Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signalling: Focus on the cardiovascular system and regulator of G protein signalling proteins

European Journal of Pharmacology

Volumn 585, Issue 2-3, 2008, Pages 278-291

  Hendriks Balk, Mariëlle C ^a   Peters, Stephan L M ^a   Michel, Martin C ^a   Alewijnse, Astrid E ^a  

^a ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular; Desensitization; GPCR interacting protein; RGS protein

Indexed keywords

G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; RGS PROTEIN;

BLOOD VESSEL TONE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART RATE; HUMAN; INTERNALIZATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STABILITY; RECEPTOR DOWN REGULATION; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, G-PROTEIN-COUPLED; RGS PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 43049122122     PISSN: 00142999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.088     Document Type: Review

References (247)

1. Abramow-Newerly M., Ming H., and Chidiac P. Modulation of subfamily B/R4 RGS protein function by 14-3-3 proteins. Cell. Signal. 18 (2006) 2209-2222
2. Abramow-Newerly M., Roy A.A., Nunn C., and Chidiac P. RGS proteins have a signalling complex: interactions between RGS proteins and GPCRs, effectors, and auxiliary proteins. Cell. Signal. 18 (2006) 579-591
3. Adams L.D., Geary R.L., Li J., Rossini A., and Schwartz S.M. Expression profiling identifies smooth muscle cell diversity within human intima and plaque fibrous cap: loss of RGS5 distinguishes the cap. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26 (2006) 319-325
4. Adams L.D., Geary R.L., McManus B., and Schwartz S.M. A comparison of aorta and vena cava medial message expression by cDNA array analysis identifies a set of 68 consistently differentially expressed genes, all in aortic media. Circ. Res. 87 (2000) 623-631
5. Albig A.R., and Schiemann W.P. Identification and characterization of regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) as a novel inhibitor of tubulogenesis: RGS4 inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinases and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling. Mol. Biol. Cell. 16 (2005) 609-625
6. Allen B.G., and Walsh M.P. The biochemical basis of the regulation of smooth-muscle contraction. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19 (1994) 362-368
7. Anderson M.E., Higgins L.S., and Schulman H. Disease mechanisms and emerging therapies: protein kinases and their inhibitors in myocardial disease. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 3 (2006) 437-445
8. Anger T., Klintworth N., Stumpf C., Daniel W.G., Mende U., and Garlichs C.D. RGS Protein specificity towards G(q)- and G(i/o)-mediated ERK 1/2 and Akt activation, in vitro. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 40 (2007) 899-910
9. Anger T., Zhang W., and Mende U. Differential contribution of GTPase activation and effector antagonism to the inhibitory effect of RGS proteins on Gq-mediated signaling in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 3906-3915
10. Appert-Collin A., Baisamy L., and Diviani D. Regulation of g protein-coupled receptor signaling by a-kinase anchoring proteins. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. 26 (2006) 631-646
11. Azuma K., Tamura K., Shigenaga A., Wakui H., Masuda S., Tsurumi-Ikeya Y., Tanaka Y., Sakai M., Matsuda M., Hashimoto T., Ishigami T., Lopez-Ilasaca M., and Umemura S. Novel regulatory effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor-interacting molecule on vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 50 (2007) 926-932
12. Bai M. Dimerization of G-protein-coupled receptors: roles in signal transduction. Cell. Signal. 16 (2004) 175-186
13. Baker J.G., and Hill S.J. Multiple GPCR conformations and signalling pathways: implications for antagonist affinity estimates. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 28 (2007) 374-381
14. Balmforth A.J., Shepherd F.H., Warburton P., and Ball S.G. Evidence of an important and direct role for protein kinase C in agonist-induced phosphorylation leading to desensitization of the angiotensin AT1A receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 122 (1997) 1469-1477
15. Bansal G., Druey K.M., and Xie Z. R4 RGS proteins: regulation of G-protein signaling and beyond. Pharmacol. Ther. 116 (2007) 473-495
16. Bell S.E., Mavila A., Salazar R., Bayless K.J., Kanagala S., Maxwell S.A., and Davis G.E. Differential gene expression during capillary morphogenesis in 3D collagen matrices: regulated expression of genes involved in basement membrane matrix assembly, cell cycle progression, cellular differentiation and G-protein signaling. J. Cell. Sci. 114 (2001) 2755-2773
17. Benovic J.L., Pike L.J., Cerione R.A., Staniszewski C., Yoshimasa T., Codina J., Caron M.G., and Lefkowitz R.J. Phosphorylation of the mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Regulation of the rate of receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by agonist occupancy and effects on coupling of the receptor to the stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. J. Biol. Chem. 260 (1985) 7094-7101
18. Benzing T., Brandes R., Sellin L., Schermer B., Lecker S., Walz G., and Kim E. Upregulation of RGS7 may contribute to tumor necrosis factor-induced changes in central nervous function. Nat. Med. 5 (1999) 913-918
19. Berger M., Bergers G., Arnold B., Hammerling G.J., and Ganss R. Regulator of G-protein signaling-5 induction in pericytes coincides with active vessel remodeling during neovascularization. Blood 105 (2005) 1094-1101
20. Berman D.M., Kozasa T., and Gilman A.G. The GTPase-activating protein RGS4 stabilizes the transition state for nucleotide hydrolysis. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 27209-27212
21. Berman D.M., Wilkie T.M., and Gilman A.G. GAIP and RGS4 are GTPase-activating proteins for the Gi subfamily of G protein alpha subunits. Cell 86 (1996) 445-452
22. Bernstein L.S., Ramineni S., Hague C., Cladman W., Chidiac P., Levey A.I., and Hepler J.R. RGS2 binds directly and selectively to the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor third intracellular loop to modulate Gq/11alpha signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 21248-21256
23. Bockaert J., Fagni L., Dumuis A., and Marin P. GPCR interacting proteins (GIP). Pharmacol. Ther. 103 (2004) 203-221
24. Bockaert J., and Pin J.P. Molecular tinkering of G protein-coupled receptors: an evolutionary success. EMBO J. 18 (1999) 1723-1729
25. Bodenstein J., Sunahara R.K., and Neubig R.R. N-terminal residues control proteasomal degradation of RGS2, RGS4, and RGS5 in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 71 (2007) 1040-1050
26. Bondjers C., Kalen M., Hellstrom M., Scheidl S.J., Abramsson A., Renner O., Lindahl P., Cho H., Kehrl J., and Betsholtz C. Transcription profiling of platelet-derived growth factor-B-deficient mouse embryos identifies RGS5 as a novel marker for pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Pathol. 162 (2003) 721-729
27. Boutet-Robinet E.A., Finana F., Wurch T., Pauwels P.J., and De Vries L. Endogenous RGS proteins facilitate dopamine D(2S) receptor coupling to G(alphao) proteins and Ca2+ responses in CHO-K1 cells. FEBS Lett. 533 (2003) 67-71
28. Bouvier M., Collins S., O'Dowd B.F., Campbell P.T., de Blasi A., Kobilka B.K., MacGregor C., Irons G.P., Caron M.G., and Lefkowitz R.J. Two distinct pathways for cAMP-mediated down-regulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Phosphorylation of the receptor and regulation of its mRNA level. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 16786-16792
29. Brakeman P.R., Lanahan A.A., O'Brien R., Roche K., Barnes C.A., Huganir R.L., and Worley P.F. Homer: a protein that selectively binds metabotropic glutamate receptors. Nature 386 (1997) 284-288
30. Brattelid T., Tveit K., Birkeland J.A., Sjaastad I., Qvigstad E., Krobert K.A., Hussain R.I., Skomedal T., Osnes J.B., and Levy F.O. Expression of mRNA encoding G protein-coupled receptors involved in congestive heart failure-a quantitative RT-PCR study and the question of normalisation. Basic Res. Cardiol. 102 (2007) 198-208
31. Breit A., Lagace M., and Bouvier M. Hetero-oligomerization between beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptors generates a beta-adrenergic signaling unit with distinct functional properties. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 28756-28765
32. Brodde O.E. Pathophysiology of the beta-adrenoceptor system in chronic heart failure: consequences for treatment with agonists, partial agonists or antagonists?. Eur. Heart J. 12 (1991) 54-62 Suppl. F
33. Brodde O.E., and Michel M.C. Adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the human heart. Pharmacol Rev 51 (1999) 651-690
34. Brodde O.E., Bruck H., and Leineweber K. Cardiac adrenoceptors: physiological and pathophysiological relevance. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 100 (2006) 323-337
35. Cabrera-Vera T.M., Vanhauwe J., Thomas T.O., Medkova M., Preininger A., Mazzoni M.R., and Hamm H.E. Insights into G protein structure, function, and regulation. Endocr. Rev. 24 (2003) 765-781
36. Calo L.A., Pagnin E., Davis P.A., Sartori M., Ceolotto G., Pessina A.C., and Semplicini A. Increased expression of regulator of G protein signaling-2 (RGS-2) in Bartter's/Gitelman's syndrome. A role in the control of vascular tone and implication for hypertension. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (2004) 4153-4157
37. Cao T.T., Deacon H.W., Reczek D., Bretscher A., and von Zastrow M. A kinase-regulated PDZ-domain interaction controls endocytic sorting of the beta2-adrenergic receptor. Nature 401 (1999) 286-290
38. Carman C.V., Parent J.L., Day P.W., Pronin A.N., Sternweis P.M., Wedegaertner P.B., Gilman A.G., Benovic J.L., and Kozasa T. Selective regulation of Galpha(q/11) by an RGS domain in the G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK2. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 34483-34492
39. Cherezov V., Rosenbaum D.M., Hanson M.A., Rasmussen S.G., Thian F.S., Kobilka T.S., Choi H.J., Kuhn P., Weis W.I., Kobilka B.K., and Stevens R.C. High-resolution crystal structure of an engineered human beta2-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptor. Science 318 (2007) 1258-1265
40. Chidiac P., and Ross E.M. Phospholipase C-beta1 directly accelerates GTP hydrolysis by Galphaq and acceleration is inhibited by Gbeta gamma subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 19639-19643
41. Chini B., and Parenti M. G-protein coupled receptors in lipid rafts and caveolae: how, when and why do they go there?. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 32 (2004) 325-338
42. Cho H., Harrison K., Schwartz O., and Kehrl J.H. The aorta and heart differentially express RGS (regulators of G-protein signalling) proteins that selectively regulate sphingosine 1-phosphate, angiotensin II and endothelin-1 signalling. Biochem. J. 371 (2003) 973-980
43. Cho H., Kozasa T., Bondjers C., Betsholtz C., and Kehrl J.H. Pericyte-specific expression of Rgs5: implications for PDGF and EDG receptor signaling during vascular maturation. FASEB J. 17 (2003) 440-442
44. Claing A., Perry S.J., Achiriloaie M., Walker J.K., Albanesi J.P., Lefkowitz R.J., and Premont R.T. Multiple endocytic pathways of G protein-coupled receptors delineated by GIT1 sensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (2000) 1119-1124
45. Conner D.A., Mathier M.A., Mortensen R.M., Christe M., Vatner S.F., Seidman C.E., and Seidman J.G. beta-Arrestin1 knockout mice appear normal but demonstrate altered cardiac responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation. Circ. Res. 81 (1997) 1021-1026
46. Cunningham M.L., Waldo G.L., Hollinger S., Hepler J.R., and Harden T.K. Protein kinase C phosphorylates RGS2 and modulates its capacity for negative regulation of Galpha 11 signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 5438-5444
47. Daaka Y., Luttrell L.M., and Lefkowitz R.J. Switching of the coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to different G proteins by protein kinase A. Nature 390 (1997) 88-91
48. Daaka Y., Pitcher J.A., Richardson M., Stoffel R.H., Robishaw J.D., and Lefkowitz R.J. Receptor and G betagamma isoform-specific interactions with G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 2180-2185
49. Dale L.B., Bhattacharya M., Seachrist J.L., Anborgh P.H., and Ferguson S.S. Agonist-stimulated and tonic internalization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a in human embryonic kidney 293 cells: agonist-stimulated endocytosis is beta-arrestin1 isoform-specific. Mol. Pharmacol. 60 (2001) 1243-1253
50. Daviet L., Lehtonen J.Y., Tamura K., Griese D.P., Horiuchi M., and Dzau V.J. Cloning and characterization of ATRAP, a novel protein that interacts with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 17058-17062
51. Derrien A., Zheng B., Osterhout J.L., Ma Y.C., Milligan G., Farquhar M.G., and Druey K.M. Src-mediated RGS16 tyrosine phosphorylation promotes RGS16 stability. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 16107-16116
52. Desai A.N., Salim S., Standifer K.M., and Eikenburg D.C. Involvement of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 3 and GRK2 in down-regulation of the alpha2B-adrenoceptor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 317 (2006) 1027-1035
53. DeWire S.M., Ahn S., Lefkowitz R.J., and Shenoy S.K. Beta-arrestins and cell signaling. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 69 (2007) 483-510
54. Doupnik C.A., Davidson N., Lester H.A., and Kofuji P. RGS proteins reconstitute the rapid gating kinetics of gbetagamma-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 10461-10466
55. Doupnik C.A., Xu T., and Shinaman J.M. Profile of RGS expression in single rat atrial myocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1522 (2001) 97-107
56. Dowal L., Elliott J., Popov S., Wilkie T.M., and Scarlata S. Determination of the contact energies between a regulator of G protein signaling and G protein subunits and phospholipase C beta 1. Biochemistry 40 (2001) 414-421
57. Dzimiri N. Receptor crosstalk. Implications for cardiovascular function, disease and therapy. Eur. J. Biochem. 269 (2002) 4713-4730
58. El-Armouche A., Zolk O., Rau T., and Eschenhagen T. Inhibitory G-proteins and their role in desensitization of the adenylyl cyclase pathway in heart failure. Cardiovasc. Res. 60 (2003) 478-487
59. Ferguson S.S. Evolving concepts in G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis: the role in receptor desensitization and signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 53 (2001) 1-24
60. Fiorentini C., Gardoni F., Spano P., Di Luca M., and Missale C. Regulation of dopamine D1 receptor trafficking and desensitization by oligomerization with glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 20196-20202
61. Fredriksson R., Lagerstrom M.C., Lundin L.G., and Schioth H.B. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. Mol. Pharmacol. 63 (2003) 1256-1272
62. Fu Y., Huang X., Piao L., Lopatin A.N., and Neubig R.R. Endogenous RGS proteins modulate SA and AV nodal functions in isolated heart: implications for sick sinus syndrome and AV block. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 292 (2007) H2532-H2539
63. Fu Y., Huang X., Zhong H., Mortensen R.M., D'Alecy L.G., and Neubig R.R. Endogenous RGS proteins and Galpha subtypes differentially control muscarinic and adenosine-mediated chronotropic effects. Circ. Res. 98 (2006) 659-666
64. Fu Y., Zhong H., Nanamori M., Mortensen R.M., Huang X., Lan K., and Neubig R.R. RGS-insensitive G-protein mutations to study the role of endogenous RGS proteins. Methods Enzymol. 389 (2004) 229-243
65. Furuya M., Nishiyama M., Kimura S., Suyama T., Naya Y., Ito H., Nikaido T., and Ishikura H. Expression of regulator of G protein signalling protein 5 (RGS5) in the tumour vasculature of human renal cell carcinoma. J. Pathol. 203 (2004) 551-558
66. Galvez T., Duthey B., Kniazeff J., Blahos J., Rovelli G., Bettler B., Prezeau L., and Pin J.P. Allosteric interactions between GB1 and GB2 subunits are required for optimal GABA(B) receptor function. EMBO J. 20 (2001) 2152-2159
67. Geary R.L., Wong J.M., Rossini A., Schwartz S.M., and Adams L.D. Expression profiling identifies 147 genes contributing to a unique primate neointimal smooth muscle cell phenotype. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22 (2002) 2010-2016
68. Georgoussi Z., Leontiadis L., Mazarakou G., Merkouris M., Hyde K., and Hamm H. Selective interactions between G protein subunits and RGS4 with the C-terminal domains of the mu- and delta-opioid receptors regulate opioid receptor signaling. Cell. Signal. 18 (2006) 771-782
69. Gether U. Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in activation of G protein-coupled receptors. Endocr. Rev. 21 (2000) 90-113
70. Ghanouni P., Gryczynski Z., Steenhuis J.J., Lee T.W., Farrens D.L., Lakowicz J.R., and Kobilka B.K. Functionally different agonists induce distinct conformations in the G protein coupling domain of the beta 2 adrenergic receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 24433-24436
71. Ghavami A., Hunt R.A., Olsen M.A., Zhang J., Smith D.L., Kalgaonkar S., Rahman Z., and Young K.H. Differential effects of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins on serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and dopamine D2 receptor-mediated signaling and adenylyl cyclase activity. Cell. Signal. 16 (2004) 711-721
72. Grant S.L., Lassegue B., Griendling K.K., Ushio-Fukai M., Lyons P.R., and Alexander R.W. Specific regulation of RGS2 messenger RNA by angiotensin II in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 57 (2000) 460-467
73. Gros R., Chorazyczewski J., Meek M.D., Benovic J.L., Ferguson S.S., and Feldman R.D. G-Protein-coupled receptor kinase activity in hypertension: increased vascular and lymphocyte G-protein receptor kinase-2 protein expression. Hypertension 35 (2000) 38-42
74. Gross C.M., Gerbaulet S., Quensel C., Kramer J., Mittelmeier H.O., Luft F.C., and Dietz R. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in human coronary arteries with variable degrees of atherosclerosis. Basic Res. Cardiol. 97 (2002) 327-333
75. Gu S., Anton A., Salim S., Blumer K.J., Dessauer C.W., and Heximer S.P. Alternative translation initiation of human regulators of G-protein signaling-2 yields a set of functionally distinct proteins. Mol. Pharmacol. 73 (2008) 1-11
76. Gu S., He J., Ho W.T., Ramineni S., Thal D.M., Natesh R., Tesmer J.J., Hepler J.R., and Heximer S.P. Unique hydrophobic extension of the RGS2 amphipathic helix domain imparts increased plasma membrane binding and function relative to other RGS R4/B subfamily members. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 33064-33075
77. Hadcock J.R., and Malbon C.C. Down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors: agonist-induced reduction in receptor mRNA levels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85 (1988) 5021-5025
78. Hadcock J.R., Wang H.Y., and Malbon C.C. Agonist-induced destabilization of beta-adrenergic receptor mRNA. Attenuation of glucocorticoid-induced up-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 19928-19933
79. Hague C., Bernstein L.S., Ramineni S., Chen Z., Minneman K.P., and Hepler J.R. Selective inhibition of alpha1A-adrenergic receptor signaling by RGS2 association with the receptor third intracellular loop. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 27289-27295
80. Hague C., Lee S.E., Chen Z., Prinster S.C., Hall R.A., and Minneman K.P. Heterodimers of alpha1B- and alpha1D-adrenergic receptors form a single functional entity. Mol. Pharmacol. 69 (2006) 45-55
81. Hall R.A., and Lefkowitz R.J. Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by scaffold proteins. Circ. Res. 91 (2002) 672-680
82. Hall R.A., Ostedgaard L.S., Premont R.T., Blitzer J.T., Rahman N., Welsh M.J., and Lefkowitz R.J. A C-terminal motif found in the beta2-adrenergic receptor, P2Y1 receptor and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator determines binding to the Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor family of PDZ proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 (1998) 8496-8501
83. Hall R.A., Premont R.T., Chow C.W., Blitzer J.T., Pitcher J.A., Claing A., Stoffel R.H., Barak L.S., Shenolikar S., Weinman E.J., Grinstein S., and Lefkowitz R.J. The beta2-adrenergic receptor interacts with the Na+/H+-exchanger regulatory factor to control Na+/H+ exchange. Nature 392 (1998) 626-630
84. Hamm H.E. The many faces of G protein signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 669-672
85. Hao J., Michalek C., Zhang W., Zhu M., Xu X., and Mende U. Regulation of cardiomyocyte signaling by RGS proteins: differential selectivity towards G proteins and susceptibility to regulation. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 41 (2006) 51-61
86. Hay D.L., Poyner D.R., and Sexton P.M. GPCR modulation by RAMPs. Pharmacol. Ther. 109 (2006) 173-197
87. Hendriks-Balk M.C., Michel M.C., and Alewijnse A.E. Pitfalls in the normalization of real-time polymerase chain reaction data. Basic Res. Cardiol. 102 (2007) 195-197
88. Hepler J.R., Berman D.M., Gilman A.G., and Kozasa T. RGS4 and GAIP are GTPase-activating proteins for Gq alpha and block activation of phospholipase C beta by gamma-thio-GTP-Gq alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 428-432
89. Herlitze S., Ruppersberg J.P., and Mark M.D. New roles for RGS2, 5 and 8 on the ratio-dependent modulation of recombinant GIRK channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Physiol. 517 Pt 2 (1999) 341-352
90. Hermans E. Biochemical and pharmacological control of the multiplicity of coupling at G-protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 99 (2003) 25-44
91. Heximer S.P., Knutsen R.H., Sun X., Kaltenbronn K.M., Rhee M.H., Peng N., Oliveira-dos-Santos A., Penninger J.M., Muslin A.J., Steinberg T.H., Wyss J.M., Mecham R.P., and Blumer K.J. Hypertension and prolonged vasoconstrictor signaling in RGS2-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest. 111 (2003) 445-452
92. Hiol A., Davey P.C., Osterhout J.L., Waheed A.A., Fischer E.R., Chen C.K., Milligan G., Druey K.M., and Jones T.L. Palmitoylation regulates regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) 16 function. I. Mutation of amino-terminal cysteine residues on RGS16 prevents its targeting to lipid rafts and palmitoylation of an internal cysteine residue. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 19301-19308
93. Hollinger S., and Hepler J.R. Cellular regulation of RGS proteins: modulators andintegrators of G protein signaling. Pharmacol. Rev. 54 (2002) 527-559
94. Horrevoets A.J., Fontijn R.D., van Zonneveld A.J., de Vries C.J., ten Cate J.W., and Pannekoek H. Vascular endothelial genes that are responsive to tumor necrosis factor alpha in vitro are expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, including inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1, stannin, and two novel genes. Blood 93 (1999) 3418-3431
95. Hu R.G., Sheng J., Qi X., Xu Z., Takahashi T.T., and Varshavsky A. The N-end rule pathway as a nitric oxide sensor controlling the levels of multiple regulators. Nature 437 (2005) 981-986
96. Iaccarino G., and Koch W.J. Transgenic mice targeting the heart unveil G protein-coupled receptor kinases as therapeutic targets. Assay Drug Dev. Technol. 1 (2003) 347-355
97. Inanobe A., Fujita S., Makino Y., Matsushita K., Ishii M., Chachin M., and Kurachi Y. Interaction between the RGS domain of RGS4 with G protein alpha subunits mediates the voltage-dependent relaxation of the G protein-gated potassium channel. J. Physiol. 535 (2001) 133-143
98. Insel P.A., Head B.P., Ostrom R.S., Patel H.H., Swaney J.S., Tang C.M., and Roth D.M. Caveolae and lipid rafts: G protein-coupled receptor signaling microdomains in cardiac myocytes. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1047 (2005) 166-172
99. Insel P.A., Head B.P., Patel H.H., Roth D.M., Bundey R.A., and Swaney J.S. Compartmentation of G-protein-coupled receptors and their signalling components in lipid rafts and caveolae. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33 (2005) 1131-1134
100. Ishii M., Fujita S., Yamada M., Hosaka Y., and Kurachi Y. Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and Ca2+/calmodulin competitively bind to the regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS) domain of RGS4 and reciprocally regulate its action. Biochem. J. 385 (2005) 65-73
101. Ishii M., Inanobe A., and Kurachi Y. PIP3 inhibition of RGS protein and its reversal by Ca2+/calmodulin mediate voltage-dependent control of the G protein cycle in a cardiac K+ channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99 (2002) 4325-4330
102. Itoh M., Nagatomo K., Kubo Y., and Saitoh O. Alternative splicing of RGS8 gene changes the binding property to the M1 muscarinic receptor to confer receptor type-specific Gq regulation. J. Neurochem. 99 (2006) 1505-1516
103. Jaber M., Koch W.J., Rockman H., Smith B., Bond R.A., Sulik K.K., Ross Jr. J., Lefkowitz R.J., Caron M.G., and Giros B. Essential role of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in cardiac development and function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93 (1996) 12974-12979
104. Jaen C., and Doupnik C.A. Neuronal Kir3.1/Kir3.2a channels coupled to serotonin 1A and muscarinic m2 receptors are differentially modulated by the "short" RGS3 isoform. Neuropharmacology 49 (2005) 465-476
105. Jaen C., and Doupnik C.A. RGS3 and RGS4 differentially associate with G protein coupled receptor-Kir3 channel signaling complexes revealing two modes of RGS modulation. Precoupling and collision coupling. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 34549-34560
106. Jeanneteau F., Guillin O., Diaz J., Griffon N., and Sokoloff P. GIPC recruits GAIP (RGS19) to attenuate dopamine D2 receptor signaling. Mol. Biol. Cell 15 (2004) 4926-4937
107. Jeong S.W., and Ikeda S.R. Differential regulation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K(+) channel kinetics by distinct domains of RGS8. J. Physiol. 535 (2001) 335-347
108. Johnson E.N., and Druey K.M. Functional characterization of the G protein regulator RGS13. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 16768-16774
109. Jones T.L. Role of palmitoylation in RGS protein function. Methods Enzymol. 389 (2004) 33-55
110. Kacimi R., and Gerdes A.M. Alterations in G protein and MAP kinase signaling pathways during cardiac remodeling in hypertension and heart failure. Hypertension 41 (2003) 968-977
111. Kardestuncer T., Wu H., Lim A.L., and Neer E.J. Cardiac myocytes express mRNA for ten RGS proteins: changes in RGS mRNA expression in ventricular myocytes and cultured atria. FEBS Lett. 438 (1998) 285-288
112. Kelly E., Bailey C.P., and Henderson G. Agonist-selective mechanisms of GPCR desensitization. Br. J. Pharmacol. 153 (2008) S379-S388
113. Kenakin T. Inverse, protean, and ligand-selective agonism: matters of receptor conformation. Faseb J. 15 (2001) 598-611
114. Kenakin T. Recombinant roulette versus the apparent virtues of 'natural' cell receptor systems: receptor genotypes versus phenotypes. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 23 (2002) 403-404
115. Kenakin T. Ligand-selective receptor conformations revisited: the promise and the problem. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 (2003) 346-354
116. Kenakin T. Functional selectivity through protean and biased agonism: who steers the ship?. Mol. Pharmacol. 72 (2007) 1393-1401
117. Keys J.R., Zhou R.H., Harris D.M., Druckman C.A., and Eckhart A.D. Vascular smooth muscle overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 elevates blood pressure, which segregates with sex and is dependent on Gi-mediated signaling. Circulation 112 (2005) 1145-1153
118. Kirkham M., and Parton R.G. Clathrin-independent endocytosis: new insights into caveolae and non-caveolar lipid raft carriers. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1746 (2005) 349-363
119. Kirsch T., Wellner M., Luft F.C., Haller H., and Lippoldt A. Altered gene expression in cerebral capillaries of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res. 910 (2001) 106-115
120. Kobilka B.K., and Deupi X. Conformational complexity of G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 28 (2007) 397-406
121. Kristiansen K. Molecular mechanisms of ligand binding, signaling, and regulation within the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors: molecular modeling and mutagenesis approaches to receptor structure and function. Pharmacol. Ther. 103 (2004) 21-80
122. Kurachi Y., and Ishii M. Cell signal control of the G protein-gated potassium channel and its subcellular localization. J. Physiol. 554 (2004) 285-294
123. Kwon Y.T., Kashina A.S., Davydov I.V., Hu R.G., An J.Y., Seo J.W., Du F., and Varshavsky A. An essential role of N-terminal arginylation in cardiovascular development. Science 297 (2002) 96-99
124. Le Guludec D., Cohen-Solal A., Delforge J., Delahaye N., Syrota A., and Merlet P. Increased myocardial muscarinic receptor density in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: an in vivo PET study. Circulation 96 (1997) 3416-3422
125. Lee M.J., Tasaki T., Moroi K., An J.Y., Kimura S., Davydov I.V., and Kwon Y.T. RGS4 and RGS5 are in vivo substrates of the N-end rule pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 15030-15035
126. Lee N.H., and Fraser C.M. Cross-talk between m1 muscarinic acetylcholine and beta 2-adrenergic receptors. cAMP and the third intracellular loop of m1 muscarinic receptors confer heterologous regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 268 (1993) 7949-7957
127. Li J., Adams L.D., Wang X., Pabon L., Schwartz S.M., Sane D.C., and Geary R.L. Regulator of G protein signaling 5 marks peripheral arterial smooth muscle cells and is downregulated in atherosclerotic plaque. J. Vasc. Surg. 40 (2004) 519-528
128. Li Y., Hashim S., and Anand-Srivastava M.B. Angiotensin II-evoked enhanced expression of RGS2 attenuates Gi-mediated adenylyl cyclase signaling in A10 cells. Cardiovasc. Res. 66 (2005) 503-511
129. Liang Y., Li C., Guzman V.M., Chang W.W., Evinger III A.J., Sao D., and Woodward D.F. Identification of a novel alternative splicing variant of RGS5 mRNA in human ocular tissues. FEBS J. 272 (2005) 791-799
130. Lin F., Wang H., and Malbon C.C. Gravin-mediated formation of signaling complexes in beta 2-adrenergic receptor desensitization and resensitization. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 19025-19034
131. Lin F.T., Krueger K.M., Kendall H.E., Daaka Y., Fredericks Z.L., Pitcher J.A., and Lefkowitz R.J. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of the beta-adrenergic receptor is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of beta-arrestin1. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 31051-31057
132. Liu W., Yuen E.Y., Allen P.B., Feng J., Greengard P., and Yan Z. Adrenergic modulation of NMDA receptors in prefrontal cortex is differentially regulated by RGS proteins and spinophilin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 18338-18343
133. MacEwan D.J., and Milligan G. Inverse agonist-induced up-regulation of the human beta2-adrenoceptor in transfected neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 50 (1996) 1479-1486
134. Maguire J.J., and Davenport A.P. Regulation of vascular reactivity by established and emerging GPCRs. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (2005) 448-454
135. Marchese A., Paing M.M., Temple B.R., and Trejo J. G protein-coupled receptor sorting to endosomes and lysosomes. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 48 (2008) 601-629
136. Marianayagam N.J., Sunde M., and Matthews J.M. The power of two: protein dimerization in biology. Trends Biochem. Sci. 29 (2004) 618-625
137. Martin N.P., Lefkowitz R.J., and Shenoy S.K. Regulation of V2 vasopressin receptor degradation by agonist-promoted ubiquitination. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 45954-45959
138. Maudsley S., Martin B., and Luttrell L.M. The origins of diversity and specificity in g protein-coupled receptor signaling. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314 (2005) 485-494
139. Melliti K., Meza U., and Adams B.A. RGS2 blocks slow muscarinic inhibition of N-type Ca(2+) channels reconstituted in a human cell line. J. Physiol. 532 (2001) 337-347
140. Menard L., Ferguson S.S., Zhang J., Lin F.T., Lefkowitz R.J., Caron M.G., and Barak L.S. Synergistic regulation of beta2-adrenergic receptor sequestration: intracellular complement of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase and beta-arrestin determine kinetics of internalization. Mol. Pharmacol. 51 (1997) 800-808
141. Metaye T., Gibelin H., Perdrisot R., and Kraimps J.L. Pathophysiological roles of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Cell. Signal. 17 (2005) 917-928
142. Michal P., El-Fakahany E.E., and Dolezal V. Muscarinic M2 receptors directly activate Gq/11 and Gs G-proteins. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320 (2007) 607-614
143. Michel M.C., and Alewijnse A.E. Ligand-directed signaling: 50 ways to find a lover. Mol. Pharmacol. 72 (2007) 1097-1099
144. Milligan G. Constitutive activity and inverse agonists of G protein-coupled receptors: a current perspective. Mol. Pharmacol. 64 (2003) 1271-1276
145. Milligan G. G protein-coupled receptor dimerization: function and ligand pharmacology. Mol. Pharmacol. 66 (2004) 1-7
146. Milligan G., and Kostenis E. Heterotrimeric G-proteins: a short history. Br. J. Pharmacol. 147 Suppl. 1 (2006) S46-S55
147. Mitchell T.S., Bradley J., Robinson G.S., Shima D.T., and Ng Y.S. RGS5 expression is a quantitative measure of pericyte coverage of blood vessels. Angiogenesis (2007) 10.1007/s10456-007-9085-x
148. Mittmann C., Chung C.H., Hoppner G., Michalek C., Nose M., Schuler C., Schuh A., Eschenhagen T., Weil J., Pieske B., Hirt S., and Wieland T. Expression of ten RGS proteins in human myocardium: functional characterization of an upregulation of RGS4 in heart failure. Cardiovasc. Res. 55 (2002) 778-786
149. Mittmann C., Schuler C., Chung C.H., Hoppner G., Nose M., Kehrl J.H., and Wieland T. Evidence for a short form of RGS3 preferentially expressed in the human heart. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 363 (2001) 456-463
150. Miyoshi K., Kawakami N., Horio S., and Fukui H. Homologous and heterologous phosphorylations of human histamine H1 receptor in intact cells. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 96 (2004) 474-482
151. Moffett S., Mouillac B., Bonin H., and Bouvier M. Altered phosphorylation and desensitization patterns of a human beta 2-adrenergic receptor lacking the palmitoylated Cys341. EMBO J. 12 (1993) 349-356
152. Moller S., Vilo J., and Croning M.D. Prediction of the coupling specificity of G protein coupled receptors to their G proteins. Bioinformatics 17 Suppl. 1 (2001) S174-S181
153. Moniotte S., Kobzik L., Feron O., Trochu J.N., Gauthier C., and Balligand J.L. Upregulation of beta(3)-adrenoceptors and altered contractile response to inotropic amines in human failing myocardium. Circulation 103 (2001) 1649-1655
154. Moore C.A., Milano S.K., and Benovic J.L. Regulation of receptor trafficking by GRKs and arrestins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 69 (2007) 451-482
155. Moroi K., Nishiyama M., Kawabata S., Ichiba H., Yajima T., and Kimura S. Phosphorylation of Ser166 in RGS5 by protein kinase C causes loss of RGS function. Life Sci. 81 (2007) 40-50
156. Mulders A.C., Hendriks-Balk M.C., Mathy M.J., Michel M.C., Alewijnse A.E., and Peters S.L. Sphingosine kinase-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by angiotensin II. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26 (2006) 2043-2048
157. Mundell S.J., Pula G., Carswell K., Roberts P.J., and Kelly E. Agonist-induced internalization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1A: structural determinants for protein kinase C- and G protein-coupled receptor kinase-mediated internalization. J. Neurochem. 84 (2003) 294-304
158. Mundell S.J., Pula G., McIlhinney R.A., Roberts P.J., and Kelly E. Desensitization and internalization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a following activation of heterologous Gq/11-coupled receptors. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 7541-7551
159. Ng G.Y., Clark J., Coulombe N., Ethier N., Hebert T.E., Sullivan R., Kargman S., Chateauneuf A., Tsukamoto N., McDonald T., Whiting P., Mezey E., Johnson M.P., Liu Q., Kolakowski Jr. L.F., Evans J.F., Bonner T.I., and O'Neill G.P. Identification of a GABAB receptor subunit, gb2, required for functional GABAB receptor activity. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 7607-7610
160. Novi F., Scarselli M., Corsini G.U., and Maggio R. The paired activation of the two components of the muscarinic M3 receptor dimer is required for induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 7476-7486
161. Osei-Owusu P., Sun X., Drenan R.M., Steinberg T.H., and Blumer K.J. Regulation of RGS2 and second messenger signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells by cGMP-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 282 (2007) 31656-31665
162. Oshita A., Iwai M., Chen R., Ide A., Okumura M., Fukunaga S., Yoshii T., Mogi M., Higaki J., and Horiuchi M. Attenuation of inflammatory vascular remodeling by angiotensin II type 1 receptor-associated protein. Hypertension 48 (2006) 671-676
163. Osterhout J.L., Waheed A.A., Hiol A., Ward R.J., Davey P.C., Nini L., Wang J., Milligan G., Jones T.L., and Druey K.M. Palmitoylation regulates regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) 16 function. II. Palmitoylation of a cysteine residue in the RGS box is critical for RGS16 GTPase accelerating activity and regulation of Gi-coupled signalling. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 19309-19316
164. Ostrom R.S., and Insel P.A. The evolving role of lipid rafts and caveolae in G protein coupled receptor signaling: implications for molecular pharmacology. Br. J. Pharmacol. 143 (2004) 235-245
165. Ouyang Y.S., Tu Y., Barker S.A., and Yang F. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) 4, insertion into model membranes and inhibition of activity by phosphatidic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 11115-11122
166. Owen V.J., Burton P.B., Mullen A.J., Birks E.J., Barton P., and Yacoub M.H. Expression of RGS3, RGS4 and Gi alpha 2 in acutely failing donor hearts and end-stage heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 22 (2001) 1015-1020
167. Paing M.M., Stutts A.B., Kohout T.A., Lefkowitz R.J., and Trejo J. beta-Arrestins regulate protease-activated receptor-1 desensitization but not internalization or Downregulation. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 1292-1300
168. Palczewski K., Kumasaka T., Hori T., Behnke C.A., Motoshima H., Fox B.A., Le Trong I., Teller D.C., Okada T., Stenkamp R.E., Yamamoto M., and Miyano M. Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor. Science 289 (2000) 739-745
169. Panetta R., Guo Y., Magder S., and Greenwood M.T. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) 1 and 16 are induced in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and stimulate c-fos promoter expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 259 (1999) 550-556
170. Patten M., Bunemann J., Thoma B., Kramer E., Thoenes M., Stube S., Mittmann C., and Wieland T. Endotoxin induces desensitization of cardiac endothelin-1 receptor signaling by increased expression of RGS4 and RGS16. Cardiovasc. Res. 53 (2002) 156-164
171. Penela P., Murga C., Ribas C., Tutor A.S., Peregrin S., and Mayor Jr. F. Mechanisms of regulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Res. 69 (2006) 46-56
172. Pierce K.L., Premont R.T., and Lefkowitz R.J. Seven-transmembrane receptors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3 (2002) 639-650
173. Pitcher J.A., Fredericks Z.L., Stone W.C., Premont R.T., Stoffel R.H., Koch W.J., and Lefkowitz R.J. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-enhanced G protein coupled receptor kinase (GRK) activity. Location, structure, and regulation of the PIP2 binding site distinguishes the GRK subfamilies. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 24907-24913
174. Pitcher J.A., Freedman N.J., and Lefkowitz R.J. G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67 (1998) 653-692
175. Pommier B., Da Nascimento S., Dumont S., Bellier B., Million E., Garbay C., Roques B.P., and Noble F. The cholecystokininB receptor is coupled to two effector pathways through pertussis toxin-sensitive and -insensitive G proteins. J. Neurochem. 73 (1999) 281-288
176. Popov S.G., Krishna U.M., Falck J.R., and Wilkie T.M. Ca2+/Calmodulin reverses phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 5-trisphosphate-dependent inhibition of regulators of G protein signaling GTPase-activating protein activity. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 18962-18968
177. Premont R.T., and Gainetdinov R.R. Physiological roles of G protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 69 (2007) 511-534
178. Prezeau L., Richman J.G., Edwards S.W., and Limbird L.E. The zeta isoform of 14-3-3 proteins interacts with the third intracellular loop of different alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 13462-13469
179. Prinster S.C., Hague C., and Hall R.A. Heterodimerization of g protein-coupled receptors: specificity and functional significance. Pharmacol. Rev. 57 (2005) 289-298
180. Rajagopal K., Whalen E.J., Violin J.D., Stiber J.A., Rosenberg P.B., Premont R.T., Coffman T.M., Rockman H.A., and Lefkowitz R.J. Beta-arrestin2-mediated inotropic effects of the angiotensin II type 1A receptor in isolated cardiac myocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103 (2006) 16284-16289
181. Rapacciuolo A., Suvarna S., Barki-Harrington L., Luttrell L.M., Cong M., Lefkowitz R.J., and Rockman H.A. Protein kinase A and G protein-coupled receptor kinase phosphorylation mediates beta-1 adrenergic receptor endocytosis through different pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 35403-35411
182. Rasmussen S.G., Choi H.J., Rosenbaum D.M., Kobilka T.S., Thian F.S., Edwards P.C., Burghammer M., Ratnala V.R., Sanishvili R., Fischetti R.F., Schertler G.F., Weis W.I., and Kobilka B.K. Crystal structure of the human beta2 adrenergic G-protein-coupled receptor. Nature 450 (2007) 383-387
183. Ribas C., Penela P., Murga C., Salcedo A., Garcia-Hoz C., Jurado-Pueyo M., Aymerich I., and Mayor Jr. F. The G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) interactome: role of GRKs in GPCR regulation and signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1768 (2007) 913-922
184. Richman J.G., Brady A.E., Wang Q., Hensel J.L., Colbran R.J., and Limbird L.E. Agonist-regulated interaction between alpha2-adrenergic receptors and spinophilin. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 15003-15008
185. Riddle E.L., Schwartzman R.A., Bond M., and Insel P.A. Multi-tasking RGS proteins in the heart: the next therapeutic target?. Circ. Res. 96 (2005) 401-411
186. Rogers J.H., Tamirisa P., Kovacs A., Weinheimer C., Courtois M., Blumer K.J., Kelly D.P., and Muslin A.J. RGS4 causes increased mortality and reduced cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. J. Clin. Invest. 104 (1999) 567-576
187. Rose J.J., Taylor J.B., Shi J., Cockett M.I., Jones P.G., and Hepler J.R. RGS7 is palmitoylated and exists as biochemically distinct forms. J. Neurochem. 75 (2000) 2103-2112
188. Ross E.M., and Wilkie T.M. GTPase-activating proteins for heterotrimeric G proteins: regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69 (2000) 795-827
189. Roy A.A., Baragli A., Bernstein L.S., Hepler J.R., Hebert T.E., and Chidiac P. RGS2 interacts with Gs and adenylyl cyclase in living cells. Cell. Signal. 18 (2006) 336-348
190. Roy A.A., Lemberg K.E., and Chidiac P. Recruitment of RGS2 and RGS4 to the plasma membrane by G proteins and receptors reflects functional interactions. Mol. Pharmacol. 64 (2003) 587-593
191. Rutherford C., Ord-Shrimpton F.U., Sands W.A., Pediani J.D., Benovic J.L., McGrath J.C., and Palmer T.M. Phosphorylation-independent internalisation and desensitisation of the human sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor S1P3. Cell. Signal. 17 (2005) 997-1009
192. Salahpour A., Angers S., Mercier J.F., Lagace M., Marullo S., and Bouvier M. Homodimerization of the beta2-adrenergic receptor as a prerequisite for cell surface targeting. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 33390-33397
193. Salim S., Sinnarajah S., Kehrl J.H., and Dessauer C.W. Identification of RGS2 and type V adenylyl cyclase interaction sites. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 15842-15849
194. Sato M., Horinouchi T., Hutchinson D.S., Evans B.A., and Summers R.J. Ligand directed signaling at the beta3-adrenoceptor produced by 3-(2-Ethylphenoxy)-1-[(1,S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapth-1-ylamino]-2S-2-propan ol oxalate (SR59230A) relative to receptor agonists. Mol. Pharmacol. 72 (2007) 1359-1368
195. Scheschonka A., Dessauer C.W., Sinnarajah S., Chidiac P., Shi C.S., and Kehrl J.H. RGS3 is a GTPase-activating protein for g(ialpha) and g(qalpha) and a potent inhibitor of signaling by GTPase-deficient forms of g(qalpha) and g(11alpha). Mol. Pharmacol. 58 (2000) 719-728
196. Schmidt M., Sand C., Jakobs K.H., Michel M.C., and Weernink P.A. Epac and the cardiovascular system. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 7 (2007) 193-200
197. Schnabel P., and Bohm M. Heterotrimeric G proteins in heart disease. Cell. Signal. 8 (1996) 413-423
198. Schoeber J.P., Topala C.N., Wang X., Diepens R.J., Lambers T.T., Hoenderop J.G., and Bindels R.J. RGS2 inhibits the epithelial Ca2+ channel TRPV6. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 29669-29674
199. Schwendt M., Gold S.J., and McGinty J.F. Acute amphetamine down-regulates RGS4 mRNA and protein expression in rat forebrain: distinct roles of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. J. Neurochem. 96 (2006) 1606-1615
200. Schwindinger W.F., and Robishaw J.D. Heterotrimeric G-protein betagamma-dimers in growth and differentiation. Oncogene 20 (2001) 1653-1660
201. Semplicini A., Lenzini L., Sartori M., Papparella I., Calo L.A., Pagnin E., Strapazzon G., Benna C., Costa R., Avogaro A., Ceolotto G., and Pessina A.C. Reduced expression of regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) in hypertensive patients increases calcium mobilization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by angiotensin II. J. Hypertens. 24 (2006) 1115-1124
202. Shenoy S.K., and Lefkowitz R.J. Multifaceted roles of beta-arrestins in the regulation of seven-membrane-spanning receptor trafficking and signalling. Biochem. J. 375 (2003) 503-515
203. Shenoy S.K., and Lefkowitz R.J. Trafficking patterns of beta-arrestin and G protein coupled receptors determined by the kinetics of beta-arrestin deubiquitination. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 14498-14506
204. Shenoy S.K., and Lefkowitz R.J. Receptor-specific ubiquitination of beta-arrestin directs assembly and targeting of seven-transmembrane receptor signalosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 15315-15324
205. Shenoy S.K., McDonald P.H., Kohout T.A., and Lefkowitz R.J. Regulation of receptor fate by ubiquitination of activated beta 2-adrenergic receptor and beta-arrestin. Science 294 (2001) 1307-1313
206. Shi C.S., Lee S.B., Sinnarajah S., Dessauer C.W., Rhee S.G., and Kehrl J.H. Regulator of G-protein signaling 3 (RGS3) inhibits Gbeta1gamma 2-induced inositol phosphate production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and Akt activation. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 24293-24300
207. Siderovski D.P., and Willard F.S. The GAPs, GEFs, and GDIs of heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunits. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 1 (2005) 51-66
208. Siehler S., and Manning D.R. Pathways of transduction engaged by sphingosine 1-phosphate through G protein-coupled receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1582 (2002) 94-99
209. Sinnarajah S., Dessauer C.W., Srikumar D., Chen J., Yuen J., Yilma S., Dennis J.C., Morrison E.E., Vodyanoy V., and Kehrl J.H. RGS2 regulates signal transduction in olfactory neurons by attenuating activation of adenylyl cyclase III. Nature 409 (2001) 1051-1055
210. Smit M.J., Vischer H.F., Bakker R.A., Jongejan A., Timmerman H., Pardo L., and Leurs R. Pharmacogenomic and structural analysis of constitutive g protein-coupled receptor activity. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 47 (2007) 53-87
211. Smith F.D., Oxford G.S., and Milgram S.L. Association of the D2 dopamine receptor third cytoplasmic loop with spinophilin, a protein phosphatase-1-interacting protein. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 19894-19900
212. Snabaitis A.K., Muntendorf A., Wieland T., and Avkiran M. Regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in adult myocardium: differential roles of G(q/11), Gi and G(12/13) proteins in signalling by alpha1-adrenergic, endothelin-1 and thrombin-sensitive protease-activated receptors. Cell. Signal. 17 (2005) 655-664
213. Snow B.E., Hall R.A., Krumins A.M., Brothers G.M., Bouchard D., Brothers C.A., Chung S., Mangion J., Gilman A.G., Lefkowitz R.J., and Siderovski D.P. GTPase activating specificity of RGS12 and binding specificity of an alternatively spliced PDZ (PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1) domain. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 17749-17755
214. Stoffel R.H., Randall R.R., Premont R.T., Lefkowitz R.J., and Inglese J. Palmitoylation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK6. Lipid modification diversity in the GRK family. J. Biol. Chem. 269 (1994) 27791-27794
215. Sun X., Kaltenbronn K.M., Steinberg T.H., and Blumer K.J. RGS2 is a mediator of nitric oxide action on blood pressure and vasoconstrictor signaling. Mol. Pharmacol. 67 (2005) 631-639
216. Takeishi Y., Jalili T., Hoit B.D., Kirkpatrick D.L., Wagoner L.E., Abraham W.T., and Walsh R.A. Alterations in Ca2+ cycling proteins and G alpha q signaling after left ventricular assist device support in failing human hearts. Cardiovasc. Res. 45 (2000) 883-888
217. Tanaka Y., Tamura K., Koide Y., Sakai M., Tsurumi Y., Noda Y., Umemura M., Ishigami T., Uchino K., Kimura K., Horiuchi M., and Umemura S. The novel angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R)-associated protein ATRAP downregulates AT1R and ameliorates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. FEBS Lett. 579 (2005) 1579-1586
218. Tang C.M., and Insel P.A. GPCR expression in the heart; "new" receptors in myocytes and fibroblasts. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 14 (2004) 94-99
219. Tang K.M., Wang G.R., Lu P., Karas R.H., Aronovitz M., Heximer S.P., Kaltenbronn K.M., Blumer K.J., Siderovski D.P., Zhu Y., and Mendelsohn M.E. Regulator of Gprotein signaling-2 mediates vascular smooth muscle relaxation and blood pressure. Nat. Med. 9 (2003) 1506-1512
220. Taymans J.M., Kia H.K., Claes R., Cruz C., Leysen J., and Langlois X. Dopamine receptor-mediated regulation of RGS2 and RGS4 mRNA differentially depends on ascending dopamine projections and time. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19 (2004) 2249-2260
221. Tobin A.B. Phosphorylation of phospholipase C-coupled receptors. Pharmacol. Ther. 75 (1997) 135-151
222. Tovey S.C., and Willars G.B. Single-cell imaging of intracellular Ca2+ and phospholipase C activity reveals that RGS 2, 3, and 4 differentially regulate signaling via the Galphaq/11-linked muscarinic M3 receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 66 (2004) 1453-1464
223. Turner J.H., and Raymond J.R. Interaction of calmodulin with the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor. A putative regulator of G protein coupling and receptor phosphorylation by protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 30741-30750
224. Uberti M.A., Hague C., Oller H., Minneman K.P., and Hall R.A. Heterodimerization with beta2-adrenergic receptors promotes surface expression and functional activity of alpha1D-adrenergic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 313 (2005) 16-23
225. Urban J.D., Clarke W.P., von Zastrow M., Nichols D.E., Kobilka B., Weinstein H., Javitch J.A., Roth B.L., Christopoulos A., Sexton P.M., Miller K.J., Spedding M., and Mailman R.B. Functional selectivity and classical concepts of quantitative pharmacology. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320 (2007) 1-13
226. Vinge L.E., Oie E., Andersson Y., Grogaard H.K., Andersen G., and Attramadal H. Myocardial distribution and regulation of GRK and beta-arrestin isoforms in congestive heart failure in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 281 (2001) H2490-H2499
227. Wang Q., Liu M., Mullah B., Siderovski D.P., and Neubig R.R. Receptor-selective effects of endogenous RGS3 and RGS5 to regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 24949-24958
228. Wang H.Y., Tao J., Shumay E., and Malbon C.C. G-protein-coupled receptor-associated A-kinase anchoring proteins: AKAP79 and AKAP250 (gravin). Eur. J. Cell Biol. 85 (2006) 643-650
229. Wang X., Zeng W., Kim M.S., Allen P.B., Greengard P., and Muallem S. Spinophilin/neurabin reciprocally regulate signaling intensity by G protein-coupled receptors. Embo J. 26 (2007) 2768-2776
230. Wang X., Zeng W., Soyombo A.A., Tang W., Ross E.M., Barnes A.P., Milgram S.L., Penninger J.M., Allen P.B., Greengard P., and Muallem S. Spinophilin regulates Ca2+ signalling by binding the N-terminal domain of RGS2 and the third intracellular loop of Gprotein-coupled receptors. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 405-411
231. Wess J. G-protein-coupled receptors: molecular mechanisms involved in receptor activation and selectivity of G-protein recognition. FASEB J. 11 (1997) 346-354
232. Wess J. Molecular basis of receptor/G-protein-coupling selectivity. Pharmacol. Ther. 80 (1998) 231-264
233. Wieland T., and Mittmann C. Regulators of G-protein signalling: multifunctional proteins with impact on signalling in the cardiovascular system. Pharmacol. Ther. 97 (2003) 95-115
234. Xie G.X., and Palmer P.P. How regulators of G protein signaling achieve selective regulation. J. Mol. Biol. 366 (2007) 349-365
235. Xu J., He J., Castleberry A.M., Balasubramanian S., Lau A.G., and Hall R.A. Heterodimerization of alpha 2A- and beta 1-adrenergic receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 10770-10777
236. Xu X., Zeng W., Popov S., Berman D.M., Davignon I., Yu K., Yowe D., Offermanns S., Muallem S., and Wilkie T.M. RGS proteins determine signaling specificity of Gq-coupled receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 3549-3556
237. Yang J., Kamide K., Kokubo Y., Takiuchi S., Tanaka C., Banno M., Miwa Y., Yoshii M., Horio T., Okayama A., Tomoike H., Kawano Y., and Miyata T. Genetic variations of regulator of G-protein signaling 2 in hypertensive patients and in the general population. J. Hypertens. 23 (2005) 1497-1505
238. Ying Z., Jin L., Dorrance A.M., and Webb R.C. Increaseed expression of mRNA for regulator of G protein signaling domain-containing Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors in aorta from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Hypertens. 17 (2004) 981-985
239. Yoburn B.C., Purohit V., Patel K., and Zhang Q. Opioid agonist and antagonist treatment differentially regulates immunoreactive mu-opioid receptors and dynamin-2 in vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 498 (2004) 87-96
240. Zaugg M., and Schaub M.C. Cellular mechanisms in sympatho-modulation of the heart. Br. J. Anaesth. 93 (2004) 34-52
241. Zeng W., Xu X., Popov S., Mukhopadhyay S., Chidiac P., Swistok J., Danho W., Yagaloff K.A., Fisher S.L., Ross E.M., Muallem S., and Wilkie T.M. The N-terminal domain of RGS4 confers receptor-selective inhibition of G protein signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 34687-34690
242. Zhang W., Anger T., Su J., Hao J., Xu X., Zhu M., Gach A., Cui L., Liao R., and Mende U. Selective loss of fine tuning of Gq/11 signaling by RGS2 protein exacerbates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 5811-5820
243. Zheng B., Ma Y.C., Ostrom R.S., Lavoie C., Gill G.N., Insel P.A., Huang X.Y., and Farquhar M.G. RGS-PX1, a GAP for GalphaS and sorting nexin in vesicular trafficking. Science 294 (2001) 1939-1942
244. Zhong H., Wade S.M., Woolf P.J., Linderman J.J., Traynor J.R., and Neubig R.R. A spatial focusing model for G protein signals. Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) protein mediated kinetic scaffolding. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 7278-7284
245. Zhou J., Moroi K., Nishiyama M., Usui H., Seki N., Ishida J., Fukamizu A., and Kimura S. Characterization of RGS5 in regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Life Sci. 68 (2001) 1457-1469
246. Zhu W.Z., Chakir K., Zhang S., Yang D., Lavoie C., Bouvier M., Hebert T.E., Lakatta E.G., Cheng H., and Xiao R.P. Heterodimerization of beta1- and beta2-adrenergic receptor subtypes optimizes beta-adrenergic modulation of cardiac contractility. Circ. Res. 97 (2005) 244-251
247. Zou M.X., Roy A.A., Zhao Q., Kirshenbaum L.A., Karmazyn M., and Chidiac P. RGS2 is upregulated by and attenuates the hypertrophic effect of alpha1-adrenergic activation in cultured ventricular myocytes. Cell. Signal. 18 (2006) 1655-1663