Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects

Molecular Nutrition and Food Research

Volumn 57, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 802-823

  Rumpold, Birgit A ^a   Schlüter, Oliver K ^a  

^a LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING AND BIOECONOMY ATB   (Germany)

Author keywords

Alternative protein source; Edible insects; Entomophagy; Food safety; Nutritive value

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; FOLIC ACID; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; FAT INTAKE; INSECT; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; PROTEIN INTAKE; REVIEW;

AMINO ACIDS; ANIMALS; DIETARY FATS; DIETARY PROTEINS; FOLIC ACID; INSECTS; NUTRITIVE VALUE; TRACE ELEMENTS; VITAMINS;

HEXAPODA;

EID: 84876440123     PISSN: 16134125     EISSN: 16134133     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200735     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Moreno, J. M., Prado, E., Perez, M. et al., Nutritional value of edible insects from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico. J. Food Compos. Anal. 1997, 10, 142-157.
2. Agbidye, F. S., Ofuya, T. I., Akindele, S. O., Marketability and nutritional qualities of some edible forest insects in Benue State, Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr. 2009, 8, 917-922.
3. Sirimungkararat, S., Saksirirat, W., Nopparat, T., Natongkham, A., in: Durst, P. B., Johnson, D. V., Leslie, R. N., Shono, K. (Eds.), Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand 2010, pp. 189-200.
4. Phillips, J., Burkholder, W., Allergies related to food insect production and consumption. Food Insects Newsl. 1995, 8, 1-2, 4.
5. Berenbaum, M. R., Sequestered plant toxins and insect palatability. Food Insects Newsl. 1993, 6, 1, 6-9.
6. Laos, Agenda item 13: comments of Lao PDR: proposal for the new work and development of regional standard for edible crickets and their products (CRD 8), Proceedings of 17th Session of the FAO/WHO Coordinating Committee for Asia (CCASIA). Bali, Indonesia, 2010. Available from ftp://ftp.fao.org/Codex/Meetings/CCASIA/ccasia17/CRDS/AS17_CRD08x.pdf.
7. Chen, X., Feng, Y., Chen, Z., Common edible insects and their utilization in China. Entomol. Res. 2009, 39, 299-303.
8. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Gonzalez, E. A., Hernandez, A. R., Pino, J. M., Use of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to recycle organic wastes and as feed for broiler chickens. J. Econ. Entomol. 2002, 95, 214-220.
9. Bhulaidok, S., Sihamala, O., Shen, L., Li, D., Nutritional and fatty acid profiles of sun-dried edible black ants (Polyrhachis vicina Roger). Maejo Int. J. Sci. Technol. 2010, 4, 101-112.
10. Melo, V., Garcia, M., Sandoval, H., Jimenez, H. D. et al., Quality proteins from edible indigenous insect food of Latin America and Asia. Emir. J. Food Agric. 2011, 23, 283-289.
11. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Pino-M, J. M., Correa, S. C., Edible insects of the state of Mexico and determination of their nutritive values. Anales del Instituto de Biologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Serie Zoologia 1998, 69, 65-104.
12. Banjo, A. D., Lawal, O. A., Songonuga, E. A., The nutritional value of fourteen species of edible insects in southwestern Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2006, 5, 298-301.
13. Raksakantong, P., Meeso, N., Kubola, J., Siriamornpun, S., Fatty acids and proximate composition of eight Thai edible terricolous insects. Food Res. Int. 2010, 43, 350-355.
14. Ramos-Elorduy Blasquez, J., Pino Moreno, J. M., Martinez Camacho, V. H., Could grasshoppers be a nutritive meal. Food Nutr. Sci. 2012, 3, 164-175.
15. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Costa Neto, E. M., Pino, J. M., Correa, M. d. S. C. et al., Knowledge about useful entomofauna in the county of La Purisima Palmar de Bravo, Puebla State, Mexico. Biotemas 2007, 20, 121-134.
16. Finke, M. D., Complete nutrient composition of commercially raised invertebrates used as food for insectivores. Zoo Biol. 2002, 21, 269-285.
17. Ekpo, K. E., Onigbinde, A. O., Asia, I. O., Pharmaceutical potentials of the oils of some popular insects consumed in southern Nigeria. Afr. J. Pharmacy & Pharmacology 2009, 3, 51-57.
18. Olowu, R. A., Moronkola, B. A., Tovide, O. O., Denloye, A. A. et al., Assessment of proximate and mineral status of Rhinoceros beetle larva, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Itokin, Lagos State, Nigeria. Res. J. Environmental Sci 2012, 6, 118-124.
19. Onyeike, E. N., Ayalogu, E. O., Okaraonye, C. C., Nutritive value of the larvae of raphia palm beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) and weevil (Rhyncophorus pheonicis). J. Sci. Food Agr. 2005, 85, 1822-1828.
20. Finke, M. D., Defoliart, G., Benevenga, N. J., Use of a four-parameter logistic model to evaluate the quality of the protein from three insect species when fed to rats. J. Nutr. 1989, 119, 864-871.
21. Rao, P. U., Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of spent silk worm pupae. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1994, 42, 2201-2203.
22. Ozimek, L., Sauer, W. C., Kozikowski, V., Ryan, J. K. et al., Nutritive value of protein extracted from honey bees. J. Food Sci. 1985, 50, 1327-1332.
23. Hwangbo, J., Hong, E. C., Jang, A., Kang, H. K. et al., Utilization of house fly-maggots, a feed supplement in the production of broiler chickens. J. Environ. Biol. 2009, 30, 609-614.
24. DeFoliart, G., Insects as human food. Crop Prot. 1992, 11, 395-399.
25. WHO, Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition: report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation, WHO Technical Report Series. 2007.
26. Omotoso, O. T., Adedire, C. O., Nutrient composition, mineral content and the solubility of the proteins of palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis f. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 2007, 8, 318-22.
27. Banjo, A. D., Lawal, O. A., Adeyemi, A. I., The microbial fauna associated with the larvae of Oryctes monocerus. J. Appl. Sci. Res. 2006, 2, 837-843.
28. Elemo, B. O., Elemo, G. N., Makinde, M. A., Erukainure, O. L., Chemical evaluation of African palm weevil, Rhychophorus phoenicis, larvae as a food source. J. Insect Sci. 2011, 11, 1-6.
29. Opara, M. N., Sanyigha, F. T., Ogbuewu, I. P., Okoli, I. C., Studies on the production trend and quality characteristics of palm grubs in the tropical rainforest zone of Nigeria. Int. J. Agric Technol. 2012, 8, 851-860.
30. Bukkens, S. G. F., The nutritional value of edible insects. Ecol. Food Nutr. 1997, 36, 287-319.
31. DeFoliart, G., Insect fatty acids: similar to those of poultry and fish in their degree of unsaturation, but higher in the polyunsaturates. Food Insects Newsl. 1991, 4, 1-4.
32. Sihamala, O., Bhulaidok, S., Shen, L.-r., Li, D., Lipids and fatty acid composition of dried edible red and black ants. Agric. Sci. in China 2010, 9, 1072-1077.
33. Yhoung-aree, J., in: Durst, P. B., Johnson, D. V., Leslie, R. N., Shono, K. (Eds.), Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand 2010, pp. 201-216.
34. FAO, Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition: report of an expert consultation, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper. Rome 2010.
35. Daley, C. A., Abbott, A., Doyle, P. S., Nader, G. A. et al., A review of fatty acid profiles and antioxidant content in grass-fed and grain-fed beef. Nutr. J. 2010, 9, 10-22.
36. Ritter, K. S., Cholesterol and insects. Food Insects Newsl. 1990, 3, 1-8.
37. St-Hilaire, S., Cranfill, K., McGuire, M. A., Mosley, E. E. et al., Fish offal recycling by the black soldier fly produces a foodstuff high in omega-3 fatty acids. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 2007, 38, 309-313.
38. USDA, USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference - Release 24, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, MD 2011.
39. Christensen, D. L., Orech, F. O., Mungai, M. N., Larsen, T. et al., Entomophagy among the Luo of Kenya: a potential mineral source? Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2006, 57, 198-203.
40. Barker, D., Fitzpatrick, M. P., Dierenfeld, E. S., Nutrient composition of selected whole invertebrates. Zoo Biol. 1998, 17, 123-134.
41. FAO, Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition: report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation, Bangkok, Thailand, 21-30 September 1998, 2004.
42. Pennino, M., Dierenfeld, E. S., Behler, J. L., Retinol, alpha-tocopherol and proximate nutrient composition of invertebrates used as feed. International Zoo Yearbook 1991, 30, 143-149.
43. Yen, A. L., in: Durst, P. B., Johnson, D. V., Leslie, R. N., Shono, K. (Eds.), Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand 2010, pp. 65-84.
44. Nishimune, T., Watanabe, Y., Okazaki, H., Akai, H., Thiamin is decomposed due to Anaphe spp. entomophagy in seasonal ataxia patients in Nigeria. J. Nutr. 2000, 130, 1625-1628.
45. Ekop, E. A., Udoh, A. I., Akpan, P. E., Proximate and anti-nutrient composition of four edible insects in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. World J. Appl. Sci. Technol. 2010, 2, 224-231.
46. Omotoso, O. T., Nutritional quality, functional properties and anti-nutrient compositions of the larva of Cirina forda (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 2006, 7, 51-55.
47. Finke, M. D., Estimate of chitin in raw whole insects. Zoo Biol. 2007, 26, 105-115.
48. Duskova, J., Tishchenko, G., Ponomareva, E., Simunek, J. et al., Chitinolytic enzymes from bacterium inhabiting human gastrointestinal tract-critical parameters of protein isolation from anaerobic culture. Acta Biochim. Pol. 2011, 58, 261-263.
49. Schabel, H. G., in: Durst, P. B., Johnson, D. V., Leslie, R. N., Shono, K. (Eds.), Forest Insects as Food: Humans Bite Back, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand 2010. pp. 37-64.
50. Blum, M. S., The limits of entomophagy: a discretionary gourmand in a world of toxic insects. Food Insects Newsl. 1994, 7, 1, 6-11.
51. Zagrobelny, M., Dreon, A. L., Gomiero, T., Marcazzan, G. L. et al., Toxic moths: source of a truly safe delicacy. J. Ethnobiol. 2009, 29, 64-76.
52. Klunder, H. C., Wolkers-Rooijackers, J., Korpela, J. M., Nout, M. J. R., Microbiological aspects of processing and storage of edible insects. Food Control 2012, 26, 628-631.
53. Calvert, C. C., Use of animal excreta for microbial and insect protein-systhesis. J. Anim. Sci. 1979, 48, 178-192.
54. Mariod, A. A., Abdel-Wahab, S. I., Ain, N. M., Proximate amino acid, fatty acid and mineral composition of two Sudanese edible pentatomid insects. Int. J. Trop. Insect. Sci. 2011, 31, 145-153.
55. Finke, M. D., Nutrient composition of bee brood and its potential as human food. Ecol. Food Nutr. 2005, 44, 257-270.
56. Ayieko, M. A., Kinyuru, J. N., Ndong'a, M. F., Kenji, G. M., Nutritional value and consumption of black ants (Carebara vidua Smith) from the Lake Victoria region in Kenya. Adv. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2012, 4, 39-45.
57. Igwe, C. U., Ujowondo, C. O., Nwaogu, L. A., Okwu, G. N., Chemical analysis of an edible African termite, Macrotermes nigeriensis; a potential antidote to food security problem. Biochem. Anal. Biochem. 2011, 1, 1-4.
58. Ashiru, M. O., The food value of the larvae of Anaphe venata Butler (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae). Ecol. Food Nutr. 1989, 22, 313-320.
59. Akinnawo, O., Ketiku, A. O., Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of edible larva of Cirina forda (Westwood). Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 2000, 3, 93-96.
60. Osasona, A. I., Olaofe, O., Nutritional and functional properties of Cirina forda larva from Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Afr. J. Food Sci. 2010, 4, 775-777.
61. Akpossan, R. A., Due, E. A., Kouadio, J. P. E. N., Kouame, L. P., Nutritional value and physico-chemical characterization of the fat of the caterpillar (Imbrasia oyemensis) dried and sold at the Adjame market in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2009, 3, 243-250.
62. Kodondi, K. K., Leclerq, M., Bourgeay-Causse, M., Pascaud, A. et al., Intéret Nutritionnel de Chenilles d'Attacidés du Zaire: Composition et Valeur Nutritionnelle. Cah. Nutr. Diet. 1987, 22, 473-477.
63. Longvah, T., Mangthya, K., Ramulu, P., Nutrient composition and protein quality evaluation of eri silkworm (Samia ricinii) prepupae and pupae. Food Chem. 2011, 128, 400-403.
64. Anand, H., Ganguly, A., Haldar, P., Potential value of Acridids as high protein supplement for poultry feed. Int. J. Poultry Sci. 2008, 7, 722-725.
65. Kinyuru, J. N., Kenji, G. M., Muhoho, S. N., Ayieko, M. A., Nutritional potential of longhorn grasshopper (Ruspolia differens) consumed in Siaya District, Kenya. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2010, 12, 32-46.
66. Deguevara, O. L., Padilla, P., Garcia, L., Pino, J. M. et al., Amino-acid determination in some edible Mexican insects. Amino Acids 1995, 9, 161-173.
67. Tomotake, H., Katagiri, M., Yamato, M., Silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) are new sources of high quality protein and lipid. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 2010, 56, 446-448.
68. Wijayasinghe, M. S., Rajaguru, A. S. B., Use of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) pupae as a protein supplement in poultry rations. J. Nat. Sci. Council Sri Lanka 1977, 5, 95-104.
69. Xia, Z. Q., Wu, S. J., Pan, S. K., Kim, J. M., Nutritional evaluation of protein from Clanis bilineata (Lepidoptera), an edible insect. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2012, 92, 1479-1482.
70. Fontaneto, D., Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M., Galli, C., Rise, P. et al., Differences in fatty acid composition between aquatic and terrestrial insects used as food in human nutrition. Ecol. Food Nutr. 2011, 50, 351-67.
71. Bophimai, P., Siri, S., Fatty acid composition of some edible dung beetles in Thailand. Int. Food Res. J. 2010, 17, 1025-1030.
72. Yang, L.-F., Siriamornpun, S., Li, D., Polyunsaturated fatty acid content of edible insects in Thailand. J. Food Lipids 2006, 13, 277-285.
73. Womeni, H. M., Linder, M., Tiencheu, B., Mbiapo, F. T. et al., Oils of Oryctes owariensis and Homorocoryphus nitidulus consumed in Cameroon: sources of linoleic acid. J. Food Technol. 2009, 7, 54-58.
74. Thompson, S. N., Review and comparative characterization of fatty-acid compositions of 7 insect orders. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 1973, 45, 467-482.
75. Pan, W.-J., Liao, A.-M., Zhang, J.-G., Dong, Z. et al., Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of the oak silkworm (Antheraea pernyi) pupal oil: process optimization and composition determination. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 2354-2367.
76. Longvah, T., Manghtya, K., Qadri, S. S. Y. H., Eri silkworm: a source of edible oil with a high content of alpha-linolenic acid and of significant nutritional value. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2012, 92, 1988-1993.
77. Ademolu, K. O., Idowu, A. B., Olatunde, G. O., Nutritional value assessment of variegated grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Acridoidea: Pygomorphidae), during post-embryonic development. Afr. Entomol. 2010, 18, 360-364.
78. Ramos-Elorduy, J., Pino, J. M., Contenido de vitaminas en algunos insectos comestibles de Mexico. J. Mex. Chem. Soc. 2001, 45, 66-76.