Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity

Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 1-18

  Wang, Shu ^a   Moustaid Moussa, Naima ^a   Chen, Lixia ^b   Mo, Huanbiao ^c   Shastri, Anuradha ^a   Su, Rui ^a   Bapat, Priyanka ^a   Kwun, InSook ^d   Shen, Chwan Li ^b,e  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Andong National University   (South Korea)

^e TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal; Antioxidants; Cell; Dietary polyphenols; Human; Molecular mechanism; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; CATECHIN; CCAAT ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA; CURCUMIN; ENZYME; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; FATTY ACID; GLUCOSE; GREEN TEA EXTRACT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR 1ALPHA; PLACEBO; POLYPHENOL DERIVATIVE; RESVERATROL; SIRTUIN 1; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1C; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 1; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN 2;

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOGENESIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BODY WEIGHT; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL VIABILITY; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG MECHANISM; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; FAT MASS; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LIPID DIET; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID STORAGE; LIPOLYSIS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREVENTION; PROADIPOCYTE; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION;

ABCA1; ACAT; ACC; ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE; ACYL-COENZYME A: CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; ADENOSINE-MONOPHOSPHATE-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; ADENOSINE-TRIPHOSPHATE-BINDING CASSETTE A1; ADIPOCYTE P2 PROTEIN, WHICH IS ALSO KNOWN AS AFABP, THE ADIPOCYTE FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN OR FAPB-4; ADIPOSE TRIGLYCERIDE LIPASE; AGP; AMINOALKYL GLUCOSAMINIDE 4-PHOSPHATE; AMPK; ANIMAL; ANTIOXIDANTS; AP2; APO; APOLIPOPROTEIN; ATGL; BMI; BODY MASS INDEX; BODY WEIGHT; BW; C/EBPΑ; CAMP; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE-1; CCAAT/ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN Α; CELL; CPT-1; CVD; CYCLIC ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE; DBP; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIETARY POLYPHENOLS; EC; ECG; EGC; EGCG; EPICATECHIN; EPICATECHIN GALLATE; EPIGALLOCATECHIN; EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; FA; FABP4; FAS; FASN; FAT MASS; FAT-FREE MASS; FATTY ACID; FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN 4; FATTY ACID SYNTHASE; FFA; FFM; FM; FORKHEAD BOX PROTEIN O1; FOXO1; FREE FATTY ACID; GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE; GPAT; GPX; GREEN TEA CATECHIN; GREEN TEA EXTRACTS; GREEN TEA POLYPHENOLS; GSSG; GTC; GTE; GTP; HDL-C; HF; HIGH FAT; HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HOMA-IR; HOMEOSTASIS MODEL ASSESSMENT OF INSULIN RESISTANCE; HORMONE-SENSITIVE LIPASE; HSL; HUMAN; IFN; IGF-I; IL; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN; LDL-C; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; LIVER X RECEPTOR; LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LPL; LXR; MALONDIALDEHYDE; MAPK; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MCP-1; MDA; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MMP; MOLECULAR MECHANISM; MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1; NF-ΚB; NUCLEAR FACTOR-ΚB; OBESITY; PAI-1; PARAOXONASE; PDES; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATOR RECEPTOR Γ; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR 1-ALPHA; PGC-1Α; PHOSPHODIESTERASES; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR TYPE 1; PON; PPARΓ; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RCT; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; ROS; SBP; SCD1; SIRT1; SIRTUIN 1; SOD; SREBP-1C; STEAROYL-COA DESATURASE-1; STEROL REGULATORY ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN 1C; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TBARS; TC; TG; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCES; TNF-Α; TOTAL CHOLESTEROL; TRIGLYCERIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; UCP; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN;

ADIPOCYTES; ANIMALS; CATECHIN; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CURCUMIN; DIET; HUMANS; OBESITY; PLANT EXTRACTS; POLYPHENOLS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STILBENES; TEA;

EID: 84889564987     PISSN: 09552863     EISSN: 18734847     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.001     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Tsai A.G., Williamson D.F., Glick H.A. Direct medical cost of overweight and obesity in the USA: a quantitative systematic review. Obes Rev 2011, 12:50-61.
2. Bouchard C. Defining the genetic architecture of the predisposition to obesity: a challenging but not insurmountable task. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:5-6.
3. Heber D. An integrative view of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:280S-283S.
4. Siriwardhana N., Kalupahana N.S., Cekanova M., Lemieux M., Greer B., Moustaid-Moussa N. Modulation of adipose tissue inflammation by bioactive food compounds. J Nutr Biochem 2013, 24:613-623.
5. Kalupahana N.S., Moustaid-Moussa N., Claycombe K.J. Immunity as a link between obesity and insulin resistance. Mol Aspects Med 2012, 33:26-34.
6. Goran MI, Alderete TL. Targeting adipose tissue inflammation to treat the underlying basis of the metabolic complications of obesity. Nestle Nutrition Institute workshop series. 2012;73:49-60; discussion p1-6.
7. Abramson J.L., Vaccarino V. Relationship between physical activity and inflammation among apparently healthy middle-aged and older US adults. Arch Intern Med 2002, 162:1286-1292.
8. Geffken D.F., Cushman M., Burke G.L., Polak J.F., Sakkinen P.A., Tracy R.P. Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 153:242-250.
9. Pischon T., Hankinson S.E., Hotamisligil G.S., Rifai N., Rimm E.B. Leisure-time physical activity and reduced plasma levels of obesity-related inflammatory markers. Obes Res 2003, 11:1055-1064.
10. Kalupahana N.S., Claycombe K.J., Moustaid-Moussa N. (n-3) Fatty acids alleviate adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance: mechanistic insights. Adv Nutr 2011, 2:304-316.
11. Kalupahana N.S., Moustaid-Moussa N. The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system and metabolic disorders: a review of molecular mechanisms. CritRev Biochem Mol Biol 2012, 47:379-390.
12. Esfahani A., Wong J.M., Truan J., Villa C.R., Mirrahimi A., Srichaikul K., et al. Health effects of mixed fruit and vegetable concentrates: a systematic review of the clinical interventions. J Am Coll Nutr 2011, 30:285-294.
13. Dietary guidelines for Americans. policydocument.htm. Accessed on July 4. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/dgas2010.
14. Wang S., Noh S.K., Koo S.I. Green tea catechins inhibit pancreatic phospholipase A(2) and intestinal absorption of lipids in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr Biochem 2006, 17:492-498.
15. Basu A., Lucas E.A. Mechanisms and effects of green tea on cardiovascular health. Nutr Rev 2007, 65:361-375.
16. Chen Z., Zhu Q.Y., Tsang D., Huang Y. Degradation of green tea catechins in tea drinks. J Agric Food Chem 2001, 49:477-482.
17. Chan C.Y., Wei L., Castro-Munozledo F., Koo W.L. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate blocks 3T3-L1 adipose conversion by inhibition of cell proliferation and suppression of adipose phenotype expression. Life Sci 2011, 89:779-785.
18. Furuyashiki T., Nagayasu H., Aoki Y., Bessho H., Hashimoto T., Kanazawa K., et al. Tea catechin suppresses adipocyte differentiation accompanied by down-regulation of PPARgamma2 and C/EBPalpha in 3 T3-L1 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2004, 68:2353-2359.
19. Hung P.F., Wu B.T., Chen H.C., Chen Y.H., Chen C.L., Wu M.H., et al. Antimitogenic effect of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes depends on the ERK and Cdk2 pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005, 288:C1094-C1108.
20. Hwang J.T., Park I.J., Shin J.I., Lee Y.K., Lee S.K., Baik H.W., et al. Genistein, EGCG, and capsaicin inhibit adipocyte differentiation process via activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005, 338:694-699.
21. Kim H., Hiraishi A., Tsuchiya K., Sakamoto K. (-) Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through transcription factors FoxO1 and SREBP1c. Cytotechnology 2010, 62:245-255.
22. Ku H.C., Chang H.H., Liu H.C., Hsiao C.H., Lee M.J., Hu Y.J., et al. Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibits insulin stimulation of 3 T3-L1 preadipocyte mitogenesis via the 67-kDa laminin receptor pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009, 297:C121-C132.
23. Ku H.C., Liu H.S., Hung P.F., Chen C.L., Liu H.C., Chang H.H., et al. Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate inhibits IGF-I and IGF-II stimulation of 3 T3-L1 preadipocyte mitogenesis via the 67-kDa laminin receptor, but not AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012, 56:580-592.
24. Lee M.S., Kim C.T., Kim I.H., Kim Y. Inhibitory effects of green tea catechin on the lipid accumulation in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytother Res 2009, 23:1088-1091.
25. Lee M.S., Kim Y. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances uncoupling protein 2 gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009, 73:434-436.
26. Lin J., Della-Fera M.A., Baile C.A. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate inhibits adipogenesis and induces apoptosis in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Obes Res 2005, 13:982-990.
27. Liu H.S., Chen Y.H., Hung P.F., Kao Y.H. Inhibitory effect of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on resistin gene expression in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes depends on the ERK pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006, 290:E273-E281.
28. Moon H.S., Chung C.S., Lee H.G., Kim T.G., Choi Y.J., Cho C.S. Inhibitory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on lipid accumulation of 3 T3-L1 cells. Obesity 2007, 15:2571-2582.
29. Wu B.T., Hung P.F., Chen H.C., Huang R.N., Chang H.H., Kao Y.H. The apoptotic effect of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes depends on the Cdk2 pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53:5695-5701.
30. Wakil S.J., Abu-Elheiga L.A. Fatty acid metabolism: target for metabolic syndrome. J Lipid Res 2009, 50(Suppl):S138-S143.
31. Lazar MA. Resistin- and Obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Hormone and metabolic research=Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung=Hormones et metabolisme. 2007;39:710-6.
32. Ashida H., Furuyashiki T., Nagayasu H., Bessho H., Sakakibara H., Hashimoto T., et al. Anti-obesity actions of green tea: possible involvements in modulation of the glucose uptake system and suppression of the adipogenesis-related transcription factors. Biofactors 2004, 22:135-140.
33. Axling U., Olsson C., Xu J., Fernandez C., Larsson S., Strom K., et al. Green tea powder and Lactobacillus plantarum affect gut microbiota, lipid metabolism and inflammation in high-fat fed C57BL/6 J mice. Nutr Metab 2012, 9:105.
34. Bose M., Lambert J.D., Ju J., Reuhl K.R., Shapses S.A., Yang C.S. The major green tea polyphenol, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits obesity, metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease in high-fat-fed mice. J Nutr 2008, 138:1677-1683.
35. Bruno R.S., Dugan C.E., Smyth J.A., DiNatale D.A., Koo S.I. Green tea extract protects leptin-deficient, spontaneously obese mice from hepatic steatosis and injury. J Nutr 2008, 138:323-331.
36. Chen N., Bezzina R., Hinch E., Lewandowski P.A., Cameron-Smith D., Mathai M.L., et al. Green tea, black tea, and epigallocatechin modify body composition, improve glucose tolerance, and differentially alter metabolic gene expression in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2009, 29:784-793.
37. Chen Y.K., Cheung C., Reuhl K.R., Liu A.B., Lee M.J., Lu Y.P., et al. Effects of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice. J Agric Food Chem 2011, 59:11862-11871.
38. Chung M.Y., Park H.J., Manautou J.E., Koo S.I., Bruno R.S. Green tea extract protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in ob/ob mice by decreasing oxidative and nitrative stress responses induced by proinflammatory enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 2012, 23:361-367.
39. Cunha C.A., Lira F.S., Rosa Neto J.C., Pimentel G.D., Souza G.I., da Silva C.M., et al. Green tea extract supplementation induces the lipolytic pathway, attenuates obesity, and reduces low-grade inflammation in mice fed a high-fat diet. Mediators Inflamm 2013, 2013:635470.
40. Friedrich M., Petzke K.J., Raederstorff D., Wolfram S., Klaus S. Acute effects of epigallocatechin gallate from green tea on oxidation and tissue incorporation of dietary lipids in mice fed a high-fat diet. Int J Obes 2012, 36:735-743.
41. Kim H.J., Jeon S.M., Lee M.K., Jung U.J., Shin S.K., Choi M.S. Antilipogenic effect of green tea extract in C57BL/6 J-Lep ob/ob mice. Phytother Res 2009, 23:467-471.
42. Klaus S., Pultz S., Thone-Reineke C., Wolfram S. Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates diet-induced obesity in mice by decreasing energy absorption and increasing fat oxidation. Int J Obes 2005, 29:615-623.
43. Lu C., Zhu W., Shen C.L., Gao W. Green tea polyphenols reduce body weight in rats by modulating obesity-related genes. PloS one 2012, 7:e38332.
44. Monteiro R., Assuncao M., Andrade J.P., Neves D., Calhau C., Azevedo I. Chronic green tea consumption decreases body mass, induces aromatase expression, and changes proliferation and apoptosis in adult male rat adipose tissue. J Nutr 2008, 138:2156-2163.
45. Park H.J., DiNatale D.A., Chung M.Y., Park Y.K., Lee J.Y., Koo S.I., et al. Green tea extract attenuates hepatic steatosis by decreasing adipose lipogenesis and enhancing hepatic antioxidant defenses in ob/ob mice. J Nutr Biochem 2011, 22:393-400.
46. Park H.J., Lee J.Y., Chung M.Y., Park Y.K., Bower A.M., Koo S.I., et al. Green tea extract suppresses NFkappaB activation and inflammatory responses in diet-induced obese rats with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr 2012, 142:57-63.
47. Ramadan G., El-Beih N.M., Abd El-Ghffar E.A. Modulatory effects of black v. green tea aqueous extract on hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and liver dysfunction in diabetic and obese rat models. Br J Nutr 2009, 102:1611-1619.
48. Richard D., Kefi K., Barbe U., Poli A., Bausero P., Visioli F. Weight and plasma lipid control by decaffeinated green tea. Pharmacol Res 2009, 59:351-354.
49. Sae-tan S., Grove K.A., Lambert J.D. Weight control and prevention of metabolic syndrome by green tea. Pharmacol Res 2011, 64:146-154.
50. Sayama K, Lin S, Zheng G, Oguni I. Effects of green tea on growth, food utilization and lipid metabolism in mice. In vivo. 2000;14:481-4.
51. Shen C.L., Cao J.J., Dagda R.Y., Chanjaplammootil S., Lu C., Chyu M.C., et al. Green tea polyphenols benefits body composition and improves bone quality in long-term high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Nutr Res 2012, 32:448-457.
52. Shimotoyodome A., Haramizu S., Inaba M., Murase T., Tokimitsu I. Exercise and green tea extract stimulate fat oxidation and prevent obesity in mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005, 37:1884-1892.
53. Tian C., Ye X., Zhang R., Long J., Ren W., Ding S., et al. Green tea polyphenols reduced fat deposits in high fat-fed rats via erk1/2-PPARgamma-adiponectin pathway. PloS one 2013, 8:e53796.
54. Ueda M., Ashida H. Green tea prevents obesity by increasing expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed mice. J Agric Food Chem 2012, 60:8917-8923.
55. Alvehus M., Buren J., Sjostrom M., Goedecke J., Olsson T. The human visceral fat depot has a unique inflammatory profile. Obesity 2010, 18:879-883.
56. Auvichayapat P., Prapochanung M., Tunkamnerdthai O., Sripanidkulchai B.O., Auvichayapat N., Thinkhamrop B., et al. Effectiveness of green tea on weight reduction in obese Thais: a randomized, controlled trial. Physiol Behav 2008, 93:486-491.
57. Basu A., Du M., Sanchez K., Leyva M.J., Betts N.M., Blevins S., et al. Green tea minimally affects biomarkers of inflammation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2011, 27:206-213.
58. Basu A., Sanchez K., Leyva M.J., Wu M., Betts N.M., Aston C.E., et al. Green tea supplementation affects body weight, lipids, and lipid peroxidation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr 2010, 29:31-40.
59. Bogdanski P., Suliburska J., Szulinska M., Stepien M., Pupek-Musialik D., Jablecka A. Green tea extract reduces blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, and oxidative stress and improves parameters associated with insulin resistance in obese, hypertensive patients. Nutr Res 2012, 32:421-427.
60. Boschmann M., Thielecke F. The effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on thermogenesis and fat oxidation in obese men: a pilot study. J Am Coll Nutr 2007, 26:389S-395S.
61. Brown A.L., Lane J., Coverly J., Stocks J., Jackson S., Stephen A., et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate on insulin resistance and associated metabolic risk factors: randomized controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2009, 101:886-894.
62. Brown A.L., Lane J., Holyoak C., Nicol B., Mayes A.E., Dadd T. Health effects of green tea catechins in overweight and obese men: a randomised controlled cross-over trial. Br J Nutr 2011, 106:1880-1889.
63. Chantre P., Lairon D. Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Phytomed 2002, 9:3-8.
64. Di Pierro F., Menghi A.B., Barreca A., Lucarelli M., Calandrelli A. Greenselect Phytosome as an adjunct to a low-calorie diet for treatment of obesity: a clinical trial. Altern Med Rev 2009, 14:154-160.
65. Diepvens K., Kovacs E.M., Nijs I.M., Vogels N., Westerterp-Plantenga M.S. Effect of green tea on resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during weight loss in overweight females. Br J Nutr 2005, 94:1026-1034.
66. Dulloo A.G., Duret C., Rohrer D., Girardier L., Mensi N., Fathi M., et al. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:1040-1045.
67. Hill A.M., Coates A.M., Buckley J.D., Ross R., Thielecke F., Howe P.R. Can EGCG reduce abdominal fat in obese subjects?. J Am Coll Nutr 2007, 26:396S-402S.
68. Hsu C.H., Tsai T.H., Kao Y.H., Hwang K.C., Tseng T.Y., Chou P. Effect of green tea extract on obese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2008, 27:363-370.
69. Kovacs E.M., Lejeune M.P., Nijs I., Westerterp-Plantenga M.S. Effects of green tea on weight maintenance after body-weight loss. Br J Nutr 2004, 91:431-437.
70. Maki K.C., Reeves M.S., Farmer M., Yasunaga K., Matsuo N., Katsuragi Y., et al. Green tea catechin consumption enhances exercise-induced abdominal fat loss in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2009, 139:264-270.
71. Matsuyama T., Tanaka Y., Kamimaki I., Nagao T., Tokimitsu I. Catechin safely improved higher levels of fatness, blood pressure, and cholesterol in children. Obesity 2008, 16:1338-1348.
72. Nagao T., Hase T., Tokimitsu I. A green tea extract high in catechins reduces body fat and cardiovascular risks in humans. Obesity 2007, 15:1473-1483.
73. Nagao T., Komine Y., Soga S., Meguro S., Hase T., Tanaka Y., et al. Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 81:122-129.
74. Suliburska J., Bogdanski P., Szulinska M., Stepien M., Pupek-Musialik D., Jablecka A. Effects of green tea supplementation on elements, total antioxidants, lipids, and glucose values in the serum of obese patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012, 149:315-322.
75. Thielecke F., Rahn G., Bohnke J., Adams F., Birkenfeld A.L., Jordan J., et al. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and postprandial fat oxidation in overweight/obese male volunteers: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2010, 64:704-713.
76. Wang M., Bai J., Chen W.N., Ching C.B. Metabolomic profiling of cellular responses to carvedilol enantiomers in vascular smooth muscle cells. PloS one 2010, 5:e15441.
77. Hursel R., Viechtbauer W., Westerterp-Plantenga M.S. The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: a meta-analysis. Int J Obes 2009, 33:956-961.
78. Phung O.J., Baker W.L., Matthews L.J., Lanosa M., Thorne A., Coleman C.I. Effect of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on anthropometric measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 91:73-81.
79. Jurgens T.M., Whelan A.M., Killian L., Doucette S., Kirk S., Foy E. Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, 12. CD008650.
80. Dixon R.A., Paiva N.L. Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism. Plant Cell 1995, 7:1085-1097.
81. Fremont L. Biological effects of resveratrol. Life Sci 2000, 66:663-673.
82. Romero-Perez A.I., Ibern-Gomez M., Lamuela-Raventos R.M., de La Torre-Boronat M.C. Piceid, the major resveratrol derivative in grape juices. J Agric Food Chem 1999, 47:1533-1536.
83. Burns J., Yokota T., Ashihara H., Lean M.E., Crozier A. Plant foods and herbal sources of resveratrol. J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50:3337-3340.
84. Hurst W.J., Glinski J.A., Miller K.B., Apgar J., Davey M.H., Stuart D.A. Survey of the trans-resveratrol and trans-piceid content of cocoa-containing and chocolate products. J Agric Food Chem 2008, 56:8374-8378.
85. Soleas G.J., Diamandis E.P., Goldberg D.M. Resveratrol: a molecule whose time has come? And gone?. Clin Biochem 1997, 30:91-113.
86. Orallo F. Comparative studies of the antioxidant effects of cis- and trans-resveratrol. Curr Med Chem 2006, 13:87-98.
87. Ahn J., Lee H., Kim S., Ha T. Resveratrol inhibits TNF-alpha-induced changes of adipokines in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007, 364:972-977.
88. Chen S., Li Z., Li W., Shan Z., Zhu W. Resveratrol inhibits cell differentiation in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes via activation of AMPK. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011, 89:793-799.
89. Chen S., Xiao X., Feng X., Li W., Zhou N., Zheng L., et al. Resveratrol induces Sirt1-dependent apoptosis in 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes by activating AMPK and suppressing AKT activity and survivin expression. J Nutr Biochem 2012, 23:1100-1112.
90. Costa Cdos S., Rohden F., Hammes T.O., Margis R., Bortolotto J.W., Padoin A.V., et al. Resveratrol upregulated SIRT1, FOXO1, and adiponectin and downregulated PPARgamma1-3 mRNA expression in human visceral adipocytes. Obes Surg 2011, 21:356-361.
91. Kang L., Heng W., Yuan A., Baolin L., Fang H. Resveratrol modulates adipokine expression and improves insulin sensitivity in adipocytes: relative to inhibition of inflammatory responses. Biochimie 2010, 92:789-796.
92. Kang N.E., Ha A.W., Kim J.Y., Kim W.K. Resveratrol inhibits the protein expression of transcription factors related adipocyte differentiation and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase in mouse fibroblast 3 T3-L1 preadipocytes. Nutr Res Pract 2012, 6:499-504.
93. Kwon J.Y., Seo S.G., Yue S., Cheng J.X., Lee K.W., Kim K.H. An inhibitory effect of resveratrol in the mitotic clonal expansion and insulin signaling pathway in the early phase of adipogenesis. Nutr Res 2012, 32:607-616.
94. Lasa A., Miranda J., Churruca I., Simon E., Arias N., Milagro F., et al. The combination of resveratrol and CLA does not increase the delipidating effect of each molecule in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutr Hosp 2011, 26:997-1003.
95. Lasa A., Schweiger M., Kotzbeck P., Churruca I., Simon E., Zechner R., et al. Resveratrol regulates lipolysis via adipose triglyceride lipase. J Nutr Biochem 2012, 23:379-384.
96. Rayalam S., Yang J.Y., Ambati S., Della-Fera M.A., Baile C.A. Resveratrol induces apoptosis and inhibits adipogenesis in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytother Res 2008, 22:1367-1371.
97. Wang A., Liu M., Liu X., Dong L.Q., Glickman R.D., Slaga T.J., et al. Up-regulation of adiponectin by resveratrol: the essential roles of the Akt/FOXO1 and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and DsbA-L. J Biol Chem 2011, 286:60-66.
98. Zhang H.Y., Du Zx Meng X. Resveratrol prevents TNFalpha-induced suppression of adiponectin expression via PPARgamma activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Clin Exp Med 2013, 13:193-199.
99. Zhang X.H., Huang B., Choi S.K., Seo J.S. Anti-obesity effect of resveratrol-amplified grape skin extracts on 3 T3-L1 adipocytes differentiation. Nutr Res Pract 2012, 6:286-293.
100. Zhu J., Yong W., Wu X., Yu Y., Lv J., Liu C., et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of resveratrol on TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 expression in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008, 369:471-477.
101. Park S.J., Ahmad F., Philp A., Baar K., Williams T., Luo H., et al. Resveratrol ameliorates aging-related metabolic phenotypes by inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterases. Cell 2012, 148:421-433.
102. Chung J.H. Using PDE, inhibitors to harness the benefits of calorie restriction: lessons from resveratrol. Aging 2012, 4:144-145.
103. Wu Z., Puigserver P., Andersson U., Zhang C., Adelmant G., Mootha V., et al. Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell 1999, 98:115-124.
104. Pacholec M., Bleasdale J.E., Chrunyk B., Cunningham D., Flynn D., Garofalo R.S., et al. SRT1720, SRT2183, SRT1460, and resveratrol are not direct activators of SIRT1. J Biol Chem 2010, 285:8340-8351.
105. Beher D., Wu J., Cumine S., Kim K.W., Lu S.C., Atangan L., et al. Resveratrol is not a direct activator of SIRT1 enzyme activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009, 74:619-624.
106. Lagouge M., Argmann C., Gerhart-Hines Z., Meziane H., Lerin C., Daussin F., et al. Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha. Cell 2006, 127:1109-1122.
107. Harp J.B. New insights into inhibitors of adipogenesis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004, 15:303-307.
108. Szkudelska K., Szkudelski T. Resveratrol, obesity and diabetes. Eur J Pharmacol 2010, 635:1-8.
109. Mercader J., Palou A., Bonet M.L. Resveratrol enhances fatty acid oxidation capacity and reduces resistin and Retinol-Binding Protein 4 expression in white adipocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2011, 22:828-834.
110. Crowley V.E., Yeo G.S., O'Rahilly S. Obesity therapy: altering the energy intake-and-expenditure balance sheet. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002, 1:276-286.
111. Alberdi G., Rodriguez V.M., Macarulla M.T., Miranda J., Churruca I., Portillo M.P. Hepatic lipid metabolic pathways modified by resveratrol in rats fed an obesogenic diet. Nutrition 2013, 29:562-567.
112. Alberdi G., Rodriguez V.M., Miranda J., Macarulla M.T., Arias N., Andres-Lacueva C., et al. Changes in white adipose tissue metabolism induced by resveratrol in rats. Nutr Metab 2011, 8:29.
113. Baur J.A., Pearson K.J., Price N.L., Jamieson H.A., Lerin C., Kalra A., et al. Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature 2006, 444:337-342.
114. Bujanda L., Hijona E., Larzabal M., Beraza M., Aldazabal P., Garcia-Urkia N., et al. Resveratrol inhibits nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. BMC Gastroenterol 2008, 8:40.
115. Dal-Pan A., Blanc S., Aujard F. Resveratrol suppresses body mass gain in a seasonal non-human primate model of obesity. BMC Physiol 2010, 10:11.
116. Franco J.G., Lisboa P.C., Lima N.S., Amaral T.A., Peixoto-Silva N., Resende A.C., et al. Resveratrol attenuates oxidative stress and prevents steatosis and hypertension in obese rats programmed by early weaning. J Nutr Biochem 2013, 24:960-966.
117. Gomez-Zorita S., Fernandez-Quintela A., Macarulla M.T., Aguirre L., Hijona E., Bujanda L., et al. Resveratrol attenuates steatosis in obese Zucker rats by decreasing fatty acid availability and reducing oxidative stress. Br J Nutr 2012, 107:202-210.
118. Kim S., Jin Y., Choi Y., Park T. Resveratrol exerts anti-obesity effects via mechanisms involving down-regulation of adipogenic and inflammatory processes in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2011, 81:1343-1351.
119. Macarulla M.T., Alberdi G., Gomez S., Tueros I., Bald C., Rodriguez V.M., et al. Effects of different doses of resveratrol on body fat and serum parameters in rats fed a hypercaloric diet. J Physiol Biochem 2009, 65:369-376.
120. Nagao K., Jinnouchi T., Kai S., Yanagita T. Effect of dietary resveratrol on the metabolic profile of nutrients in obese OLETF rats. Lipids health Dis 2013, 12:8.
121. Poulsen M.M., Larsen J.O., Hamilton-Dutoit S., Clasen B.F., Jessen N., Paulsen S.K., et al. Resveratrol up-regulates hepatic uncoupling protein 2 and prevents development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats fed a high-fat diet. Nutr Res 2012, 32:701-708.
122. Rivera L., Moron R., Zarzuelo A., Galisteo M. Long-term resveratrol administration reduces metabolic disturbances and lowers blood pressure in obese Zucker rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2009, 77:1053-1063.
123. Poulsen M.M., Vestergaard P.F., Clasen B.F., Radko Y., Christensen L.P., Stodkilde-Jorgensen H., et al. High-dose resveratrol supplementation in obese men: an investigator-initiated, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of substrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition. Diabetes 2013, 62:1186-1195.
124. Timmers S., Konings E., Bilet L., Houtkooper R.H., van de Weijer T., Goossens G.H., et al. Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans. Cell Metab 2011, 14:612-622.
125. Tome-Carneiro J., Gonzalvez M., Larrosa M., Garcia-Almagro F.J., Aviles-Plaza F., Parra S., et al. Consumption of a grape extract supplement containing resveratrol decreases oxidized LDL and ApoB in patients undergoing primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a triple-blind, 6-month follow-up, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012, 56:810-821.
126. Tome-Carneiro J., Gonzalvez M., Larrosa M., Yanez-Gascon M.J., Garcia-Almagro F.J., Ruiz-Ros J.A., et al. Grape resveratrol increases serum adiponectin and downregulates inflammatory genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, one-year clinical trial in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013, 27:37-48.
127. Tome-Carneiro J., Larrosa M., Yanez-Gascon M.J., Davalos A., Gil-Zamorano J., Gonzalvez M., et al. One-year supplementation with a grape extract containing resveratrol modulates inflammatory-related microRNAs and cytokines expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetes and hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. Pharmacol Res 2013, 72:69-82.
128. Alappat L., Awad A.B. Curcumin and obesity: evidence and mechanisms. Nutr Rev 2010, 68:729-738.
129. Shishodia S., Sethi G., Aggarwal B.B. Curcumin: getting back to the roots. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005, 1056:206-217.
130. Meydani M., Hasan S.T. Dietary polyphenols and obesity. Nutrients 2010, 2:737-751.
131. Chainani-Wu N. Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: a component of tumeric (Curcuma longa). J Altern Complement Med 2003, 9:161-168.
132. Goel A., Kunnumakkara A.B., Aggarwal B.B. Curcumin as "Curecumin": from kitchen to clinic. Biochem Pharmacol 2008, 75:787-809.
133. Cheng A.L., Hsu C.H., Lin J.K., Hsu M.M., Ho Y.F., Shen T.S., et al. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Res 2001, 21:2895-2900.
134. Ahn J., Lee H., Kim S., Ha T. Curcumin-induced suppression of adipogenic differentiation is accompanied by activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010, 298:C1510-C1516.
135. Dong S.Z., Zhao S.P., Wu Z.H., Yang J., Xie X.Z., Yu B.L., et al. Curcumin promotes cholesterol efflux from adipocytes related to PPARgamma-LXRalpha-ABCA1 passway. Mol Cell Biochem 2011, 358:281-285.
136. Ejaz A., Wu D., Kwan P., Meydani M. Curcumin inhibits adipogenesis in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and angiogenesis and obesity in C57/BL mice. J Nutr 2009, 139:919-925.
137. Gonzales A.M., Orlando R.A. Curcumin and resveratrol inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated cytokine expression in adipocytes. Nutr Metab 2008, 5:17.
138. Kim C.Y., Le T.T., Chen C., Cheng J.X., Kim K.H. Curcumin inhibits adipocyte differentiation through modulation of mitotic clonal expansion. J Nutr Biochem 2011, 22:910-920.
139. Lee Y.K., Lee W.S., Hwang J.T., Kwon D.Y., Surh Y.J., Park O.J. Curcumin exerts antidifferentiation effect through AMPKalpha-PPAR-gamma in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and antiproliferatory effect through AMPKalpha-COX-2 in cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 2009, 57:305-310.
140. Shao W., Yu Z., Chiang Y., Yang Y., Chai T., Foltz W., et al. Curcumin prevents high fat diet induced insulin resistance and obesity via attenuating lipogenesis in liver and inflammatory pathway in adipocytes. PloS one 2012, 7:e28784.
141. Wang S.L., Li Y., Wen Y., Chen Y.F., Na L.X., Li S.T., et al. Curcumin, a potential inhibitor of up-regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6 induced by palmitate in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes through NF-kappaB and JNK pathway. Biomed Environ Sci 2009, 22:32-39.
142. Woo H.M., Kang J.H., Kawada T., Yoo H., Sung M.K., Yu R. Active spice-derived components can inhibit inflammatory responses of adipose tissue in obesity by suppressing inflammatory actions of macrophages and release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 from adipocytes. Life Sci 2007, 80:926-931.
143. Xie X.Y., Kong P.R., Wu J.F., Li Y., Li Y.X. Curcumin attenuates lipolysis stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or isoproterenol in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Phytomed 2012, 20:3-8.
144. Zhao J., Sun X.B., Ye F., Tian W.X. Suppression of fatty acid synthase, differentiation and lipid accumulation in adipocytes by curcumin. Mol Cell Biochem 2011, 351:19-28.
145. Rao D.S., Sekhara N.C., Satyanarayana M.N., Srinivasan M. Effect of curcumin on serum and liver cholesterol levels in the rat. J Nutr 1970, 100:1307-1315.
146. Pongchaidecha A., Lailerd N., Boonprasert W., Chattipakorn N. Effects of curcuminoid supplement on cardiac autonomic status in high-fat-induced obese rats. Nutrition 2009, 25:870-878.
147. Asai A., Miyazawa T. Dietary curcuminoids prevent high-fat diet-induced lipid accumulation in rat liver and epididymal adipose tissue. J Nutr 2001, 131:2932-2935.
148. Oner-Iyidogan Y., Kocak H., Seyidhanoglu M., Gurdol F., Gulcubuk A., Yildirim F., et al. Curcumin prevents liver fat accumulation and serum fetuin-A increase in rats fed a high-fat diet. J Physiol Biochem 2013, [Epub ahead of print].
149. Weisberg S.P., Leibel R., Tortoriello D.V. Dietary curcumin significantly improves obesity-associated inflammation and diabetes in mouse models of diabesity. Endocrinology 2008, 149:3549-3558.
150. Yu Y., Hu S.K., Yan H. The study of insulin resistance and leptin resistance on the model of simplicity obesity rats by curcumin. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi 2008, 42:818-822.
151. He H.J., Wang G.Y., Gao Y., Ling W.H., Yu Z.W., Jin T.R. Curcumin attenuates Nrf2 signaling defect, oxidative stress in muscle and glucose intolerance in high fat diet-fed mice. World J Diabetes 2012, 3:94-104.
152. Yekollu S.K., Thomas R., O'Sullivan B. Targeting curcusomes to inflammatory dendritic cells inhibits NF-kappaB and improves insulin resistance in obese mice. Diabetes 2011, 60:2928-2938.
153. Asai A., Nakagawa K., Miyazawa T. Antioxidative effects of turmeric, rosemary and capsicum extracts on membrane phospholipid peroxidation and liver lipid metabolism in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999, 63:2118-2122.
154. Jang E.M., Choi M.S., Jung U.J., Kim M.J., Kim H.J., Jeon S.M., et al. Beneficial effects of curcumin on hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance in high-fat-fed hamsters. Metabolism 2008, 57:1576-1583.
155. Kempaiah R.K., Srinivasan K. Beneficial influence of dietary curcumin, capsaicin and garlic on erythrocyte integrity in high-fat fed rats. J Nutr Biochem 2006, 17:471-478.
156. Leray V., Freuchet B., Le Bloc'h J., Jeusette I., Torre C., Nguyen P. Effect of citrus polyphenol- and curcumin-supplemented diet on inflammatory state in obese cats. Br J Nutr 2011, 106(Suppl 1):S198-S201.
157. Mesa M.D., Aguilera C.M., Ramirez-Tortosa C.L., Ramirez-Tortosa M.C., Quiles J.L., Baro L., et al. Oral administration of a turmeric extract inhibits erythrocyte and liver microsome membrane oxidation in rabbits fed with an atherogenic diet. Nutrition 2003, 19:800-804.
158. Ramirez-Bosca A., Soler A., Carrion M.A., Diaz-Alperi J., Bernd A., Quintanilla C., et al. An hydroalcoholic extract of curcuma longa lowers the apo B/apo A ratio. Implications for atherogenesis prevention. Mech Ageing Dev 2000, 119:41-47.
159. Ramirez Bosca A., Soler A., Carrion-Gutierrez M.A., Pamies Mira D., Pardo Zapata J., Diaz-Alperi J., et al. An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen. Mech Ageing Dev 2000, 114:207-210.
160. Baum L., Cheung S.K., Mok V.C., Lam L.C., Leung V.P., Hui E., et al. Curcumin effects on blood lipid profile in a 6-month human study. Pharmacol Res 2007, 56:509-514.
161. Wang S., Noh S.K., Koo S.I. Epigallocatechin gallate and caffeine differentially inhibit the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and fat in ovariectomized rats. J Nutr 2006, 136:2791-2796.
162. Han D.W., Matsumura K., Kim B., Hyon S.H. Time-dependent intracellular trafficking of FITC-conjugated epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate in L-929 cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2008, 16:9652-9659.
163. Hong J., Lu H., Meng X., Ryu J.H., Hara Y., Yang C.S. Stability, cellular uptake, biotransformation, and efflux of tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2002, 62:7241-7246.
164. Umeda D., Yano S., Yamada K., Tachibana H. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate signaling pathway through 67-kDa laminin receptor. J Biol Chem 2008, 283:3050-3058.
165. Hsu Y.C., Liou Y.M. The anti-cancer effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the signaling pathways associated with membrane receptors in MCF-7 cells. J Cell Physiol 2011, 226:2721-2730.
166. Hsieh C.F., Tsuei Y.W., Liu C.W., Kao C.C., Shih L.J., Ho L.T., et al. Green tea epigallocatechin gallate inhibits insulin stimulation of adipocyte glucose uptake via the 67-kilodalton laminin receptor and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways. Planta Med 2010, 76:1694-1698.
167. Fischer-Posovszky P., Kukulus V., Tews D., Unterkircher T., Debatin K.M., Fulda S., et al. Resveratrol regulates human adipocyte number and function in a Sirt1-dependent manner. Am J Clin Nutr 2010, 92:5-15.
168. Picard F., Kurtev M., Chung N., Topark-Ngarm A., Senawong T., Machado De Oliveira R., et al. Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-gamma. Nature 2004, 429:771-776.
169. Kim C.Y., Bordenave N., Ferruzzi M.G., Safavy A., Kim K.H. Modification of curcumin with polyethylene glycol enhances the delivery of curcumin in preadipocytes and its antiadipogenic property. J Agric Food Chem 2011, 59:1012-1019.
170. Chen L., Lee M.J., Li H., Yang C.S. Absorption, distribution, elimination of tea polyphenols in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 1997, 25:1045-1050.
171. Warden B.A., Smith L.S., Beecher G.R., Balentine D.A., Clevidence B.A. Catechins are bioavailable in men and women drinking black tea throughout the day. J Nutr 2001, 131:1731-1737.
172. Lee M.J., Maliakal P., Chen L., Meng X., Bondoc F.Y., Prabhu S., et al. Pharmacokinetics of tea catechins after ingestion of green tea and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate by humans: formation of different metabolites and individual variability. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11:1025-1032.
173. Shoba G., Joy D., Joseph T., Majeed M., Rajendran R., Srinivas P.S. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med 1998, 64:353-356.
174. Anand P., Kunnumakkara A.B., Newman R.A., Aggarwal B.B. Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises. Mol Pharm 2007, 4:807-818.
175. Baur J.A., Sinclair D.A. Therapeutic potential of resveratrol: the in vivo evidence. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006, 5:493-506.
176. Conquer J.A., Maiani G., Azzini E., Raguzzini A., Holub B.J. Supplementation with quercetin markedly increases plasma quercetin concentration without effect on selected risk factors for heart disease in healthy subjects. J Nutr 1998, 128:593-597.
177. Hollman P.C., vd Gaag M., Mengelers M.J., van Trijp J.M., de Vries J.H., Katan M.B. Absorption and disposition kinetics of the dietary antioxidant quercetin in man. Free Radic Biol Med 1996, 21:703-707.
178. Hong Y.J., Mitchell A.E. Metabolic profiling of flavonol metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52:6794-6801.
179. Lotito S.B., Zhang W.J., Yang C.S., Crozier A., Frei B. Metabolic conversion of dietary flavonoids alters their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Free Radic Biol Med 2011, 51:454-463.