Peptide-based delivery to bone

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 64, Issue 12, 2012, Pages 1220-1238

  Aoki, Kazuhiro ^a   Alles, Neil ^a   Soysa, Niroshani ^a,b   Ohya, Keiichi ^a  

^a TOKYO MEDICAL AND DENTAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA   (Sri Lanka)

Author keywords

Antagonist; BMP; Bone formation stimulatory peptide; Bone resorption inhibitory peptide; Bone targeting peptide; Cholesterol bearing pullulan (CHP) nanogel; Collagen; Half life; RANKL (receptor activator of NF B ligand); Stability; Thrombin

Indexed keywords

ANTAGONIST; BMP; BONE FORMATION; HALF-LIFE; INHIBITORY PEPTIDES; NANOGELS; RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR; THROMBIN;

BONE; COLLAGEN; CONVERGENCE OF NUMERICAL METHODS; DEFECTS;

PEPTIDES;

ALBUMIN; ALENDRONIC ACID; ASPARTIC ACID; B2A PEPTIDE; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CHOLESTEROL BEARING PULLULAN; COLLAGEN; DENOSUMAB; LIRAGLUTIDE; NANOCARRIER; NEMO BINDING DOMAIN PEPTIDE; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; OSTEOGENIC GROWTH PEPTIDE; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; OSTEOPROTEGERIN[3-4]; P 15 PEPTIDE; P 24 PEPTIDE; P 4 PEPTIDE; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; PEPTIDE; POLYGLACTIN; PROTEOGLYCAN; RANKL INHIBITOR PEPTIDE; RECOMBINANT PARATHYROID HORMONE; RUSALATIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; WP9QY PEPTIDE;

ARTHRALGIA; ARTHRITIS; BINDING AFFINITY; BIOSYNTHESIS; BONE; BONE DEFECT; BONE MINERAL; CATABOLISM; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DIABETIC FOOT; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; FRACTURE NONUNION; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFLAMMATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PERIODONTITIS; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; RADIUS FRACTURE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SKULL DEFECT;

ANIMALS; BONE AND BONES; BONE DISEASES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUG DESIGN; HUMANS; PEPTIDES; PROTEIN STABILITY;

EID: 84865282407     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: 18728294     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.017     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Suva L.J., Brander B.E., Makhoul I. Update on bone-modifying agents in metastatic breast cancer. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2011, 7:380-381.
2. Deal C. Potential new drug targets for osteoporosis. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol. 2009, 5:20-27.
3. van Vollenhoven R.F. Unresolved issues in biologic therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2011, 7:205-215.
4. Taylor P.C., Feldmann M. Anti-TNF biologic agents: still the therapy of choice for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2009, 5:578-582.
5. Takasaki W., Kajino Y., Kajino K., Murali R., Greene M.I. Structure-based design and characterization of exocyclic peptidomimetics that inhibit TNFα binding to its receptor. Nat. Biotechnol. 1997, 15:1266-1270.
6. Kieber-Emmons T., Murali R., Greene M.I. Therapeutic peptides and peptidomimetics. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 1997, 8:435-441.
7. Lowman H.B. Bacteriophage display and discovery of peptide leads for drug development. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 1997, 26:401-424.
8. Malavolta L., Pinto M.R., Cuvero J.H., Nakaie C.R. Interpretation of the dissolution of insoluble peptide sequences based on the acid-base properties of the solvent. Protein Sci. 2006, 15:1476-1488.
9. Boyle W.J., Lacey D.L., Timms E., Tan H.L., Kelley M.J., Dunstan C.R., Burgess T., Elliott R., Colombero A., Elliott G., Scully S., Hsu H., Sullivan J., Hawkins N., Davy E., Capparelli C., Eli A., Qian Y.X., Kaufman S., Sarosi I., Shalhoub V., Senaldi G., Guo J., Delaney J. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 1998, 93:165-176.
10. Burgess T.L., Qian Y.X., Kaufman S., Ring B.D., Van G., Capparelli C., Kelley M., Hsu H.L., Boyle W.J., Dunstan C.R., Hu S., Lacey D.L. The ligand for osteoprotegerin (OPGL) directly activates mature osteoclasts. J. Cell Biol. 1999, 145:527-538.
11. Penninger J.M., Kong Y.Y., Yoshida H., Sarosi I., Tan H.L., Timms E., Capparelli C., Morony S., Oliveira-dos-Santos A.J., Van G., Itie A., Khoo W., Wakeham A., Dunstan C.R., Lacey D.L., Mak T.W., Boyle W.J. OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 1999, 397:315-323.
12. Li J., Boyle W.J., Sarosi I., Yan X.Q., Morony S., Capparelli C., Tan H.L., McCabe S., Elliott R., Scully S., Van G., Kaufman S., Juan S.C., Sun Y., Tarpley J., Martin L., Christensen K., McCabe J., Kostenuik P., Hsu H., Fletcher F., Dunstan C.R., Lacey D.L. RANK is the intrinsic hematopoietic cell surface receptor that controls osteoclastogenesis and regulation of bone mass and calcium metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97:1566-1571.
13. Simonet W.S., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Kelley M., Chang M.S., Luthy R., Nguyen H.Q., Wooden S., Bennett L., Boone T., Shimamoto G., DeRose M., Elliott R., Colombero A., Tan H.L., Trail G., Sullivan J., Davy E., Bucay N., RenshawGegg L., Hughes T.M., Hill D., Pattison W., Campbell P., Sander S., Van G., Tarpley J., Derby P., Lee R., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997, 89:309-319.
14. Penninger J.M., Leibbrandt A. RANK/RANKL: regulators of immune responses and bone physiology. Year Immunol. 2008, 2008(1143):123-150.
15. Taub R., Greene M.I. Functional validation of ligand mimicry by anti-receptor antibodies: structural and therapeutic implications. Biochemistry 1992, 31:7431-7435.
16. Zhang X., Gaubin M., Briant L., Srikantan V., Murali R., Saragovi U., Weiner D., Devaux C., Autiero M., Piatier-Tonneau D., Greene M.I. Synthetic CD4 exocyclics inhibit binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope to CD4 and virus replication in T lymphocytes. Nat. Biotechnol. 1997, 15:150-154.
17. Abu-Amer Y., Ross F.P., Edwards J., Teitelbaum S.L. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated osteoclastogenesis is mediated by tumor necrosis factor via its P55 receptor. J. Clin. Invest. 1997, 100:1557-1565.
18. Kobayashi K., Takahashi N., Jimi E., Udagawa N., Takami M., Kotake S., Nakagawa N., Kinosaki M., Yamaguchi K., Shima N., Yasuda H., Morinaga T., Higashio K., Martin T.J., Suda T. Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of the ODF/RANKL-RANK interaction. J. Exp. Med. 2000, 191:275-286.
19. Choi Y., Arron J.R., Townsend M.J. Promising bone-related therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2009, 5:543-548.
20. Martel-Pelletier J., Kapoor M., Lajeunesse D., Pelletier J.P., Fahmi H. Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2011, 7:33-42.
21. Aoki K., Saito H., Itzstein C., Ishiguro M., Shibata T., Blanque R., Mian A.H., Takahashi M., Suzuki Y., Yoshimatsu M., Yamaguchi A., Deprez P., Mollat P., Murali R., Ohya K., Horne W.C., Baron R. A TNF receptor loop peptide mimic blocks RANK ligand-induced signaling, bone resorption, and bone loss. J. Clin. Invest. 2006, 116:1525-1534.
22. Kojima T., Aoki K., Nonaka K., Saito H., Azuma M., Iwai H., Baron R., Ohya K., Amagasa T. Subcutaneous injections of a TNF-α antagonistic peptide inhibit both inflammation and bone resorption in collagen-induced murine arthritis. J. Med. Dent. Sci. 2005, 52:91-99.
23. Suzuki Y., Aoki K., Saito H., Umeda M., Nitta H., Baron R., Ohya K. A tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist inhibits inflammatory bone resorption induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in mice. J. Periodontal Res. 2006, 41:81-91.
24. Saito H., Kojima T., Takahashi M., Horne W.C., Baron R., Amagasa T., Ohya K., Aoki K. A tumor necrosis factor receptor loop peptide mimic inhibits bone destruction to the same extent as anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody in murine collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56:1164-1174.
25. Aoki K. The effects of NF-κB inhibitors on bone formation. J. Oral Biosci. 2010, 52:303-310.
26. Cheng X., Kinosaki M., Takami M., Choi Y., Zhang H., Murali R. Disabling of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) receptor complex by novel osteoprotegerin-like peptidomimetics restores bone loss in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:8269-8277.
27. Heath D.J., Vanderkerken K., Cheng X., Gallagher O., Prideaux M., Murali R., Croucher P.I. An osteoprotegerin-like peptidomimetic inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and osteolytic bone disease in myeloma. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:202-208.
28. Liu C., Walter T.S., Huang P., Zhang S., Zhu X., Wu Y., Wedderburn L.R., Tang P., Owens R.J., Stuart D.I., Ren J., Gao B. Structural and functional insights of RANKL-RANK interaction and signaling. J. Immunol. 2010, 184:6910-6919.
29. Ta H.M., Nguyen G.T., Jin H.M., Choi J., Park H., Kim N., Hwang H.Y., Kim K.K. Structure-based development of a receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) inhibitor peptide and molecular basis for osteopetrosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:20281-20286.
30. Lam J., Nelson C.A., Ross F.P., Teitelbaum S.L., Fremont D.H. Crystal structure of the TRANCE/RANKL cytokine reveals determinants of receptor-ligand specificity. J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 108:971-979.
31. Kamiya N., Ye L., Kobayashi T., Mochida Y., Yamauchi M., Kronenberg H.M., Feng J.Q., Mishina Y. BMP signaling negatively regulates bone mass through sclerostin by inhibiting the canonical Wnt pathway. Development 2008, 135:3801-3811.
32. Kamiya N., Kobayashi T., Mochida Y., Yu P.B., Yamauchi M., Kronenberg H.M., Mishina Y. Wnt inhibitors Dkk1 and Sost are downstream targets of BMP signaling through the type IA receptor (BMPRIA) in osteoblasts. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2010, 25:200-210.
33. Lin X., Zamora P.O., Albright S., Glass J.D., Pena L.A. Multidomain synthetic peptide B2A2 synergistically enhances BMP-2 in vitro. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2005, 20:693-703.
34. Lin X., Elliot J.J., Carnes D.L., Fox W.C., Pena L.A., Campion S.L., Takahashi K., Atkinson B.L., Zamora P.O. Augmentation of osseous phenotypes in vivo with a synthetic peptide. J. Orthop. Res. 2007, 25:531-539.
35. Smucker J.D., Bobst J.A., Petersen E.B., Nepola J.V., Fredericks D.C. B2A peptide on ceramic granules enhance posterolateral spinal fusion in rabbits compared with autograft. Spine 2008, 33:1324-1329. (Phila Pa 1976).
36. Cunningham B.W., Atkinson B.L., Hu N., Kikkawa J., Jenis L., Bryant J., Zamora P.O., McAfee P.C. Ceramic granules enhanced with B2A peptide for lumbar interbody spine fusion: an experimental study using an instrumented model in sheep. J. Neurosurg. Spine 2009, 10:300-307.
37. Blum B., Moseley J., Miller L., Richelsoph K., Haggard W. Measurement of bone morphogenetic proteins and other growth factors in demineralized bone matrix. Orthopedics 2004, 27:s161-s165.
38. Saito A., Suzuki Y., Ogata S., Ohtsuki C., Tanihara M. Activation of osteo-progenitor cells by a novel synthetic peptide derived from the bone morphogenetic protein-2 knuckle epitope. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2003, 1651:60-67.
39. Saito A., Suzuki Y., Ogata S., Ohtsuki C., Tanihara M. Prolonged ectopic calcification induced by BMP-2-derived synthetic peptide. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2004, 70:115-121.
40. Saito A., Suzuki Y., Kitamura M., Ogata S., Yoshihara Y., Masuda S., Ohtsuki C., Tanihara M. Repair of 20-mm long rabbit radial bone defects using BMP-derived peptide combined with an alpha-tricalcium phosphate scaffold. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2006, 77:700-706.
41. Lin Z.Y., Duan Z.X., Guo X.D., Li J.F., Lu H.W., Zheng Q.X., Quan D.P., Yang S.H. Bone induction by biomimetic PLGA-(PEG-ASP)n copolymer loaded with a novel synthetic BMP-2-related peptide in vitro and in vivo. J. Control. Release 2010, 144:190-195.
42. Duan Z.X., Zheng Q.X., Guo X.D., Yuan Q., Chen S.G. Experimental research on ectopic osteogenesis of BMP2-derived peptide P24 combined with PLGA copolymers. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technolog. Med. Sci. 2007, 27:179-182.
43. Niu X., Feng Q., Wang M., Guo X., Zheng Q. In vitro degradation and release behavior of porous poly(lactic acid) scaffolds containing chitosan microspheres as a carrier for BMP-2-derived synthetic peptide. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2009, 94:176-182.
44. Saito A., Suzuki Y., Ogata S., Ohtsuki C., Tanihara M. Accelerated bone repair with the use of a synthetic BMP-2-derived peptide and bone-marrow stromal cells. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 72:77-82.
45. Suzuki Y., Tanihara M., Suzuki K., Saitou A., Sufan W., Nishimura Y. Alginate hydrogel linked with synthetic oligopeptide derived from BMP-2 allows ectopic osteoinduction in vivo. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 50:405-409.
46. Bhatnagar R.S., Qian J.J., Wedrychowska A., Sadeghi M., Wu Y.M., Smith N. Design of biomimetic habitats for tissue engineering with P-15, a synthetic peptide analogue of collagen. Tissue Eng. 1999, 5:53-65.
47. Nguyen H., Qian J.J., Bhatnagar R.S., Li S. Enhanced cell attachment and osteoblastic activity by P-15 peptide-coated matrix in hydrogels. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 311:179-186.
48. Hanks T., Atkinson B.L. Comparison of cell viability on anorganic bone matrix with or without P-15 cell binding peptide. Biomaterials 2004, 25:4831-4836.
49. Hole B.B., Schwarz J.A., Gilbert J.L., Atkinson B.L. A study of biologically active peptide sequences (P-15) on the surface of an ABM scaffold (PepGen P-15) using AFM and FTIR. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 74:712-721.
50. Turhani D., Weissenbock M., Watzinger E., Yerit K., Cvikl B., Ewers R., Thurnher D. Invitro study of adherent mandibular osteoblast-like cells on carrier materials. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2005, 34:543-550.
51. Palmieri A., Pezzetti F., Brunelli G., Martinelli M., Lo Muzio L., Scarano A., Degidi M., Piattelli A., Carinci F. Peptide-15 changes miRNA expression in osteoblast-like cells. Implant. Dent. 2008, 17:100-108.
52. Emecen P., Akman A.C., Hakki S.S., Hakki E.E., Demiralp B., Tozum T.F., Nohutcu R.M. ABM/P-15 modulates proliferation and mRNA synthesis of growth factors of periodontal ligament cells. Acta Odontol. Scand. 2009, 67:65-73.
53. Artzi Z., Weinreb M., Tal H., Nemcovsky C.E., Rohrer M.D., Prasad H.S., Kozlovsky A. Experimental intrabony and periodontal defects treated with natural mineral combined with a synthetic cell-binding peptide in the canine: morphometric evaluations. J. Periodontol. 2006, 77:1658-1664.
54. Vastardis S., Yukna R.A., Mayer E.T., Atkinson B.L. Periodontal regeneration with peptide-enhanced anorganic bone matrix in particulate and putty form in dogs. J. Periodontol. 2005, 76:1690-1696.
55. Sherman B.P., Lindley E.M., Turner A.S., Seim H.B., Benedict J., Burger E.L., Patel V.V. Evaluation of ABM/P-15 versus autogenous bone in an ovine lumbar interbody fusion model. Eur. Spine J. 2010, 19:2156-2163.
56. Lindley E.M., Guerra F.A., Krauser J.T., Matos S.M., Burger E.L., Patel V.V. Small peptide (P-15) bone substitute efficacy in a rabbit cancellous bone model. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B Appl. Biomater. 2010, 94:463-468.
57. R. Lutz, S. Srour, J. Nonhoff, T. Weisel, C.J. Damien, K.A. Schlegel, Biofunctionalization of titanium implants with a biomimetic active peptide (P-15) promotes early osseointegration, Clin. Oral. Implants Res., 21 726-734.
58. Thorwarth M., Schultze-Mosgau S., Wehrhan F., Srour S., Wiltfang J., Neukam F.W., Schlegel K.A. Enhanced bone regeneration with a synthetic cell-binding peptide-in vivo results. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 329:789-795.
59. Lallier T.E., Palaiologou A.A., Yukna R.A., Layman D.L. The putative collagen-binding peptide P-15 promotes fibroblast attachment to root shavings but not hydroxyapatite. J. Periodontol. 2003, 74:458-467.
60. Yukna R.A., Krauser J.T., Callan D.P., Evans G.H., Cruz R., Martin M. Multi-center clinical comparison of combination anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite matrix (ABM)/cell binding peptide (P-15) and ABM in human periodontal osseous defects. 6-month results. J. Periodontol. 2000, 71:1671-1679.
61. Barros R.R., Novaes A.B., Roriz V.M., Oliveira R.R., Grisi M.F., Souza S.L., Taba M., Palioto D.B. Anorganic bovine matrix/p-15 "flow" in the treatment of periodontal defects: case series with 12months of follow-up. J. Periodontol. 2006, 77:1280-1287.
62. Yukna R.A., Krauser J.T., Callan D.P., Evans G.H., Cruz R., Martin M. Thirty-six month follow-up of 25 patients treated with combination anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite matrix (ABM)/cell-binding peptide (P-15) bone replacement grafts in human infrabony defects. I. Clinical findings. J. Periodontol. 2002, 73:123-128.
63. Kasaj A., Rohrig B., Reichert C., Willershausen B. Clinical evaluation of anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite matrix/cell-binding peptide (P-15) in the treatment of human infrabony defects. Clin. Oral Investig. 2008, 12:241-247.
64. Trombelli L., Farina R. Clinical outcomes with bioactive agents alone or in combination with grafting or guided tissue regeneration. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2008, 35:117-135.
65. Gomar F., Orozco R., Villar J.L., Arrizabalaga F. P-15 small peptide bone graft substitute in the treatment of non-unions and delayed union. A pilot clinical trial. Int. Orthop. 2007, 31:93-99.
66. Nazareth C.A., Cury P.R. Use of anorganic bovine-derived hydroxyapatite matrix/cell-binding peptide (P-15) in the treatment isolated Class I gingival recession of defects: a pilot study. J. Periodontol. 2011, 82:700-707.
67. Fernandes P.G., Novaes A.B., de Queiroz A.C., de Souza S.L., Taba M., Palioto D.B., Grisi M.F. Ridge preservation with acellular dermal matrix and anorganic bone matrix cell-binding peptide P-15 after tooth extraction in humans. J. Periodontol. 2011, 82:72-79.
68. Glenn K.C., Frost G.H., Bergmann J.S., Carney D.H. Synthetic peptides bind to high-affinity thrombin receptors and modulate thrombin mitogenesis. Pept. Res. 1988, 1:65-73.
69. Carney D.H., Mann R., Redin W.R., Pernia S.D., Berry D., Heggers J.P., Hayward P.G., Robson M.C., Christie J., Annable C., et al. Enhancement of incisional wound healing and neovascularization in normal rats by thrombin and synthetic thrombin receptor-activating peptides. J. Clin. Invest. 1992, 89:1469-1477.
70. Hedberg E.L., Kroese-Deutman H.C., Shih C.K., Crowther R.S., Carney D.H., Mikos A.G., Jansen J.A. Effect of varied release kinetics of the osteogenic thrombin peptide TP508 from biodegradable, polymeric scaffolds on bone formation in vivo. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 2005, 72:343-353.
71. Norfleet A.M., Bergmann J.S., Carney D.H. Thrombin peptide, TP508, stimulates angiogenic responses in animal models of dermal wound healing, in chick chorioallantoic membranes, and in cultured human aortic and microvascular endothelial cells. Gen. Pharmacol. 2000, 35:249-254.
72. Stiernberg J., Norfleet A.M., Redin W.R., Warner W.S., Fritz R.R., Carney D.H. Acceleration of full-thickness wound healing in normal rats by the synthetic thrombin peptide, TP508. Wound Repair Regen. 2000, 8:204-215.
73. Stiernberg J., Redin W.R., Warner W.S., Carney D.H. The role of thrombin and thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP-508) in initiation of tissue repair. Thromb. Haemost. 1993, 70:158-162.
74. Li G., Cui Y., McIlmurray L., Allen W.E., Wang H. rhBMP-2, rhVEGF(165), rhPTN and thrombin-related peptide, TP508 induce chemotaxis of human osteoblasts and microvascular endothelial cells. J. Orthop. Res. 2005, 23:680-685.
75. Sower L.E., Payne D.A., Meyers R., Carney D.H. Thrombin peptide, TP508, induces differential gene expression in fibroblasts through a nonproteolytic activation pathway. Exp. Cell Res. 1999, 247:422-431.
76. Olszewska-Pazdrak B., Hart-Vantassell A., Carney D.H. Thrombin peptide TP508 stimulates rapid nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells. J. Vasc. Res. 2010, 47:203-213.
77. Derkach D.N., Wadekar S.A., Perkins K.B., Rousseau E., Dreiza C.M., Cheung-Flynn J., Ramos H.C., Ugarova T.P., Sheller M.R. RGD-dependent binding of TP508 to integrin alphavbeta3 mediates cell adhesion and induction of nitric oxide. Thromb. Haemost. 2010, 104:172-182.
78. Tsopanoglou N.E., Papaconstantinou M.E., Flordellis C.S., Maragoudakis M.E. On the mode of action of thrombin-induced angiogenesis: thrombin peptide, TP508, mediates effects in endothelial cells via alphavbeta3 integrin. Thromb. Haemost. 2004, 92:846-857.
79. Wang H., Li X., Tomin E., Doty S.B., Lane J.M., Carney D.H., Ryaby J.T. Thrombin peptide (TP508) promotes fracture repair by up-regulating inflammatory mediators, early growth factors, and increasing angiogenesis. J. Orthop. Res. 2005, 23:671-679.
80. Ryaby J.T., Sheller M.R., Levine B.P., Bramlet D.G., Ladd A.L., Carney D.H. Thrombin peptide TP508 stimulates cellular events leading to angiogenesis, revascularization, and repair of dermal and musculoskeletal tissues. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 2006, 88(Suppl. 3):132-139.
81. Hanratty B.M., Ryaby J.T., Pan X.H., Li G. Thrombin related peptide TP508 promoted fracture repair in a mouse high energy fracture model. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2009, 4:1.
82. Cakarer S., Olgac V., Aksakalli N., Tang A., Keskin C. Acceleration of consolidation period by thrombin peptide 508 in tibial distraction osteogenesis in rats. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2010, 48:633-636.
83. Li G., Ryaby J.T., Carney D.H., Wang H. Bone formation is enhanced by thrombin-related peptide TP508 during distraction osteogenesis. J. Orthop. Res. 2005, 23:196-202.
84. Amir L.R., Li G., Schoenmaker T., Everts V., Bronckers A.L. Effect of thrombin peptide 508 (TP508) on bone healing during distraction osteogenesis in rabbit tibia. Cell Tissue Res. 2007, 330:35-44.
85. Wang Y., Wan C., Szoke G., Ryaby J.T., Li G. Local injection of thrombin-related peptide (TP508) in PPF/PLGA microparticles-enhanced bone formation during distraction osteogenesis. J. Orthop. Res. 2008, 26:539-546.
86. Sheller M.R., Crowther R.S., Kinney J.H., Yang J., Di Jorio S., Breunig T., Carney D.H., Ryaby J.T. Repair of rabbit segmental defects with the thrombin peptide, TP508. J. Orthop. Res. 2004, 22:1094-1099.
87. Hedberg E.L., Kroese-Deutman H.C., Shih C.K., Lemoine J.J., Liebschner M.A., Miller M.J., Yasko A.W., Crowther R.S., Carney D.H., Mikos A.G., Jansen J.A. Methods: a comparative analysis of radiography, microcomputed tomography, and histology for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. 2005, 11:1356-1367.
88. Oyamada S., Osipov R., Bianchi C., Robich M.P., Feng J., Liu Y., Burgess T.A., Bell T.M., Sheller M.R., Sellke F.W. Effect of dimerized thrombin fragment TP508 on acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in hypercholesterolemic swine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2010, 334:449-459.
89. Fossum T.W., Olszewska-Pazdrak B., Mertens M.M., Makarski L.A., Miller M.W., Hein T.W., Kuo L., Clubb F., Fuller G.M., Carney D.H. TP508 (chrysalin) reverses endothelial dysfunction and increases perfusion and myocardial function in hearts with chronic ischemia. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008, 13:214-225.
90. Chu L.M., Osipov R.M., Robich M.P., Feng J., Sheller M.R., Sellke F.W. Effect of thrombin fragment (TP508) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2010, 122. S162-169.
91. Hedberg E.L., Tang A., Crowther R.S., Carney D.H., Mikos A.G. Controlled release of an osteogenic peptide from injectable biodegradable polymeric composites. J. Control. Release 2002, 84:137-150.
92. Kim M., Foo L.F., Uggen C., Lyman S., Ryaby J.T., Moynihan D.P., Grande D.A., Potter H.G., Pleshko N. Evaluation of early osteochondral defect repair in a rabbit model utilizing fourier transform-infrared imaging spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging, and quantitative T2 mapping. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 2010, 16:355-364.
93. Fife C., Mader J.T., Stone J., Brill L., Satterfield K., Norfleet A., Zwernemann A., Ryaby J.T., Carney D.H. Thrombin peptide chrysalin stimulates healing of diabetic foot ulcers in a placebo-controlled phase I/II study. Wound Repair Regen. 2007, 15:23-34.
94. Schluter K.D. PTH and PTHrP: similar structures but different functions. News Physiol. Sci. 1999, 14:243-249.
95. Miles R.R., Sluka J.P., Halladay D.L., Santerre R.F., Hale L.V., Bloem L., Patanjali S.R., Galvin R.J., Ma L., Hock J.M., Onyia J.E. Parathyroid hormone (hPTH 1-38) stimulates the expression of UBP41, an ubiquitin-specific protease, in bone. J. Cell. Biochem. 2002, 85:229-242.
96. Huang J.C., Sakata T., Bencsik M., Halloran B., Bikle D.D., Nissenson R.A. Effects of PTH on RANK-L and OPG gene expression during osteoblast differentiation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:S435.
97. Fujita T., Meguro T., Fukuyama R., Nakamuta H., Koida M. New signaling pathway for parathyroid hormone and cyclic AMP action on extracellular-regulated kinase and cell proliferation in bone cells. Checkpoint of modulation by cyclic AMP. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:22191-22200.
98. Dempster D.W., Cosman F., Parisien M., Shen V., Lindsay R. Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on bone. Endocr. Rev. 1993, 14:690-709.
99. Dempster D.W., Lindsay R. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Lancet 1993, 341:797-801.
100. Dobnig H., Kainer F., Stepan V., Winter R., Lipp R., Schaffer M., Kahr A., Nocnik S., Patterer G., Leb G. Elevated parathyroid hormone-related peptide levels after human gestation: relationship to changes in bone and mineral metabolism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995, 80:3699-3707.
101. Schiller P.C., D'Ippolito G., Roos B.A., Howard G.A. Anabolic or catabolic responses of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells to parathyroid hormone depend on time and duration of treatment. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1999, 14:1504-1512.
102. Horwitz M.J., Tedesco M.B., Gundberg C., Garcia-Ocana A., Stewart A.F. Short-term, high-dose parathyroid hormone-related protein as a skeletal anabolic agent for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88:569-575.
103. Pettway G.J., Schneider A., Koh A.J., Widjaja E., Morris M.D., Meganck J.A., Goldstein S.A., McCauley L.K. Anabolic actions of PTH (1-34): use of a novel tissue engineering model to investigate temporal effects on bone. Bone 2005, 36:959-970.
104. Datta N.S., Pettway G.J., Chen C., Koh A.J., McCauley L.K. Cyclin D1 as a target for the proliferative effects of PTH and PTHrP in early osteoblastic cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2007, 22:951-964.
105. Sone T., Fukunaga M., Ono S., Nishiyama T. A small dose of human parathyroid hormone(1-34) increased bone mass in the lumbar vertebrae in patients with senile osteoporosis. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 1995, 21:232-235.
106. Brommage R., Hotchkiss C.E., Lees C.J., Stancill M.W., Hock J.M., Jerome C.P. Daily treatment with human recombinant parathyroid hormone-(1-34), LY333334, for 1 year increases bone mass in ovariectomized monkeys. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:3757-3763.
107. Pettway G.J., Meganck J.A., Koh A.J., Keller E.T., Goldstein S.A., McCauley L.K. Parathyroid hormone mediates bone growth through the regulation of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Bone 2008, 42:806-818.
108. Jilka R.L., Weinstein R.S., Bellido T., Roberson P., Parfitt A.M., Manolagas S.C. Increased bone formation by prevention of osteoblast apoptosis with parathyroid hormone. J. Clin. Invest. 1999, 104:439-446.
109. Manolagas S.C. Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. Endocr. Rev. 2000, 21:115-137.
110. Leaffer D., Sweeney M., Kellerman L.A., Avnur Z., Krstenansky J.L., Vickery B.H., Caulfield J.P. Modulation of osteogenic cell ultrastructure by RS-23581, an analog of human parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide-(1-34), and bovine PTH-(1-34). Endocrinology 1995, 136:3624-3631.
111. Bikle D.D., Sakata T., Leary C., Elalieh H., Ginzinger D., Rosen C.J., Beamer W., Majumdar S., Halloran B.P. Insulin-like growth factor I is required for the anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone on mouse bone. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:1570-1578.
112. Demiralp B., Chen H.L., Koh A.J., Keller E.T., McCauley L.K. Anabolic actions of parathyroid hormone during bone growth are dependent on c-fos. Endocrinology 2002, 143:4038-4047.
113. Bellido T., Ali A.A., Plotkin L.I., Fu Q., Gubrij I., Roberson P.K., Weinstein R.S., O'Brien C.A., Manolagas S.C., Jilka R.L. Proteasomal degradation of Runx2 shortens parathyroid hormone-induced anti-apoptotic signaling in osteoblasts-a putative explanation for why intermittent administration is needed for bone anabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:50259-50272.
114. Aslan D., Andersen M.D., Gede L.B., de Franca T.K., Jorgensen S.R., Schwarz P., Jorgensen N.R. Mechanisms for the bone anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone treatment in humans. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 2012, 72:14-22.
115. Neer R.M., Arnaud C.D., Zanchetta J.R., Prince R., Gaich G.A., Reginster J.Y., Hodsman A.B., Eriksen E.F., Ish-Shalom S., Genant H.K., Wang O., Mitlak B.H. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344:1434-1441.
116. Gallagher J.C., Genant H.K., Crans G.G., Vargas S.J., Krege J.H. Teriparatide reduces the fracture risk associated with increasing number and severity of osteoporotic fractures. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 90:1583-1587.
117. Cranney A., Papaioannou A., Zytaruk N., Hanley D., Adachi J., Goltzman D., Murray T., Hodsman A. Parathyroid hormone for the treatment of osteoporosis: a systematic review. CMAJ 2006, 175:52-59.
118. Kraenzlin M.E., Meier C. Parathyroid hormone analogues in the treatment of osteoporosis. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2011, 7:647-656.
119. Chen P., Satterwhite J.H., Licata A.A., Lewiecki E.M., Sipos A.A., Misurski D.M., Wagman R.B. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation predict BMD response to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2005, 20:962-970.
120. Nevitt M.C., Chen P., Kiel D.P., Reginster J.Y., Dore R.K., Zanchetta J.R., Glass E.V., Krege J.H. Reduction in the risk of developing back pain persists at least 30months after discontinuation of teriparatide treatment: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos. Int. 2006, 17:1630-1637.
121. Saag K.G., Shane E., Boonen S., Marin F., Donley D.W., Taylor K.A., Dalsky G.P., Marcus R. Teriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357:2028-2039.
122. Obermayer-Pietsch B.M., Marin F., McCloskey E.V., Hadji P., Farrerons J., Boonen S., Audran M., Barker C., Anastasilakis A.D., Fraser W.D., Nickelsen T. Effects of two years of daily teriparatide treatment on BMD in postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis with and without prior antiresorptive treatment. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2008, 23:1591-1600.
123. Fujita T., Inoue T., Morii H., Morita R., Norimatsu H., Orimo H., Takahashi H.E., Yamamoto K., Fukunaga M. Effect of an intermittent weekly dose of human parathyroid hormone (1-34) on osteoporosis: a randomized double-masked prospective study using three dose levels. Osteoporos. Int. 1999, 9:296-306.
124. Miki T., Nakatsuka K., Naka H., Masaki H., Imanishi Y., Ito M., Inaba M., Morii H., Nishizawa Y. Effect and safety of intermittent weekly administration of human parathyroid hormone 1-34 in patients with primary osteoporosis evaluated by histomorphometry and microstructural analysis of iliac trabecular bone before and after 1year of treatment. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 2004, 22:569-576.
125. Subbiah V., Madsen V.S., Raymond A.K., Benjamin R.S., Ludwig J.A. Of mice and men: divergent risks of teriparatide-induced osteosarcoma. Osteoporos. Int. 2010, 21:1041-1045.
126. Bab I., Smith E., Gavish H., Attar-Namdar M., Chorev M., Chen Y.C., Muhlrad A., Birnbaum M.J., Stein G., Frenkel B. Biosynthesis of osteogenic growth peptide via alternative translational initiation at AUG85 of histone H4 mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:14474-14481.
127. Bab I., Gazit D., Chorev M., Muhlrad A., Shteyer A., Greenberg Z., Namdar M., Kahn A. Histone H4-related osteogenic growth peptide (OGP): a novel circulating stimulator of osteoblastic activity. EMBO J. 1992, 11:1867-1873.
128. Gurevitch O., Slavin S., Muhlrad A., Shteyer A., Gazit D., Chorev M., Vidson M., Namdar-Attar M., Berger E., Bleiberg I., Bab I. Osteogenic growth peptide increases blood and bone marrow cellularity and enhances engraftment of bone marrow transplants in mice. Blood 1996, 88:4719-4724.
129. Gabet Y., Muller R., Regev E., Sela J., Shteyer A., Salisbury K., Chorev M., Bab I. Osteogenic growth peptide modulates fracture callus structural and mechanical properties. Bone 2004, 35:65-73.
130. Bocci G., Danesi R., Fioravanti A., Del Tacca M. The effect of osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) on proliferation and adhesion of HEMC-1 human endothelial cells. Pharmacol. Res. 2002, 45:21-25.
131. Robinson D., Bab I., Nevo Z. Osteogenic growth peptide regulates proliferation and osteogenic maturation of human and rabbit bone marrow stromal cells. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1995, 10:690-696.
132. Zhu H.B., Guo D.Z., Yang S.J., Zhang Y.H., Wang H., Guo H.T., Zhang Y., Cheng D.C. Osteogenic actions of the osteogenic growth peptide on bovine marrow mesenchymal stromal cells in culture. Vet. Med. 2008, 53:501-509.
133. Kitase Y., Shuler C.F. Multi-Layered hypertrophied MEE formation by microtubule disruption via GEF-H1/RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Dev. Dyn. 2012, 241:1169-1182.
134. Fei Q., Guo C., Xu X., Gao J., Zhang J., Chen T., Cui D. Osteogenic growth peptide enhances the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from osteoprotegerin-deficient mice by CDK2/cyclin A. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. (Shanghai) 2010, 42:801-806.
135. McBeath R., Pirone D.M., Nelson C.M., Bhadriraju K., Chen C.S. Cell shape, cytoskeletal tension, and RhoA regulate stem cell lineage commitment. Dev. Cell 2004, 6:483-495.
136. Ball S.G., Shuttleworth C.A., Kielty C.M. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha is a key determinant of smooth muscle alpha-actin filaments in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007, 39:379-391.
137. Tsuda H., Wada T., Ito Y., Uchida H., Dehari H., Nakamura K., Sasaki K., Kobune M., Yamashita T., Hamada H. Efficient BMP2 gene transfer and bone formation of mesenchymal stem cells by a fiber-mutant adenoviral vector. Mol. Ther. 2003, 7:354-365.
138. Yang X.B., Roach H.I., Clarke N.M., Howdle S.M., Quirk R., Shakesheff K.M., Oreffo R.O. Human osteoprogenitor growth and differentiation on synthetic biodegradable structures after surface modification. Bone 2001, 29:523-531.
139. Chen Z., Wang X., Shao Y., Shi D., Chen T., Cui D., Jiang X. Synthetic osteogenic growth peptide promotes differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts via RhoA/ROCK pathway. Mol. Cell Biochem. 2011, 358:221-227.
140. May M.J., D'Acquisto F., Madge L.A., Glockner J., Pober J.S., Ghosh S. Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by a peptide that blocks the interaction of NEMO with the IkappaB kinase complex. Science 2000, 289:1550-1554.
141. May M.J., Marienfeld R.B., Ghosh S. Characterization of the Ikappa B-kinase NEMO binding domain. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:45992-46000.
142. Jimi E., Aoki K., Saito H., D'Acquisto F., May M.J., Nakamura I., Sudo T., Kojima T., Okamoto F., Fukushima H., Okabe K., Ohya K., Ghosh S. Selective inhibition of NF-kappa B blocks osteoclastogenesis and prevents inflammatory bone destruction in vivo. Nat. Med. 2004, 10:617-624.
143. Tomomatsu N., Aoki K., Alles N., Soysa N.S., Hussain A., Nakachi H., Kita S., Shimokawa H., Ohya K., Amagasa T. LPS-induced inhibition of osteogenesis is TNF-alpha dependent in a murine tooth extraction model. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2009, 24:1770-1781.
144. Soysa N.S., Alles N., Shimokawa H., Jimi E., Aoki K., Ohya K. Inhibition of the classical NF-kB pathway prevents osteoclast bone-resorbing activity. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 2009, 27:131-139.
145. Zaidi M., Fuller K., Bevis P.J., GainesDas R.E., Chambers T.J., MacIntyre I. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption: a comparative study. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1987, 40:149-154.
146. Akopian A., Demulder A., Ouriaghli F., Corazza F., Fondu P., Bergmann P. Effects of CGRP on human osteoclast-like cell formation: a possible connection with the bone loss in neurological disorders?. Peptides 2000, 21:559-564.
147. Ishizuka K., Hirukawa K., Nakamura H., Togari A. Inhibitory effect of CGRP on osteoclast formation by mouse bone marrow cells treated with isoproterenol. Neurosci. Lett. 2005, 379:47-51.
148. Cornish J., Callon K.E., Bava U., Kamona S.A., Cooper G.J., Reid I.R. Effects of calcitonin, amylin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide on osteoclast development. Bone 2001, 29:162-168.
149. Zaidi M., Chambers T.J., Gaines Das R.E., Morris H.R., MacIntyre I. A direct action of human calcitonin gene-related peptide on isolated osteoclasts. J. Endocrinol. 1987, 115:511-518.
150. Hara-Irie F., Amizuka N., Ozawa H. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural localization of CGRP-positive nerve fibers at the epiphyseal trabecules facing the growth plate of rat femurs. Bone 1996, 18:29-39.
151. Millet I., Phillips R.J., Sherwin R.S., Ghosh S., Voll R.E., Flavell R.A., Vignery A., Rincon M. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and enhancement of apoptosis by the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:15114-15121.
152. Schinke T., Liese S., Priemel M., Haberland M., Schilling A.F., Catala-Lehnen P., Blicharski D., Rueger J.M., Gagel R.F., Emeson R.B., Amling M. Decreased bone formation and osteopenia in mice lacking alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2004, 19:2049-2056.
153. Villa I., Mrak E., Rubinacci A., Ravasi F., Guidobono F. CGRP inhibits osteoprotegerin production in human osteoblast-like cells via cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2006, 291:C529-C537.
154. Bernard G.W., Shih C. The osteogenic stimulating effect of neuroactive calcitonin gene-related peptide. Peptides 1990, 11:625-632.
155. Ballica R., Valentijn K., Khachatryan A., Guerder S., Kapadia S., Gundberg C., Gilligan J., Flavell R.A., Vignery A. Targeted expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide to osteoblasts increases bone density in mice. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1999, 14:1067-1074.
156. Wang L., Shi X., Zhao R., Halloran B.P., Clark D.J., Jacobs C.R., Kingery W.S. Calcitonin-gene-related peptide stimulates stromal cell osteogenic differentiation and inhibits RANKL induced NF-kappaB activation, osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Bone 2010, 46:1369-1379.
157. Baylink D., Morey E., Rich C. Effect of calcitonin on the rates of bone formation and resorption in the rat. Endocrinology 1969, 84:261-269.
158. Mach D.B., Rogers S.D., Sabino M.C., Luger N.M., Schwei M.J., Pomonis J.D., Keyser C.P., Clohisy D.R., Adams D.J., O'Leary P., Mantyh P.W. Origins of skeletal pain: sensory and sympathetic innervation of the mouse femur. Neuroscience 2002, 113:155-166.
159. Uzan B., de Vernejoul M.C., Cressent M. RAMPs and CRLR expressions in osteoblastic cells after dexamethasone treatment. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 321:802-808.
160. Wang L., Shi X., Zhao R., Halloran B.P., Clark D.J., Jacobs C.R., Kingery W.S. Calcitonin-gene-related peptide stimulates stromal cell osteogenic differentiation and inhibits RANKL induced NF-kappaB activation, osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Bone 2010, 46:1369-1379.
161. Alles N., Soysa N.S., Hayashi J., Khan M., Shimoda A., Shimokawa H., Ritzeler O., Akiyoshi K., Aoki K., Ohya K. Suppression of NF-kappaB increases bone formation and ameliorates osteopenia in ovariectomized mice. Endocrinology 2010, 151:4626-4634.
162. Soysa N.S., Alles N., Weih D., Lovas A., Mian A.H., Shimokawa H., Yasuda H., Weih F., Jimi E., Ohya K., Aoki K. The pivotal role of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway in maintenance of basal bone homeostasis and osteoclastogenesis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2010, 25:809-818.
163. Alles N., Soysa N.S., Hussain M.D., Tomomatsu N., Saito H., Baron R., Morimoto N., Aoki K., Akiyoshi K., Ohya K. Polysaccharide nanogel delivery of a TNF-a and RANKL antagonist peptide allows systemic prevention of bone loss. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009, 37:83-88.
164. Lee K.Y., Yuk S.H. Polymeric protein delivery systems. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32:669-697.
165. Huynh L., Neale C., Pomes R., Allen C. Computational approaches to the rational design of nanoemulsions, polymeric micelles, and dendrimers for drug delivery. Nanomedicine 2012, 8:20-36.
166. Nomura Y., Ikeda M., Yamaguchi N., Aoyama Y., Akiyoshi K. Protein refolding assisted by self-assembled nanogels as novel artificial molecular chaperone. FEBS Lett. 2003, 553:271-276.
167. Akiyoshi K., Deguchi S., Moriguchi N., Yamaguchi S., Sunamoto J. Self-aggregates of hydrophobized polysaccharides in water-formation and characteristics of nanoparticles. Macromolecules 1993, 26:3062-3068.
168. Akiyoshi K., Deguchi S., Tajima H., Nishikawa T., Sunamoto J. Microscopic structure and thermoresponsiveness of a hydrogel nanoparticle by self-assembly of a hydrophobized polysaccharide. Macromolecules 1997, 30:857-861.
169. Akiyoshi K., Kobayashi S., Shichibe S., Mix D., Baudys M., Kim S.W., Sunamoto J. Self-assembled hydrogel nanoparticle of cholesterol-bearing pullulan as a carrier of protein drugs: complexation and stabilization of insulin. J. Control. Release 1998, 54:313-320.
170. Shimizu T., Kishida T., Hasegawa U., Ueda Y., Imanishi J., Yamagishi H., Akiyoshi K., Otsuji E., Mazda O. Nanogel DDS enables sustained release of IL-12 for tumor immunotherapy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 367:330-335.
171. Kratz F. Albumin as a drug carrier, design of prodrugs, drug conjugates and nanoparticles. J Control Release 2008, 132:171-183.
172. J.J. Neumiller, Differential chemistry (structure), mechanism of action, and pharmacology of GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors, J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. (2003), 49 Suppl. 1 (2009) S16-29.
173. Knudsen L.B., Nielsen P.F., Huusfeldt P.O., Johansen N.L., Madsen K., Pedersen F.Z., Thogersen H., Wilken M., Agerso H. Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43:1664-1669.
174. Russell-Jones D. Molecular, pharmacological and clinical aspects of liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2009, 297:137-140.
175. Juhl C.B., Hollingdal M., Sturis J., Jakobsen G., Agerso H., Veldhuis J., Porksen N., Schmitz O. Bedtime administration of NN2211, a long-acting GLP-1 derivative, substantially reduces fasting and postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002, 51:424-429.
176. Wajchenberg B.L. beta-cell failure in diabetes and preservation by clinical treatment. Endocr. Rev. 2007, 28:187-218.
177. Vilsboll T., Brock B., Perrild H., Levin K., Lervang H.H., Kolendorf K., Krarup T., Schmitz O., Zdravkovic M., Le-Thi T., Madsbad S. Liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analogue, improves pancreatic B-cell function and arginine-stimulated insulin secretion during hyperglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. 2008, 25:152-156.
178. Bush M.A., Matthews J.E., De Boever E.H., Dobbins R.L., Hodge R.J., Walker S.E., Holland M.C., Gutierrez M., Stewart M.W. Safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in healthy subjects. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2009, 11:498-505.
179. Matthews J.E., Stewart M.W., De Boever E.H., Dobbins R.L., Hodge R.J., Walker S.E., Holland M.C., Bush M.A. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of albiglutide, a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic, in patients with type 2 diabetes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93:4810-4817.
180. Xiao H., Murakami H., Suga H., Ferre-D'Amare A.R. Structural basis of specific tRNA aminoacylation by a small in vitro selected ribozyme. Nature 2008, 454:358-361.
181. Singarapu K.K., Xiao R., Acton T., Rost B., Montelione G.T., Szyperski T. NMR structure of the peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase domain from Pseudomonas syringae expands the structural coverage of the hydrolysis domains of class 1 peptide chain release factors. Proteins 2008, 71:1027-1031.
182. Yamagishi Y., Ashigai H., Goto Y., Murakami H., Suga H. Ribosomal synthesis of cyclic peptides with a fluorogenic oxidative coupling reaction. ChemBioChem 2009, 10:1469-1472.
183. Kawakami T., Murakami H., Suga H. Ribosomal synthesis of polypeptoids and peptoid-peptide hybrids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130:16861-16863.
184. Goto Y., Suga H. Translation initiation with initiator tRNA charged with exotic peptides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131:5040-5041.
185. Nakajima Y., Mizobuchi M., Nakamura M., Takagi H., Inagaki H., Kominami G., Koike M., Yamaguchi T. Mechanism of the drug interaction between valproic acid and carbapenem antibiotics in monkeys and rats. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2004, 32:1383-1391.
186. Walensky L.D., Kung A.L., Escher I., Malia T.J., Barbuto S., Wright R.D., Wagner G., Verdine G.L., Korsmeyer S.J. Activation of apoptosis in vivo by a hydrocarbon-stapled BH3 helix. Science 2004, 305:1466-1470.
187. Gavathiotis E., Suzuki M., Davis M.L., Pitter K., Bird G.H., Katz S.G., Tu H.C., Kim H., Cheng E.H., Tjandra N., Walensky L.D. BAX activation is initiated at a novel interaction site. Nature 2008, 455:1076-1081.
188. Muchmore S.W., Sattler M., Liang H., Meadows R.P., Harlan J.E., Yoon H.S., Nettesheim D., Chang B.S., Thompson C.B., Wong S.L., Ng S.L., Fesik S.W. X-ray and NMR structure of human Bcl-xL, an inhibitor of programmed cell death. Nature 1996, 381:335-341.
189. Sattler M., Liang H., Nettesheim D., Meadows R.P., Harlan J.E., Eberstadt M., Yoon H.S., Shuker S.B., Chang B.S., Minn A.J., Thompson C.B., Fesik S.W. Structure of Bcl-xL-Bak peptide complex: recognition between regulators of apoptosis. Science 1997, 275:983-986.
190. Oltersdorf T., Elmore S.W., Shoemaker A.R., Armstrong R.C., Augeri D.J., Belli B.A., Bruncko M., Deckwerth T.L., Dinges J., Hajduk P.J., Joseph M.K., Kitada S., Korsmeyer S.J., Kunzer A.R., Letai A., Li C., Mitten M.J., Nettesheim D.G., Ng S., Nimmer P.M., O'Connor J.M., Oleksijew A., Petros A.M., Reed J.C., Shen W., Tahir S.K., Thompson C.B., Tomaselli K.J., Wang B., Wendt M.D., Zhang H., Fesik S.W., Rosenberg S.H. An inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins induces regression of solid tumours. Nature 2005, 435:677-681.
191. Furuta H., Osawa K., Shin M., Ishikawa A., Matsuo K., Khan M., Aoki K., Ohya K., Okamoto M., Tominaga K., Tkahashi T., Nakanishi O., Jimi E. Selective inhibition of NF-κB suppresses bone invasion by oral squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. Int. J. Cancer 2012, 10.1002/ijc.27435.
192. Boshuizen R.S., Schulz V., Morbin M., Mazzoleni G., Meloen R.H., Langedijk J.P. Heterologous stacking of prion protein peptides reveals structural details of fibrils and facilitates complete inhibition of fibril growth. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:12809-12820.
193. Boshuizen R.S., Langeveld J.P., Salmona M., Williams A., Meloen R.H., Langedijk J.P. An in vitro screening assay based on synthetic prion protein peptides for identification of fibril-interfering compounds. Anal. Biochem. 2004, 333:372-380.
194. Thevissen K., Francois I.E., Sijtsma L., van Amerongen A., Schaaper W.M., Meloen R., Posthuma-Trumpie T., Broekaert W.F., Cammue B.P. Antifungal activity of synthetic peptides derived from Impatiens balsamina antimicrobial peptides Ib-AMP1 and Ib-AMP4. Peptides 2005, 26:1113-1119.
195. Kasugai S., Fujisawa R., Waki Y., Miyamoto K., Ohya K. Selective drug delivery system to bone: small peptide (Asp)6 conjugation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2000, 15:936-943.
196. Yokogawa K., Miya K., Sekido T., Higashi Y., Nomura M., Fujisawa R., Morito K., Masamune Y., Waki Y., Kasugai S., Miyamoto K. Selective delivery of estradiol to bone by aspartic acid oligopeptide and its effects on ovariectomized mice. Endocrinology 2001, 142:1228-1233.
197. Takahashi-Nishioka T., Yokogawa K., Tomatsu S., Nomura M., Kobayashi S., Miyamoto K. Targeted drug delivery to bone: pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of acidic oligopeptide-tagged drugs. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 2008, 5:39-48.
198. Wang D., Miller S.C., Shlyakhtenko L.S., Portillo A.M., Liu X.M., Papangkorn K., Kopeckova P., Lyubchenko Y., Higuchi W.I., Kopecek J. Osteotropic peptide that differentiates functional domains of the skeleton. Bioconjug. Chem. 2007, 18:1375-1378.
199. Zhang G., Guo B., Wu H., Tang T., Zhang B.T., Zheng L., He Y., Yang Z., Pan X., Chow H., To K., Li Y., Li D., Wang X., Wang Y., Lee K., Hou Z., Dong N., Li G., Leung K., Hung L., He F., Zhang L., Qin L. A delivery system targeting bone formation surfaces to facilitate RNAi-based anabolic therapy. Nat. Med. 2012, 18:307-314.