Protein kinase C signaling and cell cycle regulation

Frontiers in Immunology

Volumn 3, Issue JAN, 2012, Pages

  Black, Adrian R ^a   Black, Jennifer D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cell cycle; Cyclin; Cyclin dependent kinase; Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor; Protein kinase C; Signal transduction; T cell activation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84874260662     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16643224     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00423     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. Abraham, C., Scaglione-Sewell, B., Skarosi, S. F., Qin, W., Bissonnette, M., and Brasitus, T. A. (1998). Protein kinase C alpha modulates growth and differentiation in Caco-2 cells. Gastroenterology 114, 503-509.
2. Acevedo-Duncan, M., Patel, R., Whelan, S., and Bicaku, E. (2002). Human glioma PKC-iota and PKC-betaII phosphorylate cyclin-dependent kinase activating kinase during the cell cycle. Cell Prolif. 35, 23-36.
3. Acs, P., Beheshti, M., Szallasi, Z., Li, L., Yuspa, S. H., and Blumberg, P. M. (2000). Effect of a tyrosine 155 to phenylalanine mutation of protein kinase cdelta on the proliferative and tumorigenic properties of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Carcinogenesis 21, 887-891.
4. Afrasiabi, E., Ahlgren, J., Bergelin, N., and Tornquist, K. (2008). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate inhibits FRO anaplastic human thyroid cancer cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase: evidence for an effect mediated by PKCdelta. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 292, 26-35.
5. Aifantis, I., Mandal, M., Sawai, K., Fer-rando, A., and Vilimas, T. (2006). Regulation of T-cell progenitor survival and cell-cycle entry by the pre-T-cell receptor. Immunol. Rev. 209, 159-169.
6. Alarcón, B., Mestre, D., and Martínez-Martín, N. (2011). The immunologi-cal synapse: a cause or consequence of T-cell receptor triggering? Immunology 133,420-425.
7. Alisi, A., Spagnuolo, S., Napole-tano, S., Spaziani, A., and Leoni, S. (2004). Thyroid hormones regulate DNA-synthesis and cell-cycle proteins by activation of PKCalpha and p42/44 MAPK in chick embryo hepatocytes. J. Cell. Physiol. 201, 259-265.
8. Altman, A., Isakov, N., and Baier, G. (2000). Protein kinase Ctheta: a new essential superstar on the T-cell stage. Immunol. Today 21, 567-573.
9. Altman, A., Mustelin, T., and Cogge-shall, K. M. (1990). T lymphocyte activation: a biological model of signal transduction. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 10,347-391.
10. Ashton, A. W., Watanabe, G., Albanese, C., Harrington, E. O., Ware, J. A., and Pestell, R. G. (1999). Protein kinase Cdelta inhibition of S-phase transition in capillary endothelial cells involves the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). J. Biol. Chem. 274,20805-20811.
11. Bae, K. M., Wang, H., Jiang, G., Chen, M. G., Lu, L., and Xiao, L. (2007). Protein kinase C epsilon is overexpressed in primary human non-small cell lung cancers and functionally required for proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells in a p21/Cip1-dependent manner. Cancer Res. 67, 6053-6063.
12. Bakker, W., Sipkema, P., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Serne, E. H., Smulders, Y. M., Van Hinsbergh, V. W. M., et al. (2008). Protein kinase C Θ activation induces insulin-mediated constriction of muscle resistance arteries. Diabetes 57, 706-713.
13. Balciunaite, E., and Kazlauskas, A. (2001). Early phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity is required for late activation of protein kinase Cepsilon in platelet-derived- growth-factor-stimulated cells: evidence for signalling across a large temporal gap. Biochem. J. 358, 281-285.
14. Belguise, K., and Sonenshein, G. E. (2007). PKCΘ promotes c-Rel-driven mammary tumorigenesis in mice and humans byrepressingestrogenrecep-tor α synthesis. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 4009-4021.
15. Besson, A., and Yong, V. W (2000). Involvement of p21(Waf1/Cip1) in protein kinase C alpha-induced cell cycle progression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 4580-4590.
16. Bikle, D. D., Ng, D., Tu, C. L., Oda, Y., and Xie, Z. (2001). Calcium- and vitamin D-regulated keratinocyte differentiation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 177, 161-171.
17. Bird, J. J., Brown, D. R., Mullen, A. C., Moskowitz, N. H., Mahowald, M. A., Sider, J. R., et al. (1998). Helper T cell differentiation is controlled by the cell cycle. Immunity 9, 229-237.
18. Black, A. R., Black, J. D., and Azizkhan-Clifford, J. (2001). Sp1 and krüppel-like factor family of transcription factors in cell growth regulation and cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 188, 143-160.
19. Black, J. D. (2000). Protein kinase C-mediated regulation of the cell cycle. Front. Biosci. 5, D406-D423.
20. Black, J. D. (2010). "PKC and control of the cell cycle," in Protein Kinase C in Cancer Signaling and Therapy, ed. M. G. Kazanietz (NewYork: Humana Press), 155-188.
21. Black, J. D., Koury, S. T., Bankert, R. B., and Repasky, E. A. (1988). Heterogeneity in lymphocyte spectrin distribution: ultrastructural identification of a new spectrin-rich cytoplasmic structure. J. Cell Biol. 106, 97-109.
22. Bowles, D. K., Maddali, K. K., Dhuli-pala, V. C., and Korzick, D. H. (2007). PKCdelta mediates anti-proliferative, pro-apoptic effects of testosterone on coronary smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 293, C805-C813.
23. Breitkreutz, D., Braiman-Wiksman, L., Daum, N., Denning, M. F., and Ten-nenbaum, T. (2007). Protein kinase C family: on the crossroads of cell signaling in skin and tumor epithelium.J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 133, 793-808.
24. Buitrago, C. G., Pardo, V. G., De Boland, A. R., and Boland, R. (2003). Activation of RAF-1 through Ras and protein kinase Calpha mediates 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278,2199-2205.
25. Cabodi, S., Calautti, E., Talora, C., Kuroki, T., Stein, P. L., and Dotto, G. P. (2000). A PKC-eta/Fyn-dependent pathway leading to keratinocyte growth arrest and differentiation. Mol. Cell 6, 1121-1129.
26. Cameron, A. J., Procyk, K. J., Leitges, M., and Parker, P. J. (2008). PKC alpha protein but not kinase activity is critical for glioma cell proliferation and survival. Int. J. Cancer 123, 769-779.
27. Castagna, M., Takai, Y., Kaibuchi, K., Sano, K., Kikkawa, U., and Nishizuka, Y (1982). Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7847-7851.
28. Castoria, G., Migliaccio, A., Di Domenico, M., Lombardi, M., De Falco, A., Varricchio, L., et al. (2004). Role of atypical protein kinase C in estradiol-triggered G1/S progression of MCF-7 cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24, 7643-7653.
29. Cejas, P. J., Carlson, L. M., Zhang, J., Padmanabhan, S., Kolonias, D., Lindner, I., et al. (2005). Protein kinase C beta II plays an essential role in dendritic cell differentiation and autoregulates its own expression. J. Biol. Chem. 280,28412-28423.
30. Cerda, S. R., Mustafi, R., Little, H., Cohen, G., Khare, S., Moore, C., et al. (2006). Protein kinase C delta inhibits Caco-2 cell proliferation by selective changes in cell cycle and cell death regulators. Oncogene 25, 3123-3138.
31. Chen, A., Davis, B. H., Bissonnette, M., Scaglione-Sewell, B., and Brasitus, T. A. (1999). 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) stimulates activator protein-1-dependent Caco-2 cell differentiation. J. Biol. Chem. 274,35505-35513.
32. Chen, D., Purohit, A., Halilovic, E., Doxsey, S. J., and Newton, A. C. (2004). Centrosomal anchoring of protein kinase C betaII by pericen-trin controls microtubule organization, spindle function, and cytokinesis. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 4829-4839.
33. Chen, W., Schweins, E., Chen, X., Finn, O. J., and Cheever, M. A. (1994). Retroviral transduction of protein kinase C-gamma into tumor-specific T cells allows antigen-independent long-term growth in IL-2 with retention of functional specificity in vitro and ability to mediate tumor therapy in vivo. J. Immunol. 153, 3630-3638.
34. Chiles, T. C. (2004). Regulation and function of cyclin D2 in B lymphocyte subsets. J. Immunol. 173, 2901-2907.
35. Chiu, T., Santiskulvong, C., and Rozen-gurt, E. (2003). ANG II stimulates PKC-dependent ERK activation, DNA synthesis, and cell division in intestinal epithelial cells. Am. J. Phys-iol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 285, G1-G11.
36. Chiu, T., Wu, S. S., Santiskulvong, C., Tangkijvanich, P., Yee, H. F. Jr., and Rozengurt, E. (2002). Vasopressin-mediated mitogenic signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Am. I Physiol. Cell Physiol. 282, C434-C450.
37. Cho, C. H., Lee, C. S., Chang, M., Jang, I. H., Kim, S. J., Hwang, I., et al. (2004). Localization of VEGFR-2 and PLD2 in endothelial caveolae is involved in VEGF-induced phos-phorylation of MEK and ERK. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 286, H1881-H1888.
38. Cho, Y., Tighe, A. P., and Talmage, D. A. (1997). Retinoic acid induced growth arrest of human breast carcinoma cells requires protein kinase C alpha expression and activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 172,306-313.
39. Choi, P. M., Tchou-Wong, K. M., and Weinstein, I. B. (1990). Overexpres-sion of protein kinase C in HT29 colon cancer cells causes growth inhibition and tumor suppression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10, 4650-4657.
40. Clark, J. A., Black, A. R., Leontieva, O. V., Frey, M. R., Pysz, M. A., Kunneva, L., et al. (2004). Involvement of the ERK signaling cascade in protein kinase C-mediated cell cycle arrest in intestinal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 9233-9247.
41. Classon, M., and Dyson, N. (2001). p107 and p130: versatile proteins with interesting pockets. Exp. Cell Res. 264, 135-147.
42. Cobrinik, D. (2005). Pocket proteins and cell cycle control. Oncogene 24, 2796-2809.
43. Colombetti, S., Basso, V., Mueller, D. L., and Mondino, A. (2006). Prolonged TCR/CD28 engagement drives IL-2-independent T cell clonal expansion through signaling mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin. J. Immunol. 176, 2730- 2738.
44. Czifra, G., Toth, I. B., Marincsak, R., Juhasz, I., Kovacs, I., Acs, P., et al. (2006). Insulin-like growth factor-I-coupled mitogenic signaling in primary cultured human skeletal muscle cells and in C2C12 myoblasts. A central role of protein kinase Cdelta. Cell. Signal. 18,1461-1472.
45. Deenick, E. K., Po, L., Chapatte, L., Murakami, K., Lu, Y.-C., Elford, A. R., et al. (2010). c-Rel phenocopies PKCΘ but not Bcl-10 in regulating CD8+ T-cell activation versus tolerance. Eur. J. Immunol. 40, 867-877
46. Desai, S. R., Pillai, P. P., Patel, R. S., Mccray, A. N., Win-Piazza, H. Y., and Acevedo-Duncan, M. E. (2012). Regulation of Cdk7 activity through a phosphatidyli-nositol (3)-kinase/PKC-I-mediated signaling cascade in glioblastoma. Carcinogenesis 33, 10-19.
47. Detjen, K. M., Brembeck, F. H., Welzel, M., Kaiser, A., Haller, H., Wiedenmann, B., et al. (2000). Activation of protein kinase Calpha inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells via p21(cip)-mediated G(1) arrest. J. Cell Sci. 113(Pt 17), 3025-3035.
48. Dicker, P., and Rozengurt, E. (1978). Stimulation of DNA synthesis by tumour promoter and pure mitogenic factors. Nature 276, 723-726.
49. Dreikhausen, U. E., Gorf, K., Resch, K., and Szamel, M. (2003). Protein kinase Cbeta1, a major regulator of TCR-CD28-activated signal transduction leading to IL-2 gene transcription and secretion. Int. Immunol. 15, 1089-1098.
50. Du, W., and Pogoriler, J. (2006). Retinoblastoma family genes. Oncogene 25,5190-5200.
51. Dustin, M. L., and Depoil, D. (2011). New insights into the T cell synapse from single molecule techniques. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 672-684.
52. Eder, A. M., Sui, X., Rosen, D. G., Nolden, L. K., Cheng, K. W., Lahad, J. P., et al. (2005). Atypical PKCι contributes to poor prognosis through loss of apical-basal polarity and Cyclin E overexpression in ovarian cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 12519-12524.
53. Farren, M., Carlson, L., and Lee, K. (2010). Tumor-mediated inhibition of dendritic cell differentiation is mediated by down regulation of protein kinase C beta II expression. Immunol. Res. 46,165-176.
54. Felli, M. P., Vacca, A., Calce, A., Bellavia, D., Campese, A. F., Grillo, R.,etal. (2004). PKC [theta] mediates pre-TCR signaling and contributes to Notch3-induced T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 24, 992-1000.
55. Fields, A. P., and Regala, R. P. (2007). Protein kinase C iota: human oncogene, prognostic marker and therapeutic target. Pharmacol. Res. 55, 487-497.
56. Fima, E., Shtutman, M., Libros, P., Missel, A., Shahaf, G., Kahana, G., et al. (2001). PKCeta enhances cell cycle progression, the expression of G1 cyclins and p21 in MCF-7 cells. Oncogene 20, 6794-6804.
57. Fisher, R. P., and Morgan, D. O. (1994). A novel cyclin associates with MO15/CDK7 to form the CDK-activating kinase. Cell 78, 713-724.
58. Fooksman, D. R., Vardhana, S., Vasiliver-Shamis, G., Liese, J., Blair, D. A., Waite, J., et al. (2010). Functional anatomy of T cell activation and synapse formation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 28, 79-105.
59. Freeley, M., and Long, A. (2012). Regulating the regulator: phos-phorylation of PKC theta in T cells. Front. Immunol. 3:227. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00227
60. Frey, M. R., Clark, J. A., Bateman, N. W., Kazanietz, M. G., Black, A. R., and Black, J. D. (2004). Cell cycle- and protein kinase C-specific effects of resiniferatoxin and resinif-eronol 9,13,14-ortho-phenylacetate in intestinal epithelial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 67, 1873-1886.
61. Frey, M. R., Clark, J. A., Leontieva, O., Uronis, J. M., Black, A. R., and Black, J. D. (2000). Protein kinase C signaling mediates a program of cell cycle withdrawal in the intestinal epithelium. J. Cell Biol. 151, 763-778.
62. Frey, M. R., Saxon, M. L., Zhao, X., Rollins, A., Evans, S. S., and Black, J. D. (1997). Protein kinase C isozyme-mediated cell cycle arrest involves induction of p21(waf1/cip1) and p27(kip1) and hypophosphory-lation of the retinoblastoma protein in intestinal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 9424-9435.
63. Fu, G., and Gascoigne, N. R. (2012). The role of protein kinase Cη in T cell biology. Front. Immunol. 3:177. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00177
64. Fu, G., Hu, J., Niederberger-Magnenat, N., Rybakin, V., Casas, J., Yachi, P. P., et al. (2011). Protein kinase C eta is required for T cell activation and homeostatic proliferation. Sci. Signal. 4, ra84.
65. Fukumoto, S., Nishizawa, Y., Hosoi, M., Koyama, H., Yamakawa, K., Ohno, S., et al. (1997). Protein kinase C delta inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by suppressing G1 cyclin expression. J. Biol. Chem. 272,13816-13822.
66. Gaboardi, G. C., Ramazzotti, G., Bavel-loni, A., Piazzi, M., Fiume, R., Billi, A. M.,et al. (2010). AroleforPKCε during C2C12 myogenic differentiation. Cell. Signal. 22, 629-635.
67. Genot, E. M., Parker, P. J., and Cantrell, D. A. (1995). Analysis of the role of protein kinase C-α, -ε, and -ζ in T cell activation. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 9833-9839.
68. Giannoni, F., Lyon, A. B., Wareing, M. D., Dias, P. B., and Sarawar, S. R. (2005). Protein kinase C theta is not essential for T-cell-mediated clearance of murine gammaherpesvirus 68.J. Virol. 79, 6808-6813.
69. Gomez, J., Pitton, C., Garcia, A., Martinez De Aragon, A., Silva, A., and Rebollo, A. (1995). The zeta isoform of protein kinase C controls interleukin-2-mediated proliferation in a murine T cell line: evidence for an additional role of protein kinase C epsilon and beta. Exp. Cell Res. 218, 105-113.
70. Goss, V. L., Hocevar, B. A., Thompson, L. J., Stratton, C. A., Burns, D. J., and Fields, A. P. (1994). Identification of nuclear beta II protein kinase C as a mitotic lamin kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 269,19074-19080.
71. Graham, M. A., Rawe, I., Dartt, D. A., and Joyce, N. C. (2000). Protein kinase C regulation of corneal endothelial cell proliferation and cell cycle. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 41, 4124-4132.
72. Grana, X., Garriga, J., and Mayol, X. (1998). Role of the retinoblastoma protein family, pRB, p107 and p130 in the negative control of cell growth. Oncogene 17,3365-3383.
73. Gregorio, C. C., Kubo, R. T., Bankert, R. B., and Repasky, E. A. (1992). Translocation of spectrin and protein kinase C to a cytoplasmic aggregate upon lymphocyte activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89,4947-4951.
74. Gregorio, C. C., Repasky, E. A., Fowler, V. M., and Black, J. D. (1994). Dynamic properties of ankyrin in T lymphocytes: colocalization with spectrin and protein kinase C beta. J. Cell Biol. 125, 345-358.
75. Griner, E. M., and Kazanietz, M. G. (2007). Protein kinase C and other diacylglycerol effectors in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 7,281-294.
76. Grossoni, V. C., Falbo, K. B., Kazanietz, M. G., De Kier Joffe, E. D., and Urtreger, A. J. (2007). Protein kinase C delta enhances proliferation and survival of murine mammary cells. Mol. Carcinog. 46, 381-390.
77. Gruber, T., Barsig, J., Pfeifhofer, C., Ghaffari-Tabrizi, N., Tinhofer, I., Leitges, M., et al. (2005a). PKCdelta is involved in signal attenuation in CD3+ T cells. Immunol. Lett. 96, 291-293.
78. Gruber, T., Thuille, N., Hermann-Kleiter, N., Leitges, M., and Baier, G. (2005b). Protein kinase Cepsilon is dispensable for TCR/CD3-signaling. Mol. Immunol. 42, 305-310.
79. Gruber, T., Fresser, F., Jenny, M., Uber-all, F., Leitges, M., and Baier, G. (2008). PKCtheta cooperates with atypical PKCzeta and PKCiota in NF-kappaB transactivation of T lymphocytes. Mol. Immunol. 45, 117-126.
80. Gruber, T., Hermann-Kleiter, N., Pfeifhofer-Obermair, C., Lutz-Nicoladoni, C., Thuille, N., Letschka, T., et al. (2009). PKCΘ cooperates with PKCα in alloimmune responses of T cells in vivo. Mol. Immunol. 46, 2071-2079.
81. Guan, L., Song, K., Pysz, M. A., Curry, K. J., Hizli, A. A., Danielpour, D., et al. (2007). Protein kinase C-mediated down-regulation of cyclin D1 involves activation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-independent, protein phosphatase 2A-dependent mechanism in intestinal epithelial cells. J. Biol Chem. 282, 14213-14225.
82. Gwak, J., Jung, S. J., Kang, D. I., Kim, E. Y., Kim, D. E., Chung, Y. H., et al. (2009). Stimulation of protein kinase C-alpha suppresses colon cancer cell proliferation by down-regulation of beta-catenin. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 13, 2171-2180.
83. Hao, F., Pysz, M. A., Curry, K. J., Haas, K. N., Seedhouse, S. J., Black, A. R., et al. (2011). Protein kinase Calpha signaling regulates inhibitor of DNA binding 1 in the intestinal epithelium. J. Biol. Chem. 286, 18104-18117.
84. Hart, G. T., Hogquist, K. A., and Jameson, S. C. (2012). Krüppel-like factors in lymphocyte biology. J. Immunol. 188,521-526.
85. Hizli, A. A., Black, A. R., Pysz, M. A., and Black, J. D. (2006). Protein kinase C alpha signaling inhibits cyclin D1 translation in intestinal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 14596-14603.
86. Housey, G. M., Johnson, M. D., Hsiao, W. L., O'Brian, C. A., Murphy, J. P., Kirschmeier, P., et al. (1988). Overproduction of protein kinase C causes disordered growth control in rat fibroblasts. Cell 52, 343-354.
87. Hu, M. G., Deshpande, A., Enos, M., Mao, D., Hinds, E. A., Hu, G.-F., et al. (2009). A requirement for cyclin-dependent kinase 6 in thymocyte development and tumori-genesis. Cancer Res. 69,810-818.
88. Hwang, H. C., and Clurman, B. E. (2005). Cyclin E in normal and neoplastic cell cycles. Oncogene 24, 2776-2786.
89. Isakov, N., and Altman, A. (1987). Human T lymphocyte activation by tumor promoters: role of protein kinase C. J. Immunol. 138, 3100-3107.
90. Isakov, N., and Altman, A. (2012). PKC-theta-mediated signal delivery from the TCR/CD28 surface receptors. Front. Immunol. 3:273. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00273
91. Isakov, N., Scholz, W., and Altman, A. (1986). Signal transduc-tion and intracellular events in T-lymphocyte activation. Immunol. Today 7,271-277.
92. Ishino, K., Ohba, M., Kashiwagi, M., Kawabe, S., Chida, K., and Kuroki, T. (1998). Phorbol ester-induced G1 arrest in BALB/MK-2 mouse ker-atinocytes is mediated by delta and eta isoforms of protein kinase C. Jpn. I Cancer Res. 89, 1126-1133.
93. Iwamoto, T., Hagiwara, M., Hidaka, H., Isomura, T., Kioussis, D., and Nakashima, I. (1992). Accelerated proliferation and interleukin-2 production of thymocytes by stimulation of soluble anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody in transgenic mice carrying a rabbit protein kinase C alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 267,18644-18648.
94. Jackson, D. N., and Foster, D. A. (2004). The enigmatic protein kinase Cdelta: complex roles in cell proliferation and survival. FASEB J. 18,627-636.
95. Kambhampati, S., Li, Y., Verma, A., Sassano, A., Majchrzak, B., Deb, D. K., et al. (2003). Activation of protein kinase C delta by all-trans-retinoic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 32544-32551.
96. Kampfer, S., Windegger, M., Hochholdinger, F., Schwaiger, W., Pestell, R. G., Baier, G., et al. (2001). Protein kinase C isoforms involved in the transcriptional activation of cyclin D1 by transforming Ha-Ras. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 42834-42842.
97. Kang, S. J., Lee, Y J., Lee, E.-K., and Kwak, M.-K. (2012). Silver nanoparticles-mediated G2/M cycle arrest of renal epithelial cells is associated with NRF2-GSH signaling. Tox-icol. Lett. 211, 334-341.
98. Kashiwagi, M., Ohba, M., Chida, K., and Kuroki, T. (2002). Protein kinase C eta (PKC eta): its involvement in ker-atinocyte differentiation. J. Biochem. 132,853-857.
99. Kikkawa, U., Takai, Y., Tanaka, Y., Miyake, R., and Nishizuka, Y (1983). Protein kinase C as a possible receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11442-11445.
100. Kitamura, K., Mizuno, K., Etoh, A., Akita, Y., Miyamoto, A., Nakayama, K., et al. (2003). The second phase activation of protein kinase C delta at late G1 is required for DNA synthesis in serum-induced cell cycle progression. Genes Cells 8, 311-324.
101. Koch, U., and Radtke, F. (2011). Mechanisms of T cell development and transformation. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 27, 539-562.
102. Koike, K., Fujii, T., Nakamura, A. M., Yokoyama, G., Yamana, H., Kuwano, M., et al. (2006). Activation of protein kinase C delta induces growth arrest in NPA thyroid cancer cells through extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase. Thyroid 16, 333-341.
103. Kolch, W., Heidecker, G., Kochs, G., Hummel, R., Vahidi, H., Mischak, H., et al. (1993). Protein kinase C[alpha] activates RAF-1 by direct phosphory-lation. Nature 364,249-252.
104. Kong, K. F., Yokosuka, T., Canonigo-Balancio, A. J., Isakov, N., Saito, T., and Altman, A. (2011). A motif in the V3 domain of the kinase PKCtheta determines its localization in the immunological synapse and functions in T cells via association with CD28.Nat. Immunol. 12,1105-1112.
105. Koretzky, G. A., Wahi, M., Newton, M. E., and Weiss, A. (1989). Heterogeneity of protein kinase C isoen-zyme gene expression in human T cell lines. Protein kinase C-betais not required for several T cell functions. J. Immunol. 143, 1692-1695.
106. Leach, K. L., James, M. L., and Blum-berg, P. M. (1983). Characterization of a specific phorbol ester aporecep-tor in mouse brain cytosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80,4208-4212.
107. Lee, K., Gudapati, P., Dragovic, S., Spencer, C., Joyce, S., Killeen, N., et al. (2010). Mammalian target of rapamycin protein complex 2 regulates differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cell subsets via distinct signaling pathways. Immunity 32, 743-753.
108. Lee, Y., Kim, D., Oh, J., Yoon, S., Choi, M., Lee, S., et al. (2011). Silver nanoparticles induce apoptosis and G2/M arrest via PKCζ-dependent signaling in A549 lung cells. Arch. Toxicol. 85, 1529-1540.
109. Leontieva, O. V., and Black, J. D. (2004). Identification of two distinct pathways of protein kinase Calpha down-regulation in intestinal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 5788-5801.
110. Leung, C. Y., Liu, L., Wong, R. N. S., Zeng, Y. Y., Li, M., and Zhou, H. (2005). Saikosaponin-d inhibits T cell activation through the modulation of PKCΘ, JNK, and NF-κB transcription factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338, 1920-1927.
111. Li, H., and Weinstein, I. B. (2006). Protein kinase C beta enhances growth and expression of cyclin D1 in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 66, 11399-11408.
112. Li, L., Iwamoto, Y., Berezovskaya, A., andBoussiotis,V.A. (2006a). A pathway regulated by cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 and checkpoint inhibitor Smad3 is involved in the induction of T cell tolerance. Nat. Immunol. 7, 1157-1165.
113. Li, W. Q., Jiang, Q., Aleem, E., Kaldis, P., Khaled, A. R., and Durum, S. K. (2006b). IL-7 promotes T cell proliferation through destabilization of p27Kip1. J. Exp. Med. 203, 573-582.
114. Liu, Y., Song, R., Gao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, S., Liu, H.-Y., et al. (2012). Protein kinase C-δ negatively regulates T cell receptor-induced NF-κB activation by inhibiting the assembly of CARMA1 signalosome.J. Biol. Chem. 287,20081-20087.
115. Livneh, E., Shimon, T., Bechor, E., Doki, Y., Schieren, I., and Weinstein, I. B. (1996). Linking protein kinase C to the cell cycle: ectopic expression of PKC eta in NIH3T3 cells alters the expression of cyclins and Cdk inhibitors and induces adipogenesis. Oncogene 12,1545-1555.
116. Lovatt, M., and Bijlmakers, M.-J. (2010). Stabilisation of β-catenin downstream of T cell receptor signalling. PLoS ONE 5:e12794. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012794
117. Lyall, R. M., Dubois, J. H., and Crumpton, M. J. (1980). Ionomycin stimulates T-lymphocytes to grow. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 8, 720-721.
118. Malumbres, M., and Barbacid, M. (2005). Mammalian cyclin-dependent kinases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 30, 630-641.
119. Marsland, B. J., and Kopf, M. (2008). T-cell fate and function: PKC-Θ and beyond. Trends Immunol. 29, 179-185.
120. Martín-Cófreces, N. B., Robles-Valero, J., Cabrero, J. R., Mittelbrunn, M., Gordón-Alonso, M., Sung, C.-H., et al. (2008). MTOC translocation modulates IS formation and controls sustained T cell signaling. J. Cell. Biol. 182,951-962.
121. Martin, P., Villares, R., Rodriguez-Mascarenhas, S., Zaballos, A., Leitges, M., Kovac, J., et al. (2005). Control of T helper 2 cell function and allergic airway inflammation by PKCzeta. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 9866-9871.
122. Matsumoto, E., Hatanaka, M., Bohgaki, M., and Maeda, S. (2006). PKC pathway and ERK/MAPK pathway are required for induction of cyclin D1 and p21Waf1 during 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced differentiation of myeloleukemiacells. KobeJ. Med. Sci. 52,181-194.
123. Matsuoka, H., Tsubaki, M., Yamazoe, Y., Ogaki, M., Satou, T., Itoh, T., et al. (2009). Tamoxifen inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis in mouse melanoma through suppression of PKC/MEK/ERK and PKC/PI3K/Akt pathways. Exp. Cell Res. 315, 2022-2032.
124. + T lymphocytes: implications for hashimoto thyroiditis. J. Immunol. 187,4721-4732.
125. Miyamoto, A., Nakayama, K., Imaki, H., Hirose, S., Jiang, Y., Abe, M., et al. (2002). Increased proliferation of B cells and auto-immunity in mice lacking protein kinase C[delta]. Nature 416, 865-869.
126. Mohapatra, S., Agrawal, D., and Pledger, W. J. (2001). p27Kip1 regulates T cell proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 21976-21983.
127. Murray, N. R., and Fields, A. P. (1998). Phosphatidylglycerol is a physiologic activator of nuclear protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 273,11514-11520.
128. Murray, N. R., Kalari, K. R., and Fields, A. P. (2011). Protein kinase C ι expression and oncogenic signaling mechanisms in cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 226, 879-887.
129. Murray, N. R., Weems, J., Braun, U., Leitges, M., and Fields, A. P. (2009). Protein kinase C betaII and PKCiota/lambda: collaborating partners in colon cancer promotion and progression. Cancer Res. 69, 656-662.
130. Musgrove, E. A., Caldon, C. E., Barra-clough, J., Stone, A., and Sutherland, R.L. (2011). Cyclin Das a therapeutic target in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 11, 558-572.
131. Nakagawa, M., Oliva, J. L., Kotha-palli, D., Fournier, A., Assoian, R. K., and Kazanietz, M. G. (2005). Phor-bol ester-induced G1 phase arrest selectively mediated by protein kinase Cdelta-dependent induction of p21. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 33926-33934.
132. Nakagawa, S., Fujii, T., Yokoyama, G., Kazanietz, M. G., Yamana, H., and Shirouzu, K. (2003). Cell growth inhibition by all- trans retinoic acid in SKBR-3 breast cancer cells: involvement of protein kinase Calpha and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase. Mol. Carcinog. 38, 106-116.
133. Nakaigawa, N., Hirai, S., Mizuno, K., Shuin, T., Hosaka, M., and Ohno, S. (1996). Differential effects of over-expression of PKC alpha and PKC delta/epsilon on cellular E2F activity in late G1 phase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 222, 95-100.
134. Newton, A. C. (2010). Protein kinase C: poised to signal. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 298, E395-E402.
135. Nieto, N. (2007). Ethanol and fish oil induce NFκB transactivation of the collagen α2(I) promoter through lipid peroxidation - driven activation of the PKC-PI3K-Akt pathway. Hepatology 45,1433-1445.
136. Oliva, J. L., Caino, M. C., Senderowicz, A. M., and Kazanietz, M. G. (2008). S-phase-specific activation of PKC alpha induces senescence in non-small cell lung cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 5466-5476.
137. Osada, S., Hashimoto, Y., Nomura, S., Kohno, Y., Chida, K., Tajima, O., et al. (1993). Predominant expression of nPKC eta, a Ca(2+)-independent isoform of protein kinase C in epithelial tissues, in association with epithelial differentiation. Cell Growth Differ. 4, 167-175.
138. Oster, H., and Leitges, M. (2006). Protein kinase C alpha but not PKCzeta suppresses intestinal tumor formation in ApcMin/+ mice. Cancer Res. 66,6955-6963.
139. Ou, W. B., Zhu, M. J., Demetri, G. D., Fletcher, C. D. M., and Fletcher, J. A. (2008). Protein kinase C-[theta] regulates KIT expression and proliferation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene 27, 5624-5634.
140. Page, K., Li, J., Corbit, K. C., Rumilla, K. M., Soh, J. W., Weinstein, I. B., et al. (2002). Regulation of airway smooth muscle cyclin D1 transcription by protein kinase C-delta. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 27, 204-213.
141. Paramio, J. M., Segrelles, C., Ruiz, S., and Jorcano, J. L. (2001). Inhibition of protein kinase B (PKB) and PKCzeta mediates keratin K10-induced cell cycle arrest. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21,7449-7459.
142. Pfeifhofer, C., Gruber, T., Letschka, T., Thuille, N., Lutz-Nicoladoni, C., Hermann-Kleiter, N., et al. (2006). Defective IgG2a/2b class switching in PKCα-/- mice. J. Immunol. 176, 6004-6011.
143. Pfeifhofer, C., Kofler, K., Gruber, T., Tabrizi, N. G., Lutz, C., Maly, K., et al. (2003). Protein kinase C theta affects Ca2+ mobilization and NFAT cell activation in primary mouse T cells. J. Exp. Med. 197, 1525-1535.
144. Pillai, P., Desai, S., Patel, R., Sajan, M., Farese, R., Ostrov, D., et al. (2011). A novel PKC-ι inhibitor abrogates cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 43, 784-794.
145. Powell, J. D., Pollizzi, K. N., Heikamp, E. B.,and Horton,M.R. (2012). Regulation of immune responses by mTOR. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 30, 39-68.
146. Prasad,K.V.,Cai,Y.C.,Raab,M., Duckworth, B., Cantley, L., Shoelson, S. E., et al. (1994). T-cell antigen CD28 interacts with the lipid kinase phos-phatidylinositol 3-kinase by a cyto-plasmic Tyr(P)-Met-Xaa-Met motif. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 2834-2838.
147. Pysz, M. A., Leontieva, O. V., Bate-man, N. W., Uronis, J. M., Curry, K. J., Threadgill, D. W., et al. (2009). PKCα tumor suppression in the intestine is associated with transcriptional and translational inhibition of cyclin D1. Exp. Cell Res. 315, 1415-1428.
148. PLoSONE6:e28828. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028828
149. Rawlings, D. J., Sommer, K., and Moreno-Garcia, M. E. (2006). The CARMA1 signalosome links the signalling machinery of adaptive and innate immunity in lymphocytes. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 799-812.
150. Repasky, E. A., and Black, J. D. (1996). "Dynamic properties of the lymphocyte membrane-cytoskeleton: relationship to lymphocyte activation status, signal transduction, and protein kinase C," in Current Topics in Membranes, ed. W. J. Nelson (San Diego: Academic Press), 313-343.
151. Reyland, M. E. (2009). Protein kinase C isoforms: multi-functional regulators of cell life and death. Front. Biosci. 14, 2386-2399.
152. Rosse, C., Linch, M., Kermorgant, S., Cameron, A. J. M., Boeckeler, K., and Parker, P. J. (2010). PKC and the control of localized signal dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11,103-112.
153. Rowell, E. A., Walsh, M. C., and Wells, A. D. (2005). Opposing roles for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip 1 in the control of CD4+ T cell proliferation and effector function. J. Immunol. 174, 3359-3368.
154. Rozengurt, E. (1986). Early signals in the mitogenic response. Science 234, 161-166.
155. Ryu, J. M., Lee, M. Y., Yun, S. P., and Han, H. J. (2010). High glucose regulates cyclin D1/E of human mes-enchymal stem cells through TGF-β1 expression via Ca2+/PKC/MAPKs and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathways. J. Cell. Physiol. 224, 59-70.
156. Sakowicz-Burkiewicz, M., Nishanth, G., Helmuth, U., Drögemüller, K., Busch, D. H., Utermöhlen, O., et al. (2008). Protein kinase C-theta critically regulates the proliferation and survival of pathogen-specific T cells in murine listeriosis. J. Immunol. 180, 5601- 5612.
157. Salek-Ardakani, S., So, T., Halteman, B. S., Altman, A., and Croft, M. (2004). Differential regulation of Th2 and Th1 lung inflammatory responses by protein kinase C theta. J. Immunol. 173,6440-6447.
158. Sanchez, I., and Dynlacht, B. D. (2005). New insights into cyclins, CDKs, and cell cycle control. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 16,311-321.
159. Santiago-Walker, A. E., Fikaris, A. J., Kao, G. D., Brown, E. J., Kazanietz, M. G., and Meinkoth, J. L. (2005). Protein kinase C delta stimulates apoptosis by initiating G1 phase cell cycle progression and S phase arrest. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 32107-32114.
160. Satyanarayana, A., and Kaldis, P. (2009). Mammalian cell-cycle regulation: several Cdks, numerous cyclins and diverse compensatory mechanisms. Oncogene 28,2925-2939.
161. Sauma, S., Yan, Z., Ohno, S., and Friedman, E. (1996). Protein kinase C beta 1 and protein kinase C beta 2 activate p57 mitogen-activated protein kinase and block differentiation in colon carcinoma cells. Cell Growth Differ 7, 587-594.
162. Saunders, N. A., Dicker, A. J., Jones, S. J., and Dahler, A. L. (1998). E2F1 messenger RNA is destabilized in response to a growth inhibitor in normal human keratinocytes but not in a squamous carcinoma cell line. Cancer Res. 58,1646-1649.
163. Saxon, M. L., Zhao, X., and Black, J. D. (1994). Activation of protein kinase C isozymes is associated with post-mitotic events in intestinal epithelial cells in situ. J. Cell Biol. 126, 747-763.
164. Schonwasser, D. C., Marais, R. M., Marshall, C. J., and Parker, P. J. (1998). Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway by conventional, novel, and atypical protein kinase C isotypes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 790-798.
165. Scott, M. T., Ingram, A., and Ball, K. L. (2002). PDK1-dependent activation of atypical PKC leads to degradation of the p21 tumour modifier protein. EMBOJ. 21,6771-6780.
166. Shatos, M. A., Hodges, R. R., Bair, J. A., Lashkari, K., and Dartt, D. A. (2008). PKC{alpha} stimulates conjunctival goblet cell proliferation using extracellular regulated kinase 1/2. Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. 50, 1619-1625.
167. Sherr, C. J., and Roberts, J. M. (1995). Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev. 9, 1149-1163.
168. Sherr, C. J., and Roberts, J. M. (1999). CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev. 13,1501-1512.
169. Sherr, C. J., and Roberts, J. M. (2004). Living with or without cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev. 18,2699-2711.
170. Sicinska, E., Aifantis, I., Le Cam, L., Swat, W., Borowski, C., Yu, Q., et al. (2003). Requirement for cyclin D3 in lymphocyte development and T cell leukemias. Cancer Cell 4, 451-461.
171. Sipeki, S., Bander, E., Ways, D. K., and Faragó, A. (2002). Activation of Erk1/Erk2 and transiently increased p53 levels together may account for p21 expression associated with phor-bol ester-induced transient growth inhibition in HepG2 cells. Cell. Signal. 14, 115-121.
172. Slosberg, E. D., Klein, M. G., Yao, Y., Han, E. K., Schieren, I., and Weinstein, I. B. (1999). The alpha isoform of protein kinase C mediates phorbol ester-induced growth inhibition and p21cip1 induction in HC11 mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 18,6658-6666.
173. Smith-Garvin, J. E., Koretzky, G. A., and Jordan, M. S. (2009). T cell activation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27, 591-619.
174. So, T., and Croft, M. (2012). Regulation of the PKCtheta-NF-kappaB axis in T lymphocytes by the tumor necrosis factor receptor family member OX40. Front. Immunol. 3:133. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00133
175. Soh, J. W., and Weinstein, I. B. (2003). Roles of specific isoforms of protein kinase C in the transcriptional control of cyclin D1 and related genes. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 34709-34716.
176. Soltoff, S. P. (2007). Rottlerin: an inappropriate and ineffective inhibitor of PKCdelta. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 28, 453-458.
177. Srivastava, R., Burbach, B. J., Mitchell, J. S., Pagán, A. J., and Shimizu, Y. (2012). ADAP regulates cell cycle progression of T cells via control of cyclin E and cdk2 expression through two distinct CARMA1-dependent signaling pathways. Mol. Cell. Biol. 32, 1908-1917.
178. Steinberg, S. E (2004). Distinctive activation mechanisms and functions for protein kinase Cdelta. Biochem. J. 384, 449-459.
179. Sun, Y., Cai, T.-T., Zhou, X.-B., and Xu, Q. (2009). Saikosaponin a inhibits the proliferation and activation of T cells through cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 9, 978-983.
180. Sun, Z., Arendt, C. W., Ellmeier, W., Schaeffer, E. M., Sunshine, M. J., Gandhi, L., et al. (2000). PKC-theta is required for TCR-induced NF-kappaB activation in mature but not immature T lymphocytes. Nature 404, 402-407.
181. Sutherland, R., Delia, D., Schneider, C., Newman, R., Kemshead, J., and Greaves, M. (1981). Ubiquitous cell-surface glycoprotein on tumor cells is proliferation-associated receptor for transferrin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78,4515-4519.
182. Suzuma, K., Takahara, N., Suzuma, I., Isshiki, K., Ueki, K., Leitges, M., et al. (2002). Characterization of protein kinase C beta isoform's action on retinoblastoma protein phospho-rylation, vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial cell proliferation, and retinal neovasculariza-tion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 721-726.
183. Takuwa, N., Takuwa, Y., and Ras-mussen, H. (1988). Stimulation of mitogenesis and glucose transport by 1-monooleoylglycerol in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9738-9745.
184. Talora, C., Cialfi, S., Oliviero, C., Palermo, R., Pascucci, M., Frati, L., et al. (2006). Cross talk among Notch3, pre-TCR, and Tal1 in T-cell development and leukemogene-sis. Blood 107, 3313-3320.
185. Tang, S., Morgan, K. G., Parker, C., and Ware, J. A. (1997). Requirement for protein kinase C Θ for cell cycle progression and formation of actin stress fibers and filopodia in vascular endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 28704-28711.
186. Thompson, L. J., and Fields, A. P. (1996). betaII protein kinase C is required for the G2/M phase transition of cell cycle. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 15045-15053.
187. Thuille, N., Gruber, T., Pfeifhofer, C., Hermann-Kleiter, N., Lutz-Nicoladoni, C., Letschka, T., et al. (2006). Physiological and non-redundant functions of PKC isotypes in T lymphocytes. Curr. Immunol. Rev. 2,143-156.
188. Tibudan, S. S., Wang, Y., and Denning, M. F. (2002). Activation of protein kinase C triggers irreversible cell cycle withdrawal in human keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 119, 1282-1289.
189. Trimarchi, J. M., and Lees, J. A. (2002). Sibling rivalry in the E2F family. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3,11-20.
190. Uddin, S., Sassano, A., Deb, D. K., Verma, A., Majchrzak, B., Rahman, A., et al. (2002). Protein kinase C-delta (PKC-delta) is activated by type I interferons and mediates phos-phorylation of Stat1 on serine 727. J. Biol. Chem. 277,14408-14416.
191. Villalba, M., Kasibhatla, S., Genestier, L., Mahboubi, A., Green, D. R., and Altman, A. (1999). Protein kinase CΘ cooperates with calcineurin to induce fas ligand expression during activation-induced T cell death. J. Immunol. 163,5813-5819.
192. Volkov, Y., Long, A., Mcgrath, S., Ni Eidhin, D., and Kelleher, D. (2001). Crucial importance of PKC-beta(I) in LFA-1-mediated locomotion of activated T cells. Nat. Immunol. 2, 508-514.
193. Vrana, J. A., Saunders, A. M., Chel-lappan, S. P., and Grant, S. (1998). Divergent effects of bryostatin 1 and phorbol myristate acetate on cell cycle arrest and maturation in human myelomonocytic leukemia cells (U937). Differentiation 63, 33-42.
194. Vucenik, I., Ramakrishna, G., Tan-tivejkul, K., Anderson, L. M., and Ramljak, D. (2005). Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) blocks proliferation of human breast cancer cells through a PKCdelta-dependent increase in p27Kip1 and decrease in retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phos-phorylation. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 91,35-45.
195. Walker, J. L., Castagnino, P., Chung, B. M., Kazanietz, M. G., and Assoian, R. K. (2006). Post-transcriptional destabilization of p21cip1 by protein kinase C in fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 281,38127-38132.
196. Walker, S. D., Murray, N. R., Burns, D. J., and Fields, A. P. (1995). Protein kinase C chimeras: catalytic domains of alpha and beta II protein kinase C contain determinants for isotype-specific function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92,9156-9160.
197. Wang, X., Chuang, H. C., Li, J. P., and Tan, T. H. (2012). Regulation of PKC-theta function by phospho-rylation in T cell receptor signaling. Front. Immunol. 3:197. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00197
198. Wang, X. Y., Ostberg, J. R., and Repasky, E. A. (1999). Effect of fever-like whole-body hyperthermia on lymphocyte spectrin distribution, protein kinase C activity, and uro-pod formation. J. Immunol. 162, 3378-3387.
199. Wang, Z., Su, Z. Z., Fisher, P. B., Wang, S., Vantuyle, G., and Grant, S. (1998). Evidence of a functional role for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1/MDA6) in the reciprocal regulation of PKC activator-induced apoptosis and differentation in human myelomonocytic leukemia cells. Exp. Cell Res. 244, 105-116.
200. Warnecke, N., Poltorak, M., Kowtharapu, B. S., Arndt, B., Stone, J. C., Schraven, B., et al. (2012). TCR-mediated Erk activation does not depend on Sos and Grb2 in peripheral human T cells. EMBO Rep. 13,386-391.
201. Watanabe, T., Ono, Y., Taniyama, Y., Hazama, K., Igarashi, K., Ogita, K., et al. (1992). Cell division arrest induced by phorbol ester in CHO cells overexpressing protein kinase C-delta subspecies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89,10159-10163.
202. Webb, P. R., Doyle, C., and Anderson, N. G. (2003). Protein kinase C-epsilon promotes adipogenic commitment and is essential for terminal differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. Cell Mol LifeSci. 60, 1504-1512.
203. Wells, A. D. (2007). Cyclin-dependent kinases: molecular switches controlling anergy and potential therapeutic targets for tolerance. Semin. Immunol. 19,173-179.
204. Wells, A. D. (2009). New insights into the molecular basis of T cell anergy: anergy factors, avoidance sensors, and epigenetic imprinting. J. Immunol. 182,7331-7341.
205. Whitfield, J. F., Macmanus, J. P., and Gillan, D. J. (1973). Calcium-dependent stimulation by a phorbol ester (PMA) of thymic lymphoblast DNA synthesis and proliferation. J. Cell. Physiol. 82, 151-156.
206. Wu, J., and Lingrel, J. B. (2004). KLF2 inhibits Jurkat T leukemia cell growth via upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1//CIP1. Oncogene 23, 8088-8096.
207. Wu, T. T., Hsieh, Y H., Hsieh, Y. S., and Liu, J. Y (2008). Reduction of PKC alpha decreases cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of human malignant hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Cell. Biochem. 103, 9-20.
208. Yang, L., Qiao, G., Ying, H., Zhang, J., and Yin, F. (2010). TCR-induced Akt serine 473 phosphorylation is regulated by protein kinase C-alpha. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 400, 16-20.
209. Yang, L. C., Ng, D. C., and Bikle, D. D. (2003). Role of protein kinase C alpha in calcium induced keratinocyte differentiation: defective regulation in squamous cell carcinoma. J. Cell. Physiol. 195,249-259.
210. Yasuda, T., and Kurosaki, T. (2008). Regulation of lymphocyte fate by Ras/ERK signals. Cell Cycle 7, 3634-3640.
211. Yoshida, M., Heike, Y., Ohno, S., Ikekawa, T., and Wakasugi, H. (2003). Involvement of PKC betaII in anti-proliferating action of a new antitu-mor compound gnidimacrin. Int. J. Cancer 105, 601-606.
212. Zanin-Zhorov, A., Ding, Y., Kumari, S., Attur, M., Hippen, K. L., Brown, M., et al. (2010). Protein kinase C-Θ mediates negative feedback on regulatory T cell function. Science 328, 372-376.
213. Zhang, Y., and Chellappan, S. P. (1996). Transcriptional activation and expression of DP transcription factors during cell cycle and TPA-induced U937 differentiation. Mol. Cell. Differ. 4, 297-316.
214. Zhou, X.-Y., Yashiro-Ohtani, Y., Nakahira, M., Park, W. R., Abe, R., Hamaoka, T., et al. (2002). Molecular mechanisms underlying differential contribution of CD28 versus non-CD28 costimulatory molecules to IL-2 promoter activation. J. Immunol. 168, 3847-3854.