Crosstalk between fibroblasts and inflammatory cells

Cardiovascular Research

Volumn 102, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 258-269

  Van Linthout, Sophie ^a   Miteva, Kapka ^a   Tschöpe, Carsten ^a  

^a CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Fibroblast; Heart failure; Innate and adaptive immune response; Myofibroblast

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CYTOKINE; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; B LYMPHOCYTE; BLOOD CLOTTING; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INFILTRATION; COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; DOWN REGULATION; EOSINOPHIL; EX VIVO STUDY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIBROBLAST; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEART MUSCLE INJURY; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOMODULATION; IN VITRO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; MACROPHAGE; MAST CELL; NEUTROPHIL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPLEEN CELL; TH1 CELL; TH17 CELL; TH2 CELL; THROMBOCYTE; TISSUE INJURY; UPREGULATION; WOUND HEALING; ANIMAL; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; FIBROBLASTS; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION;

EID: 84899048801     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: 17553245     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu062     Document Type: Review

References (197)

1. Weber KT. Fibrosis and hypertensive heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2000;15: 264-272
2. Wick G Grundtman C Mayerl C Wimpissinger TF Feichtinger J Zelger B Sgonc R Wolfram D. The immunology of fibrosis. Ann Rev Immunol 2013;31:107-135
3. Buckley CD Pilling D Lord JM Akbar AN Scheel-Toellner D Salmon M. Fibroblasts regulate the switch from acute resolving to chronic persistent inflammation. Trends Immunol 2001;22:199-204
4. Nag AC. Study of non-muscle cells of the adult mammalian heart: A fine structural analysis and distribution. Cytobios 1980;28:41-61
5. Camelliti P Borg TK Kohl P. Structural and functional characterisation of cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 2005;65:40-51
6. Ottaviano FG YeeKO. Communication signals between cardiac fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011;57:513-521
7. Martin ML Blaxall BC. Cardiac intercellular communication: Are myocytes and fibroblasts fair-weather friends?. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012;5:768-782
8. Brouty-Boye D Pottin-Clemenceau C Doucet C Jasmin C Azzarone B. Chemokines and cd40 expression in human fibroblasts. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:914-919
9. Lindner D Zietsch C Becher PM Schulze K Schultheiss HP Tschope C Westermann D. Differential expression of matrix metalloproteases in human fibroblasts with different origins. Biochem Res Int 2012;2012:875742
10. Parsonage G Falciani F Burman A Filer A Ross E Bofill M Martin S Salmon M Buckley CD. Global gene expression profiles in fibroblasts from synovial skin and lymphoid tissue reveals distinct cytokine and chemokine expression patterns. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:688-697
11. Chang HY Chi JT Dudoit S Bondre C van De Rijn M Botstein D Brown PO. Diversity topographic differentiation and positional memory in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:12877-12882
12. Zeisberg M Yang C Martino M Duncan MB Rieder F Tanjore H Kalluri R. Fibroblasts derive from hepatocytes in liver fibrosis via epithelial to mesenchymal transition. J Biol Chem 2007;282:23337-23347
13. Zeisberg M Kalluri R. Fibroblasts emerge via epithelial-mesenchymal transition in chronic kidney fibrosis. Front Biosc 2008;13:6991-6998
14. Li Z Wermuth PJ Benn BS Lisanti MP Jimenez SA. Caveolin-1 deficiency induces spontaneous endothelial-To-mesenchymal transition in murine pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro. Am J Pathol 2013;182:325-331
15. Zeisberg EM Tarnavski O Zeisberg M Dorfman AL McMullen JR Gustafsson E Chandraker A Yuan X Pu WT Roberts AB Neilson EG Sayegh MH Izumo S Kalluri R. Endothelial-To-mesenchymal transition contributes to cardiac fibrosis. Nat Med 2007;13:952-961
16. Potenta S Zeisberg E Kalluri R. The role of endothelial-To-mesenchymal transition in cancer progression. Br J Cancer 2008;99:1375-1379
17. Bucala R Spiegel LA Chesney JHogan M Cerami A. Circulating fibrocytes define anew leukocyte subpopulation that mediates tissue repair. Mol Med 1994;1:71-81
18. Galligan CL Fish EN. Circulating fibrocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64:3583-3593
19. Keeley EC Mehrad B Janardhanan R Salerno M Hunter JR Burdick MM Field JJ Strieter RM Kramer CM. Elevated circulating fibrocyte levels in patients with hypertensive heart disease. J Hypertens 2012;30:1856-1861
20. Reilkoff RA Bucala R Herzog EL. Fibrocytes: Emerging effector cells in chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11:427-435
21. Intengan HD Schiffrin EL. Vascular remodeling in hypertension: Roles of apoptosis inflammation and fibrosis. Hypertension 2001;38:581-587
22. Creagh EM ONeill LA. TLRs NLRs and RLRs: A trinity of pathogen sensors that co-operate in innate immunity. Trends Immunol 2006;27:352-357
23. Meneghin A Hogaboam CM. Infectious disease the innate immune response and fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2007;117:530-538
24. Otte JM Rosenberg IM Podolsky DK. Intestinal myofibroblasts in innate immune responses of the intestine. Gastroenterology 2003;124:1866-1878
25. Shiraki R Inoue N Kawasaki S Takei A Kadotani M Ohnishi Y Ejiri J Kobayashi S Hirata K Kawashima S Yokoyama M. Expression of toll-like receptors on human platelets. Thromb Res 2004;113:379-385
26. Andonegui G Kerfoot SMMcNagny K Ebbert KV Patel KD Kubes P. Platelets express functional toll-like receptor-4. Blood 2005;106:2417-2423
27. Liu Y Gao XM Fang L Jennings NL Su Y Xu Q Samson AL Kiriazis H Wang XF Shan L Sturgeon SAMedcalf RL Jackson SP Dart AM Du XJ.Novel role of platelets inmediating inflammatory responses and ventricular rupture or remodeling following myocardial infarction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011;31:834-841
28. Sinno H Prakash S. Complements and the wound healing cascade: An updated review. Plastic Surgery Int 2013;2013:146764
29. Chambers RC. Procoagulant signalling mechanisms in lung inflammation and fibrosis: Novel opportunities for pharmacological intervention?. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153(Suppl 1):S367-S378
30. Scotton CJ Krupiczojc MA Konigshoff M Mercer PF Lee YC Kaminski N Morser J Post JM Maher TM Nicholson AG Moffatt JD Laurent GJ Derian CK Eickelberg O Chambers RC. Increased local expression of coagulation factor X contributes to the fibrotic response in human and murine lung injury. J Clin Invest 2009;119:2550-2563
31. Ameri A Kurachi S Sueishi K Kuwahara M Kurachi K. Myocardial fibrosis in mice with overexpression of human blood coagulation factor ix. Blood 2003;101:1871-1873
32. Xu H Noria F Sandoval-Cooper MJ Menchen H Donahue DL Ploplis VA Castellino FJ. Severe deficiency of coagulation factor vii results in spontaneous cardiac fibrosis in mice. J Pathol 2009;217:362-371
33. Cahill PA Redmond EM Sitzmann JV. Endothelial dysfunction in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2001;89:273-293
34. Hugenholtz GG Porte RJ Lisman T. The platelet and platelet function testing in liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2009;13:11-20
35. Stramer BM Mori R Martin P. The inflammation-fibrosis link?.AJekyll and Hyde role for blood cells during wound repair. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:1009-1017
36. Bratton DL Henson PM. Neutrophil clearance: When the party is over clean-up begins. Trends Immunol 2011;32:350-357
37. Meissner J Irfan A Twerenbold R Mueller S Reiter M Haaf P Reichlin T Schaub N Winkler K Pfister O Heinisch C Mueller C. Use of neutrophil count in early diagnosis and risk stratification of ami. Am J Med 2011;124:534-542
38. Ciz M Denev P Kratchanova M Vasicek O Ambrozova G Lojek A. Flavonoids inhibit the respiratory burst of neutrophils in mammals. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012;2012: 181295
39. Barnes TC Anderson ME EdwardsSW Moots RJ. Neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species in SSC. Rheumatol (Oxford) 2012;51:1166-1169
40. Wynn TA. Integrating mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. J Exp Med 2011;208: 1339-1350
41. Svegliati-Baroni G Saccomanno S van Goor H Jansen P Benedetti A Moshage H. Involvement of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide radicals in activation and proliferation of rat hepatic stellate cells. Liver 2001;21:1-12
42. Liu XH Pan LL Deng HY Xiong QHWuD Huang GY Gong QH Zhu YZ. Leonurine (SCM-198) attenuates myocardial fibrotic response via inhibition ofNADPHoxidase 4. Free Radic Biol Med 2013;54:93-104
43. Qin F Simeone M Patel R. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase reduces myocardial oxidative stress and apoptosis and improves cardiac function in heart failure after myocardial infarction. Free Radic Biol Med 2007;43:271-281
44. Ma Y Yabluchanskiy A Lindsey ML. Neutrophil roles in left ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction. Fibrogenesis Tissue Repair 2013;6:11
45. Takemasa A Ishii Y Fukuda T. A neutrophil elastase inhibitor prevents bleomycininduced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Eur Respir J 2012;40:1475-1482
46. Lefkowitz DL Lefkowitz SS. Macrophage-neutrophil interaction: A paradigm for chronic inflammation revisited. Immunol Cell Biol 2001;79:502-506
47. Murray PJ Wynn TA. Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11:723-737
48. Lim DH Cho JY Miller M McElwain K McElwain S Broide DH. Reduced peribronchial fibrosis in allergen-challenged MMP-9-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006;291:L265-L271
49. MatsumotoY Park IK Kohyama K. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 but notMMP-2 is involved in the development and progression of c protein-induced myocarditis and subsequent dilated cardiomyopathy. J Immunol 2009;183:4773-4781
50. Ducharme A Frantz S Aikawa M Rabkin E Lindsey M Rohde LE Schoen FJ Kelly RA Werb Z Libby P Lee RT. Targeted deletion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 attenuates left ventricular enlargement and collagen accumulation after experimental myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 2000;106:55-62
51. Westermann D Savvatis K Lindner D Zietsch C Becher PM Hammer E Heimesaat MM Bereswill S Volker U Escher F Riad A Plendl J Klingel K Poller W Schultheiss HP Tschope C. Reduced degradation of the chemokine MCP-3 by matrix metalloproteinase-2 exacerbates myocardial inflammation in experimental viral cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2011;124:2082-2093
52. Verrecchia F Mauviel A. Transforming growth factor-beta and fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:3056-3062
53. Murray LA Chen Q Kramer MS Hesson DP Argentieri RL Peng X Gulati M Homer RJ Russell T van Rooijen N Elias JA Hogaboam CM Herzog EL. TGF-beta driven lung fibrosis is macrophage dependent and blocked by serum amyloid p. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011;43:154-162
54. Annes JP Munger JS Rifkin DB. Making sense of latent tgfbeta activation. J Cell Sci 2003; 116:217-224
55. Leask A Abraham DJ. Tgf-beta signaling and the fibrotic response. FASEB J 2004;18: 816-827
56. Varga J Jimenez SA. Stimulation of normal human fibroblast collagen production and processing by transforming growth factor-beta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 138:974-980
57. Overall CM Wrana JL Sodek J. Independent regulation of collagenase 72-kDa progelatinase and metalloendoproteinase inhibitor expression in human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chem 1989;264:1860-1869
58. Chen SJ Yuan W Mori Y Levenson A Trojanowska M Varga J. Stimulation of Type I collagen transcription in human skin fibroblasts by TGF-beta: Involvement of SMAD 3. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112:49-57
59. Verrecchia F Chu ML Mauviel A. Identification of novel TGF-beta/SMAD gene targets in Dermal fibroblasts using a combined CDNA microarray/promoter transactivation approach. J Biol Chem 2001;276:17058-17062
60. Ruiz-Ortega M Rodriguez-Vita J Sanchez-Lopez ECarvajal G Egido J. TGF-beta signaling in vascular fibrosis. Cardiovasc Res 2007;74:196-206
61. Waltenberger J Lundin L Oberg K Wilander E Miyazono K Heldin CH Funa K. Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta in the formation of fibrotic lesions in carcinoid heart disease. Am J Pathol 1993;142:71-78
62. Westermann D Lindner D Kasner M Zietsch C Savvatis K Escher F von Schlippenbach J Skurk C Steendijk P Riad A Poller W Schultheiss HP Tschope C. Cardiac inflammation contributes to changes in the extracellular matrix in patients with heart failure and normal ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:44-52
63. Bronnum H Eskildsen T Andersen DC Schneider M Sheikh SP. IL-1beta suppresses TGF-beta-mediated myofibroblast differentiation in cardiac fibroblasts. Growth Fact 2013;31:81-89
64. Meyer-Ter-Vehn T Gebhardt S SebaldW Buttmann M Grehn F Schlunck G Knaus P. P38 inhibitors prevent TGF-beta-induced myofibroblast transdifferentiation in human tenon fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47:1500-1509
65. Shah M Foreman DM Ferguson MW. Control of scarring in adult wounds by neutralising antibody to transforming growth factor beta. Lancet 1992;339:213-214
66. Sharma K Jin Y Guo J Ziyadeh FN. Neutralization of TGF-beta by anti-TGF-beta antibody attenuates kidney hypertrophy and the enhanced extracellular matrix gene expression in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Diabetes 1996;45:522-530
67. Koyanagi M Egashira K Kubo-Inoue M Usui M Kitamoto S Tomita H Shimokawa H Takeshita A. Role of transforming growth factor-beta1 in cardiovascular inflammatory changes induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Hypertension 2000;35: 86-90
68. Kuwahara F Kai H Tokuda K Kai M Takeshita A Egashira K Imaizumi T. Transforming growth factor-beta function blocking prevents myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in pressure-overloaded rats. Circulation 2002;106:130-135
69. Kulkarni AB Karlsson S. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 knockout mice.Amutation in one cytokine gene causes a dramatic inflammatory disease. Am J Pathol 1993;143: 3-9
70. Bottinger EP Letterio JJ Roberts AB. Biology of TGF-beta in knockout and transgenic mouse models. Kidney Int 1997;51:1355-1360
71. Ikeuchi M Tsutsui H Shiomi T Matsusaka H Matsushima S Wen J Kubota T Takeshita A. Inhibition of TGF-beta signaling exacerbates early cardiac dysfunction but prevents late remodeling after infarction. Cardiovasc Res 2004;64:526-535
72. Okada H Takemura G Kosai K Li Y Takahashi T Esaki M Yuge K Miyata S Maruyama R Mikami A Minatoguchi S Fujiwara T Fujiwara H. Postinfarction gene therapy against transforming growth factor-beta signal modulates infarct tissue dynamics and attenuates left ventricular remodeling and heart failure. Circulation 2005;111:2430-2437
73. Kitani A Fuss I Nakamura K Kumaki F Usui T Strober W. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-producing regulatory T cells induce SMAD-mediated interleukin 10 secretion that facilitates coordinated immunoregulatory activity and amelioration of TGF-beta1-mediated fibrosis. J Exp Med 2003;198:1179-1188
74. McCartney-Francis NL Frazier-Jessen M Wahl SM. TGF-beta: A balancing act. Int Rev Immunol 1998;16:553-580
75. Duffield JS Forbes SJ Constandinou CM Clay S Partolina M Vuthoori SWuS Lang R Iredale JP. Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct opposing roles during liver injury and repair. J Clin Invest 2005;115:56-65
76. van Amerongen MJ Harmsen MC van Rooijen N Petersen AH van Luyn MJ. Macrophage depletion impairs wound healing and increases left ventricular remodeling after myocardial injury in mice. Am J Pathol 2007;170:818-829
77. Biswas SK Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: Cancer as a paradigm. Nat Immunol 2010;11:889-896
78. Mantovani A Sozzani S Locati M Allavena P Sica A. Macrophage polarization: Tumor-Associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol 2002;23:549-555
79. Martinez FO Sica A Mantovani A Locati M. Macrophage activation and polarization. Front Biosci 2008;13:453-461
80. Martinez FO Helming L Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages: An immunologic functional perspective. Ann Rev Immunol 2009;27:451-483
81. Bagnost T Ma L da Silva RF Rezakhaniha R Houdayer C Stergiopulos N Andre C Guillaume Y Berthelot A Demougeot C. Cardiovascular effects of arginase inhibition in spontaneously hypertensive rats with fully developed hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2010;87:569-577
82. Meznarich J Malchodi L Helterline D Ramsey SA Bertko K Plummer T Plawman A Gold E Stempien-Otero A. Urokinase plasminogen activator induces pro-fibrotic/ M2 phenotype in murine cardiac macrophages. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e57837
83. Hesse M Modolell M La Flamme AC Schito M Fuentes JM Cheever AW Pearce EJ Wynn TA. Differential regulation of nitric oxide synthase-2 and arginase-1 by type 1/type 2 cytokines in vivo: Granulomatous pathology is shaped by the pattern of l-Arginine metabolism. J Immunol 2001;167:6533-6544
84. Karlmark KR Weiskirchen R Zimmermann HW Gassler N Ginhoux F Weber C Merad M Luedde T Trautwein C Tacke F. Hepatic recruitment of the inflammatory Gr1+ monocyte subset upon liver injury promotes hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology 2009;50:261-274
85. Ishimaru K Ueno H Kagitani S Takabayashi D Takata M Inoue H. Fasudil attenuates myocardial fibrosis in association with inhibition of monocyte/macrophage infiltration in the heart of DOCA/salt hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007;50:187-194
86. Fairweather D Cihakova D. Alternatively activated macrophages in infection and autoimmunity. J Autoimmunity 2009;33:222-230
87. Sica A Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: In vivo veritas. J Clin Invest 2012;122:787-795
88. Sullivan DE Ferris M Nguyen H Abboud E Brody AR. TNF-Alpha induces TGF-beta1 expression in lung fibroblasts at the transcriptional level via AP-1 activation. J Cell Mol Med 2009;13:1866-1876
89. Luedde T Schwabe RF. NF-kb in the liver-linking injury fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastrol Hepatol 2011;8:108-118
90. Wynn TA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J Pathol 2008;214:199-210
91. WynnTA.Commonand unique mechanisms regulate fibrosis in various fibroproliferative diseases. J Clin Invest 2007;117:524-529
92. Szabo G Mandrekar P Dolganiuc A. Innate immune response and hepatic inflammation. Semin Liver Dis 2007;27:339-350
93. Seki E De Minicis S Osterreicher CH Kluwe J Osawa Y Brenner DA Schwabe RF. TLR4 enhances TGF-beta signaling and hepatic fibrosis. Nat Med 2007;13:1324-1332
94. Aceves SS Ackerman SJ. Relationships between eosinophilic inflammation tissue remodeling and fibrosis in eosinophilic esophagitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009;29:197-211 xiii-xiv
95. Wehling-Henricks M Sokolow S Lee JJ Myung KH Villalta SA Tidball JG. Major basic protein-1 promotes fibrosis of dystrophic muscle and attenuates the cellular immune response in muscular dystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2008;17:2280-2292
96. Sasano H Virmani R Patterson RH Robinowitz M Guccion JG. Eosinophilic products lead to myocardial damage. Hum Pathol 1989;20:850-857
97. Tai PC Ackerman SJ Spry CJ Dunnette S Olsen EG Gleich GJ. Deposits of eosinophil granule proteins in cardiac tissues of patients with eosinophilic endomyocardial disease. Lancet 1987;1:643-647
98. Levick SP McLarty JL Murray DB Freeman RM Carver WE Brower GL. Cardiac mast cells mediate left ventricular fibrosis in the hypertensive rat heart. Hypertension 2009; 53:1041-1047
99. Zhao XY Zhao LY Zheng QS Su JL Guan H Shang FJ Niu XL He YP Lu XL. Chymase induces profibrotic response via transforming growth factor-beta 1/SMAD activation in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2008;310:159-166
100. Stewart JA JrWei CC Brower GL Rynders PE Hankes GH Dillon AR Lucchesi PA Janicki JS DellItalia LJ. Cardiac mast cell- And chymase-mediated matrix metalloproteinase activity and left ventricular remodeling in mitral regurgitation in the dog. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2003;35:311-319
101. Kanellakis P Ditiatkovski M Kostolias G Bobik A.Apro-fibrotic role for interleukin-4 in cardiac pressure overload. Cardiovasc Res 2012;95:77-85
102. Veerappan A OConnor NJ Brazin J Reid AC Jung A McGee D Summers B Branch-Elliman D Stiles B Worgall S Kaner RJ Silver RB. Mast cells: A pivotal role in pulmonary fibrosis. DNA Cell Biol 2013;32:206-218
103. Levick SP Melendez GC Plante E McLarty JL Brower GL Janicki JS. Cardiac mast cells: The centrepiece in adverse myocardial remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2011;89:12-19
104. McLarrenKW Cole AEWeisser SB Voglmaier NS Conlin VS Jacobson K PopescuO Boucher JL Sly LM. Ship-deficient mice develop spontaneous intestinal inflammation and arginase-dependent fibrosis. Am J Pathol 2011;179:180-188
105. Henderson NC Iredale JP. Liver fibrosis: Cellular mechanisms of progression and resolution. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007;112:265-280
106. Wynn TA. Fibrotic disease and the T(h)1/T(h)2 paradigm. Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4: 583-594
107. Fallon PG Richardson EJ McKenzie GJ McKenzie AN. Schistosome infection of transgenic mice defines distinct and contrasting pathogenic roles for IL-4 and IL-13: IL-13 is a profibrotic agent. J Immunol 2000;164:2585-2591
108. Yang G Volk A Petley T Emmell E Giles-Komar J Shang X Li J Das AM Shealy D Griswold DE Li L. Anti-IL-13 monoclonal antibody inhibits airway hyperresponsiveness inflammation and airway remodeling. Cytokine 2004;28:224-232
109. Hashimoto S Gon Y Takeshita I Maruoka S Horie T. IL-4 and IL-13 induce myofibroblastic phenotype of human lung fibroblasts through c-Jun NH2-Terminal kinase-dependent pathway. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:1001-1008
110. Bailey JR Bland PW Tarlton JF Peters I Moorghen M Sylvester PA Probert CS Whiting CV. IL-13 promotes collagen accumulation in Crohns disease fibrosis by down-regulation of fibroblast MMP synthesis: A role for innate lymphoid cells?. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e52332
111. Fichtner-Feigl S Strober W Kawakami K Puri RK Kitani A. IL-13 signaling through the IL-13alpha2 receptor is involved in induction of TGF-beta1 production and fibrosis. Nat Med 2006;12:99-106
112. Brunner SM Schiechl G Kesselring R Martin M Balam S Schlitt HJ Geissler EK Fichtner-Feigl S. IL-13 signaling via IL-13ralpha2 triggers TGF-beta1-dependent allograft fibrosis. Transplant Res 2013;2:16
113. Mentink-Kane MM Wynn TA. Opposing roles for IL-13 and IL-13 receptor alpha 2 in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2004;202:191-202
114. Ramalingam TR Pesce JT Sheikh F Cheever AW Mentink-Kane MM Wilson MS Stevens S Valenzuela DM Murphy AJ Yancopoulos GD Urban JF Jr Donnelly RP Wynn TA. Unique functions of the Type II interleukin 4 receptor identified in mice lacking the interleukin 13 receptor alpha1 chain. Nat Immunol 2008;9:25-33
115. Chen ES Greenlee BM Wills-Karp M MollerDR. Attenuation of lung inflammation and fibrosis in interferon-gamma-deficient mice after intratracheal bleomycin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001;24:545-555
116. Marko L Kvakan H Park JK Qadri F Spallek B Binger KJ Bowman EP Kleinewietfeld M Fokuhl V Dechend R Muller DN. Interferon-gamma signaling inhibition ameliorates angiotensin II-induced cardiac damage. Hypertension 2012;60:1430-1436
117. Nathan CF Prendergast TJ Wiebe ME Stanley ER Platzer E Remold HG Welte K Rubin BY Murray HW. Activation of human macrophages. Comparison of other cytokines with interferon-gamma. J Exp Med 1984;160:600-605
118. Piguet PF Collart MA Grau GE Kapanci Y Vassalli P. Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin plays a key role in bleomycin-induced pneumopathy and fibrosis. J Exp Med 1989;170: 655-663
119. Han YL Li YL Jia LX Cheng JZ Qi YF Zhang HJ Du J. Reciprocal interaction between macrophages and T cells stimulates IFN-gamma and MCP-1 production in Ang II-induced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e35506
120. Jimenez SA Freundlich B Rosenbloom J. Selective inhibition of human Diploid fibroblast collagen synthesis by interferons. J Clin Invest 1984;74:1112-1116
121. Gurujeyalakshmi G Giri SN. Molecular mechanisms of antifibrotic effect of interferon gamma in bleomycin-mouse model of lung fibrosis: Downregulation of TGF-beta and procollagen I and III gene expression. Exp Lung Res 1995;21:791-808
122. Ulloa L Doody J Massague J. Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta/SMAD signalling by the interferon-gamma/stat pathway. Nature 1999;397:710-713
123. Eickelberg O Pansky A Koehler E Bihl M Tamm M Hildebrand P Perruchoud AP Kashgarian M Roth M. Molecular mechanisms of TGF-(beta) antagonism by interferon (gamma) and cyclosporine a in lung fibroblasts. FASEB J 2001;15:797-806
124. Shao DD Suresh R Vakil V Gomer RH Pilling D. Pivotal advance: Th-1 cytokines inhibit and Th-2 cytokines promote fibrocyte differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2008;83: 1323-1333
125. Fairweather D Frisancho-Kiss S Yusung SA Barrett MA Davis SE Gatewood SJ Njoku DB Rose NR. Interferon-gamma protects against chronic viral myocarditis by reducing mast cell degranulation fibrosis and the profibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor-beta 1 interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-4 in the heart. Am J Pathol 2004;165:1883-1894
126. Wilson MS Madala SK Ramalingam TR Gochuico BR Rosas IO Cheever AW Wynn TA. Bleomycin and IL-1beta-mediated pulmonary fibrosis is IL-17a dependent. J Exp Med 2010;207:535-552
127. Feng W Li W Liu W Wang F Li Y Yan W. IL-17 induces myocardial fibrosis and enhances RANKl/OPG and MMP/TIMP signaling in isoproterenol-induced heart failure. Exp Mol Pathol 2009;87:212-218
128. Wang L Chen S Xu K. IL-17 expression is correlated with hepatitis b related liver diseases and fibrosis. Int J Mol Med 2011;27:385-392
129. Ouyang W Kolls JK Zheng Y. The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation. Immunity 2008;28:454-467
130. Pelletier M Maggi L Micheletti A Lazzeri E Tamassia N Costantini C Cosmi L Lunardi C Annunziato F Romagnani S Cassatella MA. Evidence for a cross-Talk between human neutrophils and Th17 cells. Blood 2010;115:335-343
131. Cortez DM Feldman MD Mummidi S Valente AJ Steffensen B Vincenti M Barnes JL Chandrasekar B. IL-17 stimulates MMP-1 expression in primary human cardiac fibroblasts via p38 MAPK- And ERK1/2-dependent C/EBP-beta NF-kb and AP-1 activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;293:H3356-H3365
132. Liu Y Zhu H Su Z Sun C Yin J Yuan H Sandoghchian S Jiao ZWang S Xu H. IL-17 contributes to cardiac fibrosis following experimental autoimmune myocarditis by a PKCbeta/Erk1/2/NF-kb-dependent signaling pathway. Int Immunol 2012;24:605-612
133. Xie Y Li MWang X Zhang X Peng T Yang Y Zou Y Ge J Chen H Chen R. In vivo delivery of adenoviral vector containing interleukin-17 receptor a reduces cardiac remodeling and improves myocardial function in viral myocarditis leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e72158
134. Zhang Z Zhao J Fu Y Wang FS. Increased IL-22-producing cells contribute to liver fibrosis through promoting Th17 migration in chronic HBV patients. J Immunol 2013; 190:202-204
135. Nakashima T Jinnin M Yamane K Honda N KKajihara I Makino T Masuquchi S Fukushima S Okamoto Y Hasegawa M Fujimoto M Ihn H. Impaired IL-17 signaling pathway contributes to the increased collagen expression in scleroderma fibroblasts. J Immunol 2012;188:3573-3583
136. Brembilla NC Montanari E Truchetet ME Raschi E Meroni P Chizzolini C. Th17 cells favor inflammatory responses while inhibiting type I collagen Deposition by dermal fibroblasts: Differential effects in healthy and systemic sclerosis fibroblasts. Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15:R151
137. Simonian PL Roark CL Born WK OBrien RL Fontenot AP. Gammadelta T cells and Th17 cytokines in hypersensitivity pneumonitis and lung fibrosis. Trans Res 2009;154: 222-227
138. Liu F Liu JWeng D Chen Y Song L He Q Chen J.CD4+CD25+FOXp3+ regulatory T cells depletion may attenuate the development of silica-induced lung fibrosis in mice. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e15404
139. Kanellakis P Dinh TN Agrotis A Bobik A. CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXp3(+) regulatory t cells suppress cardiac fibrosis in the hypertensive heart. J Hypertens 2011;29: 1820-1828
140. Cao Y Xu W Xiong S. Adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells protects against Coxsackievirus B3-induced cardiac fibrosis. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e74955
141. Shi JH Guan H Shi S Cai WX Bai XZ Hu XL Fang XB Liu JQ Tao K Zhu XX Tang CW Hu DH. Protection against TGF-beta1-induced fibrosis effects of IL-10 on Dermal fibroblasts and its potential therapeutics for the reduction of skin scarring. Arch Dermatol Res 2013;305:341-352
142. Yuan C Chen WX Zhu JS Chen NW Lu YM Ou YX Chen HQ. IL-10 treatment is associated with prohibitin expression in the Crohns disease intestinal fibrosis mouse model. Med Inflamm 2013;2013:617145
143. Krishnamurthy P Rajasingh J Lambers E Qin G Losordo DW Kishore R. IL-10 inhibits inflammation and attenuates left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction via activation of STAT3 and suppression of HUR. Circ Res 2009;104:e9-18
144. Verma SK Krishnamurthy P Barefield D Singh N Gupta R Lambers E Thal M Mackie A Hoxha E Ramirez V Qin G Sadayappan S Ghosh AK Kishore R. Interleukin-10 treatment attenuates pressure overload-induced hypertrophic remodeling and improves heart function via signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-dependent inhibition of nuclear factor-kb. Circulation 2012;126:418-429
145. Sun L Louie MC Vannella KM Wilke CA LeVine AM Moore BB Shanley TP. New concepts of IL-10-induced lung fibrosis: Fibrocyte recruitment and M2 activation in a CCL2/CCR2 axis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011;300:L341-L353
146. Estes JD Wietgrefe S Schacker T Southern P BeilmanG Reilly C Milush JM Lifson JD Sodora DL Carlis JV Haase AT. Simian immunodeficiency virus-induced lymphatic tissue fibrosis is mediated by transforming growth factor beta 1-positive regulatory T cells and begins in early infection. J Infect Dis 2007;195:551-561
147. Yanaba K Bouaziz JD Matsushita T Magro CM St ClairEW Tedder TF. B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease. Immunol Rev 2008;223:284-299
148. Lund FE. Cytokine-producing b lymphocytes-key regulators of immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2008;20:332-338
149. Novobrantseva TI Majeau GR Amatucci A Kogan S Brenner I Casola S Shlomchik MJ Koteliansky V Hochman PS Ibraghimov A. Attenuated liver fibrosis in the absence of B cells. J Clin Invest 2005;115:3072-3082
150. Xue H McCauley RL ZhangW. Elevated interleukin-6 expression in keloid fibroblasts. J Surg Res 2000;89:74-77
151. Zhou X Tan FK Milewicz DM Guo X Bona CA Arnett FC. Autoantibodies to fibrillin-1 activate normal human fibroblasts in culture through the TGF-beta pathway to recapitulate the scleroderma phenotype. J Immunol 2005;175:4555-4560
152. Francöis A Chatelus EWachsmann D Sibilia J Bahram S Alsaleh G Gottenberg JE. B lymphocytes and B-cell activating factor promote collagen and profibrotic markers expression by dermal fibroblasts in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15:R168
153. Yu M Wen S Wang M Liang W Li HH Long Q Guo HP Liao YH Yuan J. TNF-Alpha-secreting B cells contribute to myocardial fibrosis in Dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Immun 2013;33:1002-1008
154. Parsonage G Filer AD Haworth O Nash GB Rainger GE Salmon M Buckley CD. A stromal address code defined by fibroblasts. Trends Immunol 2005;26:150-156
155. Tieu BC Lee C Sun H LejeuneW Recinos A III Ju X Spratt H Guo DC Milewicz D Tilton RG Brasier AR. An adventitial IL-6/MCP1 amplification loop accelerates macrophage-mediated vascular inflammation leading to aortic dissection in mice. J Clin Invest 2009;119:3637-3651
156. Nash GB Buckley CD Ed Rainger G. The local physicochemical environment conditions the proinflammatory response of endothelial cells and thus modulates leukocyte recruitment. FEBS Lett 2004;569:13-17
157. Rainger GE Stone P Morland CM Nash GB. A novel system for investigating the ability of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to regulate adhesion of flowing leukocytes to endothelial cells. J Immunol Methods 2001;255:73-82
158. LukacsNW Chensue SW Smith RE Strieter RMWarmington K Wilke C Kunkel SL. Production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha by inflammatory granuloma fibroblasts.AmJ Pathol 1994;144:711-718
159. Lukacs NW Kunkel SL Allen R Evanoff HL Shaklee CL Sherman JS Burdick MD Strieter RM. Stimulus and cell-specific expression of C-X-C and C-C chemokines by pulmonary stromal cell populations. Am J Physiol 1995;268:L856-L861
160. Hogaboam CM Steinhauser ML ChensueSW Kunkel SL. Novel roles for chemokines and fibroblasts in interstitial fibrosis. Kidney Int 1998;54:2152-2159
161. Gharaee-Kermani M Denholm EM Phan SH. Costimulation of fibroblast collagen and transforming growth factor beta1 gene expression by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 via specific receptors. J Biol Chem 1996;271:17779-17784
162. XiaY Pauza ME Feng L Lo D. Relb regulation of chemokine expression modulates local inflammation. Am J Pathol 1997;151:375-387
163. Steinhauser ML Kunkel SL Hogaboam CM Evanoff H Strieter RM Lukacs NW. Macrophage/fibroblast coculture induces macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha production mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and oxygen radicals. J Leukoc Biol 1998;64:636-641
164. Lin YM Hsu CJ Liao YY Chou MC Tang CH. The CCL2/CCR2 axis enhances vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human synovial fibroblasts. PLOS ONE 2012;7: E49999
165. McGettrick HM Smith E Filer A Kissane S Salmon M Buckley CD Rainger GE Nash GB. Fibroblasts from different sites may promote or inhibit recruitment of flowing lymphocytes by endothelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2009;39:113-125
166. Lindner D Zietsch C Schultheiss H-P TschöpeCWestermann D. Cardiac fibroblasts as a stimulator for cardiac inflammation. Cardiovasc Res 2012;93(Suppl 1):S102
167. Smith RS Smith TJ Blieden TM Phipps RP. Fibroblasts as sentinel cells. Synthesis of chemokines and regulation of inflammation. Am J Pathol 1997;151:317-322
168. Yellin MJ Winikoff S Fortune SM Baum D Crow MK Lederman S Chess L. Ligation of CD40 on fibroblasts induces CD54 (ICAM-1) and CD106 (VCAM-1) up-regulation and IL-6 production and proliferation. J Leukoc Biol 1995;58:209-216
169. Lee SK Seo SH Kim BS Kim CD Lee JH Kang JS Maeng PJ Lim JS. IFN-gamma regulates the expression of B7-H1 in Dermal fibroblast cells. J Derm Sci 2005;40:95-103
170. Buckley CD Amft N Bradfield PF Pilling D Ross E Arenzana-Seisdedos F Amara A Curnow SJ Lord JM Scheel-Toellner D Salmon M. Persistent induction of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by TGF-beta 1 on synovial T cells contributes to their accumulation within the rheumatoid synovium. J Immunol 2000;165:3423-3429
171. Li M Riddle SR Frid MG El Kasmi KC McKinsey TA Sokol RJ Strassheim D Meyrick B Yeager ME Flockton AR McKeon BA Lemon DD Horn TR Anwar A Barajas C Stenmark KR. Emergence of fibroblasts with a proinflammatory epigenetically altered phenotype in severe hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. J Immunol 2011;187: 2711-2722
172. Chung SH Seki K Choi BI Kimura KB Ito A Fujikado N Saijo S Iwakura Y. CXC chemokine receptor 4 expressed in T cells plays an important role in the development of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:R188
173. Garibaldi BT DAlessio FR Mock JR Files DC Chau E Eto Y Drummond MB Aggarwal NR Sidhaye V King LS. Regulatory T cells reduce acute lung injury fibroproliferation by decreasing fibrocyte recruitment. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 2013;48:35-43
174. Ponte AL Marais E Gallay N Langonne A Delorme B Herault O Charbord P Domenech J. The in vitro migration capacity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: Comparison of chemokine and growth factor chemotactic activities. Stem Cells 2007;25:1737-1745
175. Van Linthout S Stamm C Schultheiss HP Tschope C. Mesenchymal stem cells and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: Cardiac homing and beyond. Cardiol Res Pract 2011; 2011:757154
176. Escher F Schmidt-Lucke C Van Linthout S Savvatis K Schultheiss H-P Tschöpe C. Cardiac migration of mesenchymal stem cells in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Suppl 2010;31:S464-S465
177. RenG Zhang LZhao XXuG ZhangY Roberts AI Zhao RC ShiY.Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression occurs via concerted action of chemokines and nitric oxide. Cell Stem Cell 2008;2:141-150
178. Van Linthout S Savvatis K Miteva K Peng J Ringe J Warstat K Schmidt-Lucke C Sittinger M Schultheiss HP Tschope C. Mesenchymal stem cells improve murine acute Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2168-2178
179. Savvatis K van Linthout S Miteva K Pappritz KWestermann D Schefold JC Fusch G Weithauser A Rauch U Becher PM Klingel K Ringe J Kurtz A Schultheiss HP Tschope C. Mesenchymal stromal cells but not cardiac fibroblasts exert beneficial systemic immunomodulatory effects in experimental myocarditis. PLoS ONE 2012;7: E41047
180. Mias C Lairez O Trouche E Roncalli J Calise D Seguelas MH Ordener C Piercecchi-Marti MD Auge N Salvayre AN Bourin P Parini ACussac D. Mesenchymal stem cells promote matrix metalloproteinase secretion by cardiac fibroblasts and reduce cardiac ventricular fibrosis after myocardial infarction. Stem Cells 2009;27: 2734-2743
181. Poznansky MC Olszak IT Foxall R Evans RH Luster AD Scadden DT. Active movement of T cells away from a chemokine. Nat Med 2000;6:543-548
182. Salmon M Scheel-Toellner D Huissoon AP Pilling D Shamsadeen N Hyde H DAngeac AD Bacon PA Emery P Akbar AN. Inhibition of T cell apoptosis in the rheumatoid synovium. J Clin Invest 1997;99:439-446
183. Pilling D Akbar AN Girdlestone J Orteu CH Borthwick NJ Amft N Scheel-Toellner D Buckley CD Salmon M. Interferon-beta mediates stromal cell rescue of T cells from apoptosis. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:1041-1050
184. Shen Y Xu W Chu YW Wang Y Liu QS Xiong SD. Coxsackievirus group B type 3 infection upregulates expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in cardiac myocytes which leads to enhanced migration of mononuclear cells in viral myocarditis. J Virology 2004;78:12548-12556
185. Leuschner F Panizzi P Chico-Calero I Lee WW Ueno T Cortez-Retamozo V Waterman P Gorbatov R Marinelli B Iwamoto Y Chudnovskiy A Figueiredo JL Sosnovik DE Pittet MJ Swirski FK Weissleder R Nahrendorf M. Angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibition prevents the release of monocytes from their splenic reservoir in mice with myocardial infarction. Circ Res 2010;107:1364-1373
186. Kishimoto C Abelmann WH. Monoclonal antibody therapy for prevention of acute Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in mice. Circulation 1989;79:1300-1308
187. Miteva K Van Linthout S Volk HD Tschope C. Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stromal cells revisited in the context of inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Stem Cells Int 2013;2013:353097
188. Ismahil MA Hamid T Bansal SS Patel B Kingery JR Prabhu SD. Remodeling of the mononuclear phagocyte network underlies chronic inflammation and disease progression in heart failure: Critical importance of the cardiosplenic axis. Circ Res 2014;114:266-282
189. Kai H Mori T Tokuda K Takayama N Tahara N Takemiya K Kudo H Sugi Y Fukui D Yasukawa H Kuwahara F Imaizumi T. Pressure overload-induced transient oxidative stress mediates perivascular inflammation and cardiac fibrosis through angiotensin ii. Hypertens Res 2006;29:711-718
190. Kapur NK. Transforming growth factor-beta: Governing the transition from inflammation to fibrosis in heart failure with preserved left ventricular function. Circ Heart Fail 2011;4:5-7
191. Liu SC Hsu CJ Fong YC Chuang SM Tang CH. CTGF induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression to enhance monocyte migration in human synovial fibroblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013;1833:1114-1124
192. Paulus WJ Tschope C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62:263-271
193. Tschope C Lam CS. Diastolic heart failure: What we still dont know. Looking for new concepts diagnostic approaches and the role of comorbidities. Herz 2012;37: 875-879
194. Javed Q Murtaza I. Therapeutic potential of tumour necrosis factor-Alpha antagonists in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart Lung Circ 2013;22:323-327
195. Haag M Van Linthout S Schroder SE Freymann U Ringe J Tschope C Sittinger M. Endomyocardial biopsy derived adherent proliferating cells-A potential cell source for cardiac tissue engineering. J Cell Biochem 2010;109:564-575
196. Haag M Stolk M Ringe J Linthout SV Tschope C Sittinger M Seifert M. Immune attributes of cardiac-derived adherent proliferating (CAP) cells in cardiac therapy. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013;7:362-370
197. Miteva K Haag M Peng J Savvatis K Becher PM Seifert MWarstat KWestermann D Ringe J Sittinger M Schultheiss HP Tschope C Van Linthout S. Human cardiac-derived adherent proliferating cells reduce murine acute Coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis. PLoS ONE 2011;6:e28513