Alcoholism and obesity: Overlapping neuropeptide pathways?

Neuropeptides

Volumn 37, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 321-337

  Thiele, Todd E ^a,b   Navarro, Montserrat ^c   Sparta, Dennis R ^a   Fee, Jon R ^a   Knapp, Darin J ^b   Cubero, Inmaculada ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALMERÍA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Agouti related protein; Ethanol consumption; Melanocortin; MTII; Neuropeptide Y

Indexed keywords

8 CHLORO 2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 3 METHYL 5 PHENYL 1H 3 BENZAZEPIN 7 OL HYDROGEN MALEATE; ALCOHOL; BETA ENDORPHIN; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CORTICOTROPIN; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; GALANIN; HORMONE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; HS 131; MELANOCORTIN; MELANOTAN II; MORPHINE; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; OPIATE; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; PROTEIN PRECURSOR; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALCOHOL ABUSE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLISM; APPETITE; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; DOWN REGULATION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; ENERGY METABOLISM; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FOOD INTAKE; HORMONE RECEPTOR INTERACTION; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REDUCTION; REVIEW; REWARD; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; UPREGULATION;

AGOUTI;

EID: 0346494954     PISSN: 01434179     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2003.10.002     Document Type: Review

References (250)

1. Abrahamsen, G.C., Berman, Y., Carr, K.B., 1995. Curve-shift analysis of self-stimulation in food-restricted rats: relationship between daily meal, plasma corticosterone and reward sensitization. Brain Res. 695, 186-194.
2. Adan, R.A., Gispen, W.H., 1997. Brain melanocortin receptors: from cloning to function. Peptides 18, 1279-1287.
3. Adan, R.A., Kas, M.J., 2003. Inverse agonism gains weight. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24, 315-321.
4. Akabayashi, A., Watanabe, Y., Gabriel, S.M., Chae, H.J., Leibowitz, S.F., 1994. Hypothalamic galanin-like immunoreactivity and its gene expression in relation to circulating corticosterone. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 25, 305-312.
5. Alvaro, J.D., Tatro, J.B., Quillan, J.M., Fogliano, M., Eisenhard, M., Lerner, M.R., Nestler, E.J., Duman, R.S., 1996. Morphine downregulates melanocortin-4 receptor expression in brain regions that mediate opiate addiction. Mol. Pharmacol. 50, 583-591.
6. Alvaro, J.D., Taylor, J.R., Duman, R.S., 2003. Molecular and behavioral interactions between central melanocortins and cocaine. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 304, 391-399.
7. Angelogianni, P., Gianoulakis, C., 1993. Chronic ethanol increases proopiomelanocortin gene expression in the rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 57, 106-114.
8. Avery, D.D., Livosky, M., 1986. Peripheral injections of bombesin and cholecystokinin affect dietary self-selection in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 25, 7-11.
9. Bachtell, R.K., Weitemier, A.Z., Galvan-Rosas, A., Tsivkovskaia, N.O., Risinger, F.O., Phillips, T.J., Grahame, N.J., Ryabinin, A.E., 2003. The Edinger-Westphal-lateral septum urocortin pathway and its relationship to alcohol consumption. J. Neurosci. 23, 2477-2487.
10. Badia-Elder, N.E., Stewart, R.B., Powrozek, T.A., Roy, K.F., Murphy, J.M., Li, T.K., 2001. Effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on oral ethanol intake in Wistar, alcohol-preferring (P), and nonpreferring (NP) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 386-390.
11. Badia-Elder, N.E., Stewart, R.B., Powrozek, T.A., Murphy, J.M., Li, T.K., 2003. Effect of neuropeptide Y on sucrose and ethanol intake and on anxiety-like behavior in high alcohol drinking (HAD) and low alcohol drinking (LAD) rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 27, 894-899.
12. Bard, J.A., Walker, M.W., Branchek, T.A., Weinshank, R.L., 1995. Cloning and functional expression of a human Y4 subtype receptor for pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide, Y, and peptide, YY. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26762-26765.
13. Barrett, P., MacDonald, A., Helliwell, R., Davidson, G., Morgan, P., 1994. Cloning and expression of a new member of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor family. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 203-213.
14. Bednarek, M.A., MacNeil, T., Kalyani, R.N., Tang, R., Van der Ploeg, L.H., Weinberg, D.H., 1999. Analogs of MTII, lactam derivatives of α-melanotropin, modified at the N-terminus, and their selectivity at human melanocortin receptors 3, 4, and 5. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 261, 209-213.
15. Bednarek, M.A., MacNeil, T., Kalyani, R.N., Tang, R., Van der Ploeg, L.H., Weinberg, D.H., 2001. Selective, high affinity peptide antagonists of α-melanotropin action at human melanocortin receptor 4: their synthesis and biological evaluation in vitro. J. Med. Chem. 44, 3665-3672.
16. Beglinger, C., Degen, L., Matzinger, D., D'Amato, M., Drewe, J., 2001. Loxiglumide, a CCK-A receptor antagonist, stimulates calorie intake and hunger feelings in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 280, R1149-R1154.
17. Belknap, J.K., Crabbe, J.C., Young, E.R., 1993. Voluntary consumption of ethanol in 15 inbred mouse strains. Psychopharmacology 112, 503-510.
18. Bell, S.M., Reynolds, J.G., Thiele, T.E., Gan, J., Figlewicz, D.P., Woods, S.C., 1998. Effects of third intracerebroventricular injections of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on ethanol drinking and food intake. Psychopharmacology 139, 128-135.
19. Berglund, M.M., Hipskind, P.A., Gehlert, D.R., 2003. Recent developments in our understanding of the physiological role of PP-fold peptide receptor subtypes. Exp. Biol. Med. 228, 217-244.
20. Bice, P., Foroud, T., Bo, R., Castelluccio, P., Lumeng, L., Li, T.K., Carr, L.G., 1998. Genomic screen for QTLs underlying alcohol consumption in the P and NP rat lines. Mamm. Genome 9, 949-955.
21. Biello, S.M., Golombek, D.A., Harrington, M.E., 1997. Neuropeptide Y and glutamate block each others phase shifts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Neuroscience 77, 1049-1057.
22. Billington, C.J., Briggs, J.E., Grace, M., Levine, A.S., 1991. Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on energy metabolism. Am. J. Physiol. 260. R321-R327.
23. Bison, S., Crews, F.T., 2003. Alcohol withdrawal increases neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in rat brain. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 27, 1173-1183.
24. Blum, K., Braverman, E.R., Wood, R.C., Gill, J., Li, C., Chen, T.J., Taub, M., Montgomery, A.R., Sheridan, P.J., Cull, J.G., 1996. Increased prevalence of the Taq 1 A1 allele of the dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) in obesity with comorbid substance use disorder: a preliminary report. Pharmacogenetics 6, 297-305.
25. Brady, L.S., Smith, M.A., Gold, P.W., Herkenham, M., 1990. Altered expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide rnRNAs in food-restricted and food-deprived rats. Neuroendocrinology 52, 441-447.
26. Brisman, J., Siegel, M., 1984. Bulimia and alcoholism: two sides of the same coin? J. Subst. Abuse Treatment 1, 113-118.
27. Bronstein, D.M., Prezewlocki, R., Akil, H., 1990. Effects of morphine treatment on pro-opiomelanocortin systems in rat brain. Brain Res. 51, 102-111.
28. Bulik, C.M., 1987. Drug and alcohol abuse by bulimic women and their families. Am. J. Psychiat. 144, 1604-1606.
29. Bulik, C.M., Sullivan, P.F., Carter, F.A., Joyce, P.R., 1997. Lifetime comorbidity of alcohol dependence in women with bulimia nervosa. Addict. Behav. 22, 437-446.
30. Caberlotto, L., Thorsell, A., Rimondini, R., Sommer, W., Hyytia, P., Heilig, M., 2001. Differential expression of NPY and its receptors in alcohol-preferring AA and alcohol-avoiding ANA rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 1564-1569.
31. Cabeza de Vaca, S., Kim, G.Y., Carr, K.D., 2002. The melanocortin receptor agonist MTII augments the rewarding effect of amphetamine in ad-libitum-fed and food-restricted rats. Psychopharmacology 161, 77-85.
32. Campfield, L.A., Smith, F.J., Guisez, Y., Devos, R., Burn, P., 1995. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 269, 546-549.
33. Cantwell, D.P., Sturzenberger, S., Burroughs, J., Salkin, B., Green, J.K., 1977. Anorexia nervosa. An affective disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 34, 1087-1093.
34. Carelli, R.M., Ijames, S.G., Crumling, A.J., 2000. Evidence that separate neural circuits in the nucleus accumbens encode cocaine versus "natural (water and food) reward. J. Neurosci. 20, 4255-4266.
35. Carlat, D.J., Camargo Jr., C.A., Herzog, D.B., 1997. Eating disorders in males: a report on 135 patients. Am. J. Psychiat. 154, 1127-1132.
36. Carr, B.A., Ballou, J.D., Snell, J.C., Kulkosky, P.J., 1993. MK-329 blocks the inhibition of alcohol intake by CCK-8. Peptides 14. 1193-1197.
37. Carr, L.G., Foroud, T., Bice, P., Gobbett, T., Ivashina, J., Edenberg, H., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., 1998. A quantitative trait locus for alcohol consumption in selectively bred rat lines. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 22, 884-887.
38. Chen, A.S., Marsh, D.J., Trumbauer, M.E., Frazier, E.G., Guan, X.M., Yu, H., Rosenblum, C.I., Vongs, A., Feng, Y., Cao, L., Metzger, J.M., Strack, A.M., Caraacho, E., Mellin, T.N., Nunes, C.N., Min, W., Fisher, J., Gopal-Truter, S., Maclntyre, D.E., Chen, H.Y., Van der Ploeg, L.H.T., 2000. Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass. Nat. Gen. 26, 97-102.
39. Cicero, T.J., 1979. A critique of animal analogue of alcoholism. In: Majchrowichz, E., Noble, P. (Eds.), Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Ethanol. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 533-560.
40. Clark, J.J., Karla, P.S., Crowle, W.R., Karla, S.P., 1984. Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology 115, 427-429.
41. Clark, J.T., Keaton, A.K., Sahu, A., Kalra, S.P., Mahajan, S.C., Gudger, J.N., 1998. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in alcoholic and food restricted male rats: implications for site selective function. Regul. Pept. 75-76, 335-345.
42. Colmer, W.F., Wahlestedt, C., 1993. The Biology of Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides. Humana Press, Clifton, UK.
43. Considine, R.V., Sinha, M.K., Heiman, M.L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T.W., Nyce, M.R., Ohannesian, J.P., Marco, C.C., McKee, L.J., Bauer, T.L., 1996. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. [comment]. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 292-295.
44. Contreras, P.C., Takemori, A.E., 1984. Antagonism of morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and dependence by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. JPET 229, 21-26.
45. Coskun, T., Bozkurt, A., Alican, I., Ozkutlu, U., Kurtel, H., Yegen, B.C., 1997. Pathways mediating CRF-induced inhibition of gastric emptying in rats. Regul. Pept. 69, 113-120.
46. Crespi, F., 1998. The role of cholecystokinin (CCK), CCK-A or CCK-B receptor antagonists in the spontaneous preference for drugs of abuse (alcohol or cocaine) in naive rats. Methods Find Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 20, 679-697.
47. Crespi, F., Corsi, M., England, T., Ratti, E., Trist, D.G., Gaviraghi, G., 1997. Spontaneous preference for ethanol in naive rats is influenced by cholecystokinin A receptor antagonism. Alcohol 14, 327-332.
48. Crisp, A.H., 1967. The possible significance of some behavioural correlates of weight and carbohydrate intake. J. Psychosom. Res. 11, 117-131.
49. Cupples, W.A., 2003. Peptides that regulate food intake. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284, R1370-R1374.
50. Daniels, E.S., Masheb, R.M., Berman, R.M., Mickley, D., Grilo, C.M., 1999. Bulimia nervosa and alcohol dependence. A case report of a patient enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial. J. Subst. Abuse Treatment 17, 163-166.
51. Dawe, S., Staiger, P., 1998. Case report: treatment of a woman with alcohol and binge eating problems. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiat. 29, 249-260.
52. De Waele, J.P., Gianoulakis, C., 1994. Enhanced activity of the brain β-endorphin system by free-choice ethanol drinking in C57BL/6 but not DBA/ 2 mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 258, 119-129.
53. DiBattista, D., McKenzie, T.L.B., Hollis-Walker, L., 2003. Cholecystokinin reduces ethanol consumption in golden hamsters. Alcohol 29, 173-181.
54. DoRes, R.M., Jain, M., Akil, H., 1986. Characterization of the forms of β-endorphin and α-MSH in the caudal medulla of the rat and guinea pig. Brain Res. 377, 251-260.
55. Dumont, Y., Martel, J.C., Fournier, A., St. Pierre, S., Quirion, R., 1992. Neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in brain and peripheral tissues. Prog. Neurobiol. 38, 125-167.
56. Durkin, M.M., Walker, M.W., Smith, K.E., Gustafson, E.L., Gerald, C., Branchek, T.A., 2000. Expression of a novel neuropeptide Y receptor subtype involved in food intake: an in situ hybridization study of Y5 mRNA distribution in rat brain. Exp. Neurol. 165, 90-100.
57. Ebihara, K., Ogawa, Y., Katsuura, G., Numata, Y., Masuzaki, H., Satoh, N., Tamaki, M., Yoshioka, T., Hayase, M., Matsuoka, N., Aizawa-Abe, M., Yoshimasa, Y., Nakao, K., 1999. Involvement of agouti-related protein, an endogenous antagonist of hypothalamic melanocortin receptor, in leptin action. Diabetes 48, 2028-2033.
58. Ehlers, C.L., Li, T.K., Lumeng, L., Hwang, B.H., Somes, C., Jimenez, P., Mathe, A.A., 1998a. Neuropeptide Y levels in ethanol-naive alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring rats and in Wistar rats after ethanol exposure. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 22, 1778-1782.
59. Ehlers, C.L., Somes, C., Cloutier, D., 1998b. Are some of the effects of ethanol mediated through NPY. Psychopharmacology 139, 136-144.
60. Ehlers, C.L., Somes, C., Lopez, A., Kirby, D., Rivier, J.E., 1997. Electrophysiological actions of neuropeptide Y and its analogs: new measures for anxiolytic therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology 17, 34-43.
61. Ehlers, C.L., Somes, C., Lumeng, L., Li, T.K., 1999. Electrophysiological response to neuropeptide Y (NPY): in alcohol-naive preferring and non-preferring rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63, 291-299.
62. Erickson, J.C., Ahima, R.S., Hollopeter, G., Flier, J.S., Palmiter, R.D., 1997. Endocrine function of neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Regul. Pept. 70, 199-202.
63. Erickson, J.C., Clegg, K.E., Palmiter, R.D., 1996a. Sensitivity to leptin and suseptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature 381, 415-418.
64. Erickson, J.C., Hollopeter, G., Palmiter, R.D., 1996b. Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science 274, 1704-1707.
65. Fan, W., Boston, B.A., Kesterson, R.A., Hruby, V.J., Cone, R.D., 1997. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature 385, 165-168.
66. Foroud, T., Bice, P., Castelluccio, P., Bo, R., Miller, L., Ritchotte, A., Lumeng, L., Li, T.K., Carr, L.G., 2000. Identification of quantitative trait loci influencing alcohol consumption in the high alcohol drinking and low alcohol drinking rat lines. Behav. Genet. 30, 131-140.
67. Froehlich, J.C., Li, T.K., 1993. Recent developments in alcoholism: opioid peptides. Recent Dev. Alcohol 11, 187-205.
68. Fulton, S., Woodside, B., Shizgal, P., 2000. Modulation of brain reward circuitry by leptin. Science 287, 125-128.
69. Garcia de Yebenes, E., Pelletier, G., 1993. Opioid regulation of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene expression in the rat brain as studied by in situ hybridization. Neuropeptides 25, 91-94.
70. Gatto, G.J., McBride, W.J., Murphy, J.M., Lumeng, L., Li, T.K., 1994. Ethanol self-infusion into the ventral tegmental area by alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol 11, 557-564.
71. Gerald, C., Walker, M.W., Criscione, L., Gustafson, E.L., Batzlhartmann, C., Smith, K.E., Vaysse, P., Durkin, M.M., Laz, T.M., Linemeyer, D.L., Schaffhauser, A.O., Whitebread, S., Hofbauer, K.G., Taber, R.I., Branchek, T.A., Weinshank, R.L., 1996. A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake. Nature 382, 168-171.
72. Gilpin, N.W., Stewart, R.B., Murphy, J.M., Li, T.K., Badia-Elder, N.E., 2003. Neuropeptide Y reduces oral ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring (P) rats following a period of imposed ethanol abstinence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 27, 787-794.
73. Gispen, W.H., Buitelaar, J., Wiegant, V.M., Terenius, L., De Wied, D., 1976. Interaction between ACTH fragments, brain opiate receptors and morphine-induced analgesia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 39, 393-397.
74. Gispen, W.H., Wiegant, V.M., Greven, H.M., de Wied, D., 1975. The induction of excessive grooming in the rat by intraventricular application of peptides derived from ACTH: structure-activity studies. Life Sci. 17, 645-652.
75. Golombek, D.A., Biello, S.M., Rendon, R.A., Harrington, M.E., 1996. Neuropeptide Y phase shifts the circadian clock in vitro via a Y2 receptor. Neuroreport 7, 1315-1319.
76. Goumain, M., Voisin, T., Lorinet, A.M., Laburthe, M., 1998. Identification and distribution of mRNA encoding the Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 receptors for peptides of the PP-fold family in the rat intestine and colon. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 247, 52-56.
77. Gray, T.S., Morley, J.E., 1986. Neuropeptide Y: anatomical distribution and possible function in mammalian nervous system. Life Sci. 38, 389-401.
78. Gregor, P., Feng, Y., DeCarr, L.B., Cornfield, L.J., McCaleb, M.L., 1996. Molecular characterization of a second mouse pancreatic polypeptide receptor and its inactivated human homologue. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27776-27781.
79. Gribkoff, V.K., Pieschl, R.L., Wisialowski, T.A., van den Pol, A.N., Yocca, F.D., 1998. Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes. J. Neurosci. 18, 3014-3022.
80. Griffon, N., Mignon, V., Facchinetti, P., Diaz, J., Schwartz, J.C., Sokoloff, P., 1994. Molecular cloning and characterization of the rat fifth melanocortin receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200, 1007-1014.
81. Grilo, C.M., Becker, D.F., Levy, K.N., Walker, M.L., Edell, W.S., McGlashan, T.H., 1995. Eating disorders with and without substance use disorders: a comparative study of inpatients. Comp. Psychiat. 36, 312-317.
82. Gutgesell, M.E., Timmerman, M.G., 1998. Alcohol use and behaviors in women long-distance race participants reporting a history of bulimia and/or anorexia nervosa. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 38, 142-148.
83. Hadley, M.E., Haskell-Luevano, C., 1999. The proopiomelanocortin system. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 885, 1-21.
84. Halaas, J.L., Gajiwala, K.S., Maffei, M., Cohen, S.L., Chait, B.T., Rabinowitz, D., Lallone, R.L., Burley, S.K., Friedman, J.M., 1995. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269, 543-546.
85. Hansel, D.E., Eipper, B.A., Ronnett, G.V., 2001a. Neuropeptide Y functions as a neuroproliferative factor. Nature 410, 940-944.
86. Hansel, D.E., Eipper, B.A., Ronnett, G.V., 2001b. Regulation of olfactory neurogenesis by amidated neuropeptides. J. Neurosci. Res. 66, 1-7.
87. Harrington, M.E., Schak, K.M., 2000. Neuropeptide Y phase advances the in vitro hamster circadian clock during the subjective day with no effect on phase during the subjective night. Can J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2000 Feb 78, 87-92.
88. Harwood, H.J., Fountain, D., Livermore, G., 1998. Economic costs of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Recent Dev. Alcohol 14, 307-330.
89. Haskell-Luevano, C., Nikiforovich, G., Sharma, S.D., Yang, Y.K., Dickinson, C., Hruby, V.J., Gantz, I., 1997. Biological and conformational examination of stereochemical modifications using the template melanotropin peptide, Ac-Nle-c[Asp-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Ala-Lys]-NH2, on human melanocortin receptors. J. Med. Chem. 40, 1738-1748.
90. Heilig, M., McLeod, S., Brot, M., Heinrichs, S.C., Mensaghi, F., Koob, G.F., Britton, K.T., 1993. Anxiolytic-like action of neuropeptide Y: mediation by Y1 receptors in amygdala, and dissociation from food intake effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 8, 357-363.
91. Heilig, M., Soderpalm, B., Engel, J.A., Widerlov, E., 1989. Centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) produces anxiolytic-like effects in animal anxiety models. Psychopharmacology 98, 524-529.
92. Heilig, M., Widerlov, E., 1995. Neurobiology and clinical aspects of neuropeptide Y. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 9, 115-136.
93. Hendry, S.H.C., 1993. In: Colmers, W.F., Wahlestedt, C. (Eds.), The Biology of Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides. Humana Press, New Jersey, pp. 65-156.
94. Heyman, G.M., Gendel, K., Goodman, J., 1999. Inelastic demand for alcohol in rats. Psychopharmacology 144, 213-219.
95. Higuchi, S., Suzuki, K., Yamada, K., Parrish, K., Kono, H., 1993. Alcoholics with eating disorders: prevalence and clinical course. A study from Japan [comment], Br. J. Psychiat. 162, 403-406.
96. Holderness, C.C., Brooks-Gunn, J., Warren, M.P., 1994. Co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance abuse review of the literature. Int. J. Eating Dis. 16, 1-34.
97. Hollander, J.A., Ijames, S.G., Roop, R.G., Carelli, R.M., 2002. An examination of nucleus accumbens cell firing during extinction and reinstatement of water reinforcement behavior in rats. Brain Res. 929, 226-235.
98. Huszar, D., Lynch, C.A., Fairchild-Huntress, V., Dunmore, J.H., Fang, Q., Berkemeier, L.R., Gu, W., Kesterson, R.A., Boston, B.A., Cone, R.D., Smith, F.J., Campfield, L.A., Burn, P., Lee, F., 1997. Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell 88, 131-141.
99. Hwang, B.H., Zhang, J.K., Ehlers, C.L., Lumeng, L., Li, T.K., 1999. Innate differences of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in hypothalamic nuclei and central nucleus of the amygdala between selectively bred rats with high and low alcohol preference. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 23, 1023-1030.
100. Ilveskoski, E., Kajander, O.A., Kehtimaki, T., Kannus, T., Karhunen, P.J., Heinala, P., Virkkunen, M., Alho, H., 2001. Association of neuropeptide Y polymorphism with the occurrence of type 1 and type 2 alcoholism. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 1420-1422.
101. Jacobowitz, D.M., O'Donohue, T.L., 1978. α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone, immunohistochemical identification and mapping in neurons of rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 6300-6304.
102. Jacquet, Y.F., 1978. Opiate effects after adrenocorticotropin or β-endorphin injection in the periaqueductal gray matter of rats. Science 201, 1032-1034.
103. Kalivas, P.W., Stewart, J., 1991. Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drag- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 16, 223-244.
104. Kallio, J., Pesonen, U., Kaipio, K., Karvonen, M.K., Jaakkola, U., Heinonen, O.J., Uusitupa, M.I., Koulu, M., 2001. Altered intracellular processing and release of neuropeptide Y due to leucine 7 to pro line 7 polymorphism in the signal peptide of preproneuropeptide Y in humans. FASEB J. 15, 1242-1244.
105. Kalra, S.P., Dube, M.G., Sahu, A., Phelps, C.P., Kalra, P.S., 1991. Neuropeptide Y secretion increases in the paraventricular nucleus in association with increased appetite for food. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 10931-10935.
106. Kalra, S.P., Xu, B., Dube, M.G., Moldawer, L.L., Martin, D., Kalra, P.S., 1998. Leptin and ciliary neurotropic factor (CNTF) inhibit fasting-induced suppression of luteinizing hormone release in rats, role of neuropeptide Y. Neurosci. Lett. 240, 45-49.
107. Karvonen, M.K., Pesonen, U., Koulu, M., Niskanen, L., Laakso, M., Rissanen, A., Dekker, J.M., Hart, L.M., Valve, R., Uusitupa, M.I., 1998. Association of a leucine (7)-to-proline(7) polymorphism in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y with high serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels. Nat. Med. 4, 1434-1437.
108. Kasuya, E., Mizuno, M., Watanabe, G., Terasawa, E., 1998. Effects of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide for neuropeptide Y mRNA on in vivo luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release in ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys. Regul. Pept. 75-76, 319-325.
109. Katner, S.N., Slawecki, C.J., Ehlers, C.L., 2002a. Neuropeptide Y administration into the amygdala does not effect ethanol consumption. Alcohol 28, 29-38.
110. Katner, S.N., Slawecki, C.J., Ehlers, C.L., 2002b. Neuropeptide Y administration into the third ventricle does not increase sucrose or ethanol self-administration but does affect the cortical EEG and increases food intake. Psychopharmacology 160, 146-154.
111. Katz, J.L., 1992. Eating disorders and substance use disorders. In: Tasman, A., Riba, M. (Eds.), Review of Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
112. Kauhanen, J., Karvonen, M.K., Pesonen, U., Koulu, M., Tuomainen, T.P., Uusitupa, M.I., Salonen, J.T., 2000. Neuropeptide Y polymorphism and alcohol consumption in middle-aged men. Am. J. Med. Genet. 93, 117-121.
113. Keith, L.D., Crabbe, J.C., Robertson, L.M., Young, E.R., 1983. Ethanol dependence and the pituitary adrenal axis in mice. II. Temporal analysis of dependence and withdrawal. Life Sci. 33, 1889-1897.
114. Kelley, S.P., Nannini, M.A., Bratt, A.M., Hodge, C.W., 2001. Neuropeptide-Y in the paraventricular nucleus increases ethanol self-administration. Peptides 22, 515-522.
115. Kiefer, F., Jahn, H., Jaschinski, M., Holzbach, R., Wolf, K., Naber, D., Wiedemann, K., 2001a. Leptin: a modulator of alcohol craving? Biol. Psychiat. 49, 782-787.
116. Kiefer, F., Jahn, H., Wolf, K., Kampf, P., Knaudt, K., Wiedemann, K., 2001b. Free-choice alcohol consumption in mice after application of the appetite regulating peptide leptin. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 787-789.
117. King, P.J., Williams, G., Doods, H., Widdowson, P.S., 2000. Effect of a selective neuropeptide Y Y(2) receptor antagonist, BJJE0246 on neuropeptide Y release. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 396, R1-R3.
118. Kinoshita, H., Jessop, D.S., Finn, D.P., Coventry, T.L., Roberts, D.J., Ameno, K., Ijiri, I., Harbuz, M.S., 2000. Acute ethanol decreases NPY mRNA but not POMC mRNA in the arcuate nucleus. NeuroReport 11, 3517-3519.
119. Kolarzyk, E., Olas, J., Janik, A., Adamska-Skula, M., Pach, D., 1999. Assessment of nutritional state of alcohol abusers and drug poisoned patients. Przeglad Lekarski 56, 433-437.
120. Koob, G.F., Bloom, F.E., 1988. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 242, 715-723.
121. Koob, G.F., Roberts, A.J., Schulteis, G., Parsons, L.H., Heyser, C.J., Hyytia, P., Merlo-Pich, E., Weiss, F., 1998. Neurocircuitry targets in ethanol reward and dependence. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 22, 3-9.
122. Kotz, C.M., Wang, C., Levine, A.S., Billington, C.J., 2002. Urocortin in the hypothalamic PVN increases leptin and affects uncoupling proteins-1 and -3 in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 282, R546-R551.
123. Krivoy, W., Kroeger, D., Taylor, A.N., Zimmermann, E., 1974. Antagonism of morphine by β-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and by tctracosactin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 27, 339-345.
124. Kulkosky, P.J., Chavez, M.R., 1984. Sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide inhibits ethanol consumption in the rat. Alcohol 1. 409-412.
125. Kulkosky, P.J., Foderaro, M.A., Sandoval, S.L., Cesar, S.S., Marrinan, D.A., 1991. Cholecystokinin-induced satiation with ethanol: effects of lighting cycle and limited access procedures. Alcohol 8, 223-227.
126. Kulkosky, P.J., Glazner, G.W., 1988. Dose-additive inhibition of intake of ethanol by cholecystokinin and bombesin. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 12, 277-281.
127. Kulkosky, P.J., Glazner, G.W., Moore, H.D., Low, C.A., Woods, S.C., 1988. Neuropeptide Y: behavioral effects in the golden hamster. Peptides 9, 1389-1393.
128. Kyrkouli, S.E., Stanley, B.G., Seirafi, R.D., Leibowitz, S.F., 1990. Stimulation of feeding by galanin: Anatomical localization and behavioral specificity of this peptide's effects in the brain. Peptides 11, 995-1001.
129. Lappalainen, J., Kranzler, H.R., Malison, R., Price, L.H., Van Dyck, C., Rosenheck, R.A., Cramer, J., Southwick, S., Charney, D., Krystal, J., Gelernter, J., 2002. A functional neuropeptide Y Leu7Pro polymorphism associated with alcohol dependence in a large population sample from the United States. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 59, 825-831.
130. Le Sauter, J., Goldberg, B., Geary, N., 1988. CCK inhibits real and sham feeding in gastric vagotomized rats. Physiol. Behav. 44, 527-534.
131. Leibowitz, S.F., Akabayashi, A., Wang, J., 1998. Obesity on a high-fat diet: role of hypothalamic galanin in neurons of the anterior paraventricular nucleus projecting to the median eminence. J. Neurosci. 18, 2709-2719.
132. Leibowitz, S.F., Avena, N.M., Chang, G., Karatayev, O., Chau, D.T., Hoebel, B.G., 2003. Ethanol intake increases galanin mRNA in the hypothalamus and withdrawal decreases it. Physiol. Behav. 79, 103-111.
133. Levine, A.S., Morley, J.E., 1984. Neuropeptide Y: a potent inducer of consummatory behavior in rats. Peptides 5, 1025-1029.
134. Liddle, R.A., Goldfme, I.D., Williams, J.A., 1984. Bioassay of plasma cholecystokinin in rats: effects of food, trypsin inhibitor, and alcohol. Gastroenterology 87, 542-549.
135. Lindblom, J., Kask, A., Hagg, E., Harmark, L., Bergstrom, L., Wikberg, J., 2002a. Chronic infusion of a melanocortin receptor agonist modulates dopamine receptor binding in the rat brain. Pharmacol. Res. 45, 119-124.
136. Lindblom, J., Opmane, B., Mutulis, F., Mutule, I., Petrovska, R., Klusa, V., Bergstrom, L., Wikberg, J.E., 2001. The MC4 receptor mediates α-MSH induced release of nucleus accumbens dopamine. NeuroReport 12, 2155-2158.
137. Lindblom, J., Wikberg, J.E.S., Bergstrom, L., 2002b. Alcohol-preferring AA rats show a derangement in their central melanocortin signalling system. Pharm. Biochem. Behav. 72, 491-496.
138. Lopez-Valpuesta, F.J., Nyce, J.W., Griffin-Biggs, T.A., Ice, J.C., Myers, R.D., 1996. Antisense to NPY-Y1 demonstrates that Y1 receptors in the hypothalamus underlie NPY hypothermia and feeding in rats. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 263, 881-886.
139. Lu, D., Willard, D., Patel, I.R., Kadwell, S., Overton, L., Kost, T., Luther, M., Chen, W., Woychik, R.P., Wilkison, W.O., 1994. Agouti protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating-hormone receptor. Nature 371, 799-802.
140. Lundell, I., Blomqvist, A.G., Berglund, M.M., Schober, D.A., Johnson, D., Statnick, M.A., Gadski, R.A., Gehlert, D.R., Larhammar, D., 1995. Cloning of a human receptor of the NPY receptor family with high affinity for pancreatic polypeptide and peptide, YY. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29123-29128.
141. Lundell, I., Statnick, M.A., Johnson, D., Schober, D.A., Starback, P., Gehlert, D.R., Larhammar, D., 1996. The cloned rat pancreatic polypeptide receptor exhibits profound differences to the orthologous receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 5111-5115.
142. Macaluso, A., McCoy, D., Ceriani, G., Watanabe, T., Biltz, J., Catania, A., Lipton, J.M., 1994. Antiinflammatory influences of α-MSH molecules: central neurogenic and peripheral actions. J. Neurosci. 14, 2377-2382.
143. Maffei, M., Halaas, J., Ravussin, E., Pratley, R.E., Lee, G.H., Zhang, Y., Fei, H., Kim, S., Lallone, R., Ranganathan, S., Kern, P.A., Friedman, J.M., 1995. Leptin levels in human and rodent -measurement of plasma leptin and Ob mRNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat. Med. 1, 1155-1161.
144. Marsh, D.J., Hollopeter, G., Huszar, D., Laufer, R., Yagaloff, K.A., Fisher, S.L., Burn, P., Palmiter, R.D., 1999. Response of melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient mice to anorectic and orexigenic peptides. Nat. Gen. 21, 119-122.
145. Marsh, D.J., Hollopeter, G., Kafer, K.E., Palmiter, R.D., 1998. Role of the Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor in feeding and obesity. Nat. Med. 4, 718-721.
146. Matsumoto, M., Nomura, T., Momose, K., Ikeda, Y., Kondou, Y., Akiho, H., Togami, J., Kimura, Y., Okada, M., Yamaguchi, T., 1996. Inactivation of a novel neuropeptide Y/peptide YY receptor gene in primate species. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27217-27220.
147. Mayfield, R.D., Lewohl, J.M., Dodd, P.R., Herlihy, A., Liu, J., Harris, R.A., 2002. Patterns of gene expression are altered in the frontal and motor cortices of human alcoholics. J. Neurochem. 81, 802-813.
148. McGinnis, J.M., Foege, W.H., 1993. Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA 270, 2207-2212.
149. Meisch, R.A., Henningfield, J.E., Thompson, T., 1975. Establishment of ethanol as a reinforcer for rhesus monkeys via the oral route: initial results. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 59, 323-342.
150. Meisch, R.A., Thompson, T., 1973. Ethanol as a reinforcer: effects of fixed-ratio size and food deprivation. Psychopharmacologia 28, 171-183.
151. Mitchell, J.E., Hatsukami, D., Eckert, E.D., Pyle, R.L., 1985. Characteristics of 275 patients with bulimia. Am. J. Psychiat. 142, 482-485.
152. Mocchetti, I., Costa, E., 1987. In vivo studies of the regulation of neuropeptide stores in structures on the rat brain. Neuropharmacology 26, 855-862.
153. Mocchetti, I., Ritter, A., Costa, E., 1989. Down-regulation of proopiomelanocortin synthesis and β-endorphin utilization in hypothalamus of morphine-tolerant rats. J. Mol. Neurosci. 1, 33-38.
154. Mountjoy, K.G., Mortrud, M.T., Low, M.J., Simerly, R.B., Cone, R.D., 1994. Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol. Endocrinol. 8, 1298-1308.
155. Murphy, J.M., Stewart, R.B., Bell, R.L., Badia-Elder, N.E., Carr, L.G., McBride, W.J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.K., 2002. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the Indiana University rat lines selectively bred for high and low alcohol preference. Behav. Genet. 32, 363-388.
156. Murphy, M.T., Richards, D.B., Lipton, J.M., 1983. Antipyretic potency of centrally administered α-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Science 221, 192-193.
157. Navarro, M., Cubero, I., Knapp, D.J., Thiele, T.E., in press. MTII-induced reduction of voluntary ethanol drinking is blocked by pretreatment with AgRP-(83-132). Neuropeptides, doi:10.1016/j.npep.2003.10.003.
158. Naveilhan, P., Canals, J.M., Arenas, E., Emfors, P., 2001a. Distinct roles of the Y1 and Y2 receptors on neuropeptide Y-induced sensitization to sedation. J. Neurochem. 78, 1201-1207.
159. Naveilhan, P., Canals, J.M., Valjakka, A., Vartiainen, J., Arenas, E., Ernfors, P., 2001b. Neuropeptide Y alters sedation through a hypothalamic Y1-mediated mechanism. Eur. J. Neurosci. 13, 2241-2246.
160. Naveilhan, P., Hassani, H., Canals, J.M., Ekstrand, A.J., Larefalk, A., Chhajlani, V., Arenas, E., Gedda, K., Svensson, L., Thoren, P., Ernfors, P., 1999. Normal feeding behavior, body weight and leptin response require the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Nat. Med. 5, 1188-1193.
161. Naveilhan, P., Neveu, I., Arenas, E., Ernfors, P., 1998. Complementary and overlapping expression of Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors in the developing and adult mouse nervous system. Neuroscience 87, 289-302.
162. Nichol, K.A., Morey, A., Couzens, M.H., Shine, J., Herzog, H., Cunningham, A.M., 1999. Conservation of expression of neuropeptide Y5 receptor between human and rat hypothalamus and limbic regions suggests an integral role in central neuroendocrine control. J. Neurosci. 19, 10295-10304.
163. Nicolas, J.M., Fernandez-Sola, J., Fatjo, F., Casamitjana, R., Dataller, R., Sacanella, E., Tobias, E., Badia, E., Estruch, R., 2001. Increased circulating leptin levels in chronic alcoholism. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 83-88.
164. Noble, E.P., 2000. The DRD2 gene in psychiatric and neurological disorders and its phenotypes. Pharmacogenomics 1, 309-333.
165. Obradovic, T., Meadows, G.G., 2002. Chronic ethanol consumption increases plasma leptin levels and alters leptin receptors in the hypothalamus and the perigonadal fat of C57BL/6 mice. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 255-262.
166. O'Donohue, T.L., Dorsa, D.M., 1982. The opiomelanotropinergic neuronal and endocrine systems. Peptides 3, 353-395.
167. Ogilvie, K., Lee, S., Weiss, B., Rivier, C., 1998. Mechanisms mediating the influence of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to immune and nonimmune signals. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 22, 243S-247S.
168. Okubo, T., Harada, S., 2001. Polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y gene: an association study with alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25, 59S-62S.
169. Okubo, T., Harada, S., Higuchi, S., Matsushita, S., 2000. Genetic polymorphism of the CCK gene in patients with alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24, 2S-4S.
170. Olive, M.F., Mehmert, K.K., Koenig, H.N., Camarini, R., Kim, J.A., Nannini, M.A., Ou, C.J., Hodge, C.W., 2003. A role for corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in ethanol consumption, sensitivity, and reward as revealed by CRF-deficient mice. Psychopharmacology 165, 181-187.
171. Ollmann, M.M., Wilson, B.D., Yang, Y.K., Kerns, J.A., Chen, Y., Gantz, I., Barsh, G.S., 1997. Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science 278, 135-138.
172. Palmiter, R.D., Erickson, J.C., Hollopeter, G., Baraban, S.C., Schwartz, M.W., 1998. Life without neuropeptide Y. Rec. Progr. Horm. Res. 53, 163-199.
173. Pandey, S.C., Roy, A., Zhang, H., 2003. The decreased phosphorylation of cyslid adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding (CREB) protein in the central amygdala acts as a molecular substrate for anxiety related to ethanol withdrawal in rats. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 27, 396-409.
174. Parker, R.M., Herzog, H., 1998. Comparison of Y-receptor subtype expression in the rat hippocampus. Regul. Pept. 75-76, 109-115.
175. Pelleymounter, M.A., Cullen, M.J., Baker, M.B., Hecht, R., Winters, D., Boone, T., Collins, F., 1995. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 269, 540-543.
176. Pedrazzini, T., Seydoux, J., Kunstner, P., Aubert, J.F., Grouzmann, E., Beermann, F., Brunner, H.R., 1998. Cardiovascular response, feeding behavior and locomotor activity in mice lacking the NPY Y1 receptor. Nat. Med. 4, 722-726.
177. Peters, J.C., Wyatt, H.R., Donahoo, W.T., Hill, J.O., 2002. From instinct to intellect: the challenge of maintaining healthy weight in the modern world. Obesity Rev. 3, 69-74.
178. Ploj, K., Roman, E., Kask, A., Hyytia, P., Schioth, H.B., Wikberg, J., Nylander, I., 2002. Effects of melanocortin receptor ligancls on ethanol intake and opioid levels in alcohol-preferring AA rats. Brain Res. Bull. 59, 97-104.
179. Poggioli, R., Vergoni, A.V., Bertolini, A., 1986. ACTH-(1-24) and α-MSH antagonize feeding behavior stimulated by kappa opiate agonists. Peptides 7, 843-848.
180. Pothos, E.N., Creese, I., Hoebel, B.G., 1995. Restricted eating with weight loss selectively decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and alters dopamine response to amphetamine, morphine, and food intake. J. Neurosci. 15, 6640-6650.
181. Qian, S., Chen, H., Weingarth, D., Trumbauer, M.E., Novi, D.E., Guan, X., Yu, H., Shen, Z., Feng, Y., Frazier, E., Chen, A., Camacho, R.E., Shearman, L.P., Gopal-Truter, S., MacNeil, D.J., Van der Ploeg, L.H., Marsh, D.J., 2002. Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 5027-5035.
182. Quillan, J.M., Sadee, W., Wei, E.T., Jimenez, C., Ji, L., Chang, J.K., 1998. A synthetic human Agouti-related protein-(83-132)-NH2 fragment is a potent inhibitor of melanocortin receptor function. FEBS Lett. 428, 59-62.
183. Rada, P., Mark, G.P., Hoebel, B.G., 1998. Galanin in the hypothalamus raises dopamine and lowers acetylcholine release in the nucleus accumbens: a possible mechanism for hypothalamic initiation of feeding behavior. Brain Res. 798, 1-6.
184. Rainero, I., De Gennaro, T., Visentin, G., Brunetti, E., Cerrato, P., Torre, E., Portaleone, P., Pinessi, L., 1990. Effects of chronic ethanol treatment on a-MSH concentrations in rat brain and pituitary. Neuropeptides 15, 139-141.
185. Rasmussen, D.D., Boldt, B.M., Wilkinson, C.W., Mitton, D.R., 2002. Chronic daily ethanol and withdrawal: 3. Forebrain pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression and implications for dependence, relapse, and deprivation effect. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 535-546.
186. Rasmussen, D.D., Bryant, C.A., Boldt, B.M., Colasurdo, E.A., Levin, N., Wilkinson, C.W., 1998. Acute alcohol effects on opiomelanocortinergic regulation. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 22, 789-801.
187. Rivier, C., 1996. Alcohol stimulates ACTH secretion in the rat: mechanisms of action and interactions with other stimuli. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 20, 240-254.
188. Roop, R.G., Hollander, T.A., Carelli, R.M., 2002. Accumbens activity during a multiple schedule for water and sucrose reinforcement in rats. Synapse 43, 223-226.
189. Roselli-Rehfuss, L., Mountjoy, K.G., Robbins, L.S., Mortrud, M.T., Low, M.J., Tatro, J.B., Entwistle, M.L., Simerly, R.B., Cone, R.D., 1993. Identification of a receptor for γ-melanotropin and other proopiomelanocortin peptides in the hypothalamus and limbic system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 8856-8860.
190. Roy, A., Pandey, S.C., 2002. The decreased cellular expression of neuropeptide Y protein in rat brain structures during ethanol withdrawal after chronic ethanol exposure. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 796-803.
191. Ryabinin, A.E., Bachtell, R.K., Heinrichs, S.C., Lee, S., Rivier, C., Olive, M.F., Mehmert, K.K., Camarini, R., Kim, J.A., Koenig, H.N., Nannini, M.A., Hodge, C.W., Roberts, A.J., Koob, G.F., 2002. The corticotropin-releasing factor/urocortin system and alcohol. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 714-722.
192. Ryabinin, A.E., Galvan-Rosas, A., Bachtell, R.K., Risinger, F.O., 2003. High alcohol/sucrose consumption during dark circadian phase in C57BL/6J mice: involvement of hippocampus, lateral septum and urocortin-positive cells of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Psychopharmacology 165, 296-305.
193. Sanacora, G., Kershaw, M., Finkelstein, J.A., While, J.D., 1990. Increased hypothalamic content of preproneuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid in genetically obese Zucker rats and its regulation by food deprivation. Endocrinology 127, 730-737.
194. Scanlon, M.N., Lazar-Wesley, E., Csikos, T., Kunos, G., 1992. Rat hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin messenger RNA is unaffected by adrenalectomy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Com. 186, 418-425.
195. Schioth, H.B., Muceniece, R., Mutulis, F., Prusis, P., Lindeberg, G., Sharma, S.D., Hruby, V.J., Wikberg, J.E., 1997. Selectivity of cyclic [D-Nal7] and [D-Phe7] substituted MSH analogues for the melanocortin receptor subtypes. Peptides 18, 1009-1013.
196. Schioth, H.B., Watanobe, H., 2002. Melanocortins and reproduction. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 38, 340-350.
197. Schwartz, M.W., Baskin, D.G., Bukowski, T.R., Kuijper, J.L., Foster, D., Lasser, G., Prunkard, D.E., Porte Jr., D., Woods, S.C., Seeley, R.J., Weigle, D.S., 1996a. Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 45, 531-535.
198. Schwartz, M.W., Peskind, E., Raskind, M., Boyko, E.J., Porte Jr., D., 1996b. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans. Nat. Med. 2, 589-593.
199. Schwartz, M.W., Wisse, B.E., 2000. Role of melanocortins in control of obesity. Nat. Gen. 26, 8-9.
200. Shaper, A.G., 1991. Alcohol and mortalily: a review of prospective studies. Br. J. Addict. 85, 837-947.
201. Shi, T.J., Cui, J.G., Meyerson, B.A., Linderoth, B., Hokfelt, T., 1999. Regulation of galanin and neuropeptide Y in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn in rat mononeuropathic models: possible relation to tactile hypersensitivity. Neuroscience 93, 741-757.
202. Shi, T.J., Tandrup, T., Bergman, E., Xu, Z.Q., Ulfhake, B., Hokfelt, T., 2001. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J mouse: marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 105, 249-263.
203. Shutter, J.R., Graham, M., Kinsey, A.C., Scully, S., Luthy, R., Stark, K.L., 1997. Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti, is up-regulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice. Genes Dev. 11, 593-602.
204. Sillaber, I., Rammes, G., Zimmermann, S., Mahal, B., Zieglgansberger, W., Wurst, W., Holsboer, F., Spanagel, R., 2002. Enhanced and delayed stress-induced alcohol drinking in mice lacking functional CRH1 receptors. Science 296, 931-933.
205. Sinclair, J.D., Le, A.D., Kiianmaa, K., 1989. The AA and ANA rat lines, selected for differences in voluntary alcohol consumption. Experientia 45, 798-805.
206. Slawecki, C.J., Betancourt, M., Walpole, T., Ehlers, C.L., 2000. Increases in sucrose consumption, but not ethanol consumption, following ICV NPY administration. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 66, 591-594.
207. Slawecki, C.J., Somes, C., Ehlers, C.L., 1999. Effects of chronic ethanol exposure on neurophysiological responses to corticotropin-releasing factor and neuropeptide Y. Alcohol Alcohol. 34, 289-299.
208. Smith-White, M.A., Hardy, T.A., Brock, J.A., Potter, E.K., 2001. Effects of a selective neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonis. BIIE0246, on Y2 receptors at peripheral neuroeffector junctions. Br. J. Pharmacol. 132, 861-868.
209. Stanley, B.G., Kyrkouli, S.E., Lampert, S., Leibowitz, S.F., 1986. Neuropeptide Y chronically injected into the hypothalamus: a powerful neurochemical inducer of hyperphagia and obesity. Peptides 7, 1189-1192.
210. Stanley, B.G., Leibowitz, S.F., 1984. Neuropeptide Y: stimulation of feeding and drinking by injection into the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci. 35, 2635-2642.
211. Stanley, B.G., Leibowitz, S.F., 1985. Neuropeptide Y injected in the paraventricular hypothalamus: a powerful stimulant of feeding behavior. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 3940-3943.
212. Statnick, M.A., Schober, D.A., Gackenheimer, S., Johnson, D., Beavers, L., Mayne, N.G., Burnett, J.P., Gadski, R., Gehlert, D.R., 1998. Characterization of the neuropeptide Y5 receptor in the human hypothalamus: a lack of correlation between Y5 mRNA levels and binding sites. Brain Res. 810, 16-26.
213. Stewart, R.B., Bass, A.A., Wang, N.S., Meisch, R.A., 1996. Ethanol as an oral reinforcer in normal weight rhesus monkeys: dose-response functions. Alcohol 13, 341-346.
214. Stewart, R.B., Gatto, G.J., Lumeng, L., Li, T.-K., Murphy, J.M., 1993. Comparison of alcohol-preferring (P) and nonpreferring (NP) rats on tests of anxiety and for the anxiolytic effects of alcohol. Alcohol 10, 1-10.
215. Szekely, J.I., Miglecz, E., Dunai-Kovacs, Z., Tarnawa, I., Ronai, A.Z., Graf, L., Bajusz, S., 1979. Attenuation of morphine tolerance and dependence by α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Life Sci. 24, 1931-1938.
216. Taylor, A.V., Peveler, R.C., Hibbert, G.A., Fairburn, C.G., 1993. Eating disorders among women receiving treatment for an alcohol problem. Int. J. Eating Dis. 14, 147-151.
217. Terenius, L., 1975. Effect of peptides and amino acids on dihydromorphine binding to the opiate receptor. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 27, 450-452.
218. Terenius, L., 1976. Somatostatin and ACTH are peptides with partial antagonist-like selectivity for opiate receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 38, 211-213.
219. Terenius, L., Gispen, W.H., De Wied, D., 1975. ACTH-like peptides and opiate receptors in the rat brain: structure-activity studies. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 33, 395-399.
220. Thiele, T.E., Badia-Elder, N.E., 2003. A role for neuropeptide Y in alcohol intake control: evidence from human and animal research. Physiol. Behav. 79, 95-101.
221. Thiele, T.E., Cubero, I., van Dijk, G., Mediavilla, C., Bernstein, I.L., 2000a. Ethanol-induced c-Fos expression in catecholamine- and neuropeptide Y-producing neurons in rat brainstem. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24, 802-809.
222. Thiele, T.E., Koh, M.T., Pedrazzini, T., 2002. Voluntary alcohol consumption is controlled via the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor. J. Neurosci. 22, RC208.
223. Thiele, T.E., Marsh, D.J., Ste. Marie, L., Bernstein, I.L., Palmiter, R.D., 1998a. Ethanol consumption and resistance are inversely related to neuropeptide Y levels. Nature 396, 366-369.
224. Thiele, T.E., Miura, G.I., Marsh, D.J., Bernstein, I.L., Palmiter, R.D., 2000b. Neurobiological responses to ethanol in mutant mice lacking neuropeptide Y or the Y5 receptor. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 67, 683-691.
225. Thiele, T.E., van Dijk, G., Yagaloff, K.A., Fisher, S.L., Schwartz, M., Burn, P., Seeley, R.J., 1998b. Central infusion of melanocortin agonist MTII in rats: assessment of c-Fos expression and taste aversion. Am. J. Physiol. 274, R248-R254.
226. Thorsell, A., Michalkiewicz, M., Dumont, Y., Quirion, R., Caberlotto, L., Rimondini, R., Mathe, A.A., Heilig, M., 2000. Behavioral insensitivity to restraint stress, absent fear suppression of behavior and impaired spatial learning in transgenic rats with hippocampal neuropeptide Y overexpression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12852-12857.
227. Thorsell, A., Rimondini, R., Heilig, M., 2002. Blockade of central neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors reduces ethanol self-administration in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 332, 1-4.
228. Tsujii, S., Bray, G.A., 1989. Acetylation alters the feeding response to MSH and β-endorphin. Brain Res. Bull. 23, 165-169.
229. Valdez, G.R., Roberts, A.J., Chan, K., Davis, H., Brennan, M., Zorrilla, E.P., Koob, G.F., 2002. Increased ethanol self-administration and anxiety-like behavior during acute ethanol withdrawal and protracted abstinence: regulation by corticotropin-releasing factor. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 26, 1494-1501.
230. van Ree, J.M., Bohus, B., Csontos, K.M., Gispen, W.H., Greven, H.M., Nijkamp, F.P., Opmeer, F.A., de Rotte, G.A., van Wimersma Greidanus, T.B., Witter, A., de Wied, D., 1981. Behavioral profile of γ-MSH, relationship with ACTH and β-endorphin action. Life Sci. 28, 2875-2878.
231. Wahlestedt, C., Yanaihara, N., Hakanson, R., 1986. Evidence for different pre-and post-junctional receptors for neuropeptide Y and related peptides. Regul. Pept. 13, 307-311.
232. Wang, C., Mullet, M.A., Glass, M.J., Billington, C.J., Levine, A.S., Kotz, C.M., 2001a. Feeding inhibition by urocortin in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. lntegr. Comp. Physiol. 280, R473-R480.
233. Wang, L., Martinez, V., Rivier, J.E., Tache, Y., 2001b. Peripheral urocortin inhibits gastric emptying and food intake in mice: differential role of CRF receptor 2. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 281, R1401-R1410.
234. Weatherford, S.C., Figlewicz, D.P., Park, C.R., Woods, S.C., 1993. Chronic alcohol consumption increases sensitivity to the anorexic effect of cholecystokinin. Am. J. Physiol. 265, R211-R215.
235. Weigle, D.S., Bukowski, T.R., Foster, D.C., Holderman, S., Kramer, J.M., Lasser, G., Lofton-Day, C.E., Prankard, D.E., Raymond, C., Kuijper, J.L., 1995. Recombinant ob protein reduces feeding and body weight in the ob/ob mouse. J. Clin. Invest. 96, 65-70.
236. Wilkinson, C.W., Crabbe, J.C., Keith, L.D., Kendall, J.W., Dorsa, D.M., 1986. Influence of ethanol dependence on regional brain content of β-endorphin in the mouse. Brain Res. 378, 107-114.
237. Williams, G., Bing, C., Cal X.J., Harrold, J.A., King, P.J., Liu, X.H., 2001. The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: Different circuits, different purposes. Physiol. Behav. 74, 683-701.
238. Wise, R.A., Bozarth, M.A., 1987. A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychol. Rev. 94, 469-492.
239. Woldbye, D.P., Larsen, P.J., Mikkelsen, J.D., Klemp, K., Madsen, T.M., Bolwig, T.G., 1997. Powerful inhibition of kainic acid seizures by neuropeptide Y via Y5-like receptors. Nat. Med. 3, 761-764.
240. Woldbye, D.P., Madsen, T.M., Larsen, P.J., Mikkelsen, J.D., Bolwig, T.G., 1996. Neuropeptide Y inhibits hippocampal seizures and wet dog shakes. Brain Res. 737, 162-168.
241. Woldbye, D.P.D., Ulrichsen, J., Haugbol, S., Bolwig, T.G., 2002. Ethanol withdrawal in rats is attenuated by intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y. Alcohol Alcohol. 37, 318-321.
242. Xia, Y., Wikberg, J.E., Chhajlani, V., 1995. Expression of melanocortin 1 receptor in periaqueductal gray matter. NeuroReport 6, 2193-2196.
243. Yamada, K., Shibasaki, T., Tsumori, C., Imaki, T., Hotta, M., Wakabayashi, I., Demura, H., 1996. Neuropeptide Y reverses corticotropin- releasing hormone- and psychological stress-caused shortening of sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep in rats. Brain Res. 725, 272-275.
244. Yan, H., Yang, J., Marasco, J., Yamaguchi, K., Brenner, S., Collins, F., Karbon, W., 1996. Cloning and functional expression of cDNAs encoding human and rat pancreatic polypeptide receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4661-4665.
245. Yeomans, M.R., Gray, R.W., 2002. Opioid peptides and the control of human ingestive behaviour. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 26, 713-728.
246. Zhao, W., Sedman, G., Gibbs, M., Ng, K.T., 1995. Phosphorylation changes following weakly reinforced learning and ACTH-induced memory consolidation for a weak learning experience. Brain Res. Bull. 36, 161-168.
247. Zhou, Y., Franck, J., Spangler, R., Maggos, C.E., Ho, A., Kreek, M.J., 2000. Reduced hypothalamic POMC and anterior pituitary CRF1 receptor mRNA levels after acute, but not chronic, daily "binge intragastric alcohol administration. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 24, 1575-1582.
248. Zhu, G., Pollak, L., Mottagui-Tabar, S., Wahlestedt, C., Taubman, J., Vikkunen, M., Goldman, D., Heilig, M., 2003. NPY leu7pro and alcohol dependence in Finnish and Swedish populations. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 27, 19-24.
249. Zimmerman, D.M., Cantrell, B.E., Smith, E.C., Nixon, J.A., Bruns, R.F., Gitter, B., Hipskind, P.A., Ornstein, P.L., Zarrinmayeh, H., Britton, T.C., Schober, D.A., Gehlert, D.R., 1998. Structure-activity relationships of a series of L-substituted-4-methylbenzimidazole neuropeptide Y-1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8, 473-476.
250. Zimmermann, E., Krivoy, W., 1973. Antagonism between morphine and the polypeptides ACTH, ACTH1-24 and β-MSH in the nervous system. Prog. Brain Res. 39, 383-394.