Major Australian tropical fruits biodiversity: Bioactive compounds and their bioactivities

Molecular Nutrition and Food Research

Volumn 56, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 357-387

  Pierson, Jean T ^a   Dietzgen, Ralf G ^a   Shaw, Paul N ^a   Roberts Thomson, Sarah J ^a   Monteith, Gregory R ^a   Gidley, Michael J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bioactivity; Carotenoid; Nutraceutical; Polyphenol; Tropical fruit

Indexed keywords

CAROTENOID; FLAVONOID; PLANT EXTRACT; POLYPHENOL;

AUSTRALIA; BIODIVERSITY; CHEMISTRY; FRUIT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; REVIEW; TROPIC CLIMATE; VEGETABLE;

AUSTRALIA; BIODIVERSITY; CAROTENOIDS; FLAVONOIDS; FRUIT; PLANT EXTRACTS; POLYPHENOLS; TROPICAL CLIMATE; VEGETABLES;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84859181433     PISSN: 16134125     EISSN: 16134133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100441     Document Type: Review

References (237)

1. Ness, A. R., Powles, J. W., Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: a review. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1997, 26, 1-13.
2. Block, G., Patterson, B., Subar, A., Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention - a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Nutr. Cancer 1992, 18, 1-29.
3. Dauchet, L., Amouyel, P., Dallongeville, J., Fruits, vegetables and coronary heart disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2009, 6, 599-608.
4. Lister, C., Skinner, M., Hunter, D., Fruits, vegetables and their phytochemicals for bone and joint health. Curr. Top Nutraceut. Res. 2007, 5, 67-82.
5. Kahkonen, M. P., Hopia, A. I., Heinonen, M., Berry phenolics and their antioxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 4076-4082.
6. de Souza Sant'Ana, A., Special issue on exotic fruits. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1657-1657.
7. FAOSTAT, Food and Agricultural Organisation Website 2008.
8. Rahman, S., Hasnat, A., Hasan, C., Rashid, M., Ilias, M., Pharmacological evaluation of Bangladeshi medicinal plants - a review. Pharm. Biol. 2001, 39, 1-6.
9. Scartezzini, P., Speroni, E., Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000, 71, 23-43.
10. Celine, V., Adriana, P., Eric, D., Joaquina, A. C. et al., Medicinal plants from the Yanesha (Peru): evaluation of the leishmanicidal and antimalarial activity of selected extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 123, 413-422.
11. Ferguson, L. R., Yee, R. L., Scragg, R., Metcalf, P. A., Harris, P. J., Differences in intake of specific food plants by Polynesians may explain their lower incidence of colorectal-cancer compared with Europeans in New-Zealand. Nutr. Cancer 1995, 23, 33-42.
12. Baur, J. A., Sinclair, D. A., Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006, 5, 493-506.
13. Formica, J. V., Regelson, W., Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1995, 33, 1061-1080.
14. Dzubak, P., Hajduch, M., Vydra, D., Hustova, A. et al., Pharmacological activities of natural triterpenoids and their therapeutic implications. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2006, 23, 394-411.
15. Hollman, P., Hertog, M., Katan, M., Analysis and health effects of flavonoids. Food Chem. 1996, 57, 43-46.
16. Pan, M. H., Ho, C. T., Chemopreventive effects of natural dietary compounds on cancer development. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 2558-2574.
17. Birt, D. F., Hendrich, S., Wang, W. Q., Dietary agents in cancer prevention: flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 2001, 90, 157-177.
18. Morton, J. F., Dowling, C. F., Fruits of warm climates, J. F. Morton; Distributed by Creative Resources Systems, Miami, FL, Winterville, N. C. 1987.
19. Gutierrez, R. M. P., Mitchell, S., Solis, R. V., Psidium guajava: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 117, 1-27.
20. Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Cardenas-Rodriguez, N., Orozco-Ibarra, M., Perez-Rojas, J., Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 3227-3239.
21. Dhawan, K., Dhawan, S., Sharma, A., Passiflora: A review update. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 94, 1-23.
22. Pontes, P. V., Moreira, R. F. A., Trugo, L. C., De Maria, C. A. B., The content of chlorogenic acids in tropical fruits. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2002, 82, 1177-1181.
23. Ma, J., Luo, X. D., Protiva, P., Yang, H. et al., Bioactive novel polyphenols from the fruit of Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla). J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 983-986.
24. Soong, Y. Y., Barlow, P. J., Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of selected fruit seeds. Food Chem. 2004, 88, 411-417.
25. Shah, K. A., Patel, M. B., Patel, R. J., Parmar, P. K., Mangifera indica (Mango). Pharmacog. Rev. 2010, 4, 42-48.
26. Liang, Q. R., Qian, H., Yao, W. R., Identification of flavonoids and their glycosides by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and with diode array ultraviolet detection. Eur. J. Mass Spectr. 2005, 11, 93-101.
27. Schmitzer, V., Veberic, R., Jurhar, J., Mikulic-Petkovsek, M., Stampar, F., Comparative study of primary and secondary metabolites in 11 cultivars of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L.). Food Chem. 2010, 119, 477-483.
28. Schieber, A., Ullrich, W., Carle, R., Characterization of polyphenols in mango puree concentrate by HPLC with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. Inn. Food Sci. Emerging Technol. 2000, 1, 161-166.
29. Gayosso-Garcia-Sancho, L. E., Yahia, E. M., Gonzalez-Aguilar, G. A., Identification and quantification of phenols, carotenoids, and vitamin C from papaya (Carica papaya L., cv. Maradol) fruit determined by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS-ESI. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1284-1291.
30. Zadernowski, R., Czaplicki, S., Naczk, M., Phenolic acid profiles of mangosteen fruits (Garcinia mangostana). Food Chem. 2009, 112, 685-689.
31. Kuhnle, G. G. C., Dell'Aquila, C., Aspinall, S. M., Runswick, S. A. et al., Phytoestrogen content of fruits and vegetables commonly consumed in the UK based on LC-MS and C-13-labelled standards. Food Chem. 2009, 116, 542-554.
32. Thompson, L. U., Boucher, B. A., Liu, Z., Cotterchio, M., Kreiger, N., Phytoestrogen content of foods consumed in Canada, including isoflavones, lignans, and coumestan. Nutr. Cancer 2006, 54, 184-201.
33. Bei, W. J., Peng, W. L., Ma, Y., Xu, A. L., NaoXinQing, an anti-stroke herbal medicine, reduces hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in NG108-15 cells. Neurosci. Lett. 2004, 363, 262-265.
34. McHale, D., Sheridan, J. B., The oxygen heterocyclic compounds of citrus peel oils. J. Essential Oil Res. 1989, 1, 139-149.
35. Nigg, H. N., Nordby, H. E., Beier, R. C., Dillman, A. et al., Phototoxic coumarins in limes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1993, 31, 331-335.
36. Mandalari, G., Bennett, R. N., Bisignano, G., Saija, A. et al., Characterization of flavonoids and Pectins from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a major byproduct of essential oil extraction. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 197-203.
37. Zarebska, Z., Waszkowska, E., Caffieri, S., Dall'Acqua, F., PUVA (psoralen plus UVA) photochemotherapy: processes triggered in the cells. Farmaco 2000, 55, 515-520.
38. Caldwell, A. G., Jones, E. R. H., The constituents of expressed west indian lime oil. J. Chem. Soc. 1945, 540-543.
39. Stanley, W. L., Vannier, S. H., Psoralens and substituted coumarins from expressed oil of lime. Phytochemistry 1967, 6, 585.
40. Saita, T., Fujito, H., Mori, M., Screening of furanocoumarin derivatives in citrus fruits by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2004, 27, 974-977.
41. Guo, L. Q., Chen, Q. Y., Wang, X., Liu, Y. X. et al., Different roles of pummelo furanocoumarin and cytochrome P450 3A5*3 polymorphism in the fate and action of felodipine. Curr. Drug Metab. 2007, 8, 623-630.
42. Syah, Y. M., Achmad, S. A., Ghisalberti, E. L., Hakim, E. H., Mujahidin, D., Two new cytotoxic isoprenylated flavones, artoindonesianins U and V, from the heartwood of Artocarpus champeden. Fitoterapia 2004, 75, 134-140.
43. Widyawaruyanti, A., Subehan, Kalauni, S. K., Awale, S. et al., New prenylated flavones from Artocarpus champeden, and their antimalarial activity in vitro. J. Nat. Med. 2007, 61, 410-413.
44. Ko, F. N., Cheng, Z. J., Lin, C. N., Teng, C. M., Scavenger and antioxidant properties of prenylflavones isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 1998, 25, 160-168.
45. Fang, S. C., Hsu, C. L., Yen, G. C., Anti-inflammatory effects of phenolic compounds isolated from the fruits of Artocarpus heterophyllus. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 4463-4468.
46. Zheng, Z. P., Cheng, K. W., To, J. T. K., Li, H. T., Wang, M. F., Isolation of tyrosinase inhibitors from Artocarpus heterophyllus and use of its extract as antibrowning agent. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52, 1530-1538.
47. Wei, B. L., Weng, J. R., Chiu, P. H., Hung, C. F. et al., Antiinflammatory flavonoids from Artocarpus heterophyllus and Artocarpus communis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 3867-3871.
48. Arung, E. T., Shimizu, K., Kondo, R., Structure-activity relationship of prenyl-substituted polyphenols from Artocarpus heterophyllus as inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis in cultured melanoma cells. Chem. Biodivers. 2007, 4, 2166-2171.
49. Arung, E. T., Shimizu, K., Kondo, R., Inhibitory effect of artocarpanone from Artocarpus heterophyllus on melanin biosynthesis. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 1966-1969.
50. Hirata, T., Fujii, M., Akita, K., Yanaka, N. et al., Identification and physiological evaluation of the components from Citrus fruits as potential drugs for anti-corpulence and anticancer. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 25-28.
51. Piccinelli, A. L., Mesa, M. G., Armenteros, D. M., Alfonso, M. A. et al., HPLC-PDA-MS and NMR characterization of C-glycosyl flavones in a hydroalcoholic extract of Citrus aurantifolia leaves with antiplatelet activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 1574-1581.
52. Sena, L. M., Zucolotto, S. M., Reginatto, F. H., Schenkel, E. P., De Lima, T. C. M., Neuropharmacological activity of the pericarp of Passiflora edulis flavicarpa degener: putative involvement of C-glycosylflavonoids. Exp. Biol. Med. 2009, 234, 967-975.
53. Zucolotto, S. M., Goulart, S., Montanher, A. B., Reginatto, F. H. et al., Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory C-glucosylflavones from Passiflora edulis. Planta Med. 2009, 75, 1221-1226.
54. Coleta, M., Batista, M. T., Campos, M. G., Carvalho, R. et al., Neuropharmacological evaluation of the putative anxiolytic effects of Passiflora edulis Sims, its sub-fractions and flavonoid constituents. Phytother. Res. 2006, 20, 1067-1073.
55. Ding, H., Chin, Y. W., Kinghorn, A. D., D'Ambrosioa, S. M., Chemopreventive characteristics of avocado fruit. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2007, 17, 386-394.
56. de Almeida, A. P., Miranda, M. M. F. S., Simoni, I. C., Wigg, M. D. et al., Flavonol monoglycosides isolated from the antiviral fractions of Persea americana (Lauraceae) leaf infusion. Phytother. Res. 1998, 12, 562-567.
57. Ribeiro, S. M. R., Barbosa, L. C. A., Queiroz, J. H., Knodler, M., Schieber, A., Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Brazilian mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties. Food Chem. 2008, 110, 620-626.
58. Berardini, N., Carle, R., Schieber, A., Characterization of gallotannins and benzophenone derivatives from mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. 'Tommy Atkins') peels, pulp and kernels by high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectr. 2004, 18, 2208-2216.
59. Berardini, N., Fezer, R., Conrad, J., Beifuss, U. et al., Screening of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars for their contents of flavonol O- and xanthone C-glycosides, anthocyanins, and pectin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 1563-1570.
60. Berardini, N., Knödler, M., Schieber, A., Carle, R., Utilization of mango peels as a source of pectin and polyphenolics. Inn. Food Sci. Emerging Technol. 2005, 6, 442-452.
61. Mallavadhani, U. V., Panda, A. K., Rao, Y. R., Pharmacology and chemotaxonomy of Diospyros. Phytochemistry 1998, 49, 901-951.
62. Kotani, M., Matsumoto, M., Fujita, A., Higa, S. et al., Persimmon leaf extract and astragalin inhibit development of dermatitis and IgE elevation in NC/Nga mice. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2000, 106, 159-166.
63. Kameda, K., Takaku, T., Okuda, H., Kimura, Y. et al., Inhibitory effects of various flavonoids isolated from leaves of persimmon on angiotensin-converting enzyme-activity. J. Nat. Prod. 1987, 50, 680-683.
64. Tanokura, M., Xue, Y. L., Miyakawa, T., Hayashi, Y. et al., Isolation and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of polyphenols from the leaves of persimmon, Diospyros kaki. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 6011-6017.
65. Haruenkit, R., Poovarodom, S., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M. et al., Comparative study of health properties and nutritional value of durian, mangosteen, and snake fruit: experiments in vitro and in vivo. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 5842-5849.
66. Sarni-Manchado, P., Le Roux, E., Le Guerneve, C., Lozano, Y., Cheynier, V., Phenolic composition of litchi fruit pericarp. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 5995-6002.
67. Yoo, K. M., Hwang, I. K., Park, J. H., Moon, B., Major phytochemical composition of 3 native korean citrus varieties and bioactive activity on V79-4 cells induced by oxidative stress. J. Food Sci. 2009, 74, C462-C468.
68. Terasawa, N., Sakakibara, M., Murata, M., Antioxidative activity of avocado epicarp hot water extract. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 2006, 12, 55-58.
69. Prabha, T. N., Patwardhan, M. V., Endogenously oxidizable polyphenols of mango, sapota and banana. Acta Alimentaria 1986, 15, 123-128.
70. Masibo, M., He, Q., Major mango polyphenols and their potential significance to human health. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Safety 2008, 7, 309-319.
71. Hsieh, M. C., Shen, Y. J., Kuo, Y. H., Hwang, L. S., Antioxidative activity and active components of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) flower extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 7010-7016.
72. Rangkadilok, N., Worasuttayangkurn, L., Bennett, R. N., Satayavivad, J., Identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in longan (Euphoria longana Lam.) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 1387-1392.
73. Zhao, M. M., Yang, B., Wang, J. S., Li, B. Z., Jiang, Y. M., Identification of the major flavonoids from pericarp tissues of lychee fruit in relation to their antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2006, 98, 539-544.
74. Yu, L. M., Zhao, M. M., Yang, B., Zhao, Q. Z., Jiang, Y. M., Phenolics from hull of Garcinia mangostana fruit and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2007, 104, 176-181.
75. Kawase, M., Motohashi, N., Satoh, K., Sakagami, H. et al., Biological activity of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) peel extracts. Phytother. Res. 2003, 17, 495-500.
76. Matsuo, T., Hanamure, N., Shimoi, K., Nakamura, Y., Tomita, I., Identification of (+)-gallocatechin as a bio-antimutagenic compounds in Psidium guava leaves. Phytochemistry 1994, 36, 1027-1029.
77. Fu, C., Loo, A. E. K., Chia, F. P. P., Huang, D., Oligomeric proanthocyanidins from mangosteen pericarps. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 7689-7694.
78. Someya, S., Yoshiki, Y., Okubo, K., Antioxidant compounds from bananas (Musa Cavendish). Food Chem. 2002, 79, 351-354.
79. Lewis, D. A., Fields, W. N., Shaw, G. P., A natural flavonoid present in unripe plantain banana pulp (Musa sapientum L. var. paradisiaca) protects the gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced erosions. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999, 65, 283-288.
80. Soong, Y. Y., Barlow, P. J., Isolation and structure elucidation of phenolic compounds from longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) seed by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2005, 1085, 270-277.
81. Luximon-Ramma, A., Bahorun, T., Crozier, A., Antioxidant actions and phenolic and vitamin C contents of common Mauritian exotic fruits. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2003, 83, 496-502.
82. Kasipong, K., Pongsagon, P., Sasivimon, S., Siripope, W. et al., Anthocyanin composition of wild bananas in Thailand. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 10853-10857.
83. Jung, H., Su, B., Keller, W., Mehta, R., Kinghorn, A., Antioxidant xanthones from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 2077-2082.
84. Zarena, A. S., Udaya Sankar, K., Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of xanthones with antioxidant activity from Garcinia mangostana: characterization by HPLC/LC-ESI-MS. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2009, 49, 330-337.
85. Tewtrakul, S., Wattanapiromsakul, C., Mahabusarakam, W., Effects of compounds from Garcinia mangostana on inflammatory mediators in RAW264. 7 macrophage cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 121, 379-382.
86. Chin, Y. W., Jung, H. A., Chai, H. Y., Keller, W. J., Kinghorn, A. D., Xanthones with quinone reductase-inducing activity from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). Phytochemistry 2008, 69, 754-758.
87. Balunas, M. J., Su, B., Brueggemeier, R. W., Kinghorn, A. D., Xanthones from the botanical dietary supplement mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) with aromatase inhibitory activity. J. Nat. Prod. 2008, 71, 1161-1166.
88. Chaivisuthangkura, A., Malaikaew, Y., Chaovanalikit, A., Jaratrungtawee, A. et al., Prenylated xanthone composition of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen) fruit hull. Chromatographia 2009, 69, 315-318.
89. Suksamrarn, S., Suwannapoch, N., Ratananukul, P., Aroonlerk, N., Suksamrarn, A., Xanthones from the green fruit hulls of Garcinia mangostana. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 761-763.
90. Boonlaksiri, C., Oonanant, W., Kongsaeree, P., Kittakoop, P. et al., An antimalarial stilbene from Artocarpus integer. Phytochemistry 2000, 54, 415-417.
91. Musthapa, I., Juliawaty, L. D., Syah, Y. M., Hakim, E. H. et al., An oxepinoflavone from Artocarpus elasticus with cytotoxic activity against P-388 cells. Arch. Pharmacal. Res. 2009, 32, 191-194.
92. Setiawan, B., Sulaeman, A., Giraud, D. W., Driskell, J. A., Carotenoid content of selected Indonesian fruits. J. Food Composition Anal. 2001, 14, 169-176.
93. Breithaupt, D. E., Bamedi, A., Carotenoid esters in vegetables and fruits: a screening with emphasis on β-cryptoxanthin esters. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 2064-2070.
94. Heber, D., Lu, Q. Y., Zhang, Y. J., Wang, Y. et al., California Hass Avocado: profiling of carotenoids, tocopherol, fatty acid, and fat content during maturation and from different growing areas. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 10408-10413.
95. Newilah, G. N., Dhuique-Mayer, C., Rojas-Gonzalez, J., Tomekpe, K. et al., Carotenoid contents during ripening of banana hybrids and cultivars grown in Cameroon. Fruits 2009, 64, 197-206.
96. Mercadante, A. Z., de Faria, A. F., de Rosso, V. V., Carotenoid composition of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), determined by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 2009, 64, 108-115.
97. Engels, C., Knodler, M., Zhao, Y. Y., Carle, R. et al., Antimicrobial activity of gallotannins isolated from mango (Mangifera indica L.) kernels. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 7712-7718.
98. Liaw, C. C., Chang, F. R., Wu, C. C., Chen, S. L. et al., Nine new cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuranic Annonaceous acetogenins from Annona montana. Planta Med. 2004, 70, 948-959.
99. Liaw, C. C., Chang, F. R., Lin, C. Y., Chou, C. J. et al., New cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins from Annona muricata. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 470-475.
100. Liaw, C. C., Chang, F. R., Wu, Y. C., Wang, H. K. et al., Montacin and cis-montacin, two new cytotoxic monotetrahydrofuran annonaceous acetogenins from Annona montana. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 1804-1808.
101. Grover, P., Singh, S. P., Prabhakar, P. V., Reddy, U. A. et al., In vivo assessment of genotoxic effects of Annona squamosa seed extract in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 1964-1971.
102. Jaramillo, M. C., Arango, G. J., Gonzalez, M. C., Robledo, S. M., Velez, I. D., Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp. Fitoterapia 2000, 71, 183-186.
103. Hopp, D. C., Zeng, L., Gu, Z. M., Kozlowski, J. F., McLaughlin, J. L., Novel mono-tetrahydrofuran ring acetogenins, from the bark of Annona squamosa, showing cytotoxic selectivities for the human pancreatic carcinoma cell line, PACA-2. J. Nat. Prod. 1997, 60, 581-586.
104. Alali, F., Liu, X., McLaughlin, J., Annonaceous acetogenins: recent progress. J. Nat. Prod. 1999, 62, 504-540.
105. Bermejo, A., Figadere, B., Zafra-Polo, M., Barrachina, I. et al., Acetogenins from Annonaceae: recent progress in isolation, synthesis and mechanisms of action. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2005, 22, 269-303.
106. Chen, C. H., Hsieh, T. J., Liu, T. Z., Chern, C. L. et al., Annoglabayin, a novel dimeric kaurane diterpenoid, and apoptosis in Hep G2 cells of annomontacin from the fruits of Annona glabra. J. Nat. Prod. 2004, 67, 1942-1946.
107. Joy, B., Remani, P., Antitumor constituents from Annona squamosa fruit pericarp. Med. Chem. Res. 2008, 17, 345-355.
108. Begum, S., Hassan, S., Ali, S., Siddiqui, B., Chemical constituents from the leaves of Psidium guajava. Nat. Prod. Res. 2004, 18, 135-140.
109. Begum, S., Hassan, S., Siddiqui, B., Shaheen, F. et al., Triterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium guajava. Phytochemistry 2002, 61, 399-403.
110. Begum, S., Siddiqui, B., Hassan, S., Triterpenoids from Psidium guajava leaves. Nat. Prod. Lett. 2002, 16, 173-177.
111. Yoshikawa, K., Katsuta, S., Mizumori, J., Arihara, S., Four cycloartane triterpenoids and six related saponins from Passiflora edulis. J. Nat. Prod. 2000, 63, 1229-1234.
112. Petry, R. D., Reginatto, F., de-Paris, F., Gosmann, G. et al., Comparative pharmacological study of hydroethanol extracts of Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis leaves. Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 162-164.
113. Baliga, M. S., Shivashankara, A. R., Haniadka, R., Dsouza, J., Bhat, H. P., Phytochemistry, nutritional and pharmacological properties of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam (jackfruit): a review. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1800-1811.
114. Lee, S. C., Matsushita, Y., Jang, I. C., Imai, T. et al., Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of naphthalene derivatives from Diospyros kaki. J. Wood Sci. 2011, 57, 161-165.
115. Matsushita, Y., Jang, I. C., Imai, T., Fukushima, K., Lee, S. C., Naphthalene derivatives from Diospyros kaki. J. Wood Sci. 2010, 56, 418-421.
116. Liu, R. H., Health benefits of fruit and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 78, 517S-520S.
117. Goebel, R., O'Connor, P., Tropical Tastes: Fruits, Foods and Flavours of North Queensland, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane 2005.
118. Fisheries, Q. D. o. P. I. a., Queensland tropical fruits: the healthy flavours of North Queensland, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane 2008.
119. Wagner, H., Reiter, M., Ferstl, W., New drugs with cardiotonic activity. 1. Chemistry and pharmacology of the cardiotonic active principle of Annona squasmosa L. Planta Medica 1980, 40, 77-85.
120. Padma, P., Pramod, N. P., Thyagarajan, S. P., Khosa, R. L., Effect of the extract of Annona muricata and Petunia nyctaginiflora on herpes simplex virus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1998, 61, 81-83.
121. Gupta, R. K., Kesari, A. N., Watal, G., Murthy, P. S. et al., Nutritional and hypoglycemic effect of fruit pulp of Annona squamosa in normal healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2005, 49, 407-413.
122. Gupta, R. K., Kesari, A. N., Diwakar, S., Tyagi, A. et al., In vivo evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-lipidimic potential of Annona squamosa aqueous extract in Type 2 diabetic models. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 118, 21-25.
123. Panda, S., Kar, A., Antidiabetic and antioxidative effects of Annona squamosa leaves are possibly mediated through quercetin-3-O-glucoside. Biofactors 2007, 31, 201-210.
124. Shirwaikar, A., Rajendran, K., Kumar, C. D., Bodla, R., Antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Annona squamosa in streptozotocin-nicotinamide type 2 diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 91, 171-175.
125. Osorio, E., Arango, G. J., Jimenez, N., Alzate, F. et al., Antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities in vitro of Colombian Annonaceae. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 111, 630-635.
126. Joy, B., Gopi, T. V., Sobhana, D., Chemical characterization and pharmacological screening of some Annona seed oils. Asian J. Chem. 2006, 18, 1125-1128.
127. Rahman, M. M., Parvin, S., Haque, M. E., Islam, M. E., Mosaddik, M. A., Antimicrobial and cytotoxic constituents from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Fitoterapia 2005, 76, 484-489.
128. Goncalves, J. L. S., Lopes, R. C., Oliveira, D. B., Costa, S. S. et al., In vitro anti-rotavirus activity of some medicinal plants used in Brazil against diarrhea. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 99, 403-407.
129. Arung, E. T., Kusuma, I. W., Christy, E. O., Shimizu, K., Kondo, R., Evaluation of medicinal plants from Central Kalimantan for antimelanogenesis. J. Nat. Med. 2009, 63, 473-480.
130. Lu, Q. Y., Arteaga, J. R., Zhang, Q. F., Huerta, S. et al., Inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth by an avocado extract: role of lipid-soluble bioactive substances. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2005, 16, 23-30.
131. Gallagher, A. M., Flatt, P. R., Duffy, G., Abdel-Wahab, Y. H. A., The effects of traditional antidiabetic plants on in vitro glucose diffusion. Nutr. Res. 2003, 23, 413-424.
132. Muller, V., Chavez, J. H., Reginatto, F. H., Zucolotto, S. M. et al., Evaluation of antiviral activity of south American plant extracts against herpes simplex virus type I and rabies virus. Phytother. Res. 2007, 21, 970-974.
133. Miranda, M., Almeida, A. P., Costa, S. S., Santos, M. G. M. et al., In vitro activity of extracts of Persea americana leaves on acyclovir-resistant and phosphonoacetic resistant herpes simplex virus. Phytomedicine 1997, 4, 347-352.
134. Adeyemi, O. O., Okpo, S. O., Ogunti, O. O., Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae). Fitoterapia 2002, 73, 375-380.
135. Adeboye, J. O., Fajonyomi, M. O., Makinde, J. M., Taiwo, O. B., A preliminary study on the hypotensive activity of Persea americana leaf extracts in anaesthetized normotensive rats. Fitoterapia 1999, 70, 15-20.
136. De, B., Samanta, A., Paul, P. P., Pal, S., Banana and its medicinal importance. Indian J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 19, 3-7.
137. Lewis, D. A., Shaw, G. P., A natural flavonoid and synthetic analogues protect the gastric mucosa from aspirin-induced erosions. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2001, 12, 95-100.
138. Kumar, M. M., Joshi, M. C., Prabha, T., Dorababu, M., Goel, R. K., Effect of plantain banana on gastric ulceration in NI.M rats: role of gastric mucosal glycoproteins, cell proliferation, antioxidants and free radicals. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2006, 44, 292-299.
139. Pannangpetch, P., Vuttivirojana, A., Kularbkaew, C., Tesana, S. et al., The antiulcerative effect of Thai Musa species in rats. Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 407-410.
140. Sun, J., Chu, Y. F., Wu, X. Z., Liu, R. H., Antioxidant and anti proliferative activities of common fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 7449-7454.
141. Guha, M., Basuray, S., Sinha, A. K., Preventive effect of ripe banana in the diet on Ehrlich's ascitic carcinoma cell induced malignant ascites in mice. Nutr. Res. 2003, 23, 1081-1088.
142. Pari, L., Umamaheswari, J., Antihyperglycaemic activity of Musa sapientum flowers: effect on lipid peroxidation in alloxan diabetic rats. Phytother. Res. 2000, 14, 136-138.
143. Pari, L., Maheswari, J. U., Hypoglycaemic effect of Musa sapientum L-in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1999, 68, 321-325.
144. Edenharder, R., Frangart, J., Hager, M., Hofmann, P., Protective effects of fruits and vegetables against in vivo clastogenicity of cyclophosphamide or benzo[a]pyrene in mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1998, 36, 637-645.
145. Botting, K. J., Young, M. M., Pearson, A. E., Harris, P. J., Ferguson, L. R., Antimutagens in food plants eaten by Polynesians: micronutrients, phytochemicals and protection against bacterial mutagenicity of the heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4, 5-f]quinoline. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1999, 37, 95-103.
146. Rai, P. K., Jaiswal, D., Mehta, S., Watal, G., Anti-hyperglycaemic potential of Psidium guajava raw fruit peel. Indian J. Med. Res. 2009, 129, 561-565.
147. Cheng, F. C., Shen, S. C., Wu, J. S. B., Effect of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extract on glucose uptake in rat hepatocytes. J. Food Sci. 2009, 74, H132-H138.
148. Nascimento, G. G. F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P. C., Silva, G. L., Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2000, 31, 247-256.
149. Betoni, J. E. C., Mantovani, R. P., Barbosa, L. N., Di Stasi, L. C., Fernandes, A., Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 2006, 101, 387-390.
150. Hsieh, C. L., Lin, Y. C., Yen, G. C., Chen, H. Y., Preventive effects of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves and its active compounds against α-dicarbonyl compounds-induced blood coagulation. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 528-535.
151. Olajide, O. A., Awe, S. O., Makinde, J. M., Pharmacological studies on the leaf of Psidium guajava. Fitoterapia 1999, 70, 25-31.
152. Chen, K., Hsieh, C., Peng, C., Hsieh-Li, H. et al., Brain derived metastatic prostate cancer DU-145 cells are effectively inhibited in vitro by guava (Psidium gujava L.) leaf extracts. Nutr. Cancer 2007, 58, 93-106.
153. Chen, K. C., Hsieh, C. L., Peng, C. C., Hsieh-Li, H. M. et al., Brain derived metastatic prostate cancer DU-145 cells are effectively inhibited in vitro by guava (Psidium gujava L.) leaf extracts. Nutr. Cancer 2007, 58, 93-106.
154. Bowman, K. D., Gmitter, F. G., Jr., Caribbean forbidden fruit: grapefruit's missing link with the past and bridge to the future? Fruit Varieties J. 1990, 44, 41-44.
155. Hidaka, M., Nagata, M., Kawano, Y., Sekiya, H. et al., Inhibitory effects of fruit juices on cytochrome p450 2C9 activity in vitro. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2008, 72, 406-411.
156. Choi, S.-Y., Hwang, J.-H., Ko, H.-C., Park, J.-G., Kim, S.-J., Nobiletin from citrus fruit peel inhibits the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB and ROS production in LPS-activated RAW 264. 7 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 113, 149-155.
157. Huang, Y.-S., Ho, S.-C., Polymethoxy flavones are responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus fruit peel. Food Chem. 2010, 119, 868-873.
158. Jayaprakasha, G. K., Jadegoud, Y., Gowda, G. A. N., Patil, B. S., Bioactive compounds from sour orange inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 180-186.
159. Menzel, C. M., Waite, G. K., Litchi and Longan: Botany, Production, and Uses, CABI Pub., Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK; Cambridge, MA 2005.
160. Chiang, L. C., Cheng, H. Y., Liu, M. C., Chlang, W., Lin, C. C., In vitro evaluation of antileukemic activity of 17 commonly used fruits and vegetables in Taiwan. LWT - Food Sci. Technol. 2004, 37, 539-544.
161. Zhao, M. M., Yang, B., Wang, J. S., Liu, Y. et al., Immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of flavonoids extracted from litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pericarp. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2007, 7, 162-166.
162. Sakurai, T., Nishioka, H., Fujii, H., Nakano, N. et al., Antioxidative effects of a new lychee fruit-derived polyphenol mixture, Oligonol, converted into a low-molecular form in adipocytes. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2008, 72, 463-476.
163. Nishihira, J., Sato, H., Murakami, H., Kitadate, K. et al., Amelioration of abdominal obesity by low molecular weight polyphenol (Oligonol) from lychee. J. Funct. Foods 2009, 1, 341-348.
164. Yang, D. -J., Chang, Y. -Y., Hsu, C. -L., Liu, C. -W. et al., Protective effect of a litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)-flower-water-extract on cardiovascular health in a high-fat/cholesterol-dietary hamsters. Food Chem. 2010, 119, 1457-1464.
165. Martinez, G., Delgado, R., Perez, G., Garrido, G. et al., Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Phytother. Res. 2000, 14, 424-427.
166. Garrido, G., Gonzalez, D., Delporte, C., Backhouse, N. et al., Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 18-21.
167. Sanchez, G. M., Rodriguez, H. M., Giuliani, A., Nunez Selles, A. J. et al., Protective effect of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) on the injury associated with hepatic ischaemia reperfusion. Phytother. Res. 2003, 17, 197-201.
168. Santos, L. P., Aguirre, S. R., Fernandez, R. C., Robaina, M., del Valle, L. G., Effects of VIMANG on various markers of HIV-1 progression in Cuban patients. Rev. Cubana Med. Trop. 2003, 55, 115-118.
169. Beltran, A. E., Alvarez, Y., Xavier, F. E., Hernanz, R. et al., Vascular effects of the Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 499, 297-305.
170. Garrido, G., Gonzalez, D., Lemus, Y., Garcia, D. et al., In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Mangifera indica L. extract (VIMANG). Pharmacol. Res. 2004, 50, 143-149.
171. Garrido, G., Blanco-Molina, M., Sancho, R., Macho, A. et al., An aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica (Vimang) inhibits T cell proliferation and TNF-induced activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB. Phytother. Res. 2005, 19, 211-215.
172. 2+-citrate-induced lipoperoxidation in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Pharmacol. Res. 2005, 51, 427-435.
173. Remirez, D., Tafazoli, S., Delgado, R., Harandi, A. A., O'Brien, P. J., Preventing hepatocyte oxidative stress cytotoxicity with Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Drug Metab. Drug Interact. 2005, 21, 19-29.
174. Rodeiro, I., Cancino, L., Gonzalez, J., Morffi, J. et al., Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang), a new natural product with antioxidant activity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2006, 44, 1707-1713.
175. Pardo-Andreu, G. L., Dorta, D. J., Delgado, R., Cavalheiro, R. A. et al., Vimang (Mangifera indica L. extract) induces permeability transition in isolated mitochondria, closely reproducing the effect of mangiferin, Vimang's main component. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006, 159, 141-148.
176. Pardo-Andreu, G. L., Philip, S. J., Riano, A., Sanchez, C. et al., Mangifera indica L. (Vimang) protection against serum oxidative stress in elderly humans. Arch. Med. Res. 2006, 37, 158-164.
177. Sa-Nunes, A., Rogerio, A. P., Medeiros, A. I., Fabris, V. E. et al., Modulation of eosinophil generation and migration by Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang). Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006, 6, 1515-1523.
178. Garrido-Suarez, B. B., Garrido, G., Delgado, R., Bosch, F., Rabi, M. D., A Mangifera indica L. extract could be used to treat neuropathic pain and implication of mangiferin. Molecules 2010, 15, 9035-9045.
179. Garcia, D., Delgado, R., Ubeira, F. M., Leiro, J., Modulation of rat macrophage function by the Mangifera indica L. extracts Vimang and mangiferin. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2002, 2, 797-806.
180. Garcia, D., Escalante, M., Delgado, R., Ubeira, F. M., Leiro, J., Anthelminthic and antiallergic activities of Mangifera indica L. stem bark components Vimang and mangiferin. Phytother. Res. 2003, 17, 1203-1208.
181. Garcia, D., Leiro, J., Delgado, R., Sanmartin, M. L., Ubeira, F. M., Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and mangiferin modulate mouse humoral immune responses. Phytother. Res. 2003, 17, 1182-1187.
182. Garrido, G., Delgado, R., Lemus, Y., Rodriguez, J. et al., Protection against septic shock and suppression of tumor necrosis factor α and nitric oxide production on macrophages and microglia by a standard aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. (VIMANG). Role of mangiferin isolated from the extract. Pharmacol. Res. 2004, 50, 165-172.
183. Rivera, D. G., Balmaseda, I. H., Leon, A. A., Hernandez, B. C. et al., Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin. J. Pharmacy Pharmacol. 2006, 58, 385-392.
184. Martinez, G., Giuliani, A., Leon, O. S., Perez, G., Selles, A. J. N., Effect of Mangifera indica L. extract (QF808) on protein and hepatic microsome peroxidation. Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 581-585.
185. Rodeiro, I., Donato, M. T., Martinez, I., Hernandez, I. et al., Potential hepatoprotective effects of new Cuban natural products in rat hepatocytes culture. Toxicol. In Vitro 2008, 22, 1242-1249.
186. Rodeiro, I., Donato, M. T., Jimenez, N., Garrido, G. et al., Effects of Mangifera indica L. aqueous extract (Vimang) on primary culture of rat hepatocytes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45, 2506-2512.
187. Nithitanakool, S., Pithayanukul, P., Bavovada, R., Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of thai mango seed kernel extract. Planta Med. 2009, 75, 1118-1123.
188. Rao, B. S. S., Sreedevi, M. V., Rao, B. N., Cytoprotective and antigenotoxic potential of Mangiferin, a glucosylxanthone against cadmium chloride induced toxicity in HepG2 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2009, 47, 592-600.
189. Carvalho, A. C. S., Guedes, M. M., de Souza, A. L., Trevisan, M. T. S. et al., Gastroprotective effect of mangiferin, a xanthonoid from Mangifera indica, against gastric injury induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rodents. Planta Med. 2007, 73, 1372-1376.
190. Severi, J. A., Lima, Z. P., Kushima, H., Brito, A. et al., Polyphenols with antiulcerogenic action from aqueous decoction of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.). Molecules 2009, 14, 1098-1110.
191. Sanchez, G., Re, L., Giuliani, A., Nunez-Selles, A. et al., Protective effects of Mangifera indica L. extract, mangiferin and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced biomolecules oxidation and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. Pharmacol. Res. 2000, 42, 565-573.
192. Pardo-Andreu, G., Paim, B., Castilho, R., Velho, J. et al., Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and its main polyphenol mangiferin prevent mitochondrial oxidative stress in atherosclerosis-prone hypercholesterolemic mouse. Pharmacol. Res. 2008, 57, 332-338.
193. Ajila, C. M., Rao, U. J. S. P., Protection against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes by Mangifera indica L. peel extract. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 303-309.
194. Amazzal, L., Lapotre, A., Quignon, F., Bagrel, D., Mangiferin protects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity mediated by oxidative stress in N2A cells. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 418, 159-164.
195. Bhatia, H., Candelario-Jalil, E., de Oliveira, A., Olajide, O. et al., Mangiferin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E-2 production in activated rat microglial cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2008, 477, 253-258.
196. Knodler, M., Conrad, J., Wenzig, E. M., Bauer, R. et al., Anti-inflammatory 5-(11' Z-heptadecenyl)- and 5-(8' Z, 11' Z-heptadecadienyl)-resorcinols from mango (Mangifera indica L.) peels. Phytochemistry 2008, 69, 988-993.
197. Yoshimi, N., Matsunaga, K., Katayama, M., Yamada, Y. et al., The inhibitory effects of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, in bowel carcinogenesis of male F344 rats. Cancer Lett. 2001, 163, 163-170.
198. Prasad, S., Kalra, N., Shukla, Y., Induction of apoptosis by lupeol and mango extract in mouse prostate and LNCaP cells. Nutr. Cancer 2008, 60, 120-130.
199. Andreu, G. L. P., Delgado, R., Velho, J. A., Curti, C., Vercesi, A. E., Mangiferin, a natural occurring glucosyl xanthone, increases susceptibility of rat liver mitochondria to calcium-induced permeability transition. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 439, 184-193.
200. Ackland, M., Van de Waarsenburg, S., Jones, R., Synergistic antiproliferative action of the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol in cultured human cancer cell lines. In Vivo 2005, 19, 69-76.
201. Muruganandan, S., Gupta, S., Kataria, M., Lal, J., Gupta, P., Mangiferin protects the streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage to cardiac and renal tissues in rats. Toxicology 2002, 176, 165-173.
202. Muruganandan, S., Srinivasan, K., Gupta, S., Gupta, P., Lal, J., Effect of mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005, 97, 497-501.
203. Aderibigbe, A., Emudianughe, T., Lawal, B., Evaluation of the antidiabetic action of Mangifera indica in mice. Phytother. Res. 2001, 15, 456-458.
204. Wilkinson, A., Monteith, G., Shaw, P., Lin, C. et al., Effects of the mango components mangiferin and quercetin and the putative mangiferin metabolite norathyriol on the transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 3037-3042.
205. Hernandez, P., Delgado, R., Walczak, H., Mangifera indica L. extract protects T cells from activation-induced cell death. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006, 6, 1496-1505.
206. Hidaka, M., Fujita, K., Ogikubo, T., Yamasaki, K. et al., Potent inhibition by star fruit of human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2004, 32, 581-583.
207. Hubbard, G., Wolffram, S., Lovegrove, J., Gibbins, J., The role of polyphenolic compounds in the diet as inhibitors of platelet function. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2003, 62, 469-478.
208. Jiang, D., Dai, Z., Li, Y., Pharmacological effects of xanthones as cardiovascular protective agents. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev. 2004, 22, 91-102.
209. Han, A. -R., Kim, J. -A., Lantvit, D. D., Leonardus, B. S. K. et al., Cytotoxic xanthone constituents of the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen). J. Nat. Prod. 2009, 72, 2028-2031.
210. Moongkarndi, P., Kosem, N., Kaslungka, S., Luanratana, O. et al., Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 90, 161-166.
211. Itoh, T., Ohguchi, K., Iinuma, M., Nozawa, Y., Akao, Y., Inhibitory effect of xanthones isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. on rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cell degranulation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2008, 16, 4500-4508.
212. Nakatani, K., Atsumi, M., Arakawa, T., Oosawa, K. et al., Inhibitions of histamine release and prostaglandin E-2 synthesis by mangosteen, a Thai medicinal plant. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2002, 25, 1137-1141.
213. Bumrungpert, A., Kalpravidh, R. W., Chitchmroonchokchai, C., Chuang, C. C. et al., Xanthones from mangosteen prevent lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation and insulin resistance in primary cultures of human adipocytes. J. Nutr. 2009, 139, 1185-1191.
214. Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Reyes-Fermin, L. M., Nolasco-Amaya, E. G., Orozco-Ibarra, M. et al., ROS scavenging capacity and neuroprotective effect of α-mangostin against 3-nitropropionic acid in cerebellar granule neurons. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2009, 61, 491-501.
215. Guzman-Beltran, S., Orozco-Ibarra, M., Gonzalez-Cuahutencos, O., Victoria-Mares, S. et al., Neuroprotective effect and reactive oxygen species scavenging capacity of mangosteen pericarp extract in cultured neurons. Curr. Top Nutraceut. Res. 2008, 6, 149-157.
216. Tang, Y. P., Li, P. G., Kondo, M., Ji, H. P. et al., Effect of a mangosteen dietary supplement on human immune function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Med. Food 2009, 12, 755-763.
217. Foti, R. S., Pearson, J. T., Rock, D. A., Wahlstrom, J. L., Wienkers, L. C., In vitro inhibition of multiple cytochrome P450 isoforms by xanthone derivatives from mangosteen extract. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2009, 37, 1848-1855.
218. Leontowicz, M., Leontowicz, H., Drzewiecki, J., Jastrzebski, Z. et al., Two exotic fruits positively affect rat's plasma composition. Food Chem. 2007, 102, 192-200.
219. Suksamrarn, S., Suwannapoch, N., Phakhodee, W., Thanuhiranlert, J. et al., Antimycobacterial activity of prenylated xanthones from the fruits of Garcinia mangostana. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 51, 857-859.
220. Mbwambo, Z., Kapingu, M., Moshi, M., Machumi, F. et al., Antiparasitic activity of some xanthones and biflavonoids from the root bark of Garcinia livingstonei. J. Nat. Prod. 2006, 69, 369-372.
221. Loo, A. E. K., Huang, D., Assay-guided fractionation study of α-amylase inhibitors from Garcinia mangostana pericarp. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 9805-9810.
222. Gurung, S., Skalko-Basnet, N., Wound healing properties of Carica papaya latex: in vivo evaluation in mice burn model. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 121, 338-341.
223. Ikpeme, E. V., Ekaluo, U. B., Kooffreh, M. E., Udensi, O., Phytochemistry and heamatological potential of ethanol seed leaf and pulp extracts of Carica papaya (Linn.). Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2011, 14, 408-411.
224. Gallegos-Tintore, S., Chavez-Quintal, P., Gonzalez-Flores, T., Rodriguez-Buenfil, I., Antifungal activity in ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya L. cv. maradol leaves and seeds. Indian J. Microbiol. 2011, 51, 54-60.
225. Barbosa, P. R., Valvassori, S. S., Bordignon, C. L., Kappel, V. D. et al., The aqueous extracts of Passiflora alata and Passiflora edulis reduce anxiety-related behaviors without affecting memory process in rats. J. Med. Food 2008, 11, 282-288.
226. Dhawan, K., Kumar, S., Sharma, A., Comparative biological activity study on Passiflora incarnata and P-edulis. Fitoterapia 2001, 72, 698-702.
227. Beninca, J. P., Montanher, A. B., Zucolotto, S. M., Schenkel, E. P., Frode, T. S., Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory efficacy of Passiflora edulis. Food Chem. 2007, 104, 1097-1105.
228. Montanher, A. B., Zucolotto, S. M., Schenkel, E. P., Frode, T. S., Evidence of anti-inflammatory effects of Passiflora edulis in an inflammation model. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 109, 281-288.
229. Ichimura, T., Yamanaka, A., Ichiba, T., Toyokawa, T. et al., Antihypertensive effect of an extract of Passiflora edulis rind in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2006, 70, 718-721.
230. Ramos, A. T., Cunha, M. A. L., Sabaa-Srur, A. U. O., Pires, V. C. F. et al., Use of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa on cholesterol reduction. Rev. Bras. Farmacog. 2007, 17, 592-597.
231. Bezerra, J. L., Costa, G. C., Lopes, T. C., Carvalho, I. C. D. S. et al., Evaluation of the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of medicinal plants. Rev. Bras. Farmacog. 2006, 16, 631-637.
232. Tomobe, K., Fujii, H., Sun, B., Nishioka, H., Aruoma, O. I., Modulation of infection-induced inflammation and locomotive deficit and longevity in senescence-accelerated mice-prone (SAMP8) model by the oligomerized polyphenol Oligonol. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2007, 61, 427-434.
233. Matsumoto, K., Watanabe, Y., Ohya, M. A., Yokoyama, S. I., Young persimmon fruits prevent the rise in plasma lipids in a diet-induced murine obesity model. Biol. Pharma. Bull. 2006, 29, 2532-2535.
234. Umekawa, H., Takada, Y., Furuichi, Y., Takahashi, T. et al., Inhibition of eukaryotic DNA polymerase α by persimmon (Diospyros kaki) extract and related polyphenols. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1999, 47, 795-801.
235. Yokozawa, T., Kim, Y. A., Kim, H. Y., Lee, Y. A., Nonaka, G., Protective effect of persimmon peel polyphenol against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in LLC-PK1 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007, 45, 1979-1987.
236. Izuchi, R., Nakai, Y., Takahashi, H., Ushiama, S. et al., Hepatic gene expression of the insulin signaling pathway is altered by administration of persimmon peel extract: a DNA microarray study using type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 3320-3329.
237. 2+ - back to basics. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2005, 26, 218-223.