Garlic: The mystical food in health promotion

Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2016, Pages 73-99

  Ross, Sharon A ^a   Milner, John A ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85051990083     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (202)

1. Tattelman, E., Health effects of garlic, Am. Fam. Physician, 72(1): 103-106, 2005.
2. Khanum, F., Anilakumar, K.R., and Viswanathan, K.R., Anticarcinogenic properties of garlic: a review, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 44(6): 479-488, 2004.
3. Williams, M.J., Sutherland, W.H., McCormick, M.P., Yeoman, D.J., and de Jong, S.A., Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease, Phytother. Res., 19(4):314-319, 2005.
4. Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S., and Bhattacharjee, S., Allium vegetables in cancer prevention: an overview, Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 5(3): 237-245, 2004.
5. Blomhoff, R., Dietary antioxidants and cardiovascular disease, Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 16(1): 47-54, 2005.
6. Banerjee, S.K., Mukherjee, P.K., and Maulik, S.K., Garlic as an antioxidant: the good, the bad and the ugly, Phytother. Res., 17(2): 97-106, 2003.
7. Kyo, E., Uda, N., Kasuga, S., and Itakura, Y., Immunomodulatory effect of aged garlic extract, J. Nutr., 131(3S): 1075S-1079S, 2001.
8. Yamada, N., Hattori, A., Hayashi, T., Nishikawa, T., Fukuda, H., and Fujino, T., Improvement of scopolamine-induced memory impairment by Z-ajoene in the water maze in mice, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 78(4): 787-791, 2004.
9. Hartsook, C., Herb Profile, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, AgMRC, Iowa State University, Agricultural Outlook, 2003.
10. Steinmetz, K.A., Kushi, L.H., Bostick, R.M., Folsom, A.R., and Potter, J.D., Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study, Am. J. Epidemiol., 139(1): 1-15, 1994.
11. Fleischauer, A.T., Poole, C., and Arab, L., Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72(4): 1047-1052, 2000.
12. Jappe, U., Bonnekoh, B., Hausen, B.M., and Gollnick, H., Garlic-related dermatoses: case report and review of the literature, Am. J. Contact. Dermatitis, 10(1): 37-39, 1999.
13. Burden, A.D., Wilkinson, S.M., Beck, M.H., and Chalmers, R.J., Garlic induced systemic contact dermatitis, Contact Dermatitis, 30(5): 299-300, 1994.
14. Moyle, M., Frowen, K., and Nixon, R., Use of gloves in protection from diallyl disulphide allergy, Australas. J. Dermatol., 45(4): 223-225, 2004.
15. Umar, I.A., Arjinoma, Z.G., Gidado, A., and Hamza, H.H., Prevention of garlic (Allium sativum Linn)-induced anaemia in rats by supplementation with ascorbic acid and vitamin E, Nig. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 13: 31-40, 1998.
16. Yamato, O., Sugiyama, Y., Matsuura, H., Lee, K.W., Goto, K., Hossain, M.A., Maede, Y., and Yoshihara, T., Isolation and identification of sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate from boiled garlic (Allium sativum) that oxidizes canine erythrocytes, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 67(7): 1594-1596, 2003.
17. Fenwick, G.R. and Hanley, A.B., The genus Allium, Part 2, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 22(4): 273-277, 1985.
18. Milner, J.A., Garlic: its anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic properties, Nutr. Rev., 54(11 Pt. 2):S82-S86, 1996.
19. Lawson, L.D. and Wang, Z.J., Allicin and allicin-derived garlic compounds increase breath acetone through allyl methyl sulfide: use in measuring allicin bioavailability, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(6):1974-1983, 2005.
20. Arnault, I., Haffner, T., Siess, M.H., Vollmar, A., Kahane, R., and Auger, J., Analytical method for appreciation of garlic therapeutic potential and for validation of a new formulation, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 37(5): 963-970, 2005.
21. Rose, P., Whiteman, M., Moore, P.K., and Zhu, Y.Z., Bioactive S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: the chemistry of potential therapeutic agents, Nat. Prod. Rep., 22(3):351-368, 2005.
22. Kubec, R., Svobodova, M., and Velisek, J., Gas chromatographic determination of S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxides, J. Chromatogr. A., 862(1): 85-94, 1999.
23. Freeman, G.G. and Mossadeghi, N., Influence of sulphate nutrition on the flavour components of garlic (Allium sativum) and wild onions (Allium vineale), J. Sci. Food Agric., 22: 330-334, 1971.
24. Berges, R., Siess, M.H., Arnault, I., Auger, J., Kahane, R., Pinnert, M.F., Vernevaut, M.F., and le Bon, A.M., Comparison of the chemopreventive efficacies of garlic powders with different alliin contents against aflatoxin B1 carcinogenicity in rats, Carcinogenesis, 25(10): 1953-1959, 2004.
25. Lawson, L.D., Garlic: a review of its medicinal effects and indicated active compounds, in Phytomedicines of Europe: Chemistry and Biological Activity, Lawson, L.D., and Bauer, R., Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1998.
26. Sugii, M., Suzuki, T., Nagasawa, S., and Kawashima, K., Isolation of Gamma-1-Glutamyl-S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine and S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine from garlic, Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo), 12:1114-1115, 1964.
27. Block, E., The chemistry of garlic and onion, Sci. Am., 252(3): 114-119, 1985.
28. Lawson, L.D., Wang, Z.J., and Hughes, B.G., Identification and HPLC quantitation of the sulfides and dialk(en)yl thiosulfinates in commercial garlic products, Planta Med., 57(4): 363-370, 1991.
29. Tamaki, T. and Sonoki, S., Volatile sulfur compounds in human expiration after eating raw or heattreated garlic, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo), 45(2): 213-222, 1999.
30. Lawson, L.D. and Gardner, C.D., Composition, stability, and bioavailability of garlic products used in a clinical trial, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(16): 6254-6261, 2005.
31. Staba, E.J., Lash, L., and Staba, J.E., A commentary on the effects of garlic extraction and formulation on product composition, J. Nutr., 131(3S): 1118S-1119S, 2001.
32. Lachmann, G., Lorenz, D., Radeck, W., and Steiper, M., The pharmacokinetics of the S35 labeled garlic constituents alliin, allicin, and vinyldithiine, Arzneimittelforschung, 44(6): 734-743, 1994.
33. Egen-Schwind, C., Eckard, R., and Kemper, F.H., Metabolism of garlic constituents in the isolated perfused rat liver, Planta Med., 58(4): 301-305, 1992.
34. Germain, E., Auger, J., Ginies, C., Siess, M.H., and Teyssier, C., In vivo metabolism of diallyl disulphide in the rat: identification of two new metabolites, Xenobiotica, 32(12): 1127-1138, 2002.
35. Teyssier, C., Guenot, L., Suschetet, M., and Siess, M.H., Metabolism of diallyl disulfide by human liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases, Drug Metab. Dispos., 27(7): 835-841, 1999.
36. Ripp, S.L., Overby, L.H., Philpot, R.M., and Elfarra, A.A., Oxidation of cysteine S-conjugates by rabbit liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed flavin-containing mono-oxygenases: studies with S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, S-(1,2,2 trichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine, S-allyl-L-cysteine, and S-benzyl-L-cysteine, Mol. Pharmacol., 51(3): 507-515, 1997.
37. Liu, J.Z., Lin, R.I., and Milner, J.A., Inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene induced mammary tumors and DNA adducts by garlic powder, Carcinogenesis, 13(10): 1847-1851, 1992.
38. Singh, A. and Shukla, Y., Antitumour activity of diallyl sulfide on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarboninduced mouse skin carcinogenesis, Cancer Lett., 131(2): 209-214, 1998.
39. Balasenthil, S., Arivazhagan, S., Ramachandran, C.R., and Nagini, S., Effects of garlic on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, Cancer Detect. Prev., 23(6): 534-538, 1999.
40. Amagase, H. and Milner, J.A., Impact of various sources of garlic and their constituents on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene binding to mammary cell DNA, Carcinogenesis, 14(8): 1627-1631, 1993.
41. Schaffer, E.M., Liu, J.Z., Green, J., Dangler, C.A., and Milner, J.A., Garlic and associated allyl sulfur components inhibit N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced rat mammary carcinogenesis, Cancer Lett., 102(1-2): 199-204, 1996.
42. Schaffer, E.M., Liu, J.Z., and Milner, J.A., Garlic powder and allyl sulfur compounds enhance the ability of dietary selenite to inhibit 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary DNA adducts, Nutr. Cancer, 27(2): 162-168, 1997.
43. Sakamoto, K., Lawson, L.D., and Milner, J., Allyl sulfides from garlic suppress the in vitro proliferation of human A549 lung tumor cells, Nutr. Cancer, 29(2): 152-156, 1997.
44. Sundaram, S.G. and Milner, J.A., Diallyl disulfide induces apoptosis of human colon tumor cells, Carcinogenesis, 17(4): 669-673, 1996.
45. Tsai, S.J., Jenq, S.N., and Lee, H., Naturally occurring diallyl disulfide inhibits the formation of carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines in boiled pork juice, Mutagenesis, 11(3): 235-240, 1996.
46. Hu, X., Benson, P.J., Srivastava, S.K., Xia, H., Bleicher, R.J., Zaren, H.A., Awasthi, S., Awasthi, Y.C., and Singh, S.V., Induction of glutathione S-transferase pi as a bioassay for the evaluation of potency of inhibitors of benzo(a)pyrene-induced cancer in a murine model, Int. J. Cancer, 73(6): 897-902, 1997.
47. Adetumbi, M.A. and Lau, B.H., Allium sativum (garlic) - a natural antibiotic, Med. Hypotheses, 12(3): 227-237, 1983.
48. Lee, Y.L., Cesario, T., Wang, Y., Shanbrom, E., and Thrupp, L., Antibacterial activity of vegetables and juices, Nutrition, 19(11-12): 994-996, 2003.
49. Lai, P.K. and Roy, J., Antimicrobial and chemopreventive properties of herbs and spices, Curr. Med. Chem., 11(11):.1451-1460, 2004.
50. Davis, S.R., An overview of the antifungal properties of allicin and its breakdown products - the possibility of a safe and effective antifungal prophylactic, Mycoses, 48(2): 95-100, 2005.
51. Dion, M.E., Agler, M., and Milner, J.A., S-allyl cysteine inhibits nitrosomorpholine formation and bioactivation, Nutr. Cancer, 28(1): 1-6, 1997.
52. Yoshida, H., Katsuzaki, H., Ohta, R., Ishikawa, K., Fukuda, H., Fujino, T., and Suzuki, A., An organosulfur compound isolated from oil-macerated garlic extract, and its antimicrobial effect, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 63(3): 588-590, 1999.
53. Tsao, S.M., Hsu, C.C., and Yin, M.C., Garlic extract and two diallyl sulphides inhibit methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in BALB/cA mice, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 52(6):974-980, 2003.
54. Avato, P., Tursil, E., Vitali, C., Miccolis, V., and Candido, V., Allylsulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents, Phytomedicine, 7(3): 239-243, 2000.
55. Kim, J.W., Kim, Y.S., and Kyung, K.H., Inhibitory activity of essential oils of garlic and onion against bacteria and yeasts, J. Food Prot., 67(3): 499-504, 2004.
56. Ruddock, P.S., Liao, M., Foster, B.C., Lawson, L., Arnason, J.T., and Dillon, J.A., Garlic natural health products exhibit variable constituent levels and antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis, Phytother. Res., 19(4): 327-334, 2005.
57. Xia, L. and Ng, T.B., Isolation of alliumin, a novel protein with antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities from multiple-cloved garlic bulbs, Peptides, 26(2): 177-183, 2005.
58. Cellini, L., Di Campli, E., Masulli, M., Di Bartolomeo, S., and Allocati, N., Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by garlic extract (Allium sativum), FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 13(4): 273-277, 1996.
59. Chung, J.G., Chen, G.W., Wu, L.T., Chang, H.L., Lin, J.G., Yeh, C.C., and Wang, T.F., Effects of garlic compounds diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in strains of Helicobacter pylori from peptic ulcer patients, Am. J. Chin. Med., 26(3-4): 353-364, 1998.
60. Jonkers, D., van den Broek, E., van Dooren, I., Thijs, C., Dorant, E., Hageman, G., and Stobberingh, E., Antibacterial effect of garlic and omeprazole on Helicobacter pylori, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 43(6): 837-839, 1999.
61. Iimuro, M., Shibata, H., Kawamori, T., Matsumoto, T., Arakawa, T., Sugimura, T., and Wakabayashi, K., Suppressive effects of garlic extract on Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils, Cancer Lett., 187(1-2): 61-68, 2002.
62. You, W.C., Zhang, L., Gail, M.H., Ma, J.L., Chang, Y.S., Blot, W.J., Li, J.Y., Zhao, C.L., Liu, W.D., Li, H.Q., Hu, Y.R., Bravo, J.C., Correa, P., Xu, G.W., and Fraumeni, J.F., Jr., Helicobacter pylori infection, garlic intake and precancerous lesions in a Chinese population at low risk of gastric cancer, Int. J. Epidemiol., 27(6): 941-944, 1998.
63. Aydin, A., Ersoz, G., Tekesin, O., Akcicek, E., and Tuncyurek, M., Garlic oil and Helicobacter pylori infection, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 95(2): 563-564, 2000.
64. Graham, D.Y., Anderson, S.Y., and Lang, T., Garlic or jalapeno peppers for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, Am. J. Gastroenterol., 94(5): 1200-1202, 1999.
65. Arora, D.S. and Kaur, J., Antimicrobial activity of spices, Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 12(3): 257-262, 1999.
66. Ledezma, E., Marcano, K., Jorquera, A., De Sousa, L., Padilla, M., Pulgar, M., and Apitz-Castro, R., Efficacy of ajoene in the treatment of tinea pedis: a double-blind and comparative study with terbinafine, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 43(5 Pt. 1): 829-832, 2000.
67. Rabinkov, A., Miron, T., Mirelman, D., Wilchek, M., Glozman, S., Yavin, E., and Weiner, L., SAllylmercaptoglutathione:the reaction product of allicin with glutathione possesses SH-modifying and antioxidant properties, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1499(1-2):.144-153, 2000.
68. Gupta, N. and Porter, T.D., Garlic and garlic-derived compounds inhibit human squalene monooxygenase, J. Nutr., 131(6): 1662-1667, 2001.
69. Balkis, M.M., Leidich, S.D., Mukherjee, P.K., and Ghannoum, M.A., Mechanisms of fungal resistance:an overview, Drugs, 62(7): 1025-1040, 2002.
70. Castro, I.A., Barroso, L.P., and Sinnecker, P., Functional foods for coronary heart disease risk reduction:a meta-analysis using a multivariate approach, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82(1): 32-40, 2005.
71. Milner, J.A., Molecular targets for bioactive food components, J. Nutr., 134(9): 2492S-2498S, 2004.
72. Fleischauer, A.T. and Arab, L., Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature, J. Nutr., 131(3S): 1032S-1040S, 2001.
73. Hsing, A.W., Chokkalingam, A.P., Gao, Y.T., Madigan, M.P., Deng, J., Gridley, G., and Fraumeni, J.F. Jr., Allium vegetables and risk of prostate cancer: a population-based study, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 94(21): 1648-1651, 2002.
74. Tanaka, S., Haruma, K., Kunihiro, M., Nagata, S., Kitadai, Y., Manabe, N., Sumii, M., Yoshihara, M., Kajiyama, G., and Chayama, K., Effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) on colorectal adenomas: a double-blinded study, Hiroshima J. Med. Sci., 53(3-4): 39-45, 2004.
75. You, W.C., Blot, W.J., Chang, Y.S., Ershow, A., Yang, Z.T., An, Q., Henderson, B.E., Fraumeni, J.F., Jr., and Wang, T.G., Allium vegetables and reduced risk of stomach cancer, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 81(2): 162-164, 1989.
76. Gail, M.H., You, W.C., Chang, Y.S., Zhang, L., Blot, W.J., Brown, L.M., Groves, F.D., Heinrich, J.P., Hu, J., Jin, M.L., Li, J.Y., Liu, W.D., Ma, J.L., Mark, S.D., Rabkin, C.S., Fraumeni, J.F., Jr., and Xu, G.W., Factorial trial of three interventions to reduce the progression of precancerous gastric lesions in Shandong, China: design issues and initial data, Control Clin. Trials, 19(4): 352-369, 1998.
77. You, W.C., Chang, Y.S., Heinrich, J., Ma, J.L., Liu, W.D., Zhang, L., Brown, L.M., Yang, C.S., Gail, M.H., Fraumeni, J.F., Jr., and Xu, G.W., An intervention trial to inhibit the progression of precancerous gastric lesions: compliance, serum micronutrients and S-allyl cysteine levels, and toxicity, Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 10(3): 257-263, 2001.
78. Ip, C., Lisk, D.J., and Stoewsand, G.S., Mammary cancer prevention by regular garlic and seleniumenriched garlic, Nutr. Cancer, 17(3): 279-286, 1992.
79. Wargovich, M.J., Diallyl sulfide, a flavor component of garlic (Allium sativum), inhibits dimethylhydrazine- induced colon cancer, Carcinogenesis, 8(3): 487-489, 1987.
80. Hussain, S.P., Jannu, L.N., and Rao, A.R., Chemopreventive action of garlic on methylcholanthreneinduced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mice, Cancer Lett., 49(2): 175-180, 1990.
81. Wargovich, M.J., Woods, C., Eng, V.W., Stephens, L.C., and Gray, K., Chemoprevention of Nnitrosomethylbenzylamine- induced esophageal cancer in rats by the naturally occurring thioether, diallyl sulfide, Cancer Res., 48(23): 6872-6875, 1988.
82. Hong, J.Y., Wang, Z.Y., Smith, T.J., Zhou, S., Shi, S., Pan, J., and Yang, C.S., Inhibitory effects of diallyl sulfide on the metabolism and tumorigenicity of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in A/J mouse lung, Carcinogenesis, 13(5): 901-904, 1992.
83. Takahashi, S., Hakoi, K., Yada, H., Hirose, M., Ito, N., and Fukushima, S., Enhancing effects of diallyl sulfide on hepatocarcinogenesis and inhibitory actions of the related diallyl disulfide on colon and renal carcinogenesis in rats, Carcinogenesis, 13(9): 1513-1518, 1992.
84. Nagabhushan, M., Line, D., Polverini, P.J., and Solt, D.B., Anticarcinogenic action of diallyl sulfide in hamster buccal pouch and forestomach, Cancer Lett., 66(3): 207-216, 1992.
85. Park, K.A., Kweon, S., and Choi, H., Anticarcinogenic effect and modification of cytochrome P450 2E1 by dietary garlic powder in diethylnitrosamine-initiated rat hepatocarcinogenesis, J. Biochem. Mol. Biol., 35(6): 615-622, 2002.
86. Wargovich, M.J., Chen, C.D., Jimenez, A., Steele, V.E., Velasco, M., Stephens, L.C., Price, R., Gray, K., and Kelloff, G.J., Aberrant crypts as a biomarker for colon cancer: evaluation of potential chemopreventive agents in the rat, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 5(5): 355-360, 1996.
87. Wargovich, M.J., Jimenez, A., McKee, K., Steele, V.E., Velasco, M., Woods, J., Price, R., Gray, K., and Kelloff, G.J., Efficacy of potential chemopreventive agents on rat colon aberrant crypt formation and progression, Carcinogenesis, 21(6): 1149-1155, 2000.
88. Ross, S.A., Finley, J.W., Leary, P., Gregoire, B., and Milner, J., Speciation effects of allyl sulfur compounds on aberrant crypt formation [abstract], FASEB J., 19(4): A72.13, 2005.
89. Jakszyn, P., Agudo, A., Ibanez, R., Garcia-Closas, R., Pera, G., Amiano, P., and Gonzalez, C.A., Development of a food database of nitrosamines, heterocyclic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Nutr., 134(8): 2011-2014, 2004.
90. Lijinsky, W., N-Nitroso compounds in the diet, Mutat. Res., 443(1-2): 129-138, 1999.
91. Shenoy, N.R. and Choughuley, A.S., Inhibitory effect of diet related sulphydryl compounds on the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, Cancer Lett., 65(3): 227-232, 1992.
92. Milner, J.A., Mechanisms by which garlic and allyl sulfur compounds suppress carcinogen bioactivation. Garlic and carcinogenesis, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 492: 69-81, 2001.
93. Williams, D.H,. S-Nitrosation and the reactions of S-Nitroso compounds, Chem. Soc. Rev., 15:171-196, 1983.
94. Mei, X., Lin, X., Liu, J., Lin, X.Y., Song, P.J., Hu, J.F., and Liang, X.J., The blocking effect of garlic on the formation of N-nitrosoproline in humans, Acta Nutrimenta Sinica, 11: 141-145, 1989.
95. Ohshima, H. and Bartsch, H., Quantitative estimation of endogenous N-nitrosation in humans by monitoring N-nitrosoproline in urine, Methods Enzymol., 301: 40-49, 1999.
96. Lin, X-Y., Liu, J.Z., Milner, J.A., Dietary garlic suppresses DNA adducts caused by N-nitroso compounds, Carcinogenesis, 15(2): 349-352, 1994.
97. Haber-Mignard, D., Suschetet, M., Berges, R., Astorg, P., and Siess, M.H., Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-and N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced liver preneoplastic foci in rats fed naturally occurring allyl sulfides, Nutr. Cancer, 25(1): 61-70, 1996.
98. Knasmuller, S., de Martin, R., Domjan, G., and Szakmary, A., Studies on the antimutagenic activities of garlic extract, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 13(4): 357-365, 1989.
99. Chen, L., Lee, M., Hong, J.Y., Huang, W., Wang, E., and Yang, C.S., Relationship between cytochrome P450 2E1 and acetone catabolism in rats as studied with diallyl sulfide as an inhibitor, Biochem. Pharmacol., 48(12): 2199-2205, 1994.
100. Jeong, H.G. and Lee, Y.W., Protective effects of diallyl sulfide on N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced immunosuppression in mice, Cancer Lett., 134(1): 73-79, 1998.
101. Jin, L. and Baillie, T.A., Metabolism of the chemoprotective agent diallyl sulfide to glutathione conjugates in rats, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 10(3): 318-327, 1997.
102. Davenport, D.M. and Wargovich, M.J., Modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes by organosulfur compounds from garlic, Food Chem. Toxicol., July 4 [Epub ahead of print] 2005.
103. Yu, F.S., Yu, C.S., Lin, J.P., Chen, S.C., Lai, W.W., and Chung, J.G., Diallyl disulfide inhibits Nacetyltransferase activity and gene expression in human esophagus epidermoid carcinoma CE 81T/VGH cells, Food Chem. Toxicol., 43(7): 1029-1036, 2005.
104. Ludeke, B.I., Domine, F., Ohgaki, H., and Kleihues, P., Modulation of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine bioactivation by diallyl sulfide in vivo, Carcinogenesis, 13(12): 2467-2470, 1992.
105. Zhang, Y.J., Chen, Y., Ahsan, H., Lunn, R.M., Chen, S.Y., Lee, P.H., Chen, C.J., and Santella, R.M., Silencing of glutathione S-transferase P1 by promoter hypermethylation and its relationship to environmental chemical carcinogens in hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer Lett., 221(2): 135-143, 2005.
106. Cohen, L.A., Zhao, Z., Pittman, B., and Lubet, R., S-allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, fails to inhibit N-methylnitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis, Nutr. Cancer, 35(1): 58-63, 1999.
107. Le Bon, A.M., Vernevaut, M.F., Guenot, L., Kahane, R., Auger, J., Arnault, I., Haffner, T., and Siess, M.H., Effects of garlic powders with varying alliin contents on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51(26): 7617-7623, 2003.
108. Wu, C.C., Sheen, L.Y., Chen, H.W., Kuo, W.W., Tsai, S.J., and Lii, C.K., Differential effects of garlic oil and its three major organosulfur components on the hepatic detoxification system in rats, J. Agric. Food Chem., 50(2): 378-383, 2002.
109. Foster, B.C., Foster, M.S., Vandenhoek, S., Krantis, A., Budzinski, J.W., Arnason, J.T., Gallicano, K.D., and Choudri, S., An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by garlic, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 4(2): 176-184, 2001.
110. Brady, J.F., Ishizaki, H., Fukuto, J.M., Lin, M.C., Fadel, A., Gapac, J.M., and Yang, C.S., Inhibition of cytochrome P-450 2E1 by diallyl sulfide and its metabolites, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 4(6): 642-647, 1991.
111. Uno, S., Dalton, T.P., Derkenne, S., Curran, C.P., Miller, M.L., Shertzer, H.G., and Nebert, D.W., Oral exposure to benzo[a]pyrene in the mouse: detoxication by inducible cytochrome P450 is more important than metabolic activation, Mol. Pharmacol., 65(5): 1225-1237, 2004.
112. Singh, S.V., Pan, S.S., Srivastava, S.K., Xia, H., Hu, X., Zaren, H.A., and Orchard, J.L., Differential induction of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase by anti-carcinogenic organosulfides from garlic, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 244(3): 917-920, 1998.
113. Chen, C., Pung, D., Leong, V., Hebbar, V., Shen, G., Nair, S., Li, W., and Kong, A.N., Induction of detoxifying enzymes by garlic organosulfur compounds through transcription factor Nrf2: effect of chemical structure and stress signals, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 37(10): 1578-1590, 2004.
114. Munday, R. and Munday, C.M., Relative activities of organosulfur compounds derived from onions and garlic in increasing tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in rat tissues, Nutr. Cancer, 40(2): 205-210, 2001.
115. Herman-Antosiewicz, A. and Singh, S.V., Signal transduction pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in cancer cells by Allium vegetable-derived organosulfur compounds: a review, Mutat. Res., 555(1-2): 121-131, 2004.
116. Wu, X., Kassie, F., and Mersch-Sundermann, V., Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells by naturally occurring sulfur-containing compounds, Mutat. Res., 589(2): 81-102, 2005.
117. Wu, X.J., Kassie, F., and Mersch-Sundermann, V., The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production on diallyl disulfide (DADS) induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human A549 lung carcinoma cells, Mutat. Res., July 14 [Epub ahead of print] 2005.
118. Knowles, L.M. and Milner, J.A., Possible mechanism by which allyl sulfides suppress neoplastic cell proliferation, J. Nutr., 131(3S): 1061S-1066S, 2001.
119. Knowles, L.M. and Milner, J.A., Diallyl disulfide inhibits p34(cdc2) kinase activity through changes in complex formation and phosphorylation, Carcinogenesis 21(6): 1129-1134, 2000.
120. Knowles, L.M. and Milner, J.A., Diallyl disulfide induces ERK phosphorylation and alters gene expression profiles in human colon tumor cells, J. Nutr., 133(9): 2901-2906, 2003.
121. L'vova, G.N. and Zasukhina, G.D., Modification of repair DNA synthesis in mutagen-treated human fibroblasts during adaptive response and the antimutagenic effect of garlic extract, Genetika, 38(3):306-309, 2002.
122. Ross, S.A., Diet and DNA methylation interactions in cancer prevention, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 983:197-207, 2003.
123. Lea, M.A., Randolph, V.M., and Patel, M., Increased acetylation of histones induced by diallyl disulfide and structurally related molecules, Int. J. Oncol., 15(2): 347-352, 1999.
124. Lea, M.A., Rasheed, M., Randolph, V.M., Khan, F., Shareef, A., and desBordes, C., Induction of histone acetylation and inhibition of growth of mouse erythroleukemia cells by S-allylmercaptocysteine, Nutr. Cancer, 43(1): 90-102, 2002.
125. Druesne, N., Pagniez, A., Mayeur, C., Thomas, M., Cherbuy, C., Duee, P.H., Martel, P., and Chaumontet, C., Diallyl disulfide (DADS) increases histone acetylation and p21(waf1/cip1) expression in human colon tumor cell lines, Carcinogenesis, 25(7): 1227-1236, 2004.
126. Myzak, M.C., Karplus, P.A., Chung, F.L., and Dashwood, R.H., A novel mechanism of chemoprotection by sulforaphane: inhibition of histone deacetylase, Cancer Res., 64(16): 5767-5774, 2004.
127. Rabinkov, A., Miron, T., Konstantinovski, L., Wilchek, M., Mirelman, D., and Weiner, L., The mode of action of allicin: trapping of radicals and interaction with thiol containing proteins, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1379(2): 233-244, 1998.
128. Rahman, K., Garlic and aging: new insights into an old remedy, Ageing Res. Rev., 2(1): 39-56, 2003.
129. Dwivedi, C., John, L.M., Schmidt, D.S., and Engineer, F.N., Effects of oil-soluble organosulfur compounds from garlic on doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation, Anticancer Drugs, 9(3): 291-294, 1998.
130. Atmaca, G., Antioxidant effects of sulfur-containing amino acids, Yonsei Med. J., 45(5): 776-788, 2004.
131. Okada, Y., Tanaka, K., Fujita, I., Sato, E., and Okajima, H., Antioxidant activity of thiosulfinates derived from garlic, Redox Rep., 10(2): 96-102, 2005.
132. Lawson, L.D., Bioactive organosulfur compounds of garlic and garlic products, in Human Medicinal Agents from Plants, Kinghorn, A.D. and Balandrin, M.F., Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 1994.
133. Gorinstein, S., Drzewiecki, J., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M., Najman, K., Jastrzebski, Z., Zachwieja, Z., Barton, H., Shtabsky, B., Katrich, E., and Trakhtenberg, S., Comparison of the bioactive compounds and antioxidant potentials of fresh and cooked Polish, Ukrainian, and Israeli garlic, Agric. Food Chem., 53(7): 2726-2732, 2005.
134. Lamm, D.L. and Riggs, D.R., Enhanced immuno competence by garlic: role in bladder cancer and other malignancies, J. Nutr., 131(3S): 1067S-1070S, 2001.
135. Colic, M. and Savic, M., Garlic extracts stimulate proliferation of rat lymphocyte in vitro increasing IL-2 and IL-4 production, Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol., 22(1): 163-181, 2000.
136. Colic, M., Vucevic, D., Kilibarda, V., Radicevic, N., and Savic, M., Modulatory effects of garlic extracts on proliferation of T-lymphocytes in vitro stimulated with concanavalin A, Phytomedicine, 9(2): 117-124, 2002.
137. Ghazanfari, T., Hassan, Z.M., Ebtekar, M., Ahmadiani, A., Naderi, G., and Azar, A., Garlic induces a shift in cytokine pattern in Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice, Scand. J. Immunol., 52(5):491-495, 2000.
138. Morioka, N., Sze, L.L., Morton, D.L., and Irie, R.F., A protein fraction from aged garlic extract enhances cytotoxicity and proliferation of human lymphocytes mediated by interleukin-2 and concanavalin A, Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 37(5): 316-322, 1993.
139. Ghazanfari, T., Hassan, Z.M., and Ebrahimi, M., Immunomodulatory activity of a protein isolated from garlic extract on delayed type hypersensitivity, Int. Immunopharmacol., 2 (11): 1541-1559, 2002.
140. Ghazanfari, T., Hassan, Z.M., and Ebrahimi, M., Immunomodulatory affect of R10 fraction of garlic extract on natural killer activity, Int. Immunopharmacol., 3(10-11): 1483-1489, 2003.
141. Chang, H.P., Huang, S.Y., and Chen, Y.H., Modulation of cytokine secretion by garlic oil derivatives is associated with suppressed nitric oxide production in stimulated macrophages, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(7): 2530-2534, 2005.
142. Dirsch, V.M., Kiemer, A.K., Wagner, H., and Vollmar, A.M., Effect of allicin and ajoene, two compounds of garlic, on inducible nitric oxide synthase, Atherosclerosis, 139(2): 333-339, 1998.
143. Chang, H.P. and Chen, Y.H., Differential effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic oil on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in stimulated macrophages, Nutrition, 21(4): 530-536, 2005.
144. Smith, B.J., Curtis, J.F., and Eling, T.E., Bioactivation of xenobiotics by prostaglandin H synthase, Chem-Biol Interactions, 79(3): 245-264, 1991.
145. Li, N., Sood, S., Wang, S., Fang, M., Wang, P., Sun, Z., Yang, C.S., and Chen, X., Overexpression of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase 2 in hamster and human oral cancer and chemopreventive effects of zileuton and celecoxib, Clin. Cancer Res., 11(5): 2089-2096, 2005.
146. Ali, M., Mechanism by which garlic (Allium sativum) inhibits cyclooxygenase activity: effect of raw versus boiled garlic extract on the synthesis of prostanoids, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 53(6): 397-400, 1995.
147. McGrath, B.C. and Milner, J.A., Diallyl Disulfide, S-Allyl Sulfide and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Retard 12/15-Lipoxygenase-Mediated Bioactivation of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) In Vitro, FASEB J., 13(4): A540, 1999.
148. Belman, S., Solomon, J., Segal, A., Block, E., and Barany, G., Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase and mouse skin tumor promotion by onion and garlic components, J. Biochem. Toxicol., 4(3): 151-160, 1989.
149. Song, K. and Milner, J.A., Heating garlic inhibits its ability to suppress 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced DNA adduct formation in rat mammary tissue, J. Nutr., 129(3): 657-661, 1999.
150. Dirsch, V.M. and Vollmar, A.M., Ajoene, a natural product with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-like properties, Biochem. Pharmacol, 61(5): 587-593, 2001.
151. Velmurugan, B., Bhuvaneswari, V., Abraham, S.K., and Nagini, S., Protective effect of tomato against N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced in vivo clastogenicity and oxidative stress, Nutrition, 20(9): 812-816, 2004.
152. Bhuvaneswari, V., Abraham, S.K., and Nagini, S., Combinatorial antigenotoxic and anticarcinogenic effects of tomato and garlic through modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes during hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, Nutrition, 21(6): 726-731, 2005.
153. Kumaraguruparan, R., Chandra Mohan, K.V., Abraham, S.K., Nagini, S., Attenuation of N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress by tomato and garlic combination. Life Sci., 76(19): 2247-55, 2005.
154. Amagase, H., Schaffer, E.M., and Milner, J.A., Dietary components modify the ability of garlic to suppress 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary DNA adducts, J. Nutr., 126(4): 817-824, 1996.
155. Ip, C., Lisk, D.J., and Thompson, H.J., Selenium-enriched garlic inhibits the early stage but not the late stage of mammary carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 17(9): 1979-1982, 1996.
156. Ganther, H.E., Selenium metabolism, selenoproteins and mechanisms of cancer prevention: complexities with thioredoxin reductase, Carcinogenesis, 20(9): 1657-1666, 1999.
157. Sundaram, S.G. and Milner, J.A., Diallyl Disulfide Inhibits the Proliferation of Human Tumor Cells in Culture, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1315(1): 15-20, 1996.
158. Knowles, L.M. and Milner, J.A., Depressed p34cdc2 kinase activity and G2/M phase arrest induced by diallyl disulfide in HCT-15 cells, Nutr. Cancer, 30(3): 169-174, 1998.
159. Schaffer, E.M. and Milner, J.A., Impact of dietary fatty acids on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthraceneinduced mammary DNA adducts, Cancer Lett., 106(2): 177-183, 1996.
160. Tang, F., Zhou, J., and Gu, L., In vivo and in vitro effects of selenium-enriched garlic on growth of human gastric carcinoma cells, Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi [Chinese journal of oncology], 23(6):461-464, 2001.
161. Seki, T., Tsuji, K., Hayato, Y., Moritomo, T., and Ariga, T., Garlic and onion oils inhibit proliferation and induce differentiation of HL-60 cells, Cancer Lett., 160(1): 29-35, 2000.
162. Banerjee, S.K. and Maulik, S.K., Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review, Nutr. J., 19(1):4, 2002.
163. Alder, R., Lookinland, S., Berry, J.A., and Williams, M.A., Systematic review of the effectiveness of garlic as an anti-hyperlipidemic agent, J. Am. Acad. Nurse Pract., 15(3): 120-129, 2003.
164. Adler, A.J. and Holub, B.J., Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 65(2): 445-450, 1997.
165. Steiner, M., Khan, A.H., Holbert, D., and Lin, R.I., A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 64(6): 866-870, 1996.
166. Byrne, D.J., Neil, H.A., Vallance, D.T., and Winder, A.F., A pilot study of garlic consumption shows no significant effect on markers of oxidation or sub-fraction composition of low-density lipoprotein including lipoprotein(a) after allowance for non-compliance and the placebo effect, Clin. Chim. Acta, 285(1-2): 21-33, 1999.
167. Tanamai, J., Veeramanomai, S., and Indrakosas, N., The efficacy of cholesterol-lowering action and side effects of garlic enteric coated tablets in man, J. Med. Assoc. Thai., 87(10): 1156-1161, 2004.
168. Jabbari, A., Argani, H., Ghorbanihaghjo, A., and Mahdavi, R., Comparison between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in Renal Transplant Recipients, Lipids Health Dis., 4: 11, 2005.
169. Holvoet, P., Oxidized LDL and coronary heart disease, Acta Cardiol., 59(5): 479-484, 2004.
170. Munday, J.S., James, K.A., Fray, L.M., Kirkwood, S.W., and Thompson, K.G., Daily supplementation with aged garlic extract, but not raw garlic, protects low density lipoprotein against in vitro, Atherosclerosis, 143(2): 399-404, 1999.
171. Ou, C.C., Tsao, S.M., Lin, M.C., and Yin, M.C., Protective action on human LDL against oxidation and glycation by four organosulfur compounds derived from garlic, Lipids, 38(3): 219-224, 2003.
172. Huang, C.N., Horng, J.S., and Yin, M.C., Antioxidative and antiglycative effects of six organosulfur compounds in low-density lipoprotein and plasma, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52(11):3674-3678, 2004.
173. Fallon, M.B., Abrams, G.A., Abdel-Razek, T.T., Dai, J., Chen, S.J., Chen, Y.F., Luo, B., Oparil, S., and Ku, D.D., Garlic prevents hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 275(2 Pt. 1):L283-L287, 1998.
174. Maslin, D.J., Brown, C.A., Das, I., and Zhang, X.H., Nitric oxide - a mediator of the effects of garlic?, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 25(3): 408S, 1997.
175. Aqel, M.B., Gharaibah, M.N., and Salhab, A.S., Direct relaxant effects of garlic juice on smooth and cardiac muscles, J. Ethnopharmacol, 33(1-2): 13-19, 1991.
176. Ashraf, M.Z., Hussain, M.E., and Fahim, M., Endothelium mediated vasorelaxant response of garlic in isolated rat aorta: role of nitric oxide, J. Ethnopharmacol, 90(1): 5-9, 2004.
177. Al-Qattan, K.K., Alnaqeeb, M.A., and Ali, M., The antihypertensive effect of garlic (Allium sativum) in the rat two-kidney - one-clip Goldblatt model, J. Ethnopharmacol., 66(2): 217-222, 1999.
178. Al-Qattan, K.K., Khan, I., Alnaqeeb, M.A, and Ali, M., Thromboxane-B2, prostaglandin-E2 and hypertension in the rat 2-kidney 1-clip model: a possible mechanism of the garlic induced hypotension, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 64(1): 5-10, 2001.
179. Al-Qattan, K.K., Khan, I., Alnaqeeb, M.A., and Ali, M., Mechanism of garlic (Allium sativum) induced reduction of hypertension in 2K-1C rats: a possible mediation of Na/H exchanger isoform-1, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 69(4): 217-222, 2003.
180. Patel, V.B. and Topol, E.J., The pathogenesis and spectrum of acute coronary syndromes: from plaque formation to thrombosis, Cleve. Clin. J. Med., 66(9): 561-571, 1999.
181. Efendy, J.L., Simmons, D.L., Campbell, G.R., and Campbell, J.H., The effect of the aged garlic extract, 'Kyolic', on the development of experimental atherosclerosis, Atherosclerosis, 132(1): 37-42, 1997.
182. Budoff, M.J., Takasu, J., Flores, F.R., Niihara, Y., Lu, B., Lau, B.H., Rosen, R.T., and Amagase, H., Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using Aged Garlic Extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study, Prev. Med., 39(5): 985-991, 2004.
183. Koscielny, J., Klussendorf, D., Latza, R., Schmitt, R., Radtke, H., Siegel, G., and Kiesewetter, H., The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum, Atherosclerosis, 144(1): 237-249, 1999.
184. Zahid, A.M., Hussain, M.E., and Fahim, M., Antiatherosclerotic effects of dietary supplementations of garlic and turmeric: Restoration of endothelial function in rats, Life Sci., 77(8): 837-857, 2005.
185. Ali, M., Bordia, T., and Mustafa, T., Effect of raw versus boiled aqueous extract of garlic and onion on platelet aggregation, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 60(1): 43-47, 1999.
186. Rahman, K. and Billington, D., Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans, J. Nutr. 130(11): 2662-2665, 2000.
187. Chang, H.S., Yamato, O., Yamasaki, M., and Maede, Y., Modulatory influence of sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate from garlic on cyclooxygenase activity in canine platelets: possible mechanism for the anti-aggregatory effect, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 72(5): 351-355, 2005.
188. Steiner, M. and Lin, R.S., Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 31(6): 904-908, 1998.
189. Marks, H.S., Anderson, J.L., and Stoewsand, G.S., Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced bone marrow micronuclei formation by diallyl thioethers in mice, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health., 37(1): 1-9, 1992.
190. Hatono, S., Jimenez, A., and Wargovich, M.J., Chemopreventive effect of S-allylcysteine and its relationship to the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase, Carcinogenesis, 17(5): 1041-1044, 1996.
191. Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S., and Das, S., Tomato and garlic can modulate azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats, Eur. J. Cancer Prev., 12(3): 195-200, 2003.
192. Wattenberg, L.W., Sparnins, V.L., and Barany, G., Inhibition of N-nitrosodiethylamine carcinogenesis in mice by naturally occurring organosulfur compounds and monoterpenes, Cancer Res., 49(10):2689-2692, 1989.
193. Sparnins, V.L., Barany, G., and Wattenberg, L.W., Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse, Carcinogenesis, 9(1): 131-134, 1988.
194. Hu, P.J. and Wargovich, M.J., Effect of diallyl sulfide on MNNG-induced nuclear aberrations and ornithine decarboxylase activity in the glandular stomach mucosa of the Wistar rat, Cancer Lett., 47(1-2): 153-158, 1989.
195. el-Mofty, M.M., Sakr, S.A., Essawy, A., and Abdel Gawad, H.S., Preventive action of garlic on aflatoxin B1-induced carcinogenesis in the toad Bufo regularis, Nutr. Cancer., 21(1): 95-100, 1994.
196. Guyonnet, D., Belloir, C., Suschetet, M., Siess, M.H., and Le Bon, A.M., Mechanisms of protection against aflatoxin B(1) genotoxicity in rats treated by organosulfur compounds from garlic, Carcinogenesis, 23(8): 1335-1341, 2002.
197. Samaranayake, M.D., Wickramasinghe, S.M., Angunawela, P., Jayasekera, S., Iwai, S., and Fukushima, S., Inhibition of chemically induced liver carcinogenesis in Wistar rats by garlic (Allium sativum), Phytother. Res., 14(7): 564-567, 2000.
198. Suzui, N., Sugie, S., Rahman, K.M., Ohnishi, M., Yoshimi, N., Wakabayashi K., and Mori, H., Inhibitory effects of diallyl disulfide or aspirin on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridineinduced mammary carcinogenesis in rats, Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 88(8): 705-711, 1997.
199. Hong, J.Y., Smith, T., Lee, M.J., Li, W.S., Ma, B.L., Ning, S.M., Brady, J.F., Thomas, P.E., and Yang, C.S., Metabolism of carcinogenic nitrosamines by rat nasal mucosa and the effect of diallyl sulfide, Cancer Res., 51(5): 1509-1514, 1991.
200. Dwivedi, C., Rohlfs, S., Jarvis, D., and Engineer, F.N., Chemoprevention of chemically induced skin tumor development by diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide, Pharm. Res., 9(12): 1668-1670, 1992.
201. Arora, A. and Shukla, Y., Induction of apoptosis by diallyl sulfide in DMBA-induced mouse skin tumors, Nutr. Cancer, 44(1): 89-94, 2002.
202. Surh, Y.J., Lee, R.C., Park, K.K., Mayne, S.T., Liem, A., and Miller, J.A., Chemoprotective effects of capsaicin and diallyl sulfide against mutagenesis or tumorigenesis by vinyl carbamate and Nnitrosodimethylamine, Carcinogenesis, 16(10): 2467-2471, 1995.