-181.
85. A. Balasubramanyam, et al., Evaluation of genotoxic effects of oral exposure to Aluminum oxide nanomaterials in rat bone marrow, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2009, 676(1), 41-47.
86. 2) nanoparticles at two trophic levels: Plant and human lymphocytes, Chemosphere, 2010, 81(10), 1253-1262.
87. M. Kumari, et al., Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on root cells of Allium cepa, J. Hazard. Mater., 2011, 190(1-3), 613-621.
88. A. Balasubramanyam, et al., In vivo genotoxicity assessment of aluminium oxide nanomaterials in rat peripheral blood cells using the comet assay and micronucleus test, Mutagenesis, 2009, 24(3), 245-251.
89. T. R. Downs, et al., Silica nanoparticles administered at the maximum tolerated dose induce genotoxic effects through an inflammatory reaction while gold nanoparticles do not, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2012, 745(1-2), 38-50.
90. B. C. Hasan Turkez and K. Celik, Evaluation of the Potential In Vivo Genotoxicity of Tungsten (VI) Oxide Nanopowder for Human Health, Key Eng. Mater., 2013, 543, 89-92.
91. K. Klien and J. Godnić-Cvar, Genotoxicity of metal nanoparticles: Focus on in vivo studies, Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol., 2012, 63 (2), 133-145.
92. M. Naya, et al., In vivo genotoxicity study of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using comet assay following intratracheal instillation in rats, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2012, 62(1), 1-6.
93. M. F. Song, et al., Metal nanoparticle-induced micronuclei and oxidative DNA damage in mice, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 2012, 50(3), 211-216.
94. L. P. Sycheva, et al., Investigation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of micro- and nanosized titanium dioxide in six organs of mice in vivo, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2011, 726(1), 8-14.
95. H. T. Totsuka, Y. T. Imai, A. Nishikawa, T. Nohmi, T. Kato, S. Masuda, N. Kinae, K. Hiyoshi, S. Ogo, M. Kawanishi, T. Yagi, T. Ichinose, N. Fukumori, M. Watanabe, T. Sugimura and K. Wakabayashi, Genotoxicity of nano/microparticles in in vitro micronuclei, in vivo comet and mutation assay systems, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 2009, 6(23), 1-11.
96. B. Trouiller, et al., Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce DNA damage and genetic instability in vivo in mice, Cancer Res., 2009, 69(22), 8784-8789.
97. D. W. Fairbairn, P. L. Olive and K. L. O'Neill, The comet assay: A comprehensive review, Mutat. Res., Rev. Genet. Toxicol., 1995, 339(1), 37-59.
98. R. R. Tice, et al., Single cell gel/comet assay: Guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2000, 35(3), 206-221.
99. B. Courbiere, et al., Ultrastructural Interactions and Genotoxicity Assay of Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Mouse Oocytes, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2013, 14(11), 21613-21628.
100. M. Fenech, The in vitro micronucleus technique, Mutat. Res., Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen., 2000, 455(1-2), 81-95.
101. W. Schmid, The micronucleus test, Mutat. Res., 1975, 31(1), 9-15.
102. M. Fenech, The micronucleus assay determination of chromosomal level DNA damage, Methods Mol. Biol., 2008, 410, 185-216.
103. OECD. Test No. 487: In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 2010 23 July 2010 [cited 2014 May 22, 2014]; Available from: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/test-no-487-in-vitro-mammalian-cell-micronucleus-test-9789264091016-en
104. OECD. Test No. 471: Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4 1997 21 July 1997 [cited 2014 May 22, 2014].
105. J. A. Kramer, J. E. Sagartz and D. L. Morris, The application of discovery toxicology and pathology towards the design of safer pharmaceutical lead candidates, Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery, 2007, 6 (8), 636-649.
106. K. Hansen, et al., Benchmark data set for in silico prediction of Ames mutagenicity, J. Chem. Inf. Model, 2009, 49(9), 2077-2081.
107. S. J. Webb, et al., Feature combination networks for the interpretation of statistical machine learning models: application to Ames mutagenicity, J. Cheminf., 2014, 6(1), 8.
108. R. Handy, et al., Practical considerations for conducting ecotoxicity test methods with manufactured nanomaterials: what have we learnt so far?, Ecotoxicology, 2012, 21(4), 933-972.
109. OECD, Guidelines 475 genetic toxicology: in vivo mammalian bone marrow cytogenetic test-chromosome analysis, OECD, Editor. 1997.
110. 3 Nanoparticles on Genotoxic Responses in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Cultured Embyronic Kidney Cells, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 2013, 76(16), 990-1002.
111. Y.-J. Kim, et al., Genotoxicity of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticle in mammalian cell lines, Mol. Cell. Toxicol., 2009, 5(2), 172-178.
112. R. Liman, Genotoxic effects of Bismuth (III) oxide nanoparticles by Allium and Comet assay, Chemosphere, 2013, 93(2), 269-273.
113. M. Kumari, et al., Toxicity Study of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Neuroblastoma Cells, Int. J. Toxicol., 2014, 1091581814522305.
114. M. Auffan, et al., CeO2 nanoparticles induce DNA damage towards human dermal fibroblasts in vitro, Nanotoxicology, 2009, 3 (2), 161-171.
115. B. K. Pierscionek, et al., Nanoceria have no genotoxic effect on human lens epithelial cells, Nanotechnology, 2010, 21(3), 1-8.
116. J. Kain, H. L. Karlsson and L. Möller, DNA damage induced by micro- and nanoparticles - interaction with FPG influences the detection of DNA oxidation in the comet assay, Mutagenesis, 2012, 27(4), 491-500.
117. L. De Marzi, et al., Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of ceria nanoparticles on different cell lines in vitro, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2013, 14(2), 3065-3077.
118. S. W. Lee, S. M. Kim and J. Choi, Genotoxicity and ecotoxicity assays using the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna and the larva of the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius to screen the ecological risks of nanoparticle exposure, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2009, 28(1), 86-91.
119. S. Alarifi, et al., Oxidative stress contributes to cobalt oxide nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in human hepatocarcinoma cells, Int. J. Nanomed., 2013, 8, 189.
120. K. Midander, et al., Surface characteristics, copper release, and toxicity of nano- and micrometer-sized copper and copper(II) oxide particles: A cross-disciplinary study, Small, 2009, 5(3), 389-399.
121. H. L. Karlsson, et al., Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: A comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2008, 21(9), 1726-1732.
122. S. Di Bucchianico, et al., Multiple cytotoxic and genotoxic effects induced in vitro by differently shaped copper oxide nanomaterials, Mutagenesis, 2013, 28(3), 287-299.
123. Z. Wang, et al., CuO nanoparticle interaction with human epithelial cells: Cellular uptake, location, export, and genotoxicity, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2012, 25(7), 1512-1521.
124. G. Isani, et al., Comparative toxicity of CuO nanoparticles and CuSO4 in rainbow trout, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2013, 97, 40-46.
125. T. Gomes, et al., Genotoxicity of copper oxide and silver nanoparticles in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mar. Environ. Res., 2013, 84, 51-59.
126. L. Dai, et al., Effects, Uptake, and Depuration Kinetics of Silver Oxide and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles in a Marine Deposit Feeder, Macoma balthica, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2013, 1(7), 760-767.
127. P.-E. Buffet, et al., A mesocosm study of fate and effects of CuO nanoparticles on endobenthic species (Scrobicularia plana, Hediste diversicolor), Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47(3), 1620-1628.
128. N. Bayat, et al., The effects of engineered nanoparticles on the cellular structure and growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nanotoxicology, 2014, 8(4), 363-373.
129. S. Alarifi, et al., Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles in human skin keratinocytes cells, Int. J. Toxicol., 2013, 1091581813487563.
130. Y. Guichard, et al., Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nanosized and microsized titanium dioxide and iron oxide particles in Syrian hamster embryo cells, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 2012, 56 (5), 631-644.
131. F. S. Freyria, et al., Hematite nanoparticles larger than 90 nm show no sign of toxicity in terms of lactate dehydrogenase release, nitric oxide generation, apoptosis, and comet assay in murine alveolar macrophages and human lung epithelial cells, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2012, 25(4), 850-861.
132. K. Bhattacharya, et al., Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and DNA-adduct formation but not DNA-breakage in human lung cells, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 2009, 6.
133. M. Auffan, et al., In vitro interactions between DMSA-coated maghemite nanoparticles and human fibroblasts: A physicochemical and cyto-genotoxical study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40(14), 4367-4373.
134. S. P. Singh, et al., Genotoxicity of nano- and micron-sized manganese oxide in rats after acute oral treatment, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2013, 754(1-2), 39-50.
135. S. C. Hong, et al., Subtle cytotoxicity and genotoxicity differences in superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with various functional groups, Int. J. Nanomed., 2011, 6, 3219.
136. M. Ahamed, et al., Iron oxide nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity in human skin epithelial and lung epithelial cell lines, Curr. Pharm. Design, 2013, 19(37), 6681-6690.
137. M. Könczöl, et al., Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of size-fractionated iron oxide (magnetite) in A549 human lung epithelial cells: role of ROS, JNK, and NF-κB, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2011, 24(9), 1460-1475.
138. I. O. Gomaa, et al., Evaluation of in vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity of magnetite nanoparticles, Drug Discoveries Ther., 2013, 7(3), 116-123.
139. K. Gerloff, et al., Cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage by nanoparticles in human intestinal Caco-2 cells, Nanotoxicology, 2009, 3(4), 355-364.
140. S. P. Singh, et al., Toxicity assessment of manganese oxide micro and nanoparticles in Wistar rats after 28 days of repeated oral exposure, J. Appl. Toxicol., 2013, 33(10), 1165-1179.
141. A. Lankoff, et al., Effect of surface modification of silica nanoparticles on toxicity and cellular uptake by human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro, Nanotoxicology, 2013, 7(3), 235-250.
142. Y. Lankoff, et al., Toxicity of luminescent silica nanoparticles to living cells, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2007, 20(8), 1126-1133.
143. J. J. Wang, B. J. S. Sanderson and H. Wang, Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of ultrafine crystalline SiO2 participate in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007, 48(2), 151-157.
144. J. J. Wang, H. Wang and B. J. S. Sanderson, Ultrafine quartz-induced damage in human lymphoblastoid cells in vitro using three genetic damage end-points, Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 2007, 17(4), 223-232.
145. C. A. Barnes, et al., Reproducible cornet assay of amorphous silica nanoparticles detects no genotoxicity, Nano Lett., 2008, 8 (9), 3069-3074.
146. H. S. Choi, et al., Genotoxicity of nano-silica in mammalian cell lines, Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci., 2011, 3(1), 7-13.
147. L. Gonzalez, et al., Exploring the aneugenic and clastogenic potential in the nanosize range: A549 human lung carcinoma cells and amorphous monodisperse silica nanoparticles as models, Nanotoxicology, 2010, 4(4), 382-395.
148. C. Gong, et al., The role of reactive oxygen species in silicon dioxide nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in HaCaT cells, Mol. Biol. Rep., 2012, 39(4), 4915-4925.
149. H. Gehrke, et al., In vitro toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles in human colon carcinoma cells, Nanotoxicology, 2011, 7(3), 274-293.
150. A. Durnev, et al., Evaluation of genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity of silicon nanocrystals, Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 2010, 149(4), 445-449.
151. M. J. Khan and Q. Husain, Influence of pH and temperature on the activity of SnO2-bound α-amylase: A genotoxicity assessment of SnO2 nanoparticles, Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol., 2014, 44(6), 558-571.
152. J. Roszak, et al., A strategy for in vitro safety testing of nanotitania-modified textile products, J. Hazard. Mater., 2013, 256-257, 67-75.
153. M. M. Dobrzyńska, et al., Genotoxicity of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in bone marrow cells of rats in vivo, Toxicology, 2014, 315, 86-91.
154. 2 under different experimental conditions: Methodological aspects for nanoecotoxicology investigations, Sci. Total Environ., 2013, 463-464, 647-656.
155. Z. Chen, et al., Genotoxic evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro, Toxicol. Lett., 2014, 226(3), 314-319.
156. 2 on bottlenose dolphin leukocytes, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2010, 396(2), 619-623.
157. R. Dunford, et al., Chemical oxidation and DNA damage catalysed by inorganic sunscreen ingredients, FEBS Lett., 1997, 418(1-2), 87-90.
158. 2, Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2009, 28(6-7), 339-352.
159. H. K. Lindberg, et al., Genotoxicity of inhaled nanosized TiO2 in mice, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2012, 745(1-2), 58-64.
160. A. T. Saber, et al., Nanotitanium dioxide toxicity in mouse lung is reduced in sanding dust from paint, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 2012, 9.
161. R. C. Gopalan, et al., The effect of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the Comet assay with UVA photoactivation of human sperm and lymphocytes, Nanotoxicology, 2009, 3(1), 33-39.
162. A. Kermanizadeh, et al., An in vitro liver model-assessing oxidative stress and genotoxicity following exposure of hepatocytes to a panel of engineered nanomaterials, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 2012, 9(1), 28.
163. M.-L. Jugan, et al., Titanium dioxide nanoparticles exhibit genotoxicity and impair DNA repair activity in A549 cells, Nanotoxicology, 2012, 6(5), 501-513.
164. P. Jackson, et al., Maternal inhalation of surface-coated nanosized titanium dioxide (UV-Titan) in C57BL/6 mice: Eff ects in prenatally exposed off spring on hepatic DNA damage and gene expression, Nanotoxicology, 2013, 7(1), 85-96.
165. 2 and ZnO nanoparticles in soil on earthworm Eisenia fetida, Soil Biol. Biochem., 2010, 42(4), 586-591.
166. 2) nanoparticles in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells, Toxicol. in Vitro, 2013, 27(2), 864-873.
167. S. Hackenberg, et al., Intracellular distribution, geno-and cytotoxic effects of nanosized titanium dioxide particles in the anatase crystal phase on human nasal mucosa cells, Toxicol. Lett., 2010, 195(1), 9-14.
168. S. Hackenberg, et al., Nanosized titanium dioxide particles do not induce DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011, 52(4), 264-268.
169. 2) nanoparticles on human erythrocyte and lymphocyte cells in vitro, J. Appl. Toxicol., 2013, 33(10), 1097-1110.
170. E. Demir, N. Kaya and B. Kaya, Genotoxic effects of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on root meristem cells of Allium cepa by comet assay, Turk. J. Biol., 2014, 38(1), 31-39.
171. 2 in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), Nanotoxicology, 2014, 8(5), 549-558.
172. M. C. Botelho, et al., Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human gastric epithelial cells in vitro, Biomed. Pharmacother., 2014, 68(1), 59-64.
173. 2, SiC nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes exposure in several mammalian cell types: an in vitro study, J. Nanopart. Res., 2010, 12(1), 61-73.
174. J. R. Gurr, et al., Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells, Toxicology, 2005, 213(1-2), 66-73.
175. S. J. Kang, et al., Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53-mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008, 49(5), 399-405.
176. J. F. Reeves, et al., Hydroxyl radicals (∗OH) are associated with titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in fish cells, Mutat. Res., 2008, 640(1-2), 113-122.
177. W. F. Vevers and A. N. Jha, Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on fish cells in vitro, Ecotoxicology, 2008, 17(5), 410-420.
178. 2 particles in cultured human lymphoblastoid cells, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2007, 628(2), 99-106.
179. R. S. Woodruff, et al., Genotoxicity evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using the Ames test and Comet assay, J. Appl. Toxicol., 2012, 32(11), 934-943.
180. R. Wan, et al., DNA damage caused by metal nanoparticles: involvement of oxidative stress and activation of ATM, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2012, 25(7), 1402-1411.
181. R. K. Shukla, et al., ROS-mediated genotoxicity induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human epidermal cells, Toxicol. In Vitro, 2011, 25(1), 231-241.
182. 2 nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in human liver cells, Nanotoxicology, 2013, 7(1), 48-60.
183. D. Sekar, et al., DNA damage and repair following In vitro exposure to two different forms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on trout erythrocyte, Environ. Toxicol., 2014, 29(1), 117-127.
184. 2 particle-assay interactions, Nanotoxicology, 2013, 7(5), 1043-1051.
185. Q. Saquib, et al., Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in human amnion epithelial (WISH) cells, Toxicol. In Vitro, 2012, 26(2), 351-361.
186. R. Y. Prasad, et al., Effect of treatment media on the agglomeration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: impact on genotoxicity, cellular interaction, and cell cycle, ACS Nano, 2013, 7 (3), 1929-1942.
187. R. Y. Prasad, et al., Cellular interactions and biological responses to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in HepG2 and BEAS-2B cells: role of cell culture media, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2014, 55(4), 336-342.
188. J. Petković, et al., DNA damage and alterations in expression of DNA damage responsive genes induced by TiO2 nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, Nanotoxicology, 2011, 5(3), 341-353.
189. 2 particles with UV enhances their cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, J. Hazard. Mater., 2011, 196, 145-152.
190. S. Pakrashi, et al., In vivo genotoxicity assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles by Allium cepa root tip assay at high exposure concentrations, PLoS One, 2014, 9(2), e87789.
191. A. Kermanizadeh, et al., An in vitro assessment of panel of engineered nanomaterials using a human renal cell line: Cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory response, oxidative stress and genotoxicity, BMC Nephrol., 2013, 14(96), 1-12.
192. Q. Mu, et al., Systematic investigation of the physicochemical factors that contribute to the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2014, 27(4), 558-567.
193. V. Sharma, et al., DNA damaging potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles in human epidermal cells, Toxicol. Lett., 2009, 185(3), 211-218.
194. V. Sharma, et al., Induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse liver after sub-acute oral exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2012, 745(1-2), 84-91.
195. V. Valdiglesias, et al., Neuronal cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by zinc oxide nanoparticles, Environ. Int., 2013, 55, 92-100.
196. J. Y. Kwon, et al., Lack of genotoxic potential of ZnO nanoparticles in in vitro and in vivo tests, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2014, 761, 1-9.
197. J. Sarkar, et al., Biosynthesis and safety evaluation of ZnO nanoparticles, Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng., 2014, 37(2), 165-171.
198. S. Hackenberg, et al., Cytotoxic, genotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in human nasal mucosa cells in vitro, Toxicol. In Vitro, 2011, 25(3), 657-663.
199. E. Demir, et al., Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Genotoxicity, interactions with UV-light and cell-transforming potential, J. Hazard. Mater., 2014, 264, 420-429.
200. S. Alarifi, et al., Induction of oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis in a malignant human skin melanoma cell line after exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles, Int. J. Nanomed., 2013, 8, 983.
201. D. Ali, et al., Oxidative stress and genotoxic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles in freshwater snail Lymnaea luteola L, Aquat. Toxicol., 2012, 124, 83-90.
202. F. o. Perreault, et al., Genotoxic effects of copper oxide nanoparticles in Neuro 2A cell cultures, Sci. Total Environ., 2012, 441, 117-124.
203. D. Chen, et al., Biocompatibility of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells, Int. J. Nanomed., 2012, 7, 4973.
204. S. Corradi, et al., Influence of serum on in situ proliferation and genotoxicity in A549 human lung cells exposed to nanomaterials, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2012, 745(1), 21-27.
205. L. Gonzalez, et al., Co-assessment of cell cycle and micronucleus frequencies demonstrates the influence of serum on the in vitro genotoxic response to amorphous monodisperse silica nanoparticles of varying sizes, Nanotoxicology, 2014, 8(8), 876-884.
206. C. Uboldi, et al., Amorphous silica nanoparticles do not induce cytotoxicity, cell transformation or genotoxicity in Balb/3T3 mouse fibroblasts, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2012, 745(1-2), 11-20.
207. 2 anatase nanoparticles in B6C3F1 male mice evaluated using Pig-a and flow cytometric micronucleus assays, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 2012, 745(1-2), 65-72.
208. J. Xu, et al., Acute toxicity of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mice, PLoS One, 2013, 8(8), e70618.
209. Q. Rahman, et al., Evidence that ultrafine titanium dioxide induces micronuclei and apoptosis in syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts, Environ. Health Perspect., 2002, 110(8), 797-800.
210. P. J. Lu, I. C. Ho and T. C. Lee, Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and micronuclei by titanium dioxide in Chinese hamster ovary-K1 cells, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 1998, 414(1-3), 15-20.
211. K. Linnainmaa, P. Kivipensas and H. Vainio, Toxicity and cytogenetic studies of ultrafine titanium dioxide in cultured rat liver epithelial cells, Toxicol. In Vitro, 1997, 11(4), 329-335.
212. H. Yin, et al., Effects of surface chemistry on cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by ZnO nanoparticles, Langmuir, 2010, 26(19), 15399-15408.
213. X. Pan, et al., Mutagenicity evaluation of metal oxide nanoparticles by the bacterial reverse mutation assay, Chemosphere, 2010, 79(1), 113-116.
214. A. Kumar, A. K. Pandey, S. S. Singh, R. Shanker and A. Dhawan, Cellular uptake and mutagenic potential of metal oxide nanoparticles in bacterial cells, Chemosphere., 2011, 83(8), 1124-1132.
215. I. Lopes, et al., Toxicity and genotoxicity of organic and inorganic nanoparticles to the bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Salmonella typhimurium, Ecotoxicology, 2012, 21(3), 637-648.
216. Y. Nakagawa, et al., The photogenotoxicity of titanium dioxide particle, Mutat. Res., Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen., 1997, 394(1-3), 125-132.
217. R. Landsiedel, et al., Gene toxicity studies on titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanomaterials used for UV-protection in cosmetic formulations, Nanotoxicology, 2010, 4(4), 364-381.
218. R. Yoshida, D. Kitamura and S. Maenosono, Mutagenicity of water-soluble ZnO nanoparticles in Ames test, J. Toxicol. Sci., 2009, 34(1), 119-122.
219. G. Hasegawa, M. Shimonaka and Y. Ishihara, Differential genotoxicity of chemical properties and particle size of rare metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, J. Appl. Toxicol., 2012, 32 (1), 72-80.
220. R. P. Schins and A. M. Knaapen, Genotoxicity of poorly soluble particles, Inhalation Toxicol., 2007, 19(Suppl 1), 189-198.
221. P. V. AshaRani, et al., Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells, ACS Nano, 2009, 3(2), 279-290.
222. A. Chompoosor, et al., The role of surface functionality on acute cytotoxicity, ROS generation and DNA damage by cationic gold nanoparticles, Small, 2010, 6(20), 2246-2249.
223. M. Merhi, et al., Study of serum interaction with a cationic nanoparticle: Implications for in vitro endocytosis, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, Int. J. Pharm., 2012, 423(1), 37-44.
224. V. Stone, et al., Development of in vitro systems for nanotoxicology: methodological considerations, Crit. Rev. Toxicol., 2009, 39(7), 613-626.
225. A. J. Storm, et al., Insulating behavior for DNA molecules between nanoelectrodes at the 100 nm length scale, Appl. Phys. Lett., 2001, 79(23), 3881-3883.
226. A. Grigor'Eva, et al., Fine mechanisms of the interaction of silver nanoparticles with the cells of Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus, BioMetals, 2013, 26(3), 479-488.
227. S. Palchoudhury, et al., DNA interaction of Pt-attached iron oxide nanoparticles, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2013, 49(1), 373-376.
228. W. Tang, et al., The cadmium-mercaptoacetic acid complex contributes to the genotoxicity of mercaptoacetic acid-coated CdSe-core quantum dots, Int. J. Nanomed., 2012, 7, 2631-2640.
229. 2 nanoparticle interactions, MRS Proceedings, Cambridge University Press, 2009, vol. 1236, SS05-15.
230. R. Wahab, et al., A non-aqueous synthesis, characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their interaction with DNA, Synth. Met., 2009, 159(23-24), 2443-2452.
231. N. M. Fahrenkopf, et al., Immobilization mechanisms of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to hafnium dioxide (HfO 2) surfaces for biosensing applications, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2012, 4(10), 5360-5368.
232. P. Jin, et al., Interactions between Al 12X (X = Al, C, N and P) nanoparticles and DNA nucleobases/base pairs: Implications for nanotoxicity, J. Mol. Model., 2012, 18(2), 559-568.
233. P. V. Komarov, et al., Computer simulation of the assembly of gold nanoparticles on DNA fragments via electrostatic interaction, J. Chem. Phys., 2008, 128(12), 1-11.
234. J. Liu, Adsorption of DNA onto gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide: Surface science and applications, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14(30), 10485-10496.
235. F. Paillusson, et al., Effective interaction between charged nanoparticles and DNA, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13(27), 12603-12613.
236. Y. V. Rubin and L. F. Belous, Molecular structure and interactions of nucleic acid components in nanoparticles: Ab initio calculations, Ukr. J. Phys., 2012, 57(7), 723-731.
237. V. Shewale, et al., First-principles study of nanoparticle-biomolecular interactions: Anchoring of a (ZnO) 12 cluster on nucleobases, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115(21), 10426-10430.
238. B. K. Pong, J. Y. Lee and B. L. Trout, First principles computational study for understanding the interactions between ssDNA and gold nanoparticles: Adsorption of methylamine on gold nanoparticulate surfaces, Langmuir, 2005, 21(25), 11599-11603.
239. J. Yang, et al., Dissociation of double-stranded DNA by small metal nanoparticles, J. Inorg. Biochem., 2007, 101(5), 824-830.
240. A. Semisch, et al., Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nano-and microparticulate copper oxide: Role of solubility and intracellular bioavailability, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 2014, 11(10), 1-16.
241. S. Alarifi, et al., Oxidative stress contributes to cobalt oxide nanoparticles-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in human hepatocarcinoma cells, Int. J. Nanomed., 2013, 8, 189-199.
242. R. Bazak, et al., Cytotoxicity and DNA cleavage with core- shell nanocomposites functionalized by a KH domain DNA binding peptide, Nanoscale, 2013, 5(23), 11394-11399.
243. 2 nanoparticles: Their outcome and effects, J. Nanopart. Res., 2013, 15(4), 1-13.
244. Y. Guichard, et al., Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nanosized and microsized titanium dioxide and iron oxide particles in Syrian hamster embryo cells, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 2012, 56(5), 631-644.
245. W. Lin, et al., Toxicity of nano- and micro-sized ZnO particles in human lung epithelial cells, J. Nanopart. Res., 2009, 11 (1), 25-39.
246. Q. Saquib, et al., Zinc ferrite nanoparticles activate IL-1b, NFKB1, CCL21 and NOS2 signaling to induce mitochondrial dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway in WISH cells, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2013, 273(2), 289-297.
247. C. C. Wang, et al., Phototoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles in HaCaT keratinocytes-generation of oxidative DNA damage during UVA and visible light irradiation, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 2013, 13(6), 3880-3888.
248. X. Zhao, et al., Acute ZnO nanoparticles exposure induces developmental toxicity, oxidative stress and DNA damage in embryo-larval zebrafish, Aquat.Toxicol., 2013, 136-137, 49-59.
249. N. R. Jacobsen, et al., Lung inflammation and genotoxicity following pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles in ApoE-/- mice, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 2009, 6.
250. M. V. D. Z. Park, et al., The effect of particle size on the cytotoxicity, inflammation, developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles, Biomaterials, 2011, 32(36), 9810-9817.
251. G. Patil, et al., Evaluation of cytotoxic, oxidative stress, proinflammatory and genotoxic responses of micro- and nano-particles of dolomite on human lung epithelial cells A549, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2012, 34(2), 436-445.
252. 2) nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in fish cells, Mutat. Res., Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen., 2008, 640(1-2), 113-122.
253. M. Skocaj, et al., Titanium dioxide in our everyday life; Is it safe?, Radiol. Oncol., 2011, 45(4), 227-247.
254. R. J. Vandebriel and W. H. De Jong, A review of mammalian toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles, Nanotechnol., Sci. Appl., 2012, 5(1), 61-71.
255. Y. Guichard, et al., Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nanosized and microsized titanium dioxide and iron oxide particles in Syrian hamster embryo cells, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 2012, 56 (5), 631-644.
256. D. B. Warheit, How Meaningful are the Results of Nanotoxicity Studies in the Absence of Adequate Material Characterization?, Toxicol. Sci., 2008, 101(2), 183-185.
257. K. J. Ong, et al., Widespread Nanoparticle-Assay Interference: Implications for Nanotoxicity Testing, PLoS One, 2014, 9(3), e90650.
258. E. Samuel Reich, Nano rules fall foul of data gap, Nature, 2011, 480(7376), 160-161.
259. J. Geys, B. Nemery and P. H. M. Hoet, Assay conditions can influence the outcome of cytotoxicity tests of nanomaterials: Better assay characterization is needed to compare studies, Toxicol. in Vitro, 2010, 24(2), 620-629.
260. C. Hirsch, et al., Nanomaterial cell interactions: Are current in vitro tests reliable?, Nanomedicine, 2011, 6(5), 837-847.
261. S. Laurent, et al., Crucial Ignored Parameters on Nanotoxicology: The Importance of Toxicity Assay Modifications and "Cell Vision", PLoS One, 2012, 7 (1), e29997.
262. I. O. Gomaa, et al., Evaluation of in vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity of magnetite nanoparticles, Drug Discov. Ther., 2013, 7(3), 116-123.
263. R. K. Shukla, et al., TiO(2) nanoparticles induce oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in human liver cells, Nanotoxicology, 2013, 7(1), 48-60.
264. J. R. Gurr, et al., Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells, Toxicology, 2005, 213(1-2), 66-73.
265. H. Shi, et al., Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data, Part. Fibre Toxicol., 2013, 10, 15.
266. T. Chen, J. Yan and Y. Li, Genotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, J. Food Drug Anal., 2014, 22(1), 95-104.