Mechanisms by Which the Gut Microbiota Influences Cytokine Production and Modulates Host Inflammatory Responses

Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research

Volumn 39, Issue 7, 2019, Pages 393-409

  Mendes, Viviani ^a   Galvão, Izabela ^a   Vieira, Angelica Thomaz ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

epithelium cells; gut homeostasis; inflammassoma; inflammatory bowel disease; microbial metabolites; microbiota

Indexed keywords

CXCL1 CHEMOKINE; CXCL2 CHEMOKINE; CYTOKINE; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 21; INTERLEUKIN 22; INTERLEUKIN 33; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; NEUROTROPHIN 3 RECEPTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ARTICLE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATORY CELL; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM CELL; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; IMMUNOLOGY; INTESTINE FLORA;

ANIMALS; CYTOKINES; GASTROINTESTINAL MICROBIOME; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION;

EID: 85068719727     PISSN: 10799907     EISSN: 15577465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0011     Document Type: Article

References (209)

1. Adachi O, Kawai T, Takeda K, Matsumoto M, Tsutsui H, Sakagami M, Nakanishi K, Akira S. 1998. Targeted disruption of the MyD88 gene results in loss of IL-1-and IL-18-mediated function. Immunity 9(1):143-150.
2. Andrews C, McLean MH, Durum SK. 2018. Cytokine tuning of intestinal epithelial function. Front Immunol 9:1270.
3. Atarashi K, Tanoue T, Shima T, Imaoka A, Kuwahara T, Momose Y, Cheng G, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Ohba Y, Taniguchi T, Takeda K, Hori S, Ivanov, II, Umesaki Y, Itoh K, Honda K. 2011. Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species. Science 331(6015):337-341.
4. Atreya R, Neurath MF. 2005. Involvement of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 28(3):187-196.
5. Baggiolini M, Walz A, Kunkel SL. 1989. Neutrophil-activating peptide-1/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J Clin Invest 84(4):1045-1049.
6. Bamias G, Arseneau KO, Cominelli F. 2014. Cytokines and mucosal immunity. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 30(6):547-552.
7. Bamias G, Corridoni D, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. 2012. New insights into the dichotomous role of innate cytokines in gut homeostasis and inflammation. Cytokine 59(3):451-459.
8. Bamias G, Dahman MI, Arseneau KO, Guanzon M, Gruska D, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. 2013. Intestinal-specific TNFalpha overexpression induces Crohn's-like ileitis in mice. PLoS One 8(8):e72594.
9. Bandurska K, Krol I, Myga-Nowak M. 2014. Interferons: between structure and function. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online) 68:428-440.
10. Belkaid Y, Hand TW. 2014. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 157(1):121-141.
11. Berg DJ, Davidson N, Kuhn R, Muller W, Menon S, Holland G, Thompson-Snipes L, Leach MW, Rennick D. 1996. Enterocolitis and colon cancer in interleukin-10-deficient mice are associated with aberrant cytokine production and CD4(+) TH1-like responses. J Clin Invest 98(4):1010-1020.
12. Bevivino G, Monteleone G. 2018. Advances in understanding the role of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12(9):907-915.
13. Bigorgne AE, John B, Ebrahimkhani MR, Shimizu-Albergine M, Campbell JS, Crispe IN. 2016. TLR4-dependent secretion by hepatic stellate cells of the neutrophil-chemoattractant CXCL1 mediates liver response to gut microbiota. PLoS One 11(3):e0151063.
14. Black RA, Rauch CT, Kozlosky CJ, Peschon JJ, Slack JL, Wolfson MF, Castner BJ, Stocking KL, Reddy P, Srinivasan S, Nelson N, Boiani N, Schooley KA, GerhartM, Davis R, Fitzner JN, Johnson RS, Paxton RJ, March CJ, Cerretti DP. 1997. A metalloproteinase disintegrin that releases tumour-necrosis factor-alpha from cells. Nature 385(6618): 729-733.
15. Boden EK, Snapper SB. 2008. Regulatory T cells in inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 24(6):733-741.
16. Boppana NB, Devarajan A, Gopal K, Barathan M, Bakar SA, Shankar EM, Ebrahim AS, Farooq SM. 2014. Blockade of CXCR2 signalling: a potential therapeutic target for preventing neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 239(5):509-518.
17. Bradford EM, Ryu SH, Singh AP, Lee G, Goretsky T, Sinh P, Williams DB, Cloud AL, Gounaris E, Patel V, Lamping OF, Lynch EB, Moyer MP, De Plaen IG, Shealy DJ, Yang GY, Barrett TA. 2017. Epithelial TNF receptor signaling promotes mucosal repair in inflammatory bowel disease. J Immunol 199(5):1886-1897.
18. Cait A, Hughes MR, Antignano F, Cait J, Dimitriu PA, Maas KR, Reynolds LA, Hacker L, Mohr J, Finlay BB, Zaph C, McNagny KM, Mohn WW. 2018. Microbiome-driven allergic lung inflammation is ameliorated by short-chain fatty acids. Mucosal Immunol 11(3):785-795.
19. Canesso MCC, Lemos L, Neves TC, Marim FM, Castro TBR, Veloso ES, Queiroz CP, Ahn J, Santiago HC, Martins FS, Alves-Silva J, Ferreira E, Cara DC, Vieira AT, Barber GN, Oliveira SC, Faria AMC. 2018. The cytosolic sensor STING is required for intestinal homeostasis and control of inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 11(3):820-834.
20. Cao AT, Yao S, Gong B, Nurieva RI, Elson CO, Cong Y. 2015. Interleukin (IL)-21 promotes intestinal IgA response to microbiota. Mucosal Immunol 8(5):1072.
21. Castillo-Alvarez F, Perez-Matute P, Oteo J, Marzo-Sola M. 2018. The influence of interferon b-1b on gut microbiota composition in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain). [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.04.006.
22. Cho H, Jaime H, de Oliveira RP, Kang B, Spolski R, Vaziri T, Myers TG, Thovarai V, Shen Z, Fox JG. 2019. Defective IgA response to atypical intestinal commensals in IL-21 receptor deficiency reshapes immune cell homeostasis and mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 12(1):85-96.
23. Connelly TM, Koltun WA, Sangster W, Berg AS, Hegarty JP, Harris L, 3rd, Deiling S, Stewart DB. 2014. An interleukin-4 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results of a retrospective cohort study. Surgery 156(4):769-774.
24. Correa RO, Vieira A, Sernaglia EM, Lancellotti M, Vieira AT, Avila-Campos MJ, Rodrigues HG, Vinolo MAR. 2017. Bacterial short-chain fatty acid metabolites modulate the inflammatory response against infectious bacteria. Cell Microbiol 19(7):1-14.
25. Cua DJ, Tato CM. 2010. Innate IL-17-producing cells: the sentinels of the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):479.
26. Danilchanka O, Mekalanos JJ. 2013. Cyclic dinucleotides and the innate immune response. Cell 154(5):962-970.
27. Davis MR, Zhu Z, Hansen DM, Bai Q, Fang Y. 2015. The role of IL-21 in immunity and cancer. Cancer Lett 358(2):107-114.
28. Derrien M, Vaughan EE, Plugge CM, de Vos WM. 2004. Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54(Pt 5):1469-1476.
29. De Simone V, Franze E, Ronchetti G, Colantoni A, Fantini MC, Di Fusco D, Sica GS, Sileri P, MacDonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G, Stolfi C. 2015. Th17-type cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-alpha synergistically activate STAT3 and NF-kB to promote colorectal cancer cell growth. Oncogene 34(27): 3493-3503.
30. de Souza PR, Guimaraẽs FR, Sales-Campos H, Bonfa G, Nardini V, Chica JEL, Turato WM, Silva JS, Zamboni DS, Cardoso CRdB. 2018. Absence of NOD2 receptor predisposes to intestinal inflammation by a deregulation in the immune response in hosts that are unable to control gut dysbiosis. Immunobiology 223(10):577-585.
31. de Waal Malefyt R, Abrams J, Bennett B, Figdor CG, de Vries JE. 1991a. Interleukin 10(IL-10) inhibits cytokine synthesis by human monocytes: an autoregulatory role of IL-10 produced by monocytes. J Exp Med 174(5):1209-1220.
32. de Waal Malefyt R, Haanen J, Spits H, Roncarolo MG, te Velde A, Figdor C, Johnson K, Kastelein R, Yssel H, de Vries JE. 1991b. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and viral IL-10 strongly reduce antigen-specific human T cell proliferation by diminishing the antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes via downregulation of class II major histocompatibility complex expression. J Exp Med 174(4):915-924.
33. Doss GP, Agoramoorthy G, Chakraborty C. 2014. TNF/TNFR: drug target for autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 19:1028-1040.
34. Douzandeh-Mobarrez B, Kariminik A. 2017. Gut microbiota and IL-17A: physiological and pathological responses. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9329-z.
35. Dudakov JA, Hanash AM, van den Brink MR. 2015. Interleukin-22: immunobiology and pathology. Ann Rev Immunol 33:747-785.
36. Ebrahimi Daryani N, Saghazadeh A, Moossavi S, Sadr M, Shahkarami S, Soltani S, Farhadi E, Rezaei N. 2017. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Invest 46(7):714-729.
37. Eidenschenk C, Rutz S, Liesenfeld O, Ouyang W. 2014. Role of IL-22 in microbial host defense. In: Fillatreau S, O'Garra A, eds. Interleukin-10 in health and disease/Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Berlin, Germany: Springer. pp. 213-236.
38. Elinav E, Henao-Mejia J, Flavell RA. 2013. Integrative inflammasome activity in the regulation of intestinal mucosal immune responses. Mucosal Immunol 6(1):4-13.
39. Elinav E, Strowig T, Kau AL, Henao-Mejia J, Thaiss CA, Booth CJ, Peaper DR, Bertin J, Eisenbarth SC, Gordon JI. 2011. NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis. Cell 145(5):745-757.
40. Espevik T, Figari IS, Shalaby MR, Lackides GA, Lewis GD, Shepard HM, Palladino MA, Jr. 1987. Inhibition of cytokine production by cyclosporin A and transforming growth factor beta. J Exp Med 166(2):571-576.
41. Eyerich K, Dimartino V, Cavani A. 2017. IL-17 and IL-22 in immunity: driving protection and pathology. Eur J Immunol 47(4):607-614.
42. Fagundes CT, Amaral FA, Vieira AT, Soares AC, Pinho V, Nicoli JR, Vieira LQ, Teixeira MM, Souza DG. 2012. Transient TLR activation restores inflammatory response and ability to control pulmonary bacterial infection in germfree mice. J Immunol 188(3):1411-1420.
43. Fan X, Patera AC, Pong-Kennedy A, Deno G, Gonsiorek W, Manfra DJ, Vassileva G, Zeng M, Jackson C, Sullivan L, Sharif-Rodriguez W, Opdenakker G, Van Damme J, Hedrick JA, Lundell D, Lira SA, Hipkin RW. 2007. Murine CXCR1 is a functional receptor for GCP-2/CXCL6 and interleukin-8/CXCL8. J Biol Chem 282(16):11658-11666.
44. Fantuzzi G, Banda NK, Guthridge C, Vondracek A, Kim SH, Siegmund B, Azam T, Sennello JA, Dinarello CA, Arend WP. 2003. Generation and characterization of mice transgenic for human IL-18-binding protein isoform a. J Leukoc Biol 74(5):889-896.
45. Fantuzzi G, Reed DA, Dinarello CA. 1999. IL-12-induced IFNgamma is dependent on caspase-1 processing of the IL-18 precursor. J Clin Invest 104(6):761-767.
46. Feng Y, Teitelbaum DH. 2013. Tumour necrosis factor-induced loss of intestinal barrier function requires TNFR1 and TNFR2 signalling in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition. J Physiol 591(15):3709-3723.
47. Festen EA, Goyette P, Scott R, Annese V, Zhernakova A, Lian J, Lefebvre C, Brant SR, Cho JH, Silverberg MS. 2009. Genetic variants in the region harbouring IL2/IL21 associated with ulcerative colitis. Gut 58(6):799-804.
48. Fries W, Muja C, Crisafulli C, Costantino G, Longo G, Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E. 2008. Infliximab and etanercept are equally effective in reducing enterocyte APOPTOSIS in experimental colitis. Int J Med Sci 5(4):169-180.
49. Fujimura KE, Demoor T, Rauch M, Faruqi AA, Jang S, Johnson CC, Boushey HA, Zoratti E, Ownby D, Lukacs NW. 2014. House dust exposure mediates gut microbiome Lactobacillus enrichment and airway immune defense against allergens and virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111(2):805-810.
50. Gabay C, Lamacchia C, Palmer G. 2010. IL-1 pathways in inflammation and human diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 6:232.
51. Gaffen SL. 2009. Structure and signalling in the IL-17 receptor family. Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):556.
52. Galani IE, Koltsida O, Andreakos E. 2015. Type III interferons (IFNs): emerging master regulators of immunity. In: Schoenberger SP, Katsikis PD, Pulendran B, eds. Crossroads between innate and adaptive immunity V/Advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol. 850. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp 1-15.
53. Gharibi T, Majidi J, Kazemi T, Dehghanzadeh R, Motallebnezhad M, Babaloo Z. 2016. Biological effects of IL-21 on different immune cells and its role in autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology 221(2):357-367.
54. Gour N, Wills-Karp M. 2015. IL-4 and IL-13 signaling in allergic airway disease. Cytokine 75(1):68-78.
55. Grobeta P, Doser K, Falk W, Obermeier F, Hofmann C. 2012. IL-33 attenuates development and perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 18(10):1900-1909.
56. Gu C, Wu L, Li X. 2013. IL-17 family: cytokines, receptors and signaling. Cytokine 64(2):477-485.
57. Hand TW, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Ridaura VK, Belkaid Y. 2016. Linking the microbiota, chronic disease, and the immune system. Trends Endocrinol Metab 27(12):831-843.
58. Heeney DD, Zhai Z, Bendiks Z, Barouei J, Martinic A, Slupsky C, Marco ML. 2018. Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriocin is associated with intestinal and systemic improvements in dietinduced obese mice and maintains epithelial barrier integrity in vitro. Gut Microbes 9:1-16.
59. Hervas-Stubbs S, Perez-Gracia JL, Rouzaut A, de Sanmamed MF, Le Bon A, Melero IJ. 2011. Direct effects of type I IFNs on cells of the immune system. Clin Cancer Res 17:2619-2627.
60. Hill DA, Hoffmann C, Abt MC, Du Y, Kobuley D, Kirn TJ, Bushman FD, Artis D. 2010. Metagenomic analyses reveal antibiotic-induced temporal and spatial changes in intestinal microbiota with associated alterations in immune cell homeostasis. Mucosal Immunol 3(2):148.
61. Hodzic Z, Schill EM, Bolock AM, Good M. 2017. IL-33 and the intestine: the good, the bad, and the inflammatory. Cytokine 100:1-10.
62. Hol J, Wilhelmsen L, Haraldsen G. 2010. The murine IL-8 homologues KC, MIP-2, and LIX are found in endothelial cytoplasmic granules but not in Weibel-Palade bodies. J Leukoc Biol 87(3):501-508.
63. Honda K, Littman DR. 2016. The microbiota in adaptive immune homeostasis and disease. Nature 535(7610):75-84.
64. Hsu CL, Bryce PJ. 2012. Inducible IL-33 expression by mast cells is regulated by a calcium-dependent pathway. J Immunol 189(7):3421-3429.
65. Hu B, Elinav E, Huber S, Strowig T, Hao L, Hafemann A, Jin C, Wunderlich C, Wunderlich T, Eisenbarth SC, Flavell RA. 2013. Microbiota-induced activation of epithelial IL-6 signaling links inflammasome-driven inflammation with transmissible cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110(24): 9862-9867.
66. Huber S, Gagliani N, Zenewicz LA, Huber FJ, Bosurgi L, Hu B, Hedl M, Zhang W, O'Connor W, Jr., Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Yancopoulos GD, Booth CJ, Cho JH, Ouyang W, Abraham C, Flavell RA. 2012. IL-22BP is regulated by the inflammasome and modulates tumorigenesis in the intestine. Nature 491(7423):259-263.
67. Ihara S, Hirata Y, Koike K. 2017. TGF-beta in inflammatory bowel disease: a key regulator of immune cells, epithelium, and the intestinal microbiota. J Gastroenterol 52(7):777-787.
68. Ihara S, Hirata Y, Serizawa T, Suzuki N, Sakitani K, Kinoshita H, Hayakawa Y, Nakagawa H, Ijichi H, Tateishi K, Koike K. 2016. TGF-beta signaling in dendritic cells governs colonic homeostasis by controlling epithelial differentiation and the luminal microbiota. J Immunol 196(11):4603-4613.
69. Ijssennagger N, Belzer C, Hooiveld GJ, Dekker J, van Mil SW, Muller M, Kleerebezem M, van der Meer R. 2015. Gut microbiota facilitates dietary heme-induced epithelial hyperproliferation by opening the mucus barrier in colon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(32):10038-10043.
70. Ishikura T, Kanai T, Uraushihara K, Iiyama R, Makita S, Totsuka T, Yamazaki M, Sawada T, Nakamura T, Miyata T, Kitahora T, Hibi T, Hoshino T, Watanabe M. 2003. Interleukin-18 overproduction exacerbates the development of colitis with markedly infiltrated macrophages in interleukin-18 transgenic mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18(8):960-969.
71. Ivanov II, Atarashi K, Manel N, Brodie EL, Shima T, Karaoz U, Wei D, Goldfarb KC, Santee CA, Lynch SV, Tanoue T, Imaoka A, Itoh K, Takeda K, Umesaki Y, Honda K, Littman DR. 2009. Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria. Cell 139(3):485-498.
72. Ivashkiv LB, Donlin LT. 2014. Regulation of type I interferon responses. Nat Rev Immunol 14(1):36
73. Jeffery V, Goldson AJ, Dainty JR, Chieppa M, Sobolewski A. 2017. IL-6 signaling regulates small intestinal crypt homeostasis. J Immunol 199(1):304-311.
74. Johansson MA, Saghafian-Hedengren S, Haileselassie Y, Roos S, Troye-Blomberg M, Nilsson C, Sverremark-Ekstrom E. 2012. Early-life gut bacteria associate with IL-4-, IL-10-and IFN-gamma production at two years of age. PLoS One 7(11): e49315.
75. Jones L, Ho WQ, Ying S, Ramakrishna L, Srinivasan KG, Yurieva M, Ng WP, Subramaniam S, Hamadee NH, Joseph S. 2016. A subpopulation of high IL-21-producing CD4+ T cells in Peyer's patches is induced by the microbiota and regulates germinal centers. Sci Rep 6:30784.
76. Jones-Hall YL, Kozik A, Nakatsu C. 2015. Ablation of tumor necrosis factor is associated with decreased inflammation and alterations of the microbiota in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 10(3):e0119441.
77. Kashiwagi I, Morita R, Schichita T, Komai K, Saeki K, Matsumoto M, Takeda K, Nomura M, Hayashi A, Kanai T, Yoshimura A. 2015. Smad2 and Smad3 inversely regulate TGF-beta autoinduction in Clostridium butyricum-activated dendritic cells. Immunity 43(1):65-79.
78. Kashtanova DA, Popenko AS, Tkacheva ON, Tyakht AB, Alexeev DG, Boytsov SA. 2016. Association between the gut microbiota and diet: fetal life, early childhood, and further life. Nutrition 32(6):620-627.
79. Kehrl JH, Wakefield LM, Roberts AB, Jakowlew S, Alvarez-Mon M, Derynck R, Sporn MB, Fauci AS. 1986. Production of transforming growth factor beta by human T lymphocytes and its potential role in the regulation of T cell growth. J Exp Med 163(5):1037-1050.
80. Kim B-S, Park Y-J, Chung Y. 2016. Targeting IL-17 in autoimmunity and inflammation. Arch Pharm Res 39(11):1537-1547.
81. Kim D, Zeng MY, Nunez G. 2017. The interplay between host immune cells and gut microbiota in chronic inflammatory diseases. Exp Mol Med 49(5):e339.
82. Kim KA, Gu W, Lee IA, Joh EH, Kim DH. 2012. High fat dietinduced gut microbiota exacerbates inflammation and obesity in mice via the TLR4 signaling pathway. PLoS One 7(10): e47713.
83. Kim WG, Kang GD, Kim HI, Han MJ, Kim DH. 2019. Bifidobacterium longum IM55 and Lactobacillus plantarum IM76 alleviate allergic rhinitis in mice by restoring Th2/Treg imbalance and gut microbiota disturbance. Benef Microbes 10(1):55-67.
84. Kittana H, Gomes-Neto JC, Heck K, Geis AL, Segura Munõz RR, Cody LA, Schmaltz RJ, Bindels LB, Sinha R, Hostetter JM, Benson AK, Ramer-Tait AE. 2018. Commensal Escherichia coli strains can promote intestinal inflammation via differential interleukin-6 production. Front Immunol 9:2318-2318.
85. Klein J, Ju W, Heyer J, Wittek B, Haneke T, Knaus P, Kucherlapati R, Bottinger EP, Nitschke L, Kneitz B. 2006. B cell-specific deficiency for Smad2 in vivo leads to defects in TGF-beta-directed IgA switching and changes in B cell fate. J Immunol 176(4):2389-2396.
86. Kominsky DJ, Campbell EL, Ehrentraut SF, Wilson KE, Kelly CJ, Glover LE, Collins CB, Bayless AJ, Saeedi B, Dobrinskikh E, Bowers BE, MacManus CF, Muller W, Colgan SP, Bruder D. 2014. IFN-gamma-mediated induction of an apical IL-10 receptor on polarized intestinal epithelia. J Immunol 192(3):1267-1276.
87. Kotenko SV, Krause CD, Izotova LS, Pollack BP, Wu W, Pestka S. 1997. Identification and functional characterization of a second chain of the interleukin-10 receptor complex. EMBO J 16(19):5894-5903.
88. Kuhn R, Lohler J, Rennick D, Rajewsky K, Muller W. 1993. Interleukin-10-deficient mice develop chronic enterocolitis. Cell 75(2):263-274.
89. Le Poul E, Loison C, Struyf S, Springael JY, Lannoy V, Decobecq ME, Brezillon S, Dupriez V, Vassart G, Van Damme J, Parmentier M, Detheux M. 2003. Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation. J Biol Chem 278(28):25481-25489.
90. Lee HN, Tian L, Bouladoux N, Davis J, Quinones M, Belkaid Y, Coligan JE, Krzewski K. 2017. Dendritic cells expressing immunoreceptor CD300f are critical for controlling chronic gut inflammation. J Clin Invest 127(5):1905-1917.
91. Lee SH. 2015. Intestinal permeability regulation by tight junction: implication on inflammatory bowel diseases. Intest Res 13(1):11-18.
92. Lenberg J, Qian Q, Sun Z, Alam R, Gorska MM. 2018. Prepregnancy exposure to diesel exhaust predisposes offspring to asthma through IL-1b and IL-17A. J Allergy Clin Immunol 141(3):1118-1122.
93. Levy M, Thaiss CA, Zeevi D, Dohnalova L, Zilberman-Schapira G, Mahdi JA, David E, Savidor A, Korem T, Herzig Y, Pevsner-Fischer M, Shapiro H, Christ A, Harmelin A, Halpern Z, Latz E, Flavell RA, Amit I, Segal E, Elinav E. 2015. Microbiota-modulated metabolites shape the intestinal microenvironment by regulating NLRP6 inflammasome signaling. Cell 163(6):1428-1443.
94. Li L-J, Gong C, Zhao M-H, Feng B-S. 2014. Role of interleukin-22 in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 20(48):18177-18188.
95. Lin J-X, Leonard WJ. 2018. The common cytokine receptor g chain family of cytokines. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol 10(9):a028449.
96. Liu H, Antony S, Roy K, Juhasz A, Wu Y, Lu J, Meitzler JL, Jiang G, Polley E, Doroshow JH. 2017a. Interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 increase NADPH oxidase 1-related proliferation of human colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 8(24):38113-38135.
97. Liu J, Bian G, Sun D, Zhu W, Mao S. 2017b. Starter feeding supplementation alters colonic mucosal bacterial communities and modulates mucosal immune homeostasis in newborn lambs. Front Microbiol 8:429.
98. Lopetuso LR, De Salvo C, Pastorelli L, Rana N, Senkfor HN, Petito V, Di Martino L, Scaldaferri F, Gasbarrini A, Cominelli F, Abbott DW, Goodman WA, Pizarro TT. 2018. IL-33 promotes recovery from acute colitis by inducing miR-320 to stimulate epithelial restitution and repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115(40):E9362-E9370.
99. Luzina IG, Keegan AD, Heller NM, Rook GAW, Shea-Donohue T, Atamas SP. 2012. Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: a review of ''alternatives''. J Leukoc Biol 92(4):753-764.
100. Macia L, Tan J, Vieira AT, Leach K, Stanley D, Luong S, Maruya M, Ian McKenzie C, Hijikata A, Wong C, Binge L, Thorburn AN, Chevalier N, Ang C, Marino E, Robert R, Offermanns S, Teixeira MM, Moore RJ, Flavell RA, Fagarasan S, Mackay CR. 2015. Metabolite-sensing receptors GPR43 and GPR109A facilitate dietary fibre-induced gut homeostasis through regulation of the inflammasome. Nat Commun 6:6734.
101. Madsen KL, Lewis SA, Tavernini MM, Hibbard J, Fedorak RN. 1997. Interleukin 10 prevents cytokine-induced disruption of T84 monolayer barrier integrity and limits chloride secretion. Gastroenterology 113(1):151-159.
102. Madsen KL, Malfair D, Gray D, Doyle JS, Jewell LD, Fedorak RN. 1999. Interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice develop a primary intestinal permeability defect in response to enteric microflora. Inflamm Bowel Dis 5(4):262-270.
103. Malik A, Sharma D, Zhu Q, Karki R, Guy CS, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. 2016. IL-33 regulates the IgA-microbiota axis to restrain IL-1alpha-dependent colitis and tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 126(12):4469-4481.
104. Mannon P, Reinisch W. 2012. Interleukin 13 and its role in gut defence and inflammation. Gut 61(12):1765-1773.
105. Marafini I, Zorzi F, Codazza S, Pallone F, Monteleone G. 2013. TGF-beta signaling manipulation as potential therapy for IBD. Curr Drug Targets 14(12):1400-1404.
106. Marini M, Bamias G, Rivera-Nieves J, Moskaluk CA, Hoang SB, Ross WG, Pizarro TT, Cominelli F. 2003. TNF-alpha neutralization ameliorates the severity of murine Crohn's-like ileitis by abrogation of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(14):8366-8371.
107. Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J. 2002. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol Cell 10(2):417-426.
108. Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, Kranich J, Sierro F, Yu D, Schilter HC, Rolph MS, Mackay F, Artis D, Xavier RJ, Teixeira MM, Mackay CR. 2009. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature 461(7268):1282-1286.
109. McLean MH, Neurath MF, Durum SK. 2014. Targeting interleukins for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease-what lies beyond anti-TNF therapy? Inflamm Bowel Dis 20(2): 389-397.
110. Mikulic J, Longet S, Favre L, Benyacoub J, Corthesy B. 2017. Secretory IgA in complex with Lactobacillus rhamnosus potentiates mucosal dendritic cell-mediated Treg cell differentiation via TLR regulatory proteins, RALDH2 and secretion of IL-10 and TGF-beta. Cell Mol Immunol 14(6):546-556.
111. Miossec P, Kolls JK. 2012. Targeting IL-17 and T H 17 cells in chronic inflammation. Nat Rev Drug Discov 11(10): 763.
112. Monteiro S, Roque S, Marques F, Correia-Neves M, Cerqueira JJ. 2017. Brain interference: revisiting the role of IFNg in the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 156:149-163.
113. Monteleone G, Trapasso F, Parrello T, Biancone L, Stella A, Iuliano R, Luzza F, Fusco A, Pallone F. 1999. Bioactive IL-18 expression is up-regulated in Crohn's disease. J Immunol 163(1):143-147.
114. Monticelli LA, Osborne LC, Noti M, Tran SV, Zaiss DM, Artis D. 2015. IL-33 promotes an innate immune pathway of intestinal tissue protection dependent on amphiregulin-EGFR interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112(34):10762-10767.
115. Moon C, Stappenbeck TS. 2012. Viral interactions with the host and microbiota in the intestine. Curr Opin Immunol 24(4): 405-410.
116. Moussion C, Ortega N, Girard JP. 2008. The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is constitutively expressed in the nucleus of endothelial cells and epithelial cells in vivo: a novel ''alarmin''? PLoS One 3(10):e3331.
117. Mueller NT, Bakacs E, Combellick J, Grigoryan Z, Dominguez-Bello MG. 2015. The infant microbiome development: mom matters. Trends Mol Med 21(2):109-117.
118. Nakajima-Adachi H, Shibahara K, Fujimura Y, Takeyama J, Hiraide E, Kikuchi A, Murakami H, Hosono A, Nochi T, Wakatsuki Y, Shimojo N, Kaminogawa S, Sato R, Kiyono H, Hachimura S. 2017. Critical role of intestinal interleukin-4 modulating regulatory T cells for desensitization, tolerance, and inflammation of food allergy. PLoS One 12(2):e0172795.
119. Nakamoto N, Amiya T, Aoki R, Taniki N, Koda Y, Miyamoto K, Teratani T, Suzuki T, Chiba S, Chu PS, Hayashi A, Yamaguchi A, Shiba S, Miyake R, Katayama T, Suda W, Mikami Y, Kamada N, Ebinuma H, Saito H, Hattori M, Kanai T. 2017. Commensal lactobacillus controls immune tolerance during acute liver injury in mice. Cell Rep 21(5):1215-1226.
120. Nava P, Koch S, Laukoetter MG, Lee WY, Kolegraff K, Capaldo CT, Beeman N, Addis C, Gerner-Smidt K, Neumaier I, Skerra A, Li L, Parkos CA, Nusrat A. 2010. Interferongamma regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis through converging beta-catenin signaling pathways. Immunity 32(3): 392-402.
121. Naz S, Khan RA, Giddaluru J, Battu S, Vishwakarma SK, Subahan M, Satti V, Khan N, Khan AA. 2018. Transcriptome meta-analysis identifies immune signature comprising of RNA binding proteins in ulcerative colitis patients. Cell Immunol 334:42-48.
122. Ni J, Wu GD, Albenberg L, Tomov VT. 2017. Gut microbiota and IBD: causation or correlation? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 14(10):573-584.
123. Nielsen OH, Koppen T, Rudiger N, Horn T, Eriksen J, Kirman I. 1996. Involvement of interleukin-4 and-10 in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 41(9):1786-1793.
124. Nikoopour E, Bellemore SM, Singh B. 2015. IL-22, cell regeneration and autoimmunity. Cytokine 74(1):35-42.
125. Noverr MC, Falkowski NR, McDonald RA, McKenzie AN, Huffnagle GB. 2005. Development of allergic airway disease in mice following antibiotic therapy and fungal microbiota increase: role of host genetics, antigen, and interleukin-13. Infect Immun 73(1):30-38.
126. Nowarski R, Jackson R, Gagliani N, de Zoete MR, Palm NW, Bailis W, Low JS, Harman CC, Graham M, Elinav E, Flavell RA. 2015. Epithelial IL-18 equilibrium controls barrier function in colitis. Cell 163(6):1444-1456.
127. Obata T, Goto Y, Kunisawa J, Sato S, Sakamoto M, Setoyama H, Matsuki T, Nonaka K, Shibata N, Gohda M, Kagiyama Y, Nochi T, Yuki Y, Fukuyama Y, Mukai A, Shinzaki S, Fujihashi K, Sasakawa C, Iijima H, Goto M, Umesaki Y, Benno Y, Kiyono H. 2010. Indigenous opportunistic bacteria inhabit mammalian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and share a mucosal antibody-mediated symbiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(16):7419-7424.
128. O Cu?v P, de Wouters T, Giri R, Mondot S, Smith WJ, Blottiere HM, Begun J, Morrison M. 2017. The gut bacterium and pathobiont Bacteroides vulgatus activates NF-kappaB in a human gut epithelial cell line in a strain and growth phase dependent manner. Anaerobe 47:209-217.
129. Ouyang W, Valdez P. 2008. IL-22 in mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 1(5):335.
130. Pastorelli L, Garg RR, Hoang SB, Spina L, Mattioli B, Scarpa M, Fiocchi C, Vecchi M, Pizarro TT. 2010. Epithelialderived IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are dysregulated in ulcerative colitis and in experimental Th1/Th2 driven enteritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(17):8017-8022.
131. Perusina Lanfranca M, Lin Y, Fang J, Zou W, Frankel T. 2016. Biological and pathological activities of interleukin-22. J Mol Med (Berl) 94(5):523-534.
132. Pichery M, Mirey E, Mercier P, Lefrancais E, Dujardin A, Ortega N, Girard JP. 2012. Endogenous IL-33 is highly expressed in mouse epithelial barrier tissues, lymphoid organs, brain, embryos, and inflamed tissues: in situ analysis using a novel Il-33-LacZ gene trap reporter strain. J Immunol 188(7): 3488-3495.
133. Pizarro TT, Michie MH, Bentz M, Woraratanadharm J, Smith MF, Jr., Foley E, Moskaluk CA, Bickston SJ, Cominelli F. 1999. IL-18, a novel immunoregulatory cytokine, is upregulated in Crohn's disease: expression and localization in intestinal mucosal cells. J Immunol 162(11):6829-6835.
134. Puren AJ, Fantuzzi G, Dinarello CA. 1999. Gene expression, synthesis, and secretion of interleukin 18 and interleukin 1beta are differentially regulated in human blood mononuclear cells and mouse spleen cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(5):2256-2261.
135. Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R. 2004. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 118(2):229-241.
136. Ren W, Chen S, Zhang L, Liu G, Hussain T, Hao X, Yin J, Duan J, Tan B, Wu G. 2016. Interferon tau affects mouse intestinal microbiota and expression of IL-17. Mediators Inflamm 2016:2839232.
137. Rogier R, Evans-Marin H, Manasson J, Kraan PM, Walgreen B, Helsen MM, Bersselaar LA, Loo FA, Lent PL, Abramson SB. 2017. Alteration of the intestinal microbiome characterizes preclinical inflammatory arthritis in mice and its modulation attenuates established arthritis. Sci Rep 7(1):15613.
138. Rooks MG, Veiga P, Wardwell-Scott LH, Tickle T, Segata N, Michaud M, Gallini CA, Beal C, van Hylckama-Vlieg JE, Ballal SA, Morgan XC, Glickman JN, Gevers D, Huttenhower C, Garrett WS. 2014. Gut microbiome composition and function in experimental colitis during active disease and treatment-induced remission. ISME J 8(7): 1403-1417.
139. Rose DM, Fadok VA, Riches DW, Clay KL, Henson PM. 1995. Autocrine/paracrine involvement of platelet-activating factor and transforming growth factor-beta in the induction of phosphatidylserine recognition by murine macrophages. J Immunol 155(12):5819-5825.
140. Rose-John S, Winthrop K, Calabrese L. 2017. The role of IL-6 in host defence against infections: immunobiology and clinical implications. Nat Rev Rheumatol 13(7):399-409.
141. Rothhammer V, Mascanfroni ID, Bunse L, Takenaka MC, Kenison JE, Mayo L, Chao C-C, Patel B, Yan R, Blain M. 2016. Type I interferons and microbial metabolites of tryptophan modulate astrocyte activity and central nervous system inflammation via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nat Med 22(6):586.
142. Round JL, Mazmanian SK. 2010. Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107(27):12204-12209.
143. Roy U, Galvez EJ, Iljazovic A, Lesker TR, B?azejewski AJ, Pils MC, Heise U, Huber S, Flavell RA, Strowig T. 2017. Distinct microbial communities trigger colitis development upon intestinal barrier damage via innate or adaptive immune cells. Cell Rep 21(4):994-1008.
144. Roz?man P, Svajger U. 2018. The tolerogenic role of IFN-g. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 41:40-53.
145. Rubino SJ, Geddes K, Girardin SE. 2012. Innate IL-17 and IL-22 responses to enteric bacterial pathogens. Trends Immunol 33(3):112-118.
146. Rudlaff MR, Waters MC. 2014. What is the role of cyclic di-GMP signaling within the human gut microbiome? Microbiome Sci Med 1(1):39-44.
147. Rutz S, Eidenschenk C, Ouyang W. 2013. IL-22, not simply a Th17 cytokine. Immunol Rev 252(1):116-132.
148. Salim SY, Soderholm JD. 2011. Importance of disrupted intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17(1):362-381.
149. Sanchez-Munoz F, Dominguez-Lopez A, Yamamoto-Furusho J-K. 2008. Role of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 14(27):4280-4288.
150. Saxena A, Lopes F, McKay DM. 2018. Reduced intestinal epithelial mitochondrial function enhances in vitro interleukin-8 production in response to commensal Escherichia coli. Inflamm Res 67(10):829-837.
151. Scheller J, Garbers C, Rose-John S. 2014. Interleukin-6: from basic biology to selective blockade of pro-inflammatory activities. Semin Immunol 26(1):2-12.
152. Schirmer M, Smeekens SP, Vlamakis H, Jaeger M, Oosting M, Franzosa EA, Ter Horst R, Jansen T, Jacobs L, Bonder MJ, Kurilshikov A, Fu J, Joosten LAB, Zhernakova A, Huttenhower C, Wijmenga C, Netea MG, Xavier RJ. 2016. Linking the human gut microbiome to inflammatory cytokine production capacity. Cell 167(4):1125e8-1136e8.
153. Schmidt C, Giese T, Goebel R, Schilling M, Marth T, Ruether A, Schreiber S, Zeuzem S, Meuer SC, Stallmach A. 2007. Interleukin-18 is increased only in a minority of patients with active Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 22(9):1013-1020.
154. Schmitz H, Fromm M, Bentzel CJ, Scholz P, Detjen K, Mankertz J, Bode H, Epple HJ, Riecken EO, Schulzke JD. 1999. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) regulates the epithelial barrier in the human intestinal cell line HT-29/B6. J Cell Sci 112 (Pt 1):137-146.
155. Schmitz J, Owyang A, Oldham E, Song Y, Murphy E, McClanahan TK, Zurawski G, Moshrefi M, Qin J, Li X, Gorman DM, Bazan JF, Kastelein RA. 2005. IL-33, an interleukin-1-like cytokine that signals via the IL-1 receptorrelated protein ST2 and induces T helper type 2-associated cytokines. Immunity 23(5):479-490.
156. Schreiber F, Arasteh JM, Lawley TD. 2015. Pathogen resistance mediated by IL-22 signaling at the epithelial-microbiota interface. J Mol Biol 427(23):3676-3682.
157. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. 2016. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biol 14(8):e1002533-e1002533.
158. Seo S-U, Kamada N, Munõz-Planillo R, Kim Y-G, Kim D, Koizumi Y, Hasegawa M, Himpsl SD, Browne HP, Lawley TD, Mobley HLT, Inohara N, Nunẽz G. 2015. Distinct commensals induce interleukin-1b via NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory monocytes to promote intestinal inflammation in response to injury. Immunity 42(4):744-755.
159. Shukla R, Ghoshal U, Ranjan P, Ghoshal UC. 2018. Expression of toll-like receptors, pro-, and anti-inflammatory cytokines in relation to gut microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome: the evidence for its micro-organic basis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 24(4):628-642.
160. Siegmund B, Fantuzzi G, Rieder F, Gamboni-Robertson F, Lehr HA, Hartmann G, Dinarello CA, Endres S, Eigler A. 2001. Neutralization of interleukin-18 reduces severity in murine colitis and intestinal IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281(4):R1264-R1273.
161. Siegmund B. 2010. Interleukin-18 in intestinal inflammation: friend and foe? Immunity 32(3):300-302.
162. Sina C, Gavrilova O, Forster M, Till A, Derer S, Hildebrand F, Raabe B, Chalaris A, Scheller J, Rehmann A, Franke A, Ott S, Hasler R, Nikolaus S, Folsch UR, Rose-John S, Jiang HP, Li J, Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P. 2009. G proteincoupled receptor 43 is essential for neutrophil recruitment during intestinal inflammation. J Immunol 183(11):7514-7522.
163. Singer M, Sansonetti PJ. 2004. IL-8 is a key chemokine regulating neutrophil recruitment in a new mouse model of Shigella-induced colitis. J Immunol 173(6):4197-4206.
164. Sitarik AR, Bobbitt KR, Havstad SL, Fujimura KE, Levin AM, Zoratti EM, Kim H, Woodcroft KJ, Wegienka G, Ownby DR, Joseph CLM, Lynch SV, Johnson CC. 2017. Breast milk transforming growth factor beta is associated with neonatal gut microbial composition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 65(3):e60-e67.
165. Smyth MJ, Strobl SL, Young HA, Ortaldo JR, Ochoa AC. 1991. Regulation of lymphokine-activated killer activity and poreforming protein gene expression in human peripheral blood CD8+ T lymphocytes. Inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta. J Immunol 146(10):3289-3297.
166. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, Lakhdari O, Bermudez-Humaran LG, Gratadoux JJ, Blugeon S, Bridonneau C, Furet JP, Corthier G, Grangette C, Vasquez N, Pochart P, Trugnan G, Thomas G, Blottiere HM, Dore J, Marteau P, Seksik P, Langella P. 2008. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an antiinflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105(43):16731-16736.
167. Song X, Dai D, He X, Zhu S, Yao Y, Gao H, Wang J, Qu F, Qiu J, Wang H, Li X, Shen N, Qian Y. 2015. Growth factor FGF2 cooperates with interleukin-17 to repair intestinal epithelial damage. Immunity 43(3):488-501.
168. Souza DG, Vieira AT, Soares AC, Pinho V, Nicoli JR, Vieira LQ, Teixeira MM. 2004. The essential role of the intestinal microbiota in facilitating acute inflammatory responses. J Immunol 173(6):4137-4146.
169. Spehlmann ME, Dann SM, Hruz P, Hanson E, McCole DF, Eckmann L. 2009. CXCR2-dependent mucosal neutrophil influx protects against colitis-associated diarrhea caused by an attaching/effacing lesion-forming bacterial pathogen. J Immunol 183(5):3332-3343.
170. Spolski R, Leonard WJ. 2014. Interleukin-21: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov 13(5): 379.
171. Steed AL, Christophi GP, Kaiko GE, Sun L, Goodwin VM, Jain U, Esaulova E, Artyomov MN, Morales DJ, Holtzman MJ. 2017. The microbial metabolite desaminotyrosine protects from influenza through type I interferon. Science 357(6350): 498-502.
172. Suenaert P, Bulteel V, Lemmens L, Noman M, Geypens B, Van Assche G, Geboes K, Ceuppens JL, Rutgeerts P. 2002. Antitumor necrosis factor treatment restores the gut barrier in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 97(8):2000-2004.
173. Sun M, Wu W, Chen L, Yang W, Huang X, Ma C, Chen F, Xiao Y, Zhao Y, Ma C, Yao S, Carpio VH, Dann SM, Zhao Q, Liu Z, Cong Y. 2018. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote Th1 cell IL-10 production to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Nat Commun 9(1):3555.
174. Sun X, Yang H, Nose K, Nose S, Haxhija EQ, Koga H, Feng Y, Teitelbaum DH. 2008. Decline in intestinal mucosal IL-10 expression and decreased intestinal barrier function in a mouse model of total parenteral nutrition. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294(1):G139-G147.
175. Swimm A, Giver CR, DeFilipp Z, Rangaraju S, Sharma A, Antonova AU, Sonowal R, Capaldo C, Powell D, Qayed M. 2018. Indoles derived from intestinal microbiota act via type I interferon signaling to limit graft-versus-host disease. Blood 132(23):2506-2519.
176. Takagi H, Kanai T, Okazawa A, Kishi Y, Sato T, Takaishi H, Inoue N, Ogata H, Iwao Y, Hoshino K, Takeda K, Akira S, Watanabe M, Ishii H, Hibi T. 2003. Contrasting action of IL-12 and IL-18 in the development of dextran sodium sulphate colitis in mice. Scand J Gastroenterol 38(8):837-844.
177. Tang C, Kakuta S, Shimizu K, Kadoki M, Kamiya T, Shimazu T, Kubo S, Saijo S, Ishigame H, Nakae S. 2018. Suppression of IL-17F, but not of IL-17A, provides protection against colitis by inducing T reg cells through modification of the intestinal microbiota. Nat Immunol 19:755-765.
178. Teng F, Klinger CN, Felix KM, Bradley CP, Wu E, Tran NL, Umesaki Y, Wu HJ. 2016. Gut microbiota drive autoimmune arthritis by promoting differentiation and migration of Peyer's Patch T Follicular Helper Cells. Immunity 44(4):875-888.
179. Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Yadava K, Sichelstiel AK, Sprenger N, Ngom-Bru C, Blanchard C, Junt T, Nicod LP, Harris NL. 2014. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat Med 20(2):159.
180. Tschurtschenthaler M, Wang J, Fricke C, Fritz TM, Niederreiter L, Adolph TE, Sarcevic E, Kunzel S, Offner FA, Kalinke U, Baines JF, Tilg H, Kaser A. 2014. Type I interferon signalling in the intestinal epithelium affects Paneth cells, microbial ecology and epithelial regeneration. Gut 63(12):1921-1931.
181. Tukler Henriksson J, Coursey TG, Corry DB, De Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC. 2015. IL-13 stimulates proliferation and expression of mucin and immunomodulatory genes in cultured conjunctival goblet cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(8): 4186-4197.
182. Tuo Y, Song X, Song Y, Liu W, Tang Y, Gao Y, Jiang S, Qian F, Mu G. 2018. Screening probiotics from Lactobacillus strains according to their abilities to inhibit pathogen adhesion and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. J Dairy Sci 101(6):4822-4829.
183. Turner MD, Nedjai B, Hurst T, Pennington DJ. 2014. Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1843(11):2563-2582.
184. Valeri M, Raffatellu M. 2016. Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection. Pathog Dis 74(9):ftw111.
185. Veremeyko T, Siddiqui S, Sotnikov I, Yung A, Ponomarev ED. 2013. IL-4/IL-13-dependent and independent expression of miR-124 and its contribution to M2 phenotype of monocytic cells in normal conditions and during allergic inflammation. PLoS One 8(12):e81774.
186. Vieira AT, Galvao I, Amaral FA, Teixeira MM, Nicoli JR, Martins FS. 2015a. Oral treatment with Bifidobacterium longum 51A reduced inflammation in a murine experimental model of gout. Benef Microbes 6(6):799-806.
187. Vieira AT, Galvao I, Macia LM, Sernaglia EM, Vinolo MA, Garcia CC, Tavares LP, Amaral FA, Sousa LP, Martins FS, Mackay CR, Teixeira MM. 2017. Dietary fiber and the shortchain fatty acid acetate promote resolution of neutrophilic inflammation in a model of gout in mice. J Leukoc Biol 101(1):275-284.
188. Vieira AT, Macia L, Galvao I, Martins FS, Canesso MC, Amaral FA, Garcia CC, Maslowski KM, De Leon E, Shim D, Nicoli JR, Harper JL, Teixeira MM, Mackay CR. 2015b. A role for gut microbiota and the metabolite-sensing receptor GPR43 in a murine model of gout. Arthritis Rheumatol 67(6): 1646-1656.
189. Vieira AT, Rocha VM, Tavares L, Garcia CC, Teixeira MM, Oliveira SC, Cassali GD, Gamba C, Martins FS, Nicoli JR. 2016. Control of Klebsiella pneumoniae pulmonary infection and immunomodulation by oral treatment with the commensal probiotic Bifidobacterium longum 5(1A). Microbes Infect 18(3):180-189.
190. Voronov E, Apte RN. 2015. IL-1 in colon inflammation, colon carcinogenesis and invasiveness of colon cancer. Cancer Microenviron 8(3):187-200.
191. Wagner W, Ciszewski W, Kania K, Dastych J. 2016. Lactate stimulates IL-4 and IL-13 production in activated HuT-78T lymphocytes through a process that involves monocarboxylate transporters and protein hyperacetylation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 36(5):317-327.
192. Waldner MJ, Neurath MF. 2014. Master regulator of intestinal disease: IL-6 in chronic inflammation and cancer development. Semin Immunol 26(1):75-79.
193. Wang K, Kim MK, Di Caro G, Wong J, Shalapour S, Wan J, Zhang W, Zhong Z, Sanchez-Lopez E, Wu LW, Taniguchi K, Feng Y, Fearon E, Grivennikov SI, Karin M. 2014. Interleukin-17 receptor a signaling in transformed enterocytes promotes early colorectal tumorigenesis. Immunity 41(6):1052-1063.
194. Wang S, Yao L, Liu Y. 2018. Fecal microbiome from patients with ulcerative colitis is potent to induce inflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 59:361-368.
195. Watanabe K, Gilchrist CA, Uddin MJ, Burgess SL, Abhyankar MM, Moonah SN, Noor Z, Donowitz JR, Schneider BN, Arju T, Ahmed E, Kabir M, Alam M, Haque R, Pramoonjago P, Mehrad B, Petri WA, Jr. 2017. Microbiome-mediated neutrophil recruitment via CXCR2 and protection from amebic colitis. PLoS Pathog 13(8):e1006513.
196. West GA, Matsuura T, Levine AD, Klein JS, Fiocchi C. 1996. Interleukin 4 in inflammatory bowel disease and mucosal immune reactivity. Gastroenterology 110(6):1683-1695.
197. Wu W, Chen F, Liu Z, Cong Y. 2016. Microbiota-specific Th17 cells: Yin and Yang in regulation of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 22(6):1473-1482.
198. Yoshida K, Murayama MA, Shimizu K, Tang C, Katagiri N, Matsuo K, Fukai F, Iwakura Y. 2018. IL-1R2 deficiency suppresses dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice via regulation of microbiota. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 496(3):934-940.
199. Zaki MH, Boyd KL, Vogel P, Kastan MB, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. 2010a. The NLRP3 inflammasome protects against loss of epithelial integrity and mortality during experimental colitis. Immunity 32(3):379-391.
200. Zaki MH, Vogel P, Body-Malapel M, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. 2010b. IL-18 production downstream of the Nlrp3 inflammasome confers protection against colorectal tumor formation. J Immunol 185(8):4912-4920.
201. Zanoni I, Granucci F, Broggi A. 2017. Interferon (iFN)-l Takes the Helm: immunomodulatory roles of type III iFNs. Front Immunol 8:1661.
202. Zenewicz LA, Flavell RA. 2011. Recent advances in IL-22 biology. Int Immunol 23(3):159-163.
203. Zenewicz LA, Yin X, Wang G, Elinav E, Hao L, Zhao L, Flavell RA. 2013. IL-22 deficiency alters colonic microbiota to be transmissible and colitogenic. J Immunol 190(10): 5306-5312.
204. Zheng H, Chen M, Li Y, Wang Y, Wei L, Liao Z, Wang M, Ma F, Liao Q, Xie Z. 2017a. Modulation of gut microbiome composition and function in experimental colitis treated with sulfasalazine. Front Microbiol 8:1703.
205. Zheng L, Kelly CJ, Battista KD, Schaefer R, Lanis JM, Alexeev EE, Wang RX, Onyiah JC, Kominsky DJ, Colgan SP. 2017b. Microbial-derived butyrate promotes epithelial barrier function through IL-10 receptor-dependent repression of claudin-2. J Immunol 199(8):2976-2984.
206. Zhu JF, Xu Y, Zhao J, Li X, Meng X, Wang TQ, Zou BY, Zhao PY, Liu Q, Lu CL, Zheng FL, Liu HS. 2018. IL-33 protects mice against DSS-induced chronic colitis by increasing both regulatory B cell and regulatory T cell responses as well as decreasing Th17 cell response. J Immunol Res 2018:1827901.
207. Zorzi F, Angelucci E, Sedda S, Pallone F, Monteleone G. 2013a. Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide-based therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Liver Dis 45(7):552-555.
208. Zorzi F, Monteleone I, Sarra M, Calabrese E, Marafini I, Cretella M, Sedda S, Biancone L, Pallone F, Monteleone G. 2013b. Distinct profiles of effector cytokines mark the different phases of Crohn's disease. PLoS One 8(1):e54562.
209. Zou J, Chassaing B, Singh V, Pellizzon M, Ricci M, Fythe MD, Kumar MV, Gewirtz AT. 2018. Fiber-mediated nourishment of gut microbiota protects against diet-induced obesity by restoring IL-22-mediated colonic health. Cell Host Microbe 23(1):41-53.e4.