Unlocking the biological potential of proteins from edible insects through enzymatic hydrolysis: A review

Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies

Volumn 43, Issue , 2017, Pages 239-252

  Nongonierma, Alice B ^a   FitzGerald, Richard J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIMERICK   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Bioactive peptides; Edible insects; Enzymatic hydrolysis; In vivo; Protein extraction; Technofunctional properties

Indexed keywords

ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; EXTRACTION; HYDROLYSIS; PEPTIDES; PROTEINS;

BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES; EDIBLE INSECTS; IN-VIVO; PROTEIN EXTRACTION; TECHNOFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES;

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS;

EID: 85028919846     PISSN: 14668564     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.08.014     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Alashi, A.M., Blanchard, C.L., Mailer, R.J., Agboola, S.O., Mawson, A.J., He, R., Aluko, R.E., Antioxidant properties of Australian canola meal protein hydrolysates. Food Chemistry 146 (2014), 500–506.
2. Aluko, R.E., Structure and function of plant protein-derived antihypertensive peptides. Current Opinion in Food Science 4 (2015), 44–50.
3. Barre, A., Velazquez, E., Delplanque, A., Caze-Subra, S., Bienvenu, F., Bienvenu, J., Rougé, P., Les allergènes croisants des insectes comestibles. Revue Française d'Allergologie 56 (2016), 522–532.
4. Belluco, S., Losasso, C., Maggioletti, M., Alonzi, C., Ricci, A., Paoletti, M.G., Edible insects: A food security solution or a food safety concern. Animal Frontiers 5 (2015), 25–30.
5. Belluco, S., Losasso, C., Maggioletti, M., Alonzi, C.C., Paoletti, M.G., Ricci, A., Edible insects in a food safety and nutritional perspective: A critical review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12 (2013), 296–313.
6. Blecker, C., Willems, L., Haubruge, É., Fauconnier, M.-L., Francis, F., Monty, A., Richel, A., Grasshoppers as a food source? A review. Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement 20 (2016), 337–352 Retrieved from http://popups.ulg.ac.be/1780-4507/index.php?id=12974.
7. van Broekhoven, S., Bastiaan-Net, S., de Jong, N.W., Wichers, H.J., Influence of processing and in vitro digestion on the allergic cross-reactivity of three mealworm species. Food Chemistry 196 (2016), 1075–1083.
8. Bullard, B., Linke, W.A., Leonard, K., Varieties of elastic protein in invertebrate muscles. Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 23 (2002), 435–447.
9. Caparros Megido, R., Sablon, L., Geuens, M., Brostaux, Y., Alabi, T., Blecker, C., Francis, F., Edible insects acceptance by Belgian consumers: Promising attitude for entomophagy development. Journal of Sensory Studies 29 (2014), 14–20.
10. Chang, Y.-W., Alli, I., In silico assessment: Suggested homology of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) legumin and prediction of ACE-inhibitory peptides from chickpea proteins using BLAST and BIOPEP analyses. Food Research International 49 (2012), 477–486.
11. Charlton, A., Dickinson, M., Wakefield, M., Fitches, E., Kenis, M., Han, R., Devic, E., Exploring the chemical safety of fly larvae as a source of protein for animal feed. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1 (2015), 7–16.
12. Cheung, I.W., Nakayama, S., Hsu, M.N., Samaranayaka, A.G., Li-Chan, E.C., Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of hydrolysates from oat (Avena sativa) proteins by in silico and in vitro analyses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 (2009), 9234–9242.
13. Cicero, A.F.G., Fogacci, F., Colletti, A., Potential role of bioactive peptides in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases: A narrative review. British Journal of Pharmacology 174 (2017), 1378–1394.
14. Consortium, T.I.S.G., The genome of a lepidopteran model insect, the silkworm Bombyx mori. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 38 (2008), 1036–1045.
15. Dai, C., Ma, H., Luo, L., Yin, X., Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide derived from Tenebrio molitor (L.) larva protein hydrolysate. European Food Research and Technology 236 (2013), 681–689.
16. Daskaya-Dikmen, C., Yucetepe, A., Karbancioglu-Guler, F., Daskaya, H., Ozcelik, B., Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptides from plants. Nutrients 9 (2017), 316–324.
17. EFSA, Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed. EFSA Journal 13 (2015), 4257–4317.
18. Feng, Y., Chen, X.-M., Zhao, M., He, Z., Sun, L., Wang, C.-Y., Ding, W.-F., Edible insects in China: Utilization and prospects. Insect Science, 23, 2017, 10.1111/1744-7917.12449.
19. FitzGerald, R.J., Murray, B.A., Walsh, D.J., Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins. The Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004), 980S–988S.
20. FSVO, Requirements of foodstuff legislation for the importation and placement on the market of insects as foodstuffs. https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/en/home/import-und-export/import/importe-aus-der-eu/lebensmittel-und-gebrauchsgegenstaende.html, 2017. Accessed Date 30 June 2017.
21. Fu, Q., Li, P., Xu, Y., Zhang, S., Jia, L., Zha, X., He, N., Proteomic analysis of larval integument, trachea and adult scale from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proteomics 11 (2011), 3761–3767.
22. Fujita, H., Yoshikawa, M., LKPNM: A prodrug-type ACE-inhibitory peptide derived from fish protein. Immunopharmacology 44 (1999), 123–127.
23. Garofalo, C., Osimani, A., Milanović, V., Taccari, M., Cardinali, F., Aquilanti, L., Clementi, F., The microbiota of marketed processed edible insects as revealed by high-throughput sequencing. Food Microbiology 62 (2017), 15–22.
24. Hall, F.G., Jones, O.G., O'Haire, M.E., Liceaga, A.M., Functional properties of tropical banded cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) protein hydrolysates. Food Chemistry 224 (2017), 414–422.
25. Halloran, A., Münke, C., Discussion paper: Regulatory frameworks influencing insects as food and feed. http://www.fao.org/edible-insects/39620-04ee142dbb758d9a521c619f31e28b004.pdf, 2014. Accessed Date 24 March 2017.
26. Halloran, A., Vantomme, P., Hanboonsong, Y., Ekesi, S., Regulating edible insects: The challenge of addressing food security, nature conservation, and the erosion of traditional food culture. Food Security 7 (2015), 739–746.
27. Han, B.K., Lee, H.J., Lee, H.-S., Suh, H.J., Park, Y., Hypoglycaemic effects of functional tri-peptides from silk in differentiated adipocytes and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96 (2016), 116–121.
28. Han, S.-R., Lee, B.-S., Jung, K.-J., Yu, H.-J., Yun, E.-Y., Hwang, J.S., Moon, K.-S., Safety assessment of freeze-dried powdered Tenebrio molitor larvae (yellow mealworm) as novel food source: Evaluation of 90-day toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 77 (2016), 206–212.
29. Hu, C., Cui, J., Ren, F., Peng, C., Enzyme hydrolysis of silk fibroin and the anti-diabetic activity of the hydrolysates. International Journal of Food Engineering, 4, 2008, 13.
30. van Huis, A., Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual Review of Entomology 58 (2013), 563–583.
31. van Huis, A., Edible insects are the future?. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 75 (2016), 294–305.
32. van Huis, A., van Itterbeeck, J., Klunder, H., Mertens, E., Halloran, A., Muir, G., Vantomme, P., Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security. 2013.
33. Iwaniak, A., Minkiewicz, P., Darewicz, M., Food-originating ACE inhibitors, including antihypertensive peptides, as preventive food components in blood pressure reduction. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 13 (2014), 114–134.
34. Iwaniak, A., Minkiewicz, P., Darewicz, M., Protasiewicz, M., Mogut, D., Chemometrics and cheminformatics in the analysis of biologically active peptides from food sources. Journal of Functional Foods 16 (2015), 334–351.
35. Janssen, R.H., Vincken, J.-P., van den Broek, L.A.M., Fogliano, V., Lakemond, C.M.M., Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for three edible insects: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (2017), 2275–2278.
36. Jia, J., Wu, Q., Yan, H., Gui, Z., Purification and molecular docking study of a novel angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from alcalase hydrolysate of ultrasonic-pretreated silkworm pupa (Bombyx mori) protein. Process Biochemistry 50 (2015), 876–883.
37. Jo, C., Khan, F.F., Khan, M.I., Iqbal, J., Marine bioactive peptides: Types, structures, and physiological functions. Food Reviews International 33 (2017), 44–61.
38. Jonas-Levi, A., Martinez, J.-J.I., The high level of protein content reported in insects for food and feed is overestimated. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 62 (2017), 184–188.
39. Jongema, Y., http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Chair-groups/Plant-Sciences/Laboratory-of-Entomology/Edible-insects/Worldwide-species-list.htm, 2017 Accessed 29 June 2017.
40. Jung, E.Y., Lee, H.-S., Lee, H.J., Kim, J.-M., Lee, K.-W., Suh, H.J., Feeding silk protein hydrolysates to C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice improves blood glucose and lipid profiles. Nutrition Research 30 (2010), 783–790.
41. Kang, Y.K., Lee, W., Kang, B., Kang, H., Memory-enhancing effects of silk fibroin-derived peptides in scopolamine-treated mice. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 23 (2013), 1779–1784.
42. Kelemu, S., Niassy, S., Torto, B., Fiaboe, K., Affognon, H., Tonnang, H., Ekesi, S., African edible insects for food and feed: Inventory, diversity, commonalities and contribution to food security. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1 (2015), 103–119.
43. Kinyuru, J.N., Kenji, G.M., Njoroge, S.M., Ayieko, M., Effect of processing methods on the in vitro protein digestibility and vitamin content of edible winged termite (Macrotermes subhylanus) and grasshopper (Ruspolia differens). Food and Bioprocess Technology 3 (2010), 778–782.
44. Kinyuru, J.N., Konyole, S.O., Roos, N., Onyango, C.A., Owino, V.O., Owuor, B.O., Kenji, G.M., Nutrient composition of four species of winged termites consumed in western Kenya. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 30 (2013), 120–124.
45. Ko, K.H., Hominin interbreeding and the evolution of human variation. Journal of Biological Research (Thessaloniki), 23, 2016, 10.1186/s40709-40016-40054-40707.
46. Kulma, M., Plachý, V., Kouřimská, L., Vrabec, V., Bubová, T., Adámková, A., Hučko, B., Nutritional value of three Blattodea species used as feed for animals. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 25 (2016), 354–360.
47. Kumar, D., Dev, P., Kumar, R.V., Biomedical applications of silkworm pupae proteins. Biomedical applications of natural proteins, 2015, Springer, 41–49.
48. Lapphanichayakool, P., Sutheerawattananonda, M., Limpeanchob, N., Hypocholesterolemic effect of sericin-derived oligopeptides in high-cholesterol fed rats. Journal of Natural Medicines 71 (2017), 208–215.
49. Lee, H.J., Lee, H.-S., Choi, J.W., Ra, K.S., Kim, J.-M., Suh, H.J., Novel tripeptides with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity isolated from silk cocoon hydrolysate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59 (2011), 11522–11525.
50. Lemes, A.C., Sala, L., Ores, J.d.C., Braga, A.R.C., Egea, M.B., Fernandes, K.F., A review of the latest advances in encrypted bioactive peptides from protein-rich waste. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17 (2016), 950–974.
51. Li, J., Hosseini Moghaddam, S.H., Chen, X., Chen, M., Zhong, B., Shotgun strategy-based proteome profiling analysis on the head of silkworm Bombyx mori. Amino Acids 39 (2010), 751–761.
52. Li, X., Li, Y., Huang, X., Zheng, J., Zhang, F., Kan, J., Identification and characterization of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide (ACEIP) from silkworm pupa. Food Science and Biotechnology 23 (2014), 1017–1023.
53. Li-Chan, E.C., Bioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates: Research trends and challenges for application as nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients. Current Opinion in Food Science 1 (2015), 28–37.
54. Liu, Z., Xia, L., Wu, Y., Xia, Q., Chen, J., Roux, K.H., Identification and characterization of an arginine kinase as a major allergen from silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 150 (2009), 8–14.
55. Longvah, T., Mangthya, K., Ramulu, P., Nutrient composition and protein quality evaluation of eri silkworm (Samia ricinii) prepupae and pupae. Food Chemistry 128 (2011), 400–403.
56. Looy, H., Wood, J.R., Attitudes toward invertebrates: Are educational “bug banquets” effective?. The Journal of Environmental Education 37 (2006), 37–48.
57. Memarpoor-Yazdi, M., Mahaki, H., Zare-Zardini, H., Antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates and purified peptides from Zizyphus jujuba fruits. Journal of Functional Foods 5 (2013), 62–70.
58. Mlcek, J., Borkovcova, M., Rop, O., Bednarova, M., Biologically active substances of edible insects and their use in agriculture, veterinary and human medicine. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 15, 2014 (0-0).
59. Mohamed, E.H., Determination of nutritive value of the edible migratory locust Locusta migratoria, Linnaeus, 1758 (Orthoptera: Acrididae). International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry 4 (2016), 144–148.
60. Nongonierma, A.B., O'Keeffe, M.B., FitzGerald, R.J., Milk protein hydrolysates and bioactive peptides. McSweeney, P.L.H., O'Mahony, J.A., (eds.) Advanced dairy chemistry, 4 ed., 2016, Springer-Verlag, New-York, USA, 417–482.
61. Nowak, V., Persijn, D., Rittenschober, D., Charrondiere, U.R., Review of food composition data for edible insects. Food Chemistry 193 (2016), 39–46.
62. Onsa-ard, A., Shimbhu, D., Tocharus, J., Sutheerawattananonda, M., Pantan, R., Tocharus, C., Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of sericin-derived oligopeptides in rats. ISRN Pharmacology, 2013, 2013, 10.1155/2013/717529.
63. Oonincx, D., Dierenfeld, E., An investigation into the chemical composition of alternative invertebrate prey. Zoo Biology 31 (2012), 40–54.
64. Osimani, A., Garofalo, C., Milanović, V., Taccari, M., Cardinali, F., Aquilanti, L., Ruschioni, S., Insight into the proximate composition and microbial diversity of edible insects marketed in the European Union. European Food Research and Technology, 2016, 1–15.
65. Payne, C.L.R., Scarborough, P., Rayner, M., Nonaka, K., A systematic review of nutrient composition data available for twelve commercially available edible insects, and comparison with reference values. Trends in Food Science & Technology 47 (2016), 69–77.
66. Pener, M.P., Allergy to locusts and acridid grasshoppers: A review. Journal of Orthoptera Research 23 (2014), 59–67.
67. Pener, M.P., Allergy to crickets: A review. Journal of Orthoptera Research 25 (2016), 91–95.
68. Poma, G., Cuykx, M., Amato, E., Calaprice, C., Focant, J.F., Covaci, A., Evaluation of hazardous chemicals in edible insects and insect-based food intended for human consumption. Food and Chemical Toxicology 100 (2017), 70–79.
69. Puwastien, P., Craven, G., ASEAN food composition database electronic version 1, February 2014. 2014, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Thailand Retrieved from http://www.inmu.mahidol.ac.th/aseanfoods/composition_data.html.
70. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Moreno, J.M.P., Prado, E.E., Perez, M.A., Otero, J.L., De Guevara, O.L., Nutritional value of edible insects from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 10 (1997), 142–157.
71. Ratcliffe, N., Azambuja, P., Mello, C.B., Recent advances in developing insect natural products as potential modern day medicines. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 904958, 10.1155/2014/904958.
72. Riggi, L., Veronesi, M., Verspoor, R., MacFarlane, C., Tchibozo, S., Exploring entomophagy in northern Benin-Practices, perceptions and possibilities. Book of Abstracts of Conference on Insects to Feed the World, The Netherlands, 2014, 14–17 (May 2014).
73. Rizzello, C.G., Tagliazucchi, D., Babini, E., Rutella, G.S., Saa, D.L.T., Gianotti, A., Bioactive peptides from vegetable food matrices: Research trends and novel biotechnologies for synthesis and recovery. Journal of Functional Foods 27 (2016), 549–569.
74. Rumpold, B.A., Schlüter, O.K., Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 57 (2013), 802–823.
75. Rumpold, B.A., Schlüter, O.K., Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 17 (2013), 1–11.
76. Sambou, M., Aubadie-Ladrix, M., Fenollar, F., Fall, B., Bassene, H., Almeras, L., Mediannikov, O., Comparison of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and molecular biology techniques for identification of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges in Senegal. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53 (2015), 410–418.
77. Sánchez-Muros, M.-J., Barroso, F.G., Manzano-Agugliaro, F., Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 65 (2014), 16–27.
78. Sangwong, G., Sumida, M., Sutthikhum, V., Antioxidant activity of chemically and enzymatically modified sericin extracted from cocoons of Bombyx mori. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 5 (2016), 155–161.
79. Schlüter, O., Rumpold, B., Holzhauser, T., Roth, A., Vogel, R.F., Quasigroch, W., Engel, K.-H., Safety aspects of the production of foods and food ingredients from insects. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 61, 2017, 10.1002/mnfr.201600520.
80. Sila, A., Bougatef, A., Antioxidant peptides from marine by-products: Isolation, identification and application in food systems. A review. Journal of Functional Foods 21 (2016), 10–26.
81. Sosa, D.A.T., Fogliano, V., Potential of insect-derived ingredients for food applications. Shields, V., (eds.) Insect physiology and ecology, 2017, 10.5772/67318 Retrieved from https://www.intechopen.com/books/insect-physiology-and-ecology/potential-of-insect-derived-ingredients-for-food-applications ): InTech.
82. Spiegel, v.d.M., Noordam, M., Fels-Klerx, H., Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12 (2013), 662–678.
83. Stadlmayr, B., Charrondiere, U., Enujiugha, V., Bayili, R., Fagbohoun, E., Samb, B., Burlingame, B., West African food composition table/Table de composition des aliments d'Afrique de l'Ouest. 2012, FAO, International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) database.
84. Staljanssens, D., Van Camp, J., Herregods, G., Dhaenens, M., Deforce, D., Van de Voorde, J., Smagghe, G., Antihypertensive effect of insect cells: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Peptides 32 (2011), 526–530.
85. Stoops, J., Crauwels, S., Waud, M., Claes, J., Lievens, B., Van Campenhout, L., Microbial community assessment of mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and grasshoppers (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) sold for human consumption. Food Microbiology 53:Part B (2016), 122–127.
86. Stoops, J., Vandeweyer, D., Crauwels, S., Verreth, C., Boeckx, H., Van Der Borght, M., Van Campenhout, L., Minced meat-like products from mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor and Alphitobius diaperinus): Microbial dynamics during production and storage. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 41 (2017), 1–9.
87. Sun-Waterhouse, D., Waterhouse, G.I., You, L., Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Ma, L., Dong, Y., Transforming insect biomass into consumer wellness foods: A review. Food Research International 89 (2016), 129–151.
88. Tan, H.S.G., Fischer, A.R.H., Tinchan, P., Stieger, M., Steenbekkers, L.P.A., van Trijp, H.C.M., Insects as food: Exploring cultural exposure and individual experience as determinants of acceptance. Food Quality and Preference 42 (2015), 78–89.
89. Tan, H.S.G., Fischer, A.R.H., van Trijp, H.C.M., Stieger, M., Tasty but nasty? Exploring the role of sensory-liking and food appropriateness in the willingness to eat unusual novel foods like insects. Food Quality and Preference 48:Part A (2016), 293–302.
90. Tao, M., Wang, C., Liao, D., Liu, H., Zhao, Z., Zhao, Z., Purification, modification and inhibition mechanism of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide from silkworm pupa (Bombyx mori) protein hydrolysate. Process Biochemistry 54 (2017), 172–179.
91. Udenigwe, C.C., Towards rice bran protein utilization: In silico insight on the role of oryzacystatins in biologically-active peptide production. Food Chemistry 191 (2016), 135–138.
92. Udenigwe, C.C., Mohan, A., Mechanisms of food protein-derived antihypertensive peptides other than ACE inhibition. Journal of Functional Foods 8 (2014), 45–52.
93. Ulrich, S., Kühn, U., Biermaier, B., Piacenza, N., Schwaiger, K., Gottschalk, C., Gareis, M., Direct identification of edible insects by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Food Control 76 (2017), 96–101.
94. Umpierrez, G.E., Bailey, T.S., Carcia, D., Shaefer, C., Shubrook, J.H., Skolnik, N., Improving postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes already on basal insulin therapy: A review of current strategies. Journal of Diabetes, 2017, 10.1111/1753-0407.12576 (In press).
95. Vecchi, B., Añón, M.C., ACE inhibitory tetrapeptides from Amaranthus hypochondriacus 11S globulin. Phytochemistry 70 (2009), 864–870.
96. Vercruysse, L., Smagghe, G., Beckers, T., Van Camp, J., Antioxidative and ACE inhibitory activities in enzymatic hydrolysates of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. Food Chemistry 114 (2009), 38–43.
97. Vercruysse, L., Smagghe, G., Herregods, G., Van Camp, J., ACE inhibitory activity in enzymatic hydrolysates of insect protein. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (2005), 5207–5211.
98. Vercruysse, L., Smagghe, G., Matsui, T., Van Camp, J., Purification and identification of an angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from the gastrointestinal hydrolysate of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. Process Biochemistry 43 (2008), 900–904.
99. Vercruysse, L., Smagghe, G., van der Bent, A., van Amerongen, A., Ongenaert, M., Van Camp, J., Critical evaluation of the use of bioinformatics as a theoretical tool to find high-potential sources of ACE inhibitory peptides. Peptides 30 (2009), 575–582.
100. Vercruysse, L., Van Camp, J., Morel, N., Rougé, P., Herregods, G., Smagghe, G., Ala-Val-Phe and Val-Phe: ACE inhibitory peptides derived from insect protein with antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Peptides 31 (2010), 482–488.
101. Vercruysse, L., Van Camp, J., Smagghe, G., ACE inhibitory peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysates of animal muscle protein: A review. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (2005), 8106–8115.
102. Verhoeckx, K.C., van Broekhoven, S., den Hartog-Jager, C.F., Gaspari, M., de Jong, G.A., Wichers, H.J., Knulst, A.C., House dust mite (Der p 10) and crustacean allergic patients may react to food containing yellow mealworm proteins. Food and Chemical Toxicology 65 (2014), 364–373.
103. Wang, W., Wang, N., Liu, C., Jin, J., Effect of silkworm pupae peptide on the fermentation and quality of yogurt. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 41, 2017, 10.1111/jfpp.12893.
104. Wang, W., Wang, N., Zhang, Y., Antihypertensive properties on spontaneously hypertensive rats of peptide hydrolysates from silkworm pupae protein. Food and Nutrition Sciences 5 (2014), 1202–1211.
105. Wang, W., Wang, N., Zhou, Y., Zhang, Y., Xu, L., Xu, J., He, G., Isolation of a novel peptide from silkworm pupae protein components and interaction characteristics to angiotensin I-converting enzyme. European Food Research and Technology 232 (2011), 29–38.
106. Wu, Q., Jia, J., Yan, H., Du, J., Gui, Z., A novel angiotensin-І converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from gastrointestinal protease hydrolysate of silkworm pupa (Bombyx mori) protein: Biochemical characterization and molecular docking study. Peptides 68 (2015), 17–24.
107. Wu, Q.-Y., Jia, J.-Q., Tan, G.-X., Xu, J.-L., Gui, Z.-Z., Physicochemical properties of silkworm larvae protein isolate and gastrointestinal hydrolysate bioactivities. African Journal of Biotechnology 10 (2011), 6145–6153.
108. Xia, L., Ng, T.B., Fang, E.F., Wong, J.H., Bioactive constituents of the silk worm Bombyx mori. Antitumor potential and other emerging medicinal properties of natural compounds, 2013, Springer, 335–344.
109. Xiaoming, C., Ying, F., Hong, Z., Zhiyong, C., Review of the nutritive value of edible insects. Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N., Shono, K., (eds.) Forest insects as food: Humans bite back, Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19–21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2010, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, 85.
110. Yang, R., Zhao, X., Kuang, Z., Ye, M., Luo, G., Xiao, G., Xiong, Z., Optimization of antioxidant peptide production in the hydrolysis of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) pupa protein using response surface methodology. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 11 (2013), 952–956.
111. Yang, Y., Marczak, E.D., Yokoo, M., Usui, H., Yoshikawa, M., Isolation and antihypertensive effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from spinach Rubisco. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (2003), 4897–4902.
112. Yi, L., Lakemond, C.M., Sagis, L.M., Eisner-Schadler, V., van Huis, A., van Boekel, M.A., Extraction and characterisation of protein fractions from five insect species. Food Chemistry 141 (2013), 3341–3348.
113. Yi, L., Van Boekel, M., Lakemond, C., Extracting Tenebrio molitor protein while preventing browning: Effect of pH and NaCl on protein yield. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 3 (2017), 21–31.
114. Yi, L., Van Boekel, M.A.J.S., Boeren, S., Lakemond, C.M.M., Protein identification and in vitro digestion of fractions from Tenebrio molitor. European Food Research and Technology 242 (2016), 1285–1297.
115. Ying, F., Xiaoming, C., Long, S., Zhiyong, C., Common edible wasps in Yunnan Province, China and their nutritional value. Durst, P.B., Johnson, D.V., Leslie, R.N., Shono, K., (eds.) Forest insects as food: Humans bite back, Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development, 19–21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2010, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, 93.
116. Yssouf, A., Parola, P., Lindström, A., Lilja, T., L'Ambert, G., Bondesson, U., Almeras, L., Identification of European mosquito species by MALDI-TOF MS. Parasitology Research 113 (2014), 2375–2378.
117. Yuan, W., Wang, Zhou, F., In vivo hypotensive and physiological effects of a silk fibroin hydrolysate on spontaneously hypertensive rats. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 76 (2012), 1987–1989.
118. Zhang, P., Aso, Y., Jikuya, H., Kusakabe, T., Lee, J.M., Kawaguchi, Y., Fujii, H., Proteomic profiling of the silkworm skeletal muscle proteins during larval–pupal metamorphosis. Journal of Proteome Research 6 (2007), 2295–2303.
119. Zhang, Y., Wang, N., Wang, W., Wang, J., Zhu, Z., Li, X., Molecular mechanisms of novel peptides from silkworm pupae that inhibit α-glucosidase. Peptides 76 (2016), 45–50.
120. Zhao, X., Vázquez-Gutiérrez, J.L., Johansson, D.P., Landberg, R., Langton, M., Yellow mealworm protein for food purposes-extraction and functional properties. PloS One, 11, 2016, e0147791.
121. Zhou, F., Xue, Z., Wang, J., Antihypertensive effects of silk fibroin hydrolysate by Alcalase and purification of an ACE inhibitory dipeptide. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 (2010), 6735–6740.
122. Zhou, J., Han, D., Safety evaluation of protein of silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) pupae. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44 (2006), 1123–1130.
123. Zhou, J.S., Chen, Y.S., Ji, H., Yu, E.M., The effect of replacing fish meal with fermented meal mixture of silkworm pupae, rapeseed and wheat on growth, body composition and health of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Specularis). Aquaculture Nutrition, 2016, 10.1111/anu.12441 (In press).
124. Zhou, Z.-F., Ren, Z.-X., Yu, H.-Y., Jia, J.-Q., Gui, Z.-Z., Effects of different modification techniques on molecular structure and bioactivity of Bombyx mori pupa protein. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20 (2017), 35–41.
125. Zhou, Z.-h., Yang, H.-j., Chen, M., Lou, C.-f., Zhang, Y.-z., Chen, K.-p., Zhong, B.-x., Comparative proteomic analysis between the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori) reared on fresh mulberry leaves and on artificial diet. Journal of Proteome Research 7 (2008), 5103–5111.
126. Zielińska, E., Baraniak, B., Karaś, M., Rybczyńska, K., Jakubczyk, A., Selected species of edible insects as a source of nutrient composition. Food Research International 77:Part 3 (2015), 460–466.
127. Zielińska, E., Karaś, M., Jakubczyk, A., Antioxidant activity of predigested protein obtained from a range of farmed edible insects. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 52 (2017), 306–312.