Insulin resistance and cancer: The role of insulin and IGFs

Endocrine-Related Cancer

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Djiogue, Sefirin ^a   Kamdje, Armel Hervé Nwabo ^b,c   Vecchio, Lorella ^d   Kipanyula, Maulilio John ^e   Farahna, Mohammed ^f   Aldebasi, Yousef ^f   Etet, Paul Faustin Seke ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YAOUNDÉ I   (Cameroon)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NGAOUNDERE   (Cameroon)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^e SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Tanzania)

^f QASSIM UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ALPHA INTEGRIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHEMOATTRACTANT; CISPLATIN; CIXUTUMUMAB; CYCLOPAMINE; ESTRADIOL; FIGITUMUMAB; GROWTH FACTOR; INSULIN; INSULIN DERIVATIVE; LEPTIN; PROINSULIN; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN; SOMATOMEDIN; SOMATOMEDIN B; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; COLORECTAL ADENOMA; COLORECTAL CANCER; DRUG RESISTANCE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; ENERGY BALANCE; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NEOPLASM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PANCREAS CANCER; PRECANCER; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; INSULIN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NEOPLASMS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOMATOMEDINS;

EID: 84874076840     PISSN: 13510088     EISSN: 14796821     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/ERC-12-0324     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Aguilera A, Codoceo R, Bajo MA, Iglesias P, Diez JJ, Barril G, Cigarran S, Alvarez V, Celadilla O, Fernandez-Perpen A et al. 2004 Eating behavior disorders in uremia: a question of balance in appetite regulation. Seminars in Dialysis 17 44-52. (doi:10.1046/j.0894-0959.2004.16086.x)
2. Ahmed A, Khan TE, Yasmeen T, Awan S & Islam N 2012 Metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes: comparison of WHO, modified ATPIII & IDF criteria. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 62 569-574.
3. AlbersteinM, Zornitzki T, Zick Y & Knobler H 2012 Hepatitis C core protein impairs insulin downstream signalling and regulatory role of IGFBP-1 expression. Journal of Viral Hepatitis 19 65-71. (doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2893.2011.01447.x)
4. Al-Delaimy WK, Flatt SW, Natarajan L, Laughlin GA, Rock CL, Gold EB, Caan BJ, Parker BA & Pierce JP 2011 IGF1 and risk of additional breast cancer in the WHEL study. Endocrine-Related Cancer 18 235-244. (doi:10.1530/ERC-10-0121)
5. Aldhafiri F, Al-Nasser A, Al-Sugair A, Al-Mutairi H, Young D & Reilly JJ 2012 Obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescent survivors of standard risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Saudi Arabia. Pediatric Blood & Cancer 59 133-137. (doi:10.1002/pbc.24012)
6. Algire C, Amrein L, Bazile M, David S, Zakikhani M & Pollak M 2011 Diet and tumor LKB1 expression interact to determine sensitivity to anti-neoplastic effects of metformin in vivo. Oncogene 30 1174-1182. (doi:10.1038/onc.2010.483)
7. Alokail MS, Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Alkharfy KM, Sabico SB & Ullrich A 2011 Visceral obesity and inflammation markers in relation to serum prostate volume biomarkers among apparently healthy men. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 41 987-994. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362. 2011.02496.x)
8. Alvino CL, Ong SC,McNeil KA, Delaine C, Booker GW, Wallace JC & Forbes BE 2011 Understanding the mechanism of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor activation by IGF-II. PLoS ONE 6 e27488. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027488)
9. Amitrano L, Ascione A, Canestrini C, D'Agostino S, Iaccarino L, Vacca C & Gigliotti T 1990 Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in chronic liver diseases (CLD) in southern Italy. Italian Journal of Gastroenterology 22 16-18.
10. Artim SC, Mendrola JM & Lemmon MA 2012 Assessing the range of kinase autoinhibition mechanisms in the insulin receptor family. Biochemical Journal 448 213-220. (doi:10.1042/BJ20121365)
11. Ashihara E, Kawata E, Nakagawa Y, Shimazaski C, Kuroda J, Taniguchi K, Uchiyama H, Tanaka R, Yokota A, Takeuchi M et al. 2009 b-Catenin small interfering RNA successfully suppressed progression of multiple myeloma in a mouse model. Clinical Cancer Research 15 2731-2738. (doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR- 08-1350)
12. Avnet S, Sciacca L, Salerno M, Gancitano G, Cassarino MF, Longhi A, Zakikhani M, Carboni JM, Gottardis M, Giunti A et al. 2009 Insulin receptor isoform A and insulin-like growth factor II as additional treatment targets in human osteosarcoma. Cancer Research 69 2443-2452. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08- 2645)
13. Badar S, Khubaib B, Idrees M, Hussain A, Awan Z, Butt S, Afzal S, Akram M, Fatima Z, Aftab M et al. 2012 Association of hepatitis C virus with insulin resistance: evidences from animal studies and clinical studies. Hepatitis Monthly 12 11-15.
14. Bai H, Kang P & Tatar M 2012 Drosophila insulin-like peptide-6 (dilp6) expression from fat body extends lifespan and represses secretion of Drosophila insulin-like peptide-2 from the brain. Aging Cell 11 978-985. (doi:10.1111/acel.12000)
15. Barbosa FR, Vieira NL, Lima GA, Wildemberg LE, Portugal R & Gadelha MR 2011 Hematologic neoplasias and acromegaly. Pituitary 14 377-381. (doi:10.1007/s11102-009-0176-0)
16. Berry MG & Helwig FC 1948 Marked insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Medicine 4 923-926. (doi:10.1016/0002-9343(48) 90490-2)
17. Bitar MS & Al-Mulla F 2012 ROS constitute a convergence nexus in the development of IGF1 resistance and impaired wound healing in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Disease Models & Mechanisms 5 375-388. (doi:10.1242/dmm.007872)
18. Blethen SL, White NH, Santiago JV & Daughaday WH 1981 Plasma somatomedins in children with hyperinsulinism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 52 748-750. (doi:10.1210/jcem-52-4-748)
19. Blundell TL, Bedarkar S, Rinderknecht E & Humbel RE 1978 Insulin-like growth factor: a model for tertiary structure accounting for immunoreactivity and receptor binding. PNAS 75 180-184. (doi:10.1073/pnas. 75.1.180)
20. Bolukbasi E, Vass S, Cobbe N, Nelson B, Simossis V, Dunbar DR & HeckMM 2012 Drosophila poly suggests a novel role for the Elongator complex in insulin receptor-target of rapamycin signalling. Open Biology 2 110031. (doi:10.1098/rsob.110031)
21. Bose SK, Shrivastava S, Meyer K, Ray RB & Ray R 2012 Hepatitis C virus activates the mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway in inhibiting IRS-1 function for insulin resistance. Journal of Virology 86 6315-6322. (doi:10.1128/JVI.00050- 12)
22. Bruning PF, Van Doorn J, Bonfrer JM, Van Noord PA, Korse CM, Linders TC & Hart AA 1995 Insulin-like growth-factor-binding protein 3 is decreased in early-stage operable pre-menopausal breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer 62 266-270. (doi:10.1002/ijc. 2910620306)
23. Buonamici S, Williams J, Morrissey M, Wang A, Guo R, Vattay A, Hsiao K, Yuan J, Green J, Ospina B et al. 2010 Interfering with resistance to smoothened antagonists by inhibition of the PI3K pathway in medulloblastoma. Science Translational Medicine 2 51ra70. (doi:10.1126/ scitranslmed.3001599)
24. Byers T & Sedjo RL 2011 Does intentional weight loss reduce cancer risk? Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 13 1063-1072. (doi:10.1111/j.1463- 1326.2011.01464.x)
25. Byrne C, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Pollak M & Hankinson SE 2000 Plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, IGF-binding protein 3, and mammographic density. Cancer Research 60 3744-3748.
26. Campagnoli C, Biglia N, Belforte P, Botta D, Pedrini E & Sismondi P 1992 Post-menopausal breast cancer risk: oral estrogen treatment and abdominal obesity induce opposite changes in possibly important biological variables. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology 13 139-154.
27. Campbell AW 2011 The diabetes pandemic. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 17 8-9.
28. Chan L, Terashima T, Urabe H, Lin F & Kojima H 2011 Pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy: bad to the bone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1240 70-76. (doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06309.x)
29. Chandra RK 1981 Immune response in overnutrition. Cancer Research 41 3795-3796.
30. Chappell SA,Walsh T, Walker RA & Shaw JA 1997 Loss of heterozygosity at the mannose 6-phosphate insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor gene correlates with poor differentiation in early breast carcinomas. British Journal of Cancer 76 1558-1561. (doi:10.1038/bjc.1997.596)
31. Cheng I, Stram DO, Burtt NP, Gianniny L, Garcia RR, Pooler L, Henderson BE, Le ML & Haiman CA 2009 IGF2R missense single-nucleotide polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 18 1922-1924. (doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0253)
32. Cortes-Sempere M, de Miguel MP, Pernia O, Rodriguez C, de Castro CJ, Nistal M, Conde E, Lopez-Rios F, Belda-Iniesta C, Perona R et al. 2012 IGFBP-3 methylation-derived deficiency mediates the resistance to cisplatin through the activation of the IGFIR/Akt pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene [in press]. (doi:10.1038/onc.2012.146)
33. Couvert P, Carrie A, Tezenas du MS, Vaysse J, Sutton A, Barget N, Trinchet JC, Beaugrand M, Ganne N, Giral P et al. 2012 Insulin-like growth factor 2 gene methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with hepatitis C related cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 36 345-351. (doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2012.06. 013)
34. Culig Z, Hobisch A, Cronauer MV, Radmayr C, Trapman J, Hittmair A, Bartsch G & Klocker H 1994 Androgen receptor activation in prostatic tumor cell lines by insulin-like growth factor-I, keratinocyte growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. Cancer Research 54 5474-5478.
35. Darago A, Sapota A, Matych J, Nasiadek M, Skrzypinska-Gawrysiak M & Kilanowicz A 2011 The correlation between zinc and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), its binding protein (IGFBP-3) and prostatespecific antigen (PSA) in prostate cancer. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 49 1699-1705. (doi:10.1515/CCLM.2011.651)
36. De Angel RE, Conti CJ, Wheatley KE, Brenner AJ, Otto G, Degraffenried LA & Hursting SD 2012 The enhancing effects of obesity on mammary tumor growth and Akt/mTOR pathway activation persist after weight loss and are reversed by RAD001. Molecular Carcinogenesis [in press]. (doi:10.1002/mc.21878)
37. De Souza AT, Hankins GR, Washington MK, Fine RL, Orton TC & Jirtle RL 1995 Frequent loss of heterozygosity on 6q at the mannose 6-phosphate/insulin- like growth factor II receptor locus in human hepatocellular tumors. Oncogene 10 1725-1729.
38. D'Esposito V, Passaretti F, Hammarstedt A, Liguoro D, Terracciano D, Molea G, Canta L, Miele C, Smith U, Beguinot F et al. 2012 Adipocytereleased insulin-like growth factor-1 is regulated by glucose and fatty acids and controls breast cancer cell growth in vitro. Diabetologia 55 2811-2822. (doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2629-7)
39. Dool CJ, Mashhedi H, Zakikhani M, David S, Zhao Y, Birman E, Carboni JM, Gottardis M, Blouin MJ & Pollak M 2011 IGF1/insulin receptor kinase inhibition by BMS-536924 is better tolerated than alloxan-induced hypoinsulinemia and more effective than metformin in the treatment of experimental insulin-responsive breast cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer 18 699-709. (doi:10.1530/ERC-11-0136)
40. Duckworth WC, Garcia JV, Liepnieks JJ, Hamel FG, Hermodson MA, Frank BH & Rosner MR 1989 Drosophila insulin degrading enzyme and rat skeletal muscle insulin protease cleave insulin at similar sites. Biochemistry 28 2471-2477. (doi:10.1021/bi00432a018)
41. Duggan C, Wang CY, Neuhouser ML, Xiao L, Smith AW, Reding KW, Baumgartner RN, Baumgartner KB, Bernstein L, Ballard-Barbash R et al. 2012 Associations of insulin-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 with mortality in women with breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer [in press]. (doi:10.1038/onc.2012.146)
42. El Tayebi HM, SalahW, El Sayed IH, Salam EM, Zekri AR, Zayed N, Salem ES, Esmat G & Abdelaziz AI 2011 Expression of insulin-like growth factor- II, matrix metalloproteinases, and their tissue inhibitors as predictive markers in the peripheral blood of HCC patients. Biomarkers 16 346-354. (doi:10.3109/1354750X.2011.573095)
43. Fagin JA, Brown A & Melmed S 1988 Regulation of pituitary insulin-like growth factor-I messenger ribonucleic acid levels in rats harboring somatomammotropic tumors: implications for growth hormone autoregulation. Endocrinology 122 2204-2210. (doi:10.1210/endo-122- 5-2204)
44. Faria AM & Almeida MQ 2012 Differences in the molecular mechanisms of adrenocortical tumorigenesis between children and adults. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 351 52-57. (doi:10.1016/j.mce.2011.09.040)
45. Farinati F, Fagiuoli S, De Maria N, Chiaramonte M, Aneloni V, Ongaro S, Salvagnini M & Naccarato R 1992 Anti-HCV positive hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical features. Journal of Hepatology 14 183-187. (doi:10.1016/0168-8278(92)90156-J)
46. Fenton JI, Nunez NP, Yakar S, Perkins SN, Hord NG & Hursting SD 2009 Diet-induced adiposity alters the serum profile of inflammation in C57BL/6N mice as measured by antibody array. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 11 343-354. (doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00974.x)
47. Ferguson RD, Novosyadlyy R, Fierz Y, Alikhani N, Sun H, Yakar S & LeRoith D 2012 Hyperinsulinemia enhances c-Myc-mediated mammary tumor development and advances metastatic progression to the lung in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Breast Cancer Research 14 R8. (doi:10.1186/bcr3089)
48. Fernandez-Real JM & Pickup JC 2012 Innate immunity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 55 273-278. (doi:10.1007/s00125- 011- 2387-y)
49. Fleming HE, Janzen V, Lo CC, Guo J, Leahy KM, Kronenberg HM & Scadden DT 2008 Wnt signaling in the niche enforces hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and is necessary to preserve self-renewal in vivo. Cell Stem Cell 2 274-283. (doi:10.1016/j.stem.2008.01.003)
50. Fontana L, Klein S & Holloszy JO 2006 Long-term low-protein, low-calorie diet and endurance exercise modulate metabolic factors associated with cancer risk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84 1456-1462.
51. Foulstone EJ, Savage PB, Crown AL, Holly JM & Stewart CE 2003 Adaptations of the IGF system during malignancy: human skeletal muscle versus the systemic environment. Hormone and Metabolic Research 35 667-674. (doi:10.1055/s-2004-814159)
52. Freund GG, Kulas DT & Mooney RA 1993 Insulin and IGF-1 increase mitogenesis and glucose metabolism in the multiple myeloma cell line, RPMI 8226. Journal of Immunology 151 1811-1820.
53. Freund GG, Kulas DT, Way BA & Mooney RA 1994 Functional insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors are preferentially expressed in multiple myeloma cell lines as compared to B-lymphoblastoid cell lines. Cancer Research 54 3179-3185.
54. Fritz JM, Dwyer-Nield LD & Malkinson AM 2011 Stimulation of neoplastic mouse lung cell proliferation by alveolar macrophage-derived, insulinlike growth factor-1 can be blocked by inhibiting MEK and PI3K activation. Molecular Cancer 10 76. (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-10-76)
55. Furukawa J, Wraight CJ, Freier SM, Peralta E, Atley LM, Monia BP, Gleave ME & Cox ME 2010 Antisense oligonucleotide targeting of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in prostate cancer. Prostate 70 206-218.
56. Gallagher EJ, Fierz Y, Vijayakumar A, Haddad N, Yakar S & LeRoith D 2012 Inhibiting PI3K reduces mammary tumor growth and induces hyperglycemia in a mouse model of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Oncogene 31 3213-3222. (doi:10.1038/onc.2011.495)
57. Gao Y, Katki H, Graubard B, PollakM,Martin M, Tao Y, Schoen RE, Church T, Hayes RB, Greene MH et al. 2012 Serum IGF1, IGF2 and IGFBP3 and risk of advanced colorectal adenoma. International Journal of Cancer 131 E105-E113. (doi:10.1002/ijc.26438)
58. Garofalo C, Manara MC, Nicoletti G, Marino MT, Lollini PL, Astolfi A, Pandini G, Lopez-Guerrero JA, Schaefer KL, Belfiore A et al. 2011 Efficacy of and resistance to anti-IGF-1R therapies in Ewing's sarcoma is dependent on insulin receptor signaling. Oncogene 30 2730-2740. (doi:10.1038/onc.2010.640)
59. Glass CK & Olefsky JM 2012 Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance. Cell Metabolism 15 635-645. (doi:10. 1016/j.cmet.2012.04.001)
60. Grace DM, Harle IA, Rycroft KM & Sinclair NR 1986 Immune response after gastric bypass and weight loss. Canadian Journal of Surgery 29 284-286.
61. Gray A, Aronson WJ, Barnard RJ,Mehta H, Wan J, Said J, Cohen P & Galet C 2011 Global Igfbp1 deletion does not affect prostate cancer development in a c-Myc transgenic mouse model. Journal of Endocrinology 211 297-304. (doi:10.1530/JOE-11-0240)
62. Grote VA, Kaaks R, Nieters A, Tjonneland A, Halkjaer J, Overvad K, Skjelbo Nielsen MR, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Racine A et al. 2012 Inflammation marker and risk of pancreatic cancer: a nested case-control study within the EPIC cohort. British Journal of Cancer 106 1866-1874. (doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.172)
63. Gualberto A & Pollak M 2009 Emerging role of insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibitors in oncology: early clinical trial results and future directions. Oncogene 28 3009-3021. (doi:10.1038/onc.2009.172)
64. Gualberto A, Hixon ML, Karp DD, Li D, Green S, Dolled-Filhart M, Paz-Ares LG, Novello S, Blakely J, Langer CJ et al. 2011 Pre-treatment levels of circulating free IGF-1 identify NSCLC patients who derive clinical benefit from figitumumab. British Journal of Cancer 104 68-74. (doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6605972)
65. Hadaegh F, Mohebi R, Cheraghi L, Tohidi M, Moghaddam NB, Bozorogmanesh M, Sheikholeslami F & Azizi F 2012 Do different metabolic syndrome definitions predict cerebrovascular events and coronary heart disease independent of their components?: 9 years follow-up of the tehran lipid and glucose study Stroke 43 1669-1671. (doi:10.1161/ STROKEAHA.112.650812)
66. Harvey AE, Lashinger LM, Otto G, Nunez NP & Hursting SD 2012 Decreased systemic IGF-1 in response to calorie restriction modulates murine tumor cell growth, nuclear factor-kappaB activation, and inflammation- related gene expression. Molecular Carcinogenesis [in press]. (doi:10.1002/mc.21940)
67. Helaly GF, Hussein NG, Refai W & Ibrahim M 2011 Relation of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels with hepatitis C virus infection and insulin resistance. Translational Research 158 155-162. (doi:10.1016/j.trsl. 2011.04.005)
68. Henningson M, HietalaM, Torngren T, Olsson H & Jernstrom H 2011 IGF1 htSNPs in relation to IGF-1 levels in young women from high-risk breast cancer families: implications for early-onset breast cancer. Familial Cancer 10 173-185. (doi:10.1007/s10689-010-9404-z)
69. Hoyo C, Murphy SK, Schildkraut JM, Vidal AC, Skaar D, Millikan RC, Galanko J, Sandler RS, Jirtle R & Keku T 2012 IGF2R genetic variants, circulating IGF2 concentrations and colon cancer risk in African Americans and Whites. Disease Markers 32 133-141.
70. Islami F & Kamangar F 2008 Helicobacter pylori and esophageal cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Prevention Research 1 329-338. (doi:10.1158/ 1940-6207.CAPR-08-0109)
71. Izzo L, Meggiorini ML, Nofroni I, Pala A, De Felice C, Meloni P, Simari T, Izzo S, Pugliese F, Impara L et al. 2012 Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1), IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and mammographic features. Il Giornale di Chirurgia 33 153-162. (doi:10.3233/DMA-2011-0865)
72. Jenkins CR, Shevchuk OO, Giambra V, Lam SH, Carboni JM, Gottardis MM, Holzenberger M, Pollak M, Humphries RK & Weng AP 2012 IGF signaling contributes to malignant transformation of hematopoietic progenitors by the MLL-AF9 oncoprotein. Experimental Hematology 40 715.e6-723.e6. (doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2012.05.003)
73. Jeon CY, Haan MN, Cheng C, Clayton ER, Mayeda ER, Miller JW & Aiello AE 2012 Helicobacter pylori infection is associatedwith an increased rate of diabetes. Diabetes Care 35 520-525. (doi:10.2337/dc11-1043)
74. Jernberg-Wiklund H & Nilsson K 2012 Targeting the IGF-1R signaling and mechanisms for epigenetic gene silencing in human multiple myeloma. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 117 166-177. (doi:10.3109/ 03009734.2012.659293)
75. Kaidanovich-Beilin O, Cha DS & McIntyre RS 2012 Crosstalk between metabolic and neuropsychiatric disorders. F1000 Biology Reports 4 14. (doi:10.3410/B4-14)
76. Kalme T, Koistinen H, Loukovaara M, Koistinen R & Leinonen P 2003 Comparative studies on the regulation of insulin-like growth factorbinding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) production by insulin and insulin-like growth factors in human hepatoma cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 86 197-200. (doi:10.1016/S0960- 0760(03)00268-1)
77. Kalra N, Zhang J, Yu Y, Ho M,MerinoM, Cao L & Hassan R 2012 Efficacy of anti-insulin-like growth factor I receptor monoclonal antibody cixutumumab in mesothelioma is highly correlated with insulin growth factor-I receptor sites/cell. International Journal of Cancer 131 2143-2152. (doi:10.1002/ijc. 27471)
78. Kaplan RC, Buzkova P, Cappola AR, Strickler HD, McGinn AP, Mercer LD, Arnold AM, Pollak MN & Newman AB 2012 Decline in circulating insulin-like growth factors and mortality in older adults: cardiovascular health study all-stars study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97 1970-1976. (doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2967)
79. Karagiannis T, Paschos P, Paletas K, Matthews DR & Tsapas A 2012 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the clinical setting: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 344 e1369. (doi:10.1136/bmj.e1369)
80. Kern M, Wells JA, Stephens JM, Elton CW, Friedman JE, Tapscott EB, Pekala PH & Dohm GL 1990 Insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle is determined by glucose transporter (Glut4) protein level. Biochemical Journal 270 397-400.
81. Khattab MA, EslamM, ShatatM, Abd-Aalhalim H,Mousa YI, Samir F, Aly H, Shaker O & Shaker Y 2012 Changes in adipocytokines and insulin sensitivity during and after antiviral therapy for hepatitis C genotype 4. Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 21 59-65.
82. Kim JS, Kim ES, Liu D, Lee JJ, Solis L, Behrens C, Lippman SM, Hong WK, Wistuba II & Lee HY 2012 Prognostic impact of insulin receptor expression on survival of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 118 2454-2465. (doi:10.1002/cncr.26492)
83. Kiri VA & Mackenzie G 2009 Re: "Immortal time bias in pharmacoepidemiology". American Journal of Epidemiology 170 667-668. (doi:10.1093/aje/kwp239)
84. Klement RJ & Kammerer U 2011 Is there a role for carbohydrate restriction in the treatment and prevention of cancer? Nutrition and Metabolism 8 75. (doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-75)
85. Klusza S & Deng WM 2011 At the crossroads of differentiation and proliferation: precise control of cell-cycle changes by multiple signaling pathways in Drosophila follicle cells. Bioessays 33 124-134. (doi:10.1002/bies.201000089)
86. Koutsilieris M, Frenette G, Lazure C, Lehoux JG, Govindan MV & Polychronakos C 1993 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator: a paracrine factor regulating the bioavailability of IGFs in PA-III cellinduced osteoblastic metastases. Anticancer Research 13 481-486.
87. Kreiling JL, Montgomery MA, Wheeler JR, Kopanic JL, Connelly CM, Zavorka ME, Allison JL & Macdonald RG 2012 Dominant-negative effect of truncated mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor species in cancer. FEBS Journal 279 2695-2713. (doi:10.1111/j. 1742-4658.2012.08652.x)
88. Kuhlmann JD, Schwarzenbach H, Otterbach F, Heubner M, Wimberger P, Worm KH, Kimmig R & Kasimir-Bauer S 2011 Loss of heterozygosity proximal to the M6P/IGF2R locus is predictive for the presence of disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow of ovarian cancer patients before and after chemotherapy. Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer 50 598-605. (doi:10.1002/gcc.20882)
89. Kuklinski A, Kamocki Z, Cepowicz D, Gryko M, Czyzewska J, Pawlak K & Kedra B 2011 Relationships between insulin-like growth factor I and selected clinico-morphological parameters in colorectal cancer patients. Polski Przeglad Chirurgiczny 83 250-257. (doi:10.2478/v10035- 011-0039-z)
90. Kullmann S, Heni M, Veit R, Ketterer C, Schick F, Haring HU, Fritsche A & Preissl H 2012 The obese brain: association of body mass index and insulin sensitivity with resting state network functional connectivity. Human Brain Mapping 33 1052-1061. (doi:10.1002/hbm.21268)
91. Laranjeira AB, de Vasconcellos JF, Sodek L, Spago MC, Fornazim MC, Tone LG, Brandalise SR, Nowill AE & Yunes JA 2012 IGFBP7 participates in the reciprocal interaction between acute lymphoblastic leukemia and BM stromal cells and in leukemia resistance to asparaginase. Leukemia 26 1001-1011. (doi:10.1038/leu.2011.289)
92. Law JH, Habibi G, Hu K, Masoudi H, Wang MY, Stratford AL, Park E, Gee JM, Finlay P, Jones HE et al. 2008 Phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor-i/insulin receptor is present in all breast cancer subtypes and is related to poor survival. Cancer Research 68 10238-10246. (doi:10.1158/0008- 5472.CAN-08-2755)
93. Lee FY, Li Y, Yang EK, Yang SQ, Lin HZ, Trush MA, Dannenberg AJ & Diehl AM 1999 Phenotypic abnormalities in macrophages from leptindeficient, obese mice. American Journal of Physiology 276 C386-C394.
94. Leksa V, Loewe R, Binder B, Schiller HB, Eckerstorfer P, Forster F, Soler- Cardona A, Ondrovicova G, Kutejova E, Steinhuber E et al. 2011 Soluble M6P/IGF2R released by TACE controls angiogenesis via blocking plasminogen activation. Circulation Research 108 676-685. (doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110. 234732)
95. Leksa V, Pfisterer K, Ondrovicova G, Binder B, Lakatosova S, Donner C, Schiller HB, Zwirzitz A, Mrvova K, Pevala V et al. 2012 Dissecting mannose 6-phosphate-insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor complexes that control activation and uptake of plasminogen in cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 287 22450-22462. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.339663)
96. Li D 2012 Diabetes and pancreatic cancer. Molecular Carcinogenesis 51 64-74. (doi:10.1002/mc.20771)
97. Liu Z, Yan R, Al-Salman A, Shen Y, Bu Y, Ma J, Luo DX, Huang C, Jiang Y, Wilber A et al. 2012 Epidermal growth factor induces tumour marker AKR1B10 expression through activator protein-1 signalling in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochemical Journal 442 273-282. (doi:10.1042/ BJ20111322)
98. MaJ, Li H, Giovannucci E, Mucci L,QiuW,Nguyen PL, Gaziano JM, PollakM & Stampfer MJ 2008 Prediagnostic body-mass index, plasma C-peptide concentration, and prostate cancer-specific mortality in men with prostate cancer: a long-term survival analysis. Lancet Oncology 9 1039-1047. (doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(08)70235-3)
99. Madsen K, Friberg U, Roos P, Eden S & Isaksson O 1983 Growth hormone stimulates the proliferation of cultured chondrocytes from rabbit ear and rat rib growth cartilage. Nature 304 545-547. (doi:10.1038/ 304545a0)
100. Malaguarnera R, Sacco A, Voci C, Pandini G, Vigneri R & Belfiore A 2012 Proinsulin binds with high affinity the insulin receptor isoform A and predominantly activates the mitogenic pathway. Endocrinology 153 2152-2163. (doi:10.1210/en.2011-1843)
101. Mandel MA & Mahmoud AA 1978 Impairment of cell-mediated immunity in mutation diabetic mice (db/db). Journal of Immunology 120 1375-1377.
102. Margheri M, Pacini N, Tani A, Nosi D, Squecco R, Dama A, Masala E, Francini F, Zecchi-Orlandini S & Formigli L 2012 Combined effects of melatonin and all-trans retinoic acid and somatostatin on breast cancer cell proliferation and death: molecular basis for the anticancer effect of these molecules. European Journal of Pharmacology 681 34-43. (doi:10.1016/j.ejphar. 2012.02.011)
103. de Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, Vignat J, Bray F, Forman D & PlummerM 2012 Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncology 13 607-615. (doi:10. 1016/S1470-2045(12)70137-7)
104. Masago K, Fujita S, Togashi Y, Kim YH, Hatachi Y, Fukuhara A, Nagai H, Irisa K, Sakamori Y, Mio T et al. 2011 Clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and insulin-like growth factor 1 and its binding protein 3 in advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Oncology Reports 26 795-803. (doi:10.3892/or.2011.1354)
105. Meggiorini ML, Cipolla V, Borgoni G, Nofroni I, Pala A & de Felice C 2012 Possible effects of insulin-like growth factor-I, IGF-binding protein-3 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio on mammographic density: a crosssectional study. European Journal of Gynaecological Oncology 33 74-78.
106. Miao Jonasson J, Cederholm J, Eliasson B, Zethelius B, Eeg-Olofsson K & Gudbjornsdottir S 2012 HbA1C and cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes - a nationwide population-based prospective cohort study in Sweden. PLoS ONE 7 e38784. (doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038784)
107. Monte SV, Caruana JA, Ghanim H, Sia CL, Korzeniewski K, Schentag JJ & Dandona P 2012 Reduction in endotoxemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress, and insulin resistance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surgery 151 587-593. (doi:10.1016/j.surg.2011.09.038)
108. Mora M, Perales MJ, Serra-Prat M, Palomera E, Buquet X, Oriola J & Puig-DomingoM2011 Aging phenotype and its relationship with IGF-I gene promoter polymorphisms in elderly people living in Catalonia. Growth Hormone & IGF Research 21 174-180. (doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2011. 03.007)
109. Morcavallo A, Gaspari M, Pandini G, Palummo A, Cuda G, Larsen MR, Vigneri R & Belfiore A 2011 Research resource: new and diverse substrates for the insulin receptor isoform A revealed by quantitative proteomics after stimulation with IGF-II or insulin. Molecular Endocrinology 25 1456-1468. (doi:10.1210/me.2010-0484)
110. Morcavallo A, Genua M, PalummoA, Kletvikova E, Jiracek J, Brzozowski AM, Iozzo RV, Belfiore A & Morrione A 2012 Insulin and insulin-like growth factor II differentially regulate endocytic sorting and stability of insulin receptor isoform A. Journal of Biological Chemistry 287 11422-11436. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.252478)
111. Mu N, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Zhang H & Xue F 2012 Insulin resistance: a significant risk factor of endometrial cancer. Gynecologic Oncology 125 751-757. (doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.032)
112. Nagamani M & Stuart CA 1998 Specific binding and growth-promoting activity of insulin in endometrial cancer cells in culture. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 179 6-12. (doi:10.1016/S0002- 9378(98)70244-3)
113. Nimptsch K, Platz EA, Pollak MN, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC & Giovannucci E 2011 Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 is positively associated with low-grade prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study 1993-2004. International Journal of Cancer 128 660-667. (doi:10.1002/ijc.25381)
114. Nishida N & Goel A 2011 Genetic and epigenetic signatures in human hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Current Genomics 12 130-137. (doi:10.2174/138920211795564359)
115. Nunez NP, Oh WJ, Rozenberg J, Perella C, Anver M, Barrett JC, Perkins SN, Berrigan D, Moitra J, Varticovski L et al. 2006 Accelerated tumor formation in a fatless mouse with type 2 diabetes and inflammation. Cancer Research 66 5469-5476. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4102)
116. Nwabo Kamdje AH, Bassi G, Pacelli L, Malpeli G, Amati E, Nichele I, Pizzolo G & Krampera M 2012 Role of stromal cell-mediated Notch signaling in CLL resistance to chemotherapy. Blood Cancer Journal 2 e73. (doi:10.1038/bcj.2012.17)
117. Oldham S 2011 Obesity and nutrient sensing TOR pathway in flies and vertebrates: functional conservation of genetic mechanisms. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 22 45-52. (doi:10.1016/j.tem. 2010.11.002)
118. Oliveira LP, Jesus RP, Boulhosa RS, Mendes CM, Lyra AC & Lyra LG 2012 Metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection who do not have obesity or type 2 diabetes. Clinics 67 219-223. (doi:10.6061/clinics/2012(03)03)
119. Ouyang H, Shiwaku HO, Hagiwara H, Miura K, Abe T, Kato Y, Ohtani H, Shiiba K, Souza RF, Meltzer SJ et al. 1997 The insulin-like growth factor II receptor gene is mutated in genetically unstable cancers of the endometrium, stomach, and colorectum. Cancer Research 57 1851-1854.
120. Ozen A, Furman A, Berber M, Karatepe HO, Mutlu N, Saricoban HE & Buyukgebiz B 2011 The effect of Helicobacter pylori and economic status on growth parameters and leptin, ghrelin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentrations in children. Helicobacter 16 55-65. (doi:10.1111/j.1523-5378. 2010.00814.x)
121. Panasiti V, Naspi A, Devirgiliis V, Curzio M, Roberti V, Curzio G, Gobbi S, Calvieri S & Londei P 2011 Correlation between insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 serum level and melanoma progression. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 64 865-872. (doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.03.035)
122. Park H, Kim M, Kwon GT, Lim DY, Yu R, Sung MK, Lee KW, Daily JW, III & Park JH 2011a A high-fat diet increases angiogenesis, solid tumor growth, and lung metastasis of CT26 colon cancer cells in obesityresistant BALB/c mice. Molecular Carcinogenesis 51 869-880. (doi:10.1002/mc.20856)
123. Park SL, Setiawan VW, Kanetsky PA, Zhang ZF, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN & Le ML 2011b Serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels with risk of malignant melanoma. Cancer Causes & Control 22 1267-1275. (doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9800-1)
124. Pasanisi P, Bruno E, Venturelli E, Manoukian S, Barile M, Peissel B, De Giacomi C, Bonanni B, Berrino J & Berrino F 2011 Serum levels of IGF-I and BRCA penetrance: a case control study in breast cancer families. Familial Cancer 10 521-528. (doi:10.1007/s10689-011-9437-y)
125. Pepper MS, Vassalli JD, Montesano R & Orci L 1987 Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is induced in migrating capillary endothelial cells. Journal of Cell Biology 105 2535-2541. (doi:10.1083/jcb.105.6. 2535)
126. Pezzino V, Trischitta V, Purrello F & Vigneri R 1982 Effect of metformin on insulin binding to receptors in cultured human lymphocytes and cancer cells. Diabetologia 23 131-135. (doi:10.1007/BF01271174)
127. Pierre-Eugene C, Pagesy P, Nguyen TT, Neuille M, Tschank G, Tennagels N, Hampe C & Issad T 2012 Effect of insulin analogues on insulin/IGF1 hybrid receptors: increased activation by glargine but not by its metabolites M1 and M2. PLoS ONE 7 e41992. (doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0041992)
128. Pollak M 2012 The insulin and insulin-like growth factor receptor family in neoplasia: an update. Nature Reviews. Cancer 12 159-169. (doi:10.1038/ nrc3215)
129. Price AJ, Allen NE, Appleby PN, Crowe FL, Travis RC, Tipper SJ, Overvad K, Gronbaek H, Tjonneland A, Johnsen NF et al. 2012 Insulin-like growth factor-I concentration and risk of prostate cancer: results from the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 21 1531-1541. (doi:10.1158/ 1055-9965.EPI-12-0481-T)
130. Probst OC, Puxbaum V, Svoboda B, Leksa V, Stockinger H, Mikula M, Mikulits W & Mach L 2009 The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor restricts the tumourigenicity and invasiveness of squamous cell carcinoma cells. International Journal of Cancer 124 2559-2567. (doi:10.1002/ijc.24236)
131. Puxbaum V, Nimmerfall E, Bauerl C, Taub N, Blaas PM, Wieser J, MikulaM, Mikulits W, Ng KM, Yeoh GC et al. 2012 M6P/IGF2R modulates the invasiveness of liver cells via its capacity to bind mannose 6-phosphate residues. Journal of Hepatology 57 337-343. (doi:10.1016/j. jhep.2012.03.026)
132. Rabiau N, Dechelotte P, Adjakly M, Kemeny JL, Guy L, Boiteux JP, Kwiatkowski F, Bignon YJ & Bernard-Gallon D 2011 BRCA1, BRCA2, AR and IGF-I expression in prostate cancer: correlation between RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical detection. Oncology Reports 26 695-702. (doi:10.3892/or. 2011.1339)
133. Ricketts HT 1947 Does hyperglycemia harm the diabetic patient? Medical Clinics of North America 31 267-277. Rinderknecht E & Humbel RE 1978 Primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor II. FEBS Letters 89 283-286. (doi:10.1016/0014-5793(78)80237-3)
134. Rohrmann S, Grote VA, Becker S, Rinaldi S, Tjonneland A, Roswall N, Gronbaek H, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F et al. 2012 Concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 and pancreatic cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. British Journal of Cancer 106 1004-1010. (doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.19)
135. Ropelle ER, Flores MB, Cintra DE, Rocha GZ, Pauli JR, Morari J, de Souza CT, Moraes JC, Prada PO, Guadagnini D et al. 2010 IL-6 and IL-10 antiinflammatory activity links exercise to hypothalamic insulin and leptin sensitivity through IKKb and ER stress inhibition. PLoS Biology 8 (8) pii: e1000465. (doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000465)
136. Rosen N, Yee D, Lippman ME, Paik S & Cullen KJ 1991 Insulin-like growth factors in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 18 (Suppl 1) S55-S62. (doi:10.1007/BF02633529)
137. Rowinsky EK, Schwartz JD, Zojwalla N, Youssoufian H, Fox F, Pultar P, Novosyadlyy R, Cosaert J & Ludwig DL 2011 Blockade of insulin-like growth factor type-1 receptor with cixutumumab (IMC-A12): a novel approach to treatment for multiple cancers. Current Drug Targets 12 2016-2033. (doi:10.2174/ 138945011798829401)
138. Rowlands MA, Holly JM, Hamdy F, Phillips J, Goodwin L, Marsden G, Gunnell D, Donovan J, Neal DE & Martin RM 2012 Serum insulinlike growth factors and mortality in localised and advanced clinically detected prostate cancer. Cancer Causes & Control 23 347-354. (doi:10.1007/s10552-011-9883-8)
139. Rowzee AM, Ludwig DL & Wood TL 2009 Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor and insulin receptor isoform expression and signaling in mammary epithelial cells. Endocrinology 150 3611-3619. (doi:10.1210/ en.2008-1473)
140. Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N & Safarinejad S 2011a Relationship of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene polymorphism with the susceptibility to development of prostate cancer and influence on serum levels of IGF-I, and IGFBP-3. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 21 146-154. (doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2011.03.008)
141. Safarinejad MR, Shafiei N & Safarinejad SH 2011b The association between bladder cancer and a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2854744) in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) gene. Archives of Toxicology 85 1209-1218. (doi:10.1007/s00204-011-0671-8)
142. Sajid W, Kulahin N, Schluckebier G, Ribel U, Henderson HR, Tatar M, Hansen BF, Svendsen AM, Kiselyov VV, Norgaard P et al. 2011 Structural and biological properties of the Drosophila insulin-like peptide 5 show evolutionary conservation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286 661-673. (doi:10.1074/jbc. M110.156018)
143. Sakitani K, Hirata Y, Hayakawa Y, Serizawa T, Nakata W, Takahashi R, Kinoshita H, Sakamoto K, Nakagawa H, AkanumaMet al. 2012 The role of Interleukin-32 in Helicobacter pylori - induced gastric inflammation. Infection and Immunity 80 3795-3803. (doi:10.1128/IAI.00637-12)
144. Sakurai T & Kudo M 2011 Signaling pathways governing tumor angiogenesis. Oncology 81 (Suppl 1) 24-29. (doi:10.1159/000333256)
145. Schiller HB, Szekeres A, Binder BR, Stockinger H & Leksa V 2009 Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor limits cell invasion by controlling alphaVbeta3 integrin expression and proteolytic processing of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. Molecular Biology of the Cell 20 745-756. (doi:10.1091/mbc.E08-06-0569)
146. Schmitz S, Kaminsky-Forrett MC, Henry S, Zanetta S, Geoffrois L, Bompas E, Moxhon A, Mignion L, Guigay J, Knoops L et al. 2012 Phase II study of figitumumab in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: clinical activity and molecular response (GORTEC 2008-02). Annals of Oncology 23 2153-2161. (doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr574)
147. Schmoller A, Hass T, Strugovshchikova O, Melchert UH, Scholand-Engler HG, Peters A, Schweiger U, Hohagen F & Oltmanns KM 2010 Evidence for a relationship between body mass and energy metabolism in the human brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 30 1403-1410. (doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2010.48)
148. Seke Etet PF, Vecchio L & Nwabo Kamdje AH 2012 Interactions between bone marrow stromal microenvironment and B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: any role for Notch, Wnt and Hh signaling pathways? Cellular Signalling 24 1433-1443. (doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.03.008)
149. Shersher DD, Vercillo MS, Fhied C, Basu S, Rouhi O, Mahon B, Coon JS, Warren WH, Faber LP, Hong E et al. 2011 Biomarkers of the insulin-like growth factor pathway predict progression and outcome in lung cancer. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 92 1805-1811. (doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.06.058)
150. Simar D, Jacques A & Caillaud C 2012 Heat shock proteins induction reduces stress kinases activation, potentially improving insulin signalling in monocytes from obese subjects. Cell Stress & Chaperones 17 615-621. (doi:10.1007/s12192-012-0336-4)
151. Soubry A, Il'yasova D, Sedjo R, Wang F, Byers T, Rosen C, Yashin A, Ukraintseva S, Haffner S & D'Agostino R, Jr 2012 Increase in circulating levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 molar ratio over a decade is associated with colorectal adenomatous polyps. International Journal of Cancer 131 512-517. (doi:10.1002/ijc.26393)
152. Spiller F, Carlos D, Souto FO, de Freitas A, Soares FS, Vieira SM, Paula FJ, Alves-Filho JC & Cunha FQ 2012 a1-Acid glycoprotein decreases neutrophil migration and increases susceptibility to sepsis in diabetic mice. Diabetes 61 1584-1591. (doi:10.2337/db11-0825)
153. Sprynski AC, Hose D, Kassambara A, Vincent L, Jourdan M, Rossi JF, Goldschmidt H & Klein B 2010 Insulin is a potentmyeloma cell growth factor through insulin/IGF-1 hybrid receptor activation. Leukemia 24 1940-1950. (doi:10.1038/leu.2010.192)
154. Spyridopoulos TN, Dessypris N, Antoniadis AG, Gialamas S, Antonopoulos CN, Katsifoti K, Adami HO, Chrousos GP & Petridou ET 2012 Insulin resistance and risk of renal cell cancer: a case-control study. Hormones 11 308-315.
155. Stienstra R, van Diepen JA, Tack CJ, Zaki MH, van de Veerdonk FL, Perera D, Neale GA, Hooiveld GJ, Hijmans A, Vroegrijk I et al. 2011 Inflammasome is a central player in the induction of obesity and insulin resistance. PNAS 108 15324-15329. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1100255108)
156. Stubbs MC, Kim YM, Krivtsov AV,Wright RD, Feng Z, Agarwal J, Kung AL & Armstrong SA 2008 MLL-AF9 and FLT3 cooperation in acute myelogenous leukemia: development of a model for rapid therapeutic assessment. Leukemia 22 66-77. (doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2404951)
157. Suissa S 2008 Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology. American Journal of Epidemiology 167 492-499. (doi:10.1093/aje/kwm324)
158. Sunahara KK & Martins JO 2012 Alveolar macrophages in diabetes: friends or foes? Journal of Leukocyte Biology 91 871-876. (doi:10.1189/jlb. 0911488)
159. Takahara K, Tearle H, Ghaffari M, Gleave ME, Pollak M & Cox ME 2011 Human prostate cancer xenografts in lit/lit mice exhibit reduced growth and androgen-independent progression. Prostate 71 525-537. (doi:10.1002/pros.21268)
160. Takano S, Gately S, Neville ME, Herblin WF, Gross JL, Engelhard H, Perricone M, Eidsvoog K & Brem S 1994 Suramin, an anticancer and angiosuppressive agent, inhibits endothelial cell binding of basic fibroblast growth factor, migration, proliferation, and induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Cancer Research 54 2654-2660.
161. Talbot K, Wang HY, Kazi H, Han LY, Bakshi KP, Stucky A, Fuino RL, Kawaguchi KR, Samoyedny AJ, Wilson RS et al. 2012 Demonstrated brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease patients is associated with IGF-1 resistance, IRS-1 dysregulation, and cognitive decline. Journal of Clinical Investigation 122 1316-1338. (doi:10.1172/JCI59903)
162. Tan BX, Yao WX, Ge J, Peng XC, Du XB, Zhang R, Yao B, Xie K, Li LH, Dong H et al. 2011 Prognostic influence of metformin as first-line chemotherapy for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cancer 117 5103-5111. (doi:10.1002/cncr.26151)
163. Tanaka S, Inoue S, Isoda F, WasedaM, IshiharaM, Yamakawa T, SugiyamaA, Takamura Y & Okuda K 1993 Impaired immunity in obesity: suppressed but reversible lymphocyte responsiveness. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 17 631-636.
164. Thabit H, Healy ML, Royston D, Broe P, Scarramuzzi N, Walsh TN & Sreenan S 2011 A case of spontaneous hypoglycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in the same patient. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 48 183-185. (doi:10.1258/acb.2010.010064)
165. Tognon CE & Sorensen PH 2012 Targeting the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling pathway for cancer therapy. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 16 33-48. (doi:10.1517/14728222.2011. 638626)
166. Trinconi AF, Filassi JR, Soares JM, Jr & Baracat EC 2011 Evaluation of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) IGF-I and IGF binding protein 3 in patients at high risk for breast cancer. Fertility and Sterility 95 2753-2755. (doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.014)
167. Tzivion G, Dobson M & Ramakrishnan G 2011 FoxO transcription factors; regulation by AKT and 14-3-3 proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1813 1938-1945. (doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.002)
168. Ulanet DB, Ludwig DL, Kahn CR & Hanahan D 2010 Insulin receptor functionally enhances multistage tumor progression and conveys intrinsic resistance to IGF-1R targeted therapy. PNAS 107 10791-10798. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0914076107)
169. Venkateswaran V, Haddad AQ, Fleshner NE, Fan R, Sugar LM, Nam R, Klotz LH & Pollak M 2007 Association of diet-induced hyperinsulinemia with accelerated growth of prostate cancer (LNCaP) xenografts. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 99 1793-1800. (doi:10.1093/ jnci/djm231)
170. Vykoukal D & Davies MG 2012 Biology of metabolic syndrome in a vascular patient. Vascular 20 156-165. (doi:10.1258/vasc.2011. 201201)
171. Wang Y, Hua S, Tian W, Zhang L, Zhao J, Zhang H, ZhangW& Xue F 2012 Mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects of insulin in endometrial cancer are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt dependent. Gynecologic Oncology 125 734-741. (doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.012)
172. Witso E 2012 The role of infection-associated risk factors in prosthetic surgery. Hip International 22 (Suppl 8) S5-S8. (doi:10.5301/HIP.2012. 9564)
173. Wu K, Feskanich D, Fuchs CS, Chan AT, Willett WC, Hollis BW, Pollak MN & Giovannucci E 2011 Interactions between plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and C-peptide with risk of colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE 6 e28520. (doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0028520)
174. Yekollu SK, Thomas R & O'Sullivan B 2011 Targeting curcusomes to inflammatory dendritic cells inhibits NF-kappaB and improves insulin resistance in obese mice. Diabetes 60 2928-2938. (doi:10.2337/ db11-0275)
175. Yoon AJ, Zavras AI, ChenMK, Lin CW& Yang SF 2012 Association between Gly1619ARG polymorphism of IGF2R domain 11 (rs629849) and advanced stage of oral cancer. Medical Oncology 29 682-685. (doi:10.1007/s12032-011-9863-6)
176. Zhang B & Roth RA 1991 Binding properties of chimeric insulin receptors containing the cysteine-rich domain of either the insulin-like growth factor I receptor or the insulin receptor related receptor. Biochemistry 30 5113-5117. (doi:10.1021/bi00235a001)
177. Zhou H, Rao J, Lin J, Yin B, Sheng H, Lin F, Zhang N & Yang L 2011 The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor kinase inhibitor NVP-ADW742 sensitizes medulloblastoma to the effects of chemotherapy. Oncology Reports 25 1565-1571. (doi:10.3892/or.2010.1077)