An overview of herbal products and secondary metabolites used for management of type two diabetes

Frontiers in Pharmacology

Volumn 8, Issue JUL, 2017, Pages

  Ota, Ajda ^a   Ulrih, Nataša P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA   (Slovenia)

Author keywords

Antidiabetic activity; Herbal products; Mechanisms of action; Phenolic compounds; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE; AMYLASE; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; CINNAMON EXTRACT; COCCINIA GRANDIS EXTRACT; FLAVONOID; GINGER EXTRACT; GINSENG EXTRACT; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 4 RECEPTOR; GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE EXTRACT; MOMORDICA CHARANTIA EXTRACT; OPUNTIA EXTRACT; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PLANT EXTRACT; PSYLLIUM EXTRACT; RECEPTOR; RESVERATROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ARTEMISIA DRACUNCULUS; CINNAMOMUM CASSIA; COCCINIA GRANDIS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; ENZYME INHIBITION; FENUGREEK; GARLIC; GLUCOSE ABSORPTION; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE; HUMAN; INSULIN RELEASE; MOMORDICA CHARANTIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OPUNTIA; PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUS; PLANTAGO OVATA; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 85025426818     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16639812     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00436     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. Aggarwal, S., Shailendra, G., Ribnicky, D. M., Burk, D., Karki, N., and Qingxia Wang, M. S. (2015). An extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. stimulates insulin secretion from β cells, activates AMPK and suppresses inflammation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 170, 98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.003
2. Ahameethunisa, A. R., and Hopper, W. (2010). Antibacterial activity of Artemisia nilagirica leaf extracts against clinical and phytopathogenic bacteria. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 10:6. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-6
3. Akilen, R., Tsiami, A., Devendra, D., and Robinson, N. (2012). Cinnamon in glycaemic control: systematic review and meta analysis. Clin. Nutr. 31, 609-615. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.04.003
4. Alam, M. A., Subhan, N., Rahman, M. M., Uddin, S. J., Reza, H. M., and Sarker, S. D. (2014). Effect of citrus flavonoids, naringin and naringenin, on metabolic syndrome and their mechanisms of action. Adv. Nutr. 5, 404-417. doi: 10.3945/an.113.005603
5. Ali, B. H., Blunden, G., Tanira, M. O., and Nemmar, A. (2008). Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46, 409-420. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.085
6. Ali, K., Maltese, F., Choi, Y. H., and Verpoorte, R. (2010). Metabolic constituents of grapevine and grape-derived products. Phytochem. Rev. 9, 357-378. doi: 10.1007/s11101-009-9158-0
7. Al-Qattan, K. K., Mansour, M. H., Thomson, M., and Ali, M. (2016). Garlic decreases liver and kidney receptor for advanced glycation end products expression in experimental diabetes. Pathophysiology 23, 135-145. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2016.02.003
8. Anderson, J. W., Allgood, L. D., Turner, J., Oeltgen, P. R., and Daggy, B. P. (1999). Effects of psyllium on glucose and serum lipid responses in men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 466-473.
9. Andrade-Cetto, A., and Wiedenfeld, H. (2011). Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Opuntia streptacantha Lem. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133, 940-943. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.022
10. Arablou, T., Aryaeian, N., Valizadeh, M., Sharifi, F., Hosseini, A., and Djalali, M. (2014). The effect of ginger consumption on glycemic status, lipid profile and some inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 65, 515-520. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2014.880671
11. Aronson, D. (2008). Hyperglycemia and the pathobiology of diabetic complications. Adv. Cardiol. 45, 1-16. doi: 10.1159/0000115118
12. Ashraf, R., Khan, R. A., and Ashraf, I. (2011). Garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation with standard antidiabetic agent provides better diabetic control in type 2 diabetes patients. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 24, 565-570.
13. Atkin, M., Laight, D., and Cummings, M. H. (2016). The effects of garlic extract upon endothelial function, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in adults with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk. A pilot double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. J. Diabetes Complications 30, 723-727. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.01.003
14. Auwerx, J., Schoonjans, K., Fruchart, J.-C., and Staels, B. (1996). Transcriptional control of triglyceride metabolism: fibrates and fatty acids change the expression of the LPL and apo C-III genes by activating the nuclear receptor PPAR. Atherosclerosis 124, 29-37. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(96)05854-6
15. Bagul, P. K., and Banerjee, S. K. (2015). Application of resveratrol in diabetes: rationale, strategies and challenges. Curr. Mol. Med. 15, 312-330. doi: 10.2174/1566524015666150505155702
16. Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., and Azizi, F. (2013). Dietary polyphenols as potential nutraceuticals in management of diabetes: a review. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 12, 1-9. doi: 10.1186/2251-6581-12-43
17. Baldwa, V. S., Bhandari, C. M., Pangaria, A., and Goyal, R. K. (1977). Clinical trial in patients with diabetes mellitus of an insulin-like compound obtained from plant source. Ups. J. Med. Sci. 82, 39-41. doi: 10.3109/03009737709179057
18. Baluchnejadmojarad, T., Kiasalari, Z., Afshin-Majd, S., Ghasemi, Z., and Roghani, M. (2017). S-allyl cysteine ameliorates cognitive deficits in streptozotocin-diabetic rats via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammation, and acetylcholinesterase. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 794, 69-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.033
19. Baskaran, K., Kizar Ahamath, B., Radha Shanmugasundaram, K., and Shanmugasundaram, E. R. (1990). Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J. Ethnopharmacol. 30, 295-300. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(90)90108-6
20. Bayan, L., Koulivand, P. H., and Gorji, A. (2014). Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 4, 1-14.
21. Baynes, J. W., and Thorpe, S. R. (1999). Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 48, 1-9. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.48.1.1
22. Becerra-Jiménez, J., and Andrade-Cetto, A. (2012). Effect of Opuntia streptacantha Lem. on alpha-glucosidase activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. 139, 493-496. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.039
23. Bellamy, L., Casas, J.-P., Hingorani, A. D., and Williams, D. (2009). Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 373, 1773-1779. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60731-5
24. Bitterman, J. L., and Chung, J. H. (2015). Metabolic effects of resveratrol: addressing the controversies. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72, 1473-1488. doi: 10.1007/s00018-014-1808-8
25. Calderón-Montaño, J. M., Burgos-Morón, E., Pérez-Guerrero, C., and López-Lázaro, M. (2011). A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 11, 298-344. doi: 10.2174/138955711795305335
26. Campbell, A. P. (2010). Diabetes and dietary supplements. Clin. Diabetes 28, 35-39. doi: 10.2337/diaclin.28.1.35
27. Cefalu, W. T., Ye, J., and Wang, Z. Q. (2008). Efficacy of dietary supplementation with botanicals on carbohydrate metabolism in humans. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets 8, 78-81. doi: 10.2174/187153008784534376
28. Celli, G. B., Kalt, W., and Brooks, M. S.-L. (2016). Gastroretentive systems-a proposed strategy to modulate anthocyanin release and absorption for the management of diabetes. Drug Deliv. 23, 1892-1901. doi: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1143058
29. Ceriello, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and glycemic regulation. Metabolism 49, 27-29. doi: 10.1016/S0026-0495(00)80082-7
30. Chan, Y.-S., Cheng, L.-N., Wu, J.-H., Chan, E., Kwan, Y.-W., Lee, S. M.-Y., et al. (2011). A review of the pharmacological effects of Arctium lappa (burdock). Inflammopharmacology 19, 245-254. doi: 10.1007/s10787-010-0062-4
31. Chaturvedi, P. (2012). Antidiabetic potentials of Momordica charantia: multiple mechanisms behind the effects. J. Med. Food 15, 101-107. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0258
32. Chauhan, A., Sharma, P., Srivastava, P., Kumar, N., and Duehe, R. (2010). Plants having potential antidiabetic activity: a review. Der Pharm. Lett. 2, 369-387.
33. Chehade, J. M., Gladysz, M., and Mooradian, A. D. (2013). Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes: prevalence, pathophysiology, and management. Drugs 73, 327-339. doi: 10.1007/s40265-013-0023-5
34. Chen, L., Sun, P., Wang, T., Chen, K., Jia, Q., Wang, H., et al. (2012). Diverse mechanisms of antidiabetic effects of the different procyanidin oligomer types of two different cinnamon species on db/db mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 60, 9144-9150. doi: 10.1021/jf3024535
35. Cheng, D. M., Kuhn, P., Poulev, A., Rojo, L. E., Lila, M. A., and Raskin, I. (2012). In vivo and in vitro antidiabetic effects of aqueous cinnamon extract and cinnamon polyphenol-enhanced food matrix. Food Chem. 135, 2994-3002. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.117
36. Cho, W. C. S., Chung, W.-S., Lee, S. K. W., Leung, A. W. N., Cheng, C. H. K., and Yue, K. K. M. (2006). Ginsenoside Re of Panax ginseng possesses significant antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic efficacies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 550, 173-179. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.056
37. Christensen, L. P. (2009). Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 55, 1-99. doi: 10.1016/S1043-4526(08)00401-4
38. ClinicalTrials.gov (2016). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02370121 [accessed May 20, 2017].
39. Coskun, O., Kanter, M., Korkmaz, A., and Oter, S. (2005). Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, prevents and protects streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and β-cell damage in rat pancreas. Pharmacol. Res. 51, 117-123. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2004.06.002
40. Cota-Sánchez, J. H. (2016). "Chapter 28-nutritional composition of the prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit," in Nutritional Composition of Fruit Cultivars, eds M. Simmonds and V. R. Preedy (Cambridge, MA: Academic Press), 691-712.
41. Dey, L., Xie, J. T., Wang, A., Wu, J., Maleckar, S. A., and Yuan, C. S. (2003). Anti-hyperglycemic effects of ginseng: comparison between root and berry. Phytomedicine 10, 600-605. doi: 10.1078/094471103322331908
42. Di Marzo, V., Piscitelli, F., and Mechoulam, R. (2011). Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids in metabolic disorders with focus on diabetes. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 203, 75-104. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-17214-4_4
43. Donath, M. Y., and Shoelson, S. E. (2011). Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 11, 98-107. doi: 10.1038/nri2925
44. Eddouks, M., Bidi, A., El Bouhali, B., Hajji, L., and Zeggwagh, N. A. (2014). Antidiabetic plants improving insulin sensitivity. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 66, 1197-1214. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12243
45. Efird, J. T., Choi, Y. M., Davies, S. W., Mehra, S., Anderson, E. J., and Katunga, L. A. (2014). Potential for improved glycemic control with dietary Momordica charantia in patients with insulin resistance and pre-diabetes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 11, 2328-2345. doi: 10.3390/ijerph110202328
46. EFSA (2015a). Botanicals | European Food Safety Authority. Available at: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/botanicals [accessed November 16, 2015].
47. EFSA (2015b). Food Supplements | European Food Safety Authority. Food Suppl. Available at: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/supplements [accessed November 16, 2015].
48. Eidi, A., Eidi, M., and Esmaeili, E. (2006). Antidiabetic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 13, 624-629. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2005.09.010
49. Eidi, A., Oryan, S., Zaringhalam, J., and Rad, M. (2016). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the aerial parts of Artemisia dracunculus in mice. Pharm. Biol. 54, 549-554. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1056312
50. Evans, J. L., and Bahng, M. (2014). Non-pharmaceutical Intervention Options for type 2 Diabetes: Diets and Dietary Supplements (Botanicals, Antioxidants, and Minerals), Eds De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM et al. South Dartmouth MA: MDText.com, Inc.
51. Facchinetti, F., Dante, G., Petrella, E., and Neri, I. (2014). Dietary interventions, lifestyle changes, and dietary supplements in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus: a literature review. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 69, 669-680. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000121
52. Farzaei, F., Morovati, M. R., Farjadmand, F., and Farzaei, M. H. (2017). A mechanistic review on medicinal plants used for diabetes mellitus in traditional persian medicine. J. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. doi: 10.1177/2156587216686461 [Epub ahead of print].
53. Frati, A. C., Gordillo, B. E., Altamirano, P., Ariza, C. R., Cortés-Franco, R., and Chavez-Negrete, A. (1990). Acute hypoglycemic effect of Opuntia streptacantha Lemaire in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 13, 455-456. doi: 10.2337/diacare.13.4.455
54. Fuller, S., and Stephens, J. M. (2015). Diosgenin, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, and fiber from fenugreek: mechanisms of actions and potential effects on metabolic syndrome. Adv. Nutr. 6, 189-197. doi: 10.3945/an.114.007807
55. Gaddam, A., Galla, C., Thummisetti, S., Marikanty, R. K., Palanisamy, U. D., and Rao, P. V. (2015). Role of Fenugreek in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in prediabetes. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 14, 1-10. doi: 10.1186/s40200-015-0208-4
56. Gonçalves, S., and Romano, A. (2016). The medicinal potential of plants from the genus Plantago (Plantaginaceae). Ind. Crops Prod. 83, 213-226. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.038
57. González-Stuart, A. E. (2013). Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 658.
58. Govorko, D., Logendra, S., Wang, Y., Esposito, D., Komarnytsky, S., Ribnicky, D., et al. (2007). Polyphenolic compounds from Artemisia dracunculus L. inhibit PEPCK gene expression and gluconeogenesis in an H4IIE hepatoma cell line. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 293, 1503-1510. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00420.2007
59. Grover, J. K., and Yadav, S. P. (2004). Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93, 123-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.035
60. Gui, Q., Xu, Z., Xu, K., and Yang, Y. (2016). The efficacy of ginseng-related therapies in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medicine 95:e2584. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002584
61. Guo, H., and Ling, W. (2015). The update of anthocyanins on obesity and type 2 diabetes: experimental evidence and clinical perspectives. Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 16, 1-13. doi: 10.1007/s11154-014-9302-z
62. Hanhineva, K., Törrönen, R., Bondia-Pons, I., Pekkinen, J., Kolehmainen, M., Mykkänen, H., et al. (2010). Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11, 1365-1402. doi: 10.3390/ijms11041365
63. Hannan, J. M. A., Ali, L., Rokeya, B., Khaleque, J., Akhter, M., Flatt, P. R., et al. (2007). Soluble dietary fibre fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. Br. J. Nutr. 97, 514-521. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507657869
64. Havsteen, B. H. (2002). The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacol. Ther. 96, 67-202. doi: 10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00298-X
65. Ho, J.-N., Watson, R. R., and Lee, J. (2013). Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Diabetes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 658.
66. Hosni, A. A., Abdel-Moneim, A. A., Abdel-Reheim, E. S., Mohamed, S. M., and Helmy, H. (2017). Cinnamaldehyde potentially attenuates gestational hyperglycemia in rats through modulation of PPARγ, proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Biomed. Pharmacother. 88, 52-60. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.054
67. Hossain, M. Z., Shibib, B. A., and Rahman, R. (1992). Hypoglycemic effects of Coccinia indica: inhibition of key gluconeogenic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphatase. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 30, 418-420.
68. Ibañez-Camacho, R., Meckes-Lozoya, M., and Mellado-Campos, V. (1983). The hypoglucemic effect of Opuntia streptacantha studied in different animal experimental models. J. Ethnopharmacol. 7, 175-181. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(83)90019-3
69. Iciek, M., Kwiecieñ, I., and Wlodek, L. (2009). Biological properties of garlic and garlic-derived organosulfur compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 50, 247-265. doi: 10.1002/em.20474
70. Imoto, T., Miyasaka, A., Ishima, R., and Akasaka, K. (1991). A novel peptide isolated from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre-I. Characterization and its suppressive effect on the neural responses to sweet taste stimuli in the rat. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol. 100, 309-314. doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(91)90475-R
71. International Diabetes Federation (2013). Diabetes Atlas, 6th Edn. Available at: www.idf.org/diabetesatlas [accessed November 16, 2015].
72. Islam, M. S., and Choi, H. (2008). Comparative effects of dietary ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum) investigated in a type 2 diabetes model of rats. J. Med. Food 11, 152-159. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2007.634
73. Itariu, B. K., and Stulnig, T. M. (2014). Autoimmune aspects of type 2 diabetes mellitus-a mini-review. Gerontology 60, 189-196. doi: 10.1159/000356747
74. Jayaprakasam, B., Olson, L. K., Schutzki, R. E., Tai, M.-H., and Nair, M. G. (2006). Amelioration of obesity and glucose intolerance in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice by anthocyanins and ursolic acid in Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas). J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 243-248. doi: 10.1021/jf0520342
75. Jetté, L., Harvey, L., Eugeni, K., and Levens, N. (2009). 4-Hydroxyisoleucine: a plant-derived treatment for metabolic syndrome. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 10, 353-358.
76. Jiang, B., Guo, L., Li, B.-Y., Zhen, J.-H., Song, J., Peng, T., et al. (2013). Resveratrol attenuates early diabetic nephropathy by down-regulating glutathione S-Transferases Mu in diabetic rats. J. Med. Food 16, 481-486. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2686
77. Jiang, B., Ji, M., Liu, W., Chen, L., Cai, Z., Zhao, Y., et al. (2016). Antidiabetic activities of a cucurbitane-type triterpenoid compound from Momordica charantia in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Mol. Med. Rep. 14, 4865-4872. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5800
78. Jolad, S. D., Lantz, R. C., Solyom, A. M., Chen, G. J., Bates, R. B., and Timmermann, B. N. (2004). Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): composition and effects on LPS-induced PGE2 production. Phytochemistry 65, 1937-1954. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.008
79. Joseph, B., and Jini, D. (2013). Antidiabetic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon) and its medicinal potency. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 3, 93-102. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60052-3
80. Kalailingam, P., Kannaian, B., Tamilmani, E., and Kaliaperumal, R. (2014). Efficacy of natural diosgenin on cardiovascular risk, insulin secretion, and beta cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Phytomedicine 21, 1154-1161. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.005
81. Kamble, B., Gupta, A., Moothedath, I., Khatal, L., Janrao, S., Jadhav, A., et al. (2016). Effects of Gymnema sylvestre extract on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Chem. Biol. Interact. 245, 30-38. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.008
82. Kamble, S., Kamlakar, P., Vaidya, S., and Bambole, V. (1998). Influence of Coccinia indica on certain enzymes in glycolytic and lipolytic pathway in human diabetes. Indian J. Med. Sci. 52, 143-146.
83. Kaprio, J., Tuomilehto, J., Koskenvuo, M., Romanov, K., Reunanen, A., Eriksson, J., et al. (1992). Concordance for type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of twins in Finland. Diabetologia 35, 1060-1067. doi: 10.1007/BF02221682
84. Kawser Hossain, M., Abdal Dayem, A., Han, J., Yin, Y., Kim, K., Kumar Saha, S., et al. (2016). Molecular mechanisms of the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties of flavonoids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 1-32. doi: 10.3390/ijms17040569
85. Khanna, P., Jain, S. C., Panagariya, A., and Dixit, V. P. (1981). Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-p from a plant source. J. Nat. Prod. 44, 648-655. doi: 10.1021/np50018a002
86. Kheterpal, I., Scherp, P., Kelley, L., Wang, Z., Johnson, W., Ribnicky, D., et al. (2014). Bioactives from Artemisia dracunculus L. enhance insulin sensitivity via modulation of skeletal muscle protein phosphorylation. Nutrition 30, 43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.05.001
87. Khramov, V. A., Spasov, A. A., and Samokhina, M. P. (2008). Chemical composition of dry extracts of Gymnema sylvestre leaves. Pharm. Chem. J. 42, 29-31. doi: 10.1007/s11094-008-0051-8
88. Kim, Y., Keogh, J. B., and Clifton, P. M. (2016). Polyphenols and glycemic control. Nutrients 8, 17. doi: 10.3390/nu8010017
89. King, G. L., and Loeken, M. R. (2004). Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in diabetic complications. Histochem. Cell Biol. 122, 333-338. doi: 10.1007/s00418-004-0678-9
90. Kumar, V., Bhandari, U., Tripathi, C. D., and Khanna, G. (2014). Protective effect of Gymnema sylvestre ethanol extract on high fat diet-induced obese diabetic wistar rats. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 76, 315-322.
91. Kurimoto, Y., Shibayama, Y., Inoue, S., Soga, M., Takikawa, M., Ito, C., et al. (2013). Black soybean seed coat extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice. J. Agric. Food Chem. 61, 5558-5564. doi: 10.1021/jf401190y
92. Kuriyan, R., Rajendran, R., Bantwal, G., and Kurpad, A. V. (2008). Effect of supplementation of Coccinia cordifolia extract on newly detected diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 31, 216-220. doi: 10.2337/dc07-1591
93. Kwon, O., Eck, P., Chen, S., Corpe, C. P., Lee, J.-H., Kruhlak, M., et al. (2007). Inhibition of the intestinal glucose transporter GLUT2 by flavonoids. FASEB J. 21, 366-377. doi: 10.1096/fj.06-6620com
94. Leach, M. J. (2007). Gymnema sylvestre for diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J. Altern. Complement. Med. 13, 977-983. doi: 10.1089/acm.2006.6387
95. Lee, E.-R., Kang, G.-H., and Cho, S.-G. (2007). Effect of flavonoids on human health: old subjects but new challenges. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 1, 139-150. doi: 10.2174/187220807780809445
96. Leem, K.-H., Kim, M.-G., Hahm, Y.-T., and Kim, H. (2016). Hypoglycemic effect of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten is due to enhanced peripheral glucose uptake through activation of AMPK/p38 MAPK pathway. Nutrients 8, 800.
97. Li, Y., Yao, J., Han, C., Yang, J., Chaudhry, M. T., Wang, S., et al. (2016). Quercetin, inflammation and immunity. Nutrients 8, 167. doi: 10.3390/nu8030167
98. Li, Y., Zheng, M., Zhai, X., Huang, Y., Khalid, A., Malik, A., et al. (2015). Effect of-Gymnema sylvestre, citrullus colocynthis and Artemisia absinthium on blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic human. Acta Pol. Pharm. 72, 981-985.
99. Liu, C.-T., Wong, P.-L., Lii, C.-K., Hse, H., and Sheen, L.-Y. (2006). Antidiabetic effect of garlic oil but not diallyl disulfide in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44, 1377-1384. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.07.013
100. Liu, Y., Li, D., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., and Xia, M. (2014). Anthocyanin increases adiponectin secretion and protects against diabetes-related endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 306, 975-988. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00699.2013
101. Lopes-Lutz, D., Alviano, D. S., Alviano, C. S., and Kolodziejczyk, P. P. (2008). Screening of chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia essential oils. Phytochemistry 69, 1732-1738. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.02.014
102. López-Romero, P., Pichardo-Ontiveros, E., Avila-Nava, A., Vázquez-Manjarrez, N., Tovar, A. R., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., et al. (2014). The effect of nopal (Opuntia ficus indica) on postprandial blood glucose, incretins, and antioxidant activity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes after consumption of two different composition breakfasts. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 114, 1811-1818. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.352
103. Lu, Z., Jia, Q., Wang, R., Wu, X., Wu, Y., Huang, C., et al. (2011). Hypoglycemic activities of A-and B-type procyanidin oligomer-rich extracts from different Cinnamon barks. Phytomedicine 18, 298-302. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.08.008
104. Luo, C., Yang, H., Tang, C., Yao, G., Kong, L., He, H., et al. (2015). Kaempferol alleviates insulin resistance via hepatic IKK/NF-κB signal in type 2 diabetic rats. Int. Immunopharmacol. 28, 744-750. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.07.018
105. Mamun-or-Rashid, A., Shamim Hossain, M., Hassan, N., Kumar Dash, B., Ashrafuzzaman Sapon, M., and Kumer Sen, M. (2014). A review on medicinal plants with antidiabetic activity. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 149, 149-159.
106. Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., and Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79, 727-747.
107. Maritim, A. C., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B. (2003). Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 17, 24-38. doi: 10.1002/jbt.10058
108. Matsuda, A., and Kuzuya, T. (1994). Relationship between obesity and concordance rate for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus among twins. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 26, 137-143. doi: 10.1016/0168-8227(94)90151-1
109. Medagama, A. B. (2015). The glycaemic outcomes of Cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutr. J. 14, 108. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0098-9
110. Méndez-del Villar, M., Puebla-Pérez, A. M., Sánchez-Peña, M. J., González-Ortiz, L. J., Martínez-Abundis, E., and González-Ortiz, M. (2016). Effect of Artemisia dracunculus administration on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in patients with impaired glucose tolerance. J. Med. Food 19, 481-485. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0005
111. Meng, Y., Su, A., Yuan, S., Zhao, H., Tan, S., Hu, C., et al. (2016). Evaluation of total flavonoids, myricetin, and quercetin from Hovenia dulcis Thunb. as inhibitors of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 71, 444-449. doi: 10.1007/s11130-016-0581-2
112. Mirunalini, S., Krishnaveni, M., Ambily, V., and Professor, A. (2011). Effects of raw garlic (Allium Sativum) on hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacologyonline 2, 968-974.
113. Moreno, L. A., Tresaco, B., Bueno, G., Fleta, J., Rodríguez, G., Garagorri, J. M., et al. (2003). Psyllium fibre and the metabolic control of obese children and adolescents. J. Physiol. Biochem. 59, 235-242. doi: 10.1007/BF03179920
114. Munasinghe, M. A. A. K., Abeysena, C., Yaddehige, I. S., Vidanapathirana, T., and Piyumal, K. P. B. (2011). Blood sugar lowering effect of Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt: path for a new drug for diabetes mellitus. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2011, 978762. doi: 10.1155/2011/978762
115. Neelakantan, N., Narayanan, M., de Souza, R. J., and van Dam, R. M. (2014). Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) intake on glycemia: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Nutr. J. 13, 7. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-7
116. Newman, B., Selby, J. V., King, M. C., Slemenda, C., Fabsitz, R., and Friedman, G. D. (1987). Concordance for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in male twins. Diabetologia 30, 763-768. doi: 10.1007/BF00275741
117. Obanda, D. N., Ribnicky, D. M., Raskin, I., and Cefalu, W. T. (2014). Bioactives of Artemisia dracunculus L. enhance insulin sensitivity by modulation of ceramide metabolism in rat skeletal muscle cells. Nutrition 30, 59-66. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.006
118. Obolskiy, D., Pischel, I., Feistel, B., Glotov, N., and Heinrich, M. (2011). Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon): a critical review of its traditional use, chemical composition, pharmacology, and safety. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 11367-11384. doi: 10.1021/jf202277w
119. Padiya, R., and Banerjee, S. K. (2013). Garlic as an anti-diabetic agent: recent progress and patent reviews. Recent Pat. Food. Nutr. Agric. 5, 105-127. doi: 10.2174/18761429113059990002
120. Padiya, R., Khatua, T. N., Bagul, P. K., Kuncha, M., and Banerjee, S. K. (2011). Garlic improves insulin sensitivity and associated metabolic syndromes in fructose fed rats. Nutr. Metab. 8, 53. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-53
121. Pal, S., and Radavelli-Bagatini, S. (2012). Effects of psyllium on metabolic syndrome risk factors. Obes. Rev. 13, 1034-1047. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01020.x
122. Park, E. J., and Pezzuto, J. M. (2002). Botanicals in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 21, 231-255. doi: 10.1023/A:1021254725842
123. Park, E.-J., and Pezzuto, J. M. (2015). The pharmacology of resveratrol in animals and humans. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1852, 1071-1113. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.01.014
124. Pastors, J. G., Blaisdell, P. W., Balm, T. K., Asplin, C. M., and Pohl, S. L. (1991). Psyllium fiber reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 1431-1435.
125. Patel, D. K., Prasad, S. K., Kumar, R., and Hemalatha, S. (2012). An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2, 320-330. doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60032-X
126. Petrovska, B. B. (2012). Historical review of medicinal plants' usage. Pharmacogn. Rev. 6, 1-5. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.95849
127. Pojer, E., Mattivi, F., Johnson, D., and Stockley, C. S. (2013). the case for anthocyanin consumption to promote human health: a review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 12, 483-508. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12024
128. Prabhakar, P. K., and Doble, M. (2011). Mechanism of action of natural products used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Chin. J. Integr. Med. 17, 563-574. doi: 10.1007/s11655-011-0810-3
129. Prasain, J. K., Carlson, S. H., and Wyss, J. M. (2010). Flavonoids and age-related disease: risk, benefits and critical windows. Maturitas 66, 163-171. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.01.010
130. Priscilla, D. H., Roy, D., Suresh, A., Kumar, V., and Thirumurugan, K. (2014). Naringenin inhibits α-glucosidase activity: a promising strategy for the regulation of postprandial hyperglycemia in high fat diet fed streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Chem. Biol. Interact. 210, 77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.12.014
131. Pu, P., Gao, D.-M., Mohamed, S., Chen, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, X.-Y., et al. (2012). Naringin ameliorates metabolic syndrome by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in mice fed a high-fat diet. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 518, 61-70. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.026
132. Ribnicky, D. M., Roopchand, D. E., Poulev, A., Kuhn, P., Oren, A., Cefalu, W. T., et al. (2014). Artemisia dracunculus L. polyphenols complexed to soy protein show enhanced bioavailability and hypoglycemic activity in C57BL/6 mice. Nutrition 30, 4-10. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.009
133. Roy, S., Ahmed, F., Banerjee, S., and Saha, U. (2016). Naringenin ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat renal impairment by downregulation of TGF-β1 and IL-1 via modulation of oxidative stress correlates with decreased apoptotic events. Pharm. Biol. 54, 1616-1627. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1110599
134. Sales, P. M., Souza, P. M., Simeoni, L. A., and Silveira, D. (2012). α-Amylase inhibitors: a review of raw material and isolated compounds from plant source. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 15, 141-183. doi: 10.18433/J35S3K
135. Sathibabu Uddandrao, V. V., Brahmanaidu, P., and Saravanan, G. (2016). Therapeutical Perspectives of S-Allylcysteine: effect on diabetes and other disorders in animal models. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem. 14, 1-7. doi: 10.2174/1871525714666160418114120
136. Scazzocchio, B., Varì, R., Filesi, C., D'Archivio, M., Santangelo, C., Giovannini, C., et al. (2011). Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside and protocatechuic acid exert insulin-like effects by upregulating PPARγ activity in human omental adipocytes. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 60, 2234-2244. doi: 10.2337/db10-1461
137. Shane-McWhorter, L. (2005). Botanical dietary supplements and the treatment of diabetes: what is the evidence? Curr. Diab. Rep. 5, 391-398. doi: 10.1007/s11892-005-0099-8
138. Sheng, X., Zhang, Y., Gong, Z., Huang, C., and Zang, Y. Q. (2008). Improved insulin resistance and lipid metabolism by cinnamon extract through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. PPAR Res. 2008:581348. doi: 10.1155/2008/581348
139. Shibib, B. A., Khan, L. A., and Rahman, R. (1993). Hypoglycaemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and elevation of both liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem. J. 292, 267-270. doi: 10.1042/bj2920267
140. Shidfar, F., Rajab, A., Rahideh, T., Khandouzi, N., Hosseini, S., and Shidfar, S. (2015). The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on glycemic markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. J. Complement. Integr. Med. 12, 165-170. doi: 10.1515/jcim-2014-0021
141. Shih, C.-C., Shlau, M.-T., Lin, C.-H., and Wu, J.-B. (2014). Momordica charantia ameliorates insulin resistance and dyslipidemia with altered hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis and AMPK phosphorylation in high-fat-fed mice. Phytother. Res. 28, 363-371. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5003
142. Shiju, T. M., Rajkumar, R., Rajesh, N. G., and Viswanathan, P. (2013). Aqueous extract of Allium sativum L bulbs offer nephroprotection by attenuating vascular endothelial growth factor and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 expression in diabetic rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 51, 139-148.
143. Shishtar, E., Sievenpiper, J. L., Djedovic, V., Cozma, A. I., Ha, V., Jayalath, V. H., et al. (2014). The effect of ginseng (The Genus Panax) on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. PLoS ONE 9:e107391. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107391
144. Shoelson, S. E., Lee, J., and Goldfine, A. B. (2006). Inflammation and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 116, 1793-1801. doi: 10.1172/JCI29069
145. Shori, A. B. (2015). Screening of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of medicinal plants. J. Integr. Med. 13, 297-305. doi: 10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60193-5
146. Sierra, M., García, J. J., Fernández, N., Diez, M. J., and Calle, A. P. (2002). Therapeutic effects of psyllium in type 2 diabetic patients. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 56, 830-842. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601398
147. Sin, T. K., Yung, B. Y., and Siu, P. M. (2015). Modulation of SIRT1-Foxo1 signaling axis by resveratrol: implications in skeletal muscle aging and insulin resistance. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 35, 541-552. doi: 10.1159/000369718
148. Son, I. S., Kim, J. H., Sohn, H. Y., Son, K. H., Kim, J.-S., and Kwon, C.-S. (2007). Antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects of diosgenin, a steroidal saponin of yam (Dioscorea spp.), on high-cholesterol fed rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71, 3063-3071. doi: 10.1271/bbb.70472
149. Srichamroen, A., Thomson, A. B. R., Field, C. J., and Basu, T. K. (2009). In vitro intestinal glucose uptake is inhibited by galactomannan from Canadian fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum graecum L) in genetically lean and obese rats. Nutr. Res. 29, 49-54. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.11.002
150. Stull, A. J., Cash, K. C., Johnson, W. D., Champagne, C. M., and Cefalu, W. T. (2010). Bioactives in blueberries improve insulin sensitivity in obese, insulin-resistant men and women. J. Nutr. 140, 1764-1768. doi: 10.3945/jn.110.125336
151. Szkudelski, T., and Szkudelska, K. (2015). Resveratrol and diabetes: from animal to human studies. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1852, 1145-1154. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.013
152. Tan, M.-J., Ye, J.-M., Turner, N., Hohnen-Behrens, C., Ke, C.-Q., Tang, C.-P., et al. (2008). Antidiabetic activities of triterpenoids isolated from bitter melon associated with activation of the AMPK pathway. Chem. Biol. 15, 263-273. doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.01.013
153. Thakur, V. K., and Thakur, M. K. (2014). Recent trends in hydrogels based on psyllium polysaccharide: a review. J. Clean. Prod. 82, 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.066
154. Thomson, M., Al-Qattan, K. K., Divya, J. S., and Ali, M. (2016). Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant potential of aged garlic extract (AGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 16, 17. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-0992-5
155. Tiwari, P., Mishra, B. N., and Sangwan, N. S. (2014). Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Gymnema sylvestre: an important medicinal plant. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014:830285. doi: 10.1155/2014/830285
156. Trejo-González, A., Gabriel-Ortiz, G., Puebla-Pérez, A. M., Huízar-Contreras, M. D., Munguía-Mazariegos, M. R., Mejía-Arreguín, S., et al. (1996). A purified extract from prickly pear cactus (Opuntia fuliginosa) controls experimentally induced diabetes in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 55, 27-33. doi: 10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01467-5
157. Tsai, C.-H., Chen, E. C.-F., Tsay, H.-S., and Huang, C. (2012). Wild bitter gourd improves metabolic syndrome: a preliminary dietary supplementation trial. Nutr. J. 11, 4. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-4
158. Tsuda, T. (2016). Recent progress in anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effect of berries. Antioxidants 5, 13. doi: 10.3390/antiox5020013
159. Tung, Y.-T., Chua, M.-T., Wang, S.-Y., and Chang, S.-T. (2008). Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs. Bioresour. Technol. 99, 3908-3913. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.07.050
160. Uemura, T., Hirai, S., Mizoguchi, N., Goto, T., Lee, J.-Y., Taketani, K., et al. (2010). Diosgenin present in fenugreek improves glucose metabolism by promoting adipocyte differentiation and inhibiting inflammation in adipose tissues. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 54, 1596-1608. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900609
161. Vandanmagsar, B., Haynie, K. R., Wicks, S. E., Bermudez, E. M., Mendoza, T. M., Ribnicky, D., et al. (2014). Artemisia dracunculus L. extract ameliorates insulin sensitivity by attenuating inflammatory signalling in human skeletal muscle culture. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 16, 728-738. doi: 10.1111/dom.12274
162. Verspohl, E. J., Bauer, K., and Neddermann, E. (2005). Antidiabetic effect of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum zeylanicum in vivo and in vitro. Phytother. Res. 19, 203-206. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1643
163. Vinayagam, R., and Xu, B. (2015). Antidiabetic properties of dietary flavonoids: a cellular mechanism review. Nutr. Metab. (Lond). 12, 60. doi: 10.1186/s12986-015-0057-7
164. Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Naghavi, M., Lozano, R., Michaud, C., Ezzati, M., et al. (2012). Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 380, 2163-2196. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
165. Vuksan, V., Sung, M.-K., Sievenpiper, J. L., Stavro, P. M., Jenkins, A. L., Di Buono, M., et al. (2008). Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) improves glucose and insulin regulation in well-controlled, type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 18, 46-56. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2006.04.003
166. Wang, S., Moustaid-Moussa, N., Chen, L., Mo, H., Shastri, A., Su, R., et al. (2014). Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity. J. Nutr. Biochem. 25, 1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.001
167. Wee, J. J., Park, K. M., and Chung, A.-S. (2011). Biological Activities of Ginseng and Its Application to Human Health. Boca Raton FL: Taylor & Francis. doi: 10.1201/b10787-9
168. WHO (2016). Global report on diabetes. Geneva: WHO.
169. WHO expert consultation (2002). Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 25, 5-20.
170. Xie, J. T., Zhou, Y. P., Dey, L., Attele, A. S., Wu, J. A., Gu, M., et al. (2002). Ginseng berry reduces blood glucose and body weight in db/db mice. Phytomedicine 9, 254-258. doi: 10.1078/0944-7113-00106
171. Yang, M., Koo, S. I., Song, W. O., and Chun, O. K. (2011). Food matrix affecting anthocyanin bioavailability: review. Curr. Med. Chem. 18, 291-300. doi: 10.2174/092986711794088380
172. Ye, C., and Driver, J. P. (2016). Suppressors of cytokine signaling in sickness and in health of pancreatic β-Cells. Front. Immunol. 7:169. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00169
173. Yeh, G. Y., Eisenberg, D. M., Kaptchuk, T. J., and Phillips, R. S. (2003). systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Care 26, 1277-1294. doi: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277
174. Zarezadeh, M., Baluchnejadmojarad, T., Kiasalari, Z., Afshin-Majd, S., and Roghani, M. (2017). Garlic active constituent s-allyl cysteine protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: possible involved mechanisms. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 795, 13-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.11.051
175. Zhang, Y., and Liu, D. (2011). Flavonol kaempferol improves chronic hyperglycemia-impaired pancreatic beta-cell viability and insulin secretory function. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 670, 325-332. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.08.011
176. Zhao, L. Y., Lan, Q. J., Huang, Z. C., Ouyang, L. J., and Zeng, F. H. (2011). Antidiabetic effect of a newly identified component of Opuntia dillenii polysaccharides. Phytomedicine 18, 661-668. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.001
177. Zhao, R., Li, Q., and Xiao, B. (2005). Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on the improvement of insulin resistance in NIDDM rats. Yakugaku Zasshi 125, 981-988. doi: 10.1248/yakushi.125.981