Phytochemicals, xenobiotic metabolism, and carcinogenesis

Nutrient-Drug Interactions

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 63-94

  Kirkland, James B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880512216     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (131)

1. Ames BN, Gold LS. Environmental pollution, pesticides, and the prevention of cancer: misconceptions. FASEB J. 1997; 11: 1041-52.
2. Parkin DM. Global cancer statistics in the year 2000. Lancet Oncol. 2001; 2: 533-43.
3. Knize MG, Felton JS. Formation and human risk of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines formed from natural precursors in meat. Nutr. Rev. 2005; 63: 158-65.
4. Chao A, Thun MJ, Connell CJ, et al. Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. JAMA 2005; 293: 172-82.
5. Norat T, Bingham S, Ferrari P, et al. Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005; 97: 906-16.
6. Sinha R, Chow WH, Kulldorff M, et al. Well-done, grilled red meat increases the risk of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 4320-4.
7. Peters JM, Preston-Martin S, London SJ, Bowman JD, Buckley JD, Thomas DC. Processed meats and risk of childhood leukemia (California). Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 195-202.
8. Levi F, Pasche C, Lucchini F, Bosetti C, La Vecchia C. Processed meat and the risk of selected digestive tract and laryngeal neoplasms in Switzerland. Ann. Oncol. 2004; 15: 346-9.
9. Armstrong RW, Imrey PB, Lye MS, Armstrong MJ, Yu MC, Sani S. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysian Chinese: salted fish and other dietary exposures. Int. J. Cancer 1998; 77: 228-235.
10. Ke L, Yu P, Zhang ZX. Novel epidemiologic evidence for the association between fermented fish sauce and esophageal cancer in South China. Int. J. Cancer 2002; 99: 424-426.
11. Ngoan LT, Mizoue T, Fujino Y, Tokui N, Yoshimura T. Dietary factors and stomach cancer mortality. Br. J. Cancer 2002; 87: 37-42.
12. Jian L, Zhang DH, Lee AH, Binns CW. Do preserved foods increase prostate cancer risk? Br. J. Cancer 2004; 90: 1792-1795.
13. Dietrich M, Block G, Pogoda JM, Buffler P, Hecht S, Martin SP. A review: dietary and endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and risk of childhood brain tumors. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 619-635.
14. Sinha R. An epidemiologic approach to studying heterocyclic amines. Mutat. Res. 2002; 506-507: 197-204.
15. Sinha R, Cross A, Curtin J, et al. Development of a food frequency questionnaire module and databases for compounds in cooked and processed meats. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2005; 49: 648-655.
16. Jagerstad M, Skog K. Genotoxicity of heat-processed foods. Mutat. Res. 2005; 574: 156-172.
17. Lijinsky W. The formation and occurrence of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons associated with food. Mutat. Res. 1991; 259: 251-261.
18. Simko P. Factors affecting elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from smoked meat foods and liquid smoke flavorings. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2005; 49: 637-647.
19. Nerurkar PV, Le Marchand L, Cooney RV. Effects of marinating with Asian marinades or western barbecue sauce on PhIP and MeIQx formation in barbecued beef. Nutr. Cancer 1999; 34: 147-152.
20. Laser RA, Skog K, Jagerstad M. Effects of creatine and creatinine content on the mutagenic activity of meat extracts, bouillons and gravies from different sources. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1987; 25: 747-754.
21. Martin FL, Cole KJ, Phillips DH, Grover PL. The proteolytic release of genotoxins from cooked beef. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002; 293: 1497-1501.
22. Choi SY, Chung MJ, Sung NJ. Volatile N-nitrosamine inhibition after intake Korean green tea and Maesil (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZACC.) extracts with an amine-rich diet in subjects ingesting nitrate. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002; 40: 949-957.
23. Dietrich M, Block G, Pogoda JM, Buffler P, Hecht S, Preston-Martin S. A review: dietary and endogenously formed N-nitroso compounds and risk of childhood brain tumors. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 619-635.
24. Wogan GN, Hecht SS, Felton JS, Conney AH, Loeb LA. Environmental and chemical carcinogenesis. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2004; 14: 473-486.
25. Xue W, Warshawsky D. Metabolic activation of polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage: a review. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005; 206: 73-93.
26. Blanck A, Lindhe B, Porsch H, I, Lindeskog P, Gustafsson JA. Influence of different levels of dietary casein on initiation of male rat liver carcinogenesis with a single dose of aflatoxin B1. Carcinogenesis 1992; 13: 171-176.
27. Mori Y, Koide A, Kobayashi Y, Morimura K, Kaneko M, Fukushima S. Effect of ethanol treatment on metabolic activation and detoxification of esophagus carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in rat liver. Mutagenesis 2002; 17: 251-256.
28. Castellsague X, Quintana MJ, Martinez MC, et al. The role of type of tobacco and type of alcoholic beverage in oral carcinogenesis. Int. J. Cancer 2004; 108: 741-749.
29. Marzullo L. An update of N-acetylcysteine treatment for acute acetaminophen toxicity in children. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2005; 17: 239-245.
30. Cross AJ, Sinha R. Meat-related mutagens/carcinogens in the etiology of colorectal cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2004; 44: 44-55.
31. Mirvish SS, Haorah J, Zhou L, Clapper ML, Harrison KL, Povey AC. Total Nnitroso compounds and their precursors in hot dogs and in the gastrointestinal tract and feces of rats and mice: possible etiologic agents for colon cancer. J. Nutr. 2002; 132: 3526S-3529S.
32. Pence BC, Landers M, Dunn DM, Shen CL, Miller MF. Feeding of a well-cooked beef diet containing a high heterocyclic amine content enhances colon and stomach carcinogenesis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-treated rats. Nutr. Cancer 1998; 30: 220-226.
33. Heddle JA, Knize MG, Dawod D, Zhang XB. A test of the mutagenicity of cooked meats in vivo. Mutagenesis 2001; 16: 103-107.
34. Shen CL, Purewal M, San Francisco S, Pence BC. Absence of PhIP adducts, p53 and Apc mutations, in rats fed a cooked beef diet containing a high level of heterocyclic amines. Nutr. Cancer 1998; 30: 227-231.
35. Smith GB, Bend JR, Bedard LL, Reid KR, Petsikas D, Massey TE. Biotransformation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in peripheral human lung microsomes. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2003; 31: 1134-1141.
36. Teiber JF, Mace K, Hollenberg PF. Metabolism of the beta-oxidized intermediates of N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine: N-nitroso-beta-hydroxypropylpropylamine and Nnitroso- beta-oxopropylpropylamine. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22: 499-506.
37. Balansky RM, Ganchev G, D’Agostini F, De Flora S. Effects of N-acetylcysteine in an esophageal carcinogenesis model in rats treated with diethylnitrosamine and diethyldithiocarbamate. Int. J. Cancer 2002; 98: 493-497.
38. Hsie AW, Recio L. Modulative effects of metabolic effectors on benzo(a)pyreneinduced cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in mammalian cells. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1994; 10: 181-189.
39. Di Paolo OA, Teitel CH, Nowell S, Coles BF, Kadlubar FF. Expression of cytochromes P450 and glutathione S-transferases in human prostate, and the potential for activation of heterocyclic amine carcinogens via acetyl-CoA. Int. J. Cancer 2005; 117: 8-13.
40. Coles B, Nowell SA, MacLeod SL, Sweeney C, Lang NP, Kadlubar FF. The role of human glutathione S-transferases (hGSTs) in the detoxification of the foodderived carcinogen metabolite N-acetoxy-PhIP, and the effect of a polymorphism in hGSTA1 on colorectal cancer risk. Mutat. Res. 2001; 482: 3-10.
41. Strickland PT, Qian Z, Friesen MD, Rothman N, Sinha R. Metabolites of 2-amino- 1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine (PhIP) in human urine after consumption of charbroiled or fried beef. Mutat. Res. 2002; 506-507: 163173.
42. Turesky RJ, Garner RC, Welti DH, et al. Metabolism of the food-borne mutagen 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline in humans. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 1998; 11: 217-225.
43. Chan AT, Tranah GJ, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Fuchs CS. Prospective study of N-acetyltransferase-2 genotypes, meat intake, smoking and risk of colorectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer 2005; 115: 648-652.
44. Eaton DL, Bammler TK, Kelly EJ. Interindividual differences in response to chemoprotection against aflatoxin-induced hepatocarcinogenesis: implications for human biotransformation enzyme polymorphisms. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2001; 500: 559-576.
45. Safe S. Molecular biology of the Ah receptor and its role in carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Lett. 2001; 120: 1-7.
46. Fontana RJ, Lown KS, Paine MF, et al. Effects of a chargrilled meat diet on expression of CYP3A, CYP1A, and P-glycoprotein levels in healthy volunteers. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 89-98.
47. Francis GA, Fayard E, Picard F, Auwerx J. Nuclear receptors and the control of metabolism. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2003; 65: 261-311.
48. Xu C, Li CY, Kong AN. Induction of Phase I, II and III drug metabolism/transport by xenobiotics. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2005; 28:2 49-68.
49. Tirona RG, Kim RB. Nuclear receptors and drug disposition gene regulation. J. Pharm. Sci. 2005; 94: 1169-1186.
50. Chen I, Safe S, Bjeldanes L. Indole-3-carbinol and diindolylmethane as aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor agonists and antagonists in T47D human breast cancer cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996; 51: 1069-1076.
51. Kwak MK, Wakabayashi N, Kensler TW. Chemoprevention through the Keap1- Nrf2 signaling pathway by Phase 2 enzyme inducers. Mutat. Res. 2004; 555: 133-148.
52. Kwak MK, Wakabayashi N, Itoh K, Motohashi H, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW. Modulation of gene expression by cancer chemopreventive dithiolethiones through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Identification of novel gene clusters for cell survival. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 8135-8145.
53. Sinha R, Rothman N, Brown ED, et al. Pan-fried meat containing high levels of heterocyclic aromatic amines but low levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induces cytochrome P4501A2 activity in humans. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 6154-6159.
54. McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Chao A, et al. A prospective study of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and colon cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 2003; 14: 959-970.
55. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1996; 88: 1550-1559.
56. Decker EA, Warner K, Richards MP, Shahidi F. Measuring antioxidant effectiveness in food. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005; 53: 4303-4310.
57. Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Kaplan M, et al. Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 2002; 28: 49-62.
58. Natella F, Belelli F, Gentili V, Ursini F, Scaccini C. Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent plasma postprandial oxidative stress in humans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002; 50: 7720-7725.
59. Marin E, Kretzschmar M, Arokoski J, Hanninen O, Klinger W. Enzymes of glutathione synthesis in dog skeletal muscles and their response to training. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1993; 147: 369-373.
60. Carlsen H, Myhrstad MC, Thoresen M, Moskaug JO, Blomhoff R. Berry intake increases the activity of the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase promoter in transgenic reporter mice. J. Nutr. 2003; 133: 2137-2140.
61. Myhrstad MC, Carlsen H, Nordstrom O, Blomhoff R, Moskaug JO. Flavonoids increase the intracellular glutathione level by transactivation of the gammaglutamylcysteine synthetase catalytical subunit promoter. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2002; 32: 386-393.
62. Gunduz F, Senturk UK, Kuru O, Aktekin B, Aktekin MR. The effect of one year’s swimming exercise on oxidant stress and antioxidant capacity in aged rats. Physiol. Res. 2004; 53: 171-176.
63. Metin G, Gumustas MK, Uslu E, Belce A, Kayserilioglu A. Effect of regular training on plasma thiols, malondialdehyde and carnitine concentrations in young soccer players. Chin. J. Physiol. 2003; 46: 35-39.
64. Virtamo J, Pietinen P, Huttunen JK, et al. Incidence of cancer and mortality following alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation: a postintervention follow-up. JAMA 2003; 290: 476-485.
65. Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, Balmes J, et al. The beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial: incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality during 6-year follow-up after stopping beta-carotene and retinol supplements. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2004; 96: 1743-1750.
66. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Huttunen JK, et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta- Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995; 62: 1427S-1430S.
67. Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, Tretyakova N, Hecht SS, Hainaut P. Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene 2002; 21: 7435-7451.
68. Stoner GD, Morse MA. Isothiocyanates and plant polyphenols as inhibitors of lung and esophageal cancer. Cancer Lett. 1997; 114: 113-119.
69. El Agamey A, Lowe GM, McGarvey DJ, et al. Carotenoid radical chemistry and antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2004; 430: 37-48.
70. Paolini M, Antelli A, Pozzetti L, et al. Induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes and over-generation of oxygen radicals in beta-carotene supplemented rats. Carcinogenesis 2001; 22: 1483-1495.
71. Duvoix A, Blasius R, Delhalle S, et al. Chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of curcumin. Cancer Lett. 2005; 223: 181-190.
72. Crespy V, Williamson G. A review of the health effects of green tea catechins in in vivo animal models. J. Nutr. 2004; 134: 3431S-3440S.
73. van Iersel ML, Verhagen H, van Bladeren PJ. The role of biotransformation in dietary (anti)carcinogenesis. Mutat. Res. 1999; 443: 259-270.
74. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), 1997.
75. Kim D, Guengerich FP. Cytochrome P450 activation of arylamines and heterocyclic amines. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2005; 45: 27-49.
76. Kassie F, Uhl M, Rabot S, et al. Chemoprevention of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[ 4,5-f]quinoline (IQ)-induced colonic and hepatic preneoplastic lesions in the F344 rat by cruciferous vegetables administered simultaneously with the carcinogen. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24: 255-261.
77. Steinkellner H, Rabot S, Freywald C, et al. Effects of cruciferous vegetables and their constituents on drug metabolizing enzymes involved in the bioactivation of DNA-reactive dietary carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 2001; 480-481: 285-97.
78. Williams SN, Shih H, Guenette DK, et al. Comparative studies on the effects of green tea extracts and individual tea catechins on human CYP1A gene expression. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2000; 128: 211-229.
79. Thapliyal R, Maru GB. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes by curcumins in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2001; 39: 541-547.
80. Barcelo S, Gardiner JM, Gescher A, Chipman JK. CYP2E1-mediated mechanism of anti-genotoxicity of the broccoli constituent sulforaphane. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 277-282.
81. Smith TJ, Guo Z, Guengerich FP, Yang CS. Metabolism of 4-(methylnitrosamino)- 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) by human cytochrome P450 1A2 and its inhibition by phenethyl isothiocyanate. Carcinogenesis 1996; 17: 809-813.
82. Muto S, Fujita K, Yamazaki Y, Kamataki T. Inhibition by green tea catechins of metabolic activation of procarcinogens by human cytochrome P450. Mutat. Res. 2001; 479: 197-206.
83. Thapliyal R, Deshpande SS, Maru GB. Effects of turmeric on the activities of benzo(a)pyrene-induced cytochrome P-450 isozymes. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 2001; 20: 59-63.
84. Nakajima M, Yoshida R, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T. Inhibition and inactivation of human cytochrome P450 isoforms by phenethyl isothiocyanate. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2001; 29: 1110-1113.
85. Moskaug JO, Carlsen H, Myhrstad MC, Blomhoff R. Polyphenols and glutathione synthesis regulation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005;81:277S-83S.
86. Bishayee A, Chatterjee M. Anticarcinogenic biological response of Mikania cordata: reflections in hepatic biotransformation systems. Cancer Lett. 1994; 81: 193-200.
87. Jellinck PH, Forkert PG, Riddick DS, Okey AB, Michnovicz JJ, Bradlow HL. Ah receptor binding properties of indole carbinols and induction of hepatic estradiol hydroxylation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1993; 45: 1129-1136.
88. Sanderson JT, Slobbe L, Lansbergen GW, Safe S, van den BM. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin and diindolylmethanes differentially induce cytochrome P450 1A1, 1B1, and 19 in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Toxicol. Sci. 2001; 61: 40-48.
89. Zhang S, Qin C, Safe SH. Flavonoids as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists/antagonists: effects of structure and cell context. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003; 111: 1877-1882.
90. Gross-Steinmeyer K, Stapleton PL, Liu F, et al. Phytochemical-induced changes in gene expression of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in cultured human primary hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2004; 34: 619-632.
91. Allen SW, Mueller L, Williams SN, Quattrochi LC, Raucy J. The use of a highvolume screening procedure to assess the effects of dietary flavonoids on human cyp1a1 expression. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2001; 29: 1074-1079.
92. Amakura Y, Tsutsumi T, Nakamura M et al. Preliminary screening of the inhibitory effect of food extracts on activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2002; 25: 272-274.
93. Williams SN, Pickwell GV, Quattrochi LC. A combination of tea (Camellia senensis) catechins is required for optimal inhibition of induced CYP1A expression by green tea extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003; 51: 6627-6634.
94. Fukuda I, Sakane I, Yabushita Y, et al. Pigments in green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) suppress transformation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor induced by dioxin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004; 52: 2499-2506.
95. Palermo CM, Westlake CA, Gasiewicz TA. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene transcription through an indirect mechanism involving binding to a 90 kDa heat shock protein. Biochemistry 2005; 44: 5041-5052.
96. Fukuda I, Sakane I, Yabushita Y, Sawamura S, Kanazawa K, Ashida H. Black tea theaflavins suppress dioxin-induced transformation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2005; 69: 883-890.
97. Thapliyal R, Naresh KN, Rao KV, Maru GB. Inhibition of nitrosodiethylamineinduced hepatocarcinogenesis by dietary turmeric in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 2003; 139: 45-54.
98. Thapliyal R, Deshpande SS, Maru GB. Mechanism(s) of turmeric-mediated protective effects against benzo(a)pyrene-derived DNA adducts. Cancer Lett. 2002; 175: 79-88.
99. Bear WL, Teel RW. Effects of citrus flavonoids on the mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines and on cytochrome P450 1A2 activity. Anticancer Res. 2000; 20: 3609-3614.
100. Bear WL, Teel RW. Effects of citrus phytochemicals on liver and lung cytochrome P450 activity and on the in vitro metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK. Anticancer Res. 2000; 20: 3323-3329.
101. Henderson MC, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Deinzer ML, Buhler DR. In vitro inhibition of human P450 enzymes by prenylated flavonoids from hops, Humulus lupulus. Xenobiotica 2000; 30: 235-251.
102. Hammons GJ, Fletcher JV, Stepps KR, et al. Effects of chemoprotective agents on the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic arylamines PhIP and 4-aminobiphenyl in human and rat liver microsomes. Nutr. Cancer 1999; 33: 46-52.
103. Teel RW, Huynh H. Modulation by phytochemicals of cytochrome P450-linked enzyme activity. Cancer Lett. 1998; 133: 135-141.
104. Huynh HT, Teel RW. In vitro antimutagenicity of capsaicin toward heterocyclic amines in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98. Anticancer Res. 2005; 25: 117-120.
105. Weisburger JH, Dolan L, Pittman B. Inhibition of PhIP mutagenicity by caffeine, lycopene, daidzein, and genistein. Mutat. Res. 1998; 416: 125-128.
106. Morris CR, Chen SC, Zhou L, Schopfer LM, Ding X, Mirvish SS. Inhibition by allyl sulfides and phenethyl isothiocyanate of methyl-n-pentylnitrosamine depentylation by rat esophageal microsomes, human and rat CYP2E1, and Rat CYP2A3. Nutr. Cancer 2004; 48: 54-63.
107. Zhai S, Dai R, Friedman FK, Vestal RE. Comparative inhibition of human cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1A2 by flavonoids. Drug Metab. Dispos. 1998; 26: 989-992.
108. Weisburger JH, Chung FL. Mechanisms of chronic disease causation by nutritional factors and tobacco products and their prevention by tea polyphenols. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002; 40: 1145-1154.
109. Kim M, Masuda M. Cancer chemoprevention by green tea polyphenols. In Yamamoto T, Juneja LR, Chu DC, Kim M, Eds. Chemistry and Applications of Green Tea. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 1997: 61-73.
110. Anger DL, Petre MA, Crankshaw DJ. Heteroactivation of cytochrome P450 1A1 by teas and tea polyphenols. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2005; 145: 926-933.
111. Chen S, Zhou D, Okubo T, et al. Prevention and treatment of breast cancer by suppressing aromatase activity and expression. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2002; 963: 229-238.
112. Ishizaki H, Brady JF, Ning SM, Yang CS. Effect of phenethyl isothiocyanate on microsomal N-nitrosodimethylamine metabolism and other monooxygenase activities. Xenobiotica 1990; 20: 255-264.
113. Solt DB, Chang K, Helenowski I, Rademaker AW. Phenethyl isothiocyanate inhibits nitrosamine carcinogenesis in a model for study of oral cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Lett. 2003; 202: 147-152.
114. Li Y, Wang EJ, Chen L, Stein AP, Reuhl KR, Yang CS. Effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on acetaminophen metabolism and hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997; 144: 306-314.
115. Goosen TC, Kent UM, Brand L, Hollenberg PF. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B1 by benzyl isothiocyanate, a chemopreventative agent from cruciferous vegetables. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2000; 13: 1349-1359.
116. Smith TJ, Guo Z, Li C, Ning SM, Thomas PE, Yang CS. Mechanisms of inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone bioactivation in mice by dietary phenethyl isothiocyanate. Cancer Res. 1993; 53: 3276-3282.
117. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo effects of goldenseal, kava kava, black cohosh, and valerian on human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 phenotypes. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2005; 77: 415-426.
118. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. Clinical assessment of effects of botanical supplementation on cytochrome P450 phenotypes in the elderly: St. John’s wort, garlic oil, Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba. Drugs Aging 2005; 22: 525-539.
119. Leclercq I, Desager JP, Horsmans Y. Inhibition of chlorzoxazone metabolism, a clinical probe for CYP2E1, by a single ingestion of watercress. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1998; 64: 144-149.
120. Talalay P, Fahey JW. Phytochemicals from cruciferous plants protect against cancer by modulating carcinogen metabolism. J. Nutr. 2001; 131: 3027S-3033S.
121. Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P. Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94: 10367-10372.
122. Munday R, Munday CM. Relative activities of organosulfur compounds derived from onions and garlic in increasing tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in rat tissues. Nutr. Cancer 2001; 40: 205-210.
123. Bianchini F, Vainio H. Allium vegetables and organosulfur compounds: do they help prevent cancer? Environ. Health Perspect. 2001; 109: 893-902.
124. Appelt LC, Reicks MM. Soy feeding induces Phase II enzymes in rat tissues. Nutr. Cancer 1997; 28: 270-275.
125. Chung JG, Lu HF, Yeh CC, Cheng KC, Lin SS, Lee JH. Inhibition of N-acetyltransferase activity and gene expression in human colon cancer cell lines by diallyl sulfide. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004; 42: 195-202.
126. Huber WW, Teitel CH, Coles BF, et al. Potential chemoprotective effects of the coffee components kahweol and cafestol palmitates via modification of hepatic N-acetyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase activities. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2004; 44: 265-276.
127. Harris RM, Wood DM, Bottomley L, et al. Phytoestrogens are potent inhibitors of estrogen sulfation: implications for breast cancer risk and treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004; 89: 1779-1787.
128. National Hot Dog and Sausage Council (www.hot-dog.org/facts/hd_vitalstats. htm). Accessed October 6, 2005.
129. Barbecue’n Statistics (www.barbecuen.com/bbqstats.htm). Accessed October 6, 2005.
130. Fujiki H, Suganuma M, Imai K, Nakachi K. Green tea: cancer preventive beverage and/or drug. Cancer Lett. 2002; 188: 9-13.
131. Weisburger JH, Nagao M, Wakabayashi K, Oguri A. Prevention of heterocyclic amine formation by tea and tea polyphenols. Cancer Lett. 1994; 83: 143-147.