The taming of democracy assistance: Why democracy promotion does not confront dictators

The Taming of Democracy Assistance: Why Democracy Promotion does not Confront Dictators

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-268

  Bush, Sarah Sunn ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84953376415     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107706934     Document Type: Book

References (357)

1. Abu-Lughod, Lila. 2002. “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and its Others.” American Anthropologist 104(3): 783-90.
2. Alesina, Alberto and David Dollar. 2000. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?” Journal of Economic Growth 5(1): 33-63.
3. Alesina, Alberto and Beatrice Weder. 2002. “Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign Aid?” American Economic Review 92(4): 1126-37.
4. Amara, Tarek. 2012. “Thousands Rally in Tunisia for Women’s Rights.” Reuters, August 13.
5. Angrist, Michele Penner. 1999. “Parties, Parliament, and Political Dissent in Tunisia.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 4(4): 89-104.
6. Arvin, B. Mak. 2002. New Perspectives on Foreign Aid and Economic Development. Westport, CT: Praeger.
7. Autesserre, Séverine. 2014. Peaceland: Conflict Resolution and the Everyday Politics of International Intervention. Problems of International Politics Series. New York: Cambridge University Press.
8. Azpuru, Dinorah, Steven E. Finkel, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán and Mitchell A. Selig-son. 2008. “Trends in Democracy Assistance: What has the United States Been Doing?” Journal of Democracy 19(2): 150-9.
9. Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo. 2003. Linked: How Everything is Connected to Everything Else and What it Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life. New York: Plume.
10. Barkan, Joel D. 2012. “Democracy Assistance: What Recipients Think.” Journal of Democracy 23(1): 129-37.
11. Barkan, Joel D. and Fred Matiangi. 2009. “Legislative Power in Emerging African Democracies.” In: Kenya’s Torturous Path to Successful Legislative Development, ed. Joel D. Barkan. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 33-72.
12. Barnett, Michael N. 2009. “Evolution Without Progress? Humanitarianism in a World of Hurt?” International Organization 63(4): 621-63.
13. Barnett, Michael and Liv Coleman. 2005. “Designing Police: Interpol and the Study of Change in International Organizations.” International Studies Quarterly 49(4): 593-619.
14. Baylouny, Anne Marie. 2005. “Jordan’s New ‘Political Development’ Strategy.” Middle East Report 35(3): 40-3.
15. Beaulieu, Emily and Susan D. Hyde. 2009. “In the Shadow of Democracy Promotion: Strategic Manipulation, International Observers and Election Boycotts.” Comparative Political Studies 42(3): 392-415.
16. Beissinger, Mark R. 2007. “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5(2): 259-76.
17. Bellin, Eva. 2004. “The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Exceptionalism in Comparative Theory.” Comparative Politics 36(2): 139-57.
18. Bellin, Eva. 2012. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring.” Comparative Politics 44(2): 127-49.
19. Bermeo, Sarah Blodgett. 2008. “Foreign Aid, Foreign Policy and Strategic Development.” PhD dissertation. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
20. Bicchi, Federica. 2009. “Democracy Assistance in the Mediterranean: An Overview.” Mediterranean Politics 14(1): 61-78.
21. Birch, Sarah. 2012. Electoral Malpractice. Comparative Politics Series. Oxford University Press.
22. Bjornlund, Eric. 2000. “Civil Society Transformed: International Aid to New Political Parties in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 11(2): 161-79.
23. Bjornlund, Eric. 2001. “Democracy, Inc.” The Wilson Quarterly 25(3): 18-24.
24. Bjornlund, Eric. 2004. Beyond Free and Fair: Monitoring Elections and Building Democracy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
25. Blackwell, Matthew, Stefano Iacus, and Gary King. 2009. “cem: Coarsened Exact Matching in Stata.” The Stata Journal 9(4): 524-46.
26. Bloodgood, Elizabeth A. 2011. “The Interest Group Analogy: International Non-Governmental Advocacy Organisations in International Politics.” Review ofInternational Studies 37(1): 93-120.
27. Bob, Clifford. 2005. The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
28. Bogdanich, Walt and Jenny Nordberg. 2006. “Mixed U.S. Signals Helped Tilt Haiti Toward Chaos.” New York Times, January 29.
29. Bollen, Kenneth, Pamela Paxton, and Rumi Morishima. 2005. “Assessing International Evaluations: An Example From USAID’s Democracy and Governance Program.” American Journal of Evaluation 26(2): 189-203.
30. Boulding, Carew. 2012. “Dilemmas of Information and Accountability: Foreign Aid Donors and Local Development NGOs.” In: The Credibility of Transnational NGOs: When Virtue is Not Enough, ed. Peter A. Gourevitch, David A. Lake, and Janice Gross Stein. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 115-36.
31. Bradley, Curtis A. and Judith G. Kelley. 2008. “The Concept of International Delegation.” Law &Contemporary Problems 71(1): 1-36.
32. Brady, Henry E. and David Collier, eds. 2004. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Lanham, MD: Rowman &Littlefield.
33. Brancati, Dawn. 2014. “The Determinants of U.S. Public Opinion Towards Democracy Promotion.” Political Behavior forthcoming.
34. Brancati, Dawn and Jack L. Snyder. 2011. “Rushing to the Polls: The Causes of Premature Post-Conflict Elections.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(3): 469-92.
35. Britton, Hannah Evelyn. 2005. Women in the South African Parliament: From Resistance to Governance. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
36. Brown, Keith. 2006. “The New Ugly Americans? Making Sense of Democracy Promotion in the Former Yugoslavia.” In: Transacting Transition: The Micropolitics of Democracy Assistance in the Former Yugoslavia, ed. Keith Brown. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, pp. 1-22.
37. Brown, Stephen. 2001. “Authoritarian Leaders and Multiparty Elections in Africa: How Foreign Donors Help to Keep Kenya’s Daniel arap Moi in Power.” Third World Quarterly 22(5): 725-39.
38. Brown, Stephen. 2004. “Theorising Kenya’s Protracted Transition to Democracy.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 22(2): 325-42.
39. Brown, Stephen. 2011. “‘Well, What Can You Expect?’: Donor Officials’ Apologetics for Hybrid Regimes in Africa.” Democratization 18(2): 512-34.
40. Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.
41. Brownlee, Jason. 2012. Democracy Prevention: The Politics of the U.S.-Egyptian Alliance. Cambridge University Press.
42. BuenodeMesquita, Bruce and Alastair, Smith. 2009. “A Political Economy of Aid.” International Organization 63(2): 309-40.
43. Bunce, Valerie J. and Sharon L. Wolchik. 2006a. “International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39(3): 283-304.
44. Bunce, Valerie J. and Sharon L. Wolchik. 2006b. “Transnational Networks, Diffusion Dynamics and Electoral Revolutions in the Postcommunist World.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 378(1): 92-9.
45. Bunce, Valerie J. and Sharon L. Wolchik. 2011. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.
46. Burnell, Peter J., ed. 2000. Democracy Assistance: International Co-operation for Democratization. London: Routledge.
47. Burnside, Craig and David Dollar. 2000. “Aid, Policies, and Growth.” American Economic Review 90(4): 847-68.
48. Burnside, Craig and David Dollar. 2004. “Aid, Policies, and Growth: Revisiting the Evidence.” Policy Research Working Paper Series 3251. Washington, DC: World Bank.
49. Bush, Sarah Sunn. 2011. “International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures.” International Organization 65(1): 103-37.
50. Bush, Sarah Sunn. 2013. “‘Made-in-America’ Democracy? Explaining Allocation Patterns in American Democracy Support.” Paper presented at the 2013 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 12.
51. Bush, Sarah Sunn and Amaney Jamal. 2015. “Anti-Americanism, Authoritarian Regimes, and Women’s Political Representation: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Jordan.” International Studies Quarterly forthcoming.
52. Büthe, Tim, Solomon Major, and André de Mello e Souza. 2012. “The Politics of Private Foreign Aid: Humanitarian Principles, Economic Development Objectives, and Organizational Interests in NGO Private Aid Allocation.” International Organization 66(4): 571-607.
53. Campbell, Donald T. 1976. “Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change.” Paper No. 8, Occasional Paper Series, The Public Affairs Center, Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College.
54. Carapico, Sheila. 2002. “Foreign Aid for Promoting Democracy in the Arab World.” Middle East Journal 56(3): 379-95.
55. Carothers, Thomas. 1996. “Aiding Post-Communist Societies: A Better Way?” Problems of Post-Communism 43(5): 15-24.
56. Carothers, Thomas. 1999. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
57. Carothers, Thomas. 2005. “Choosing a Strategy.” In: Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, ed. Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 193-208.
58. Carothers, Thomas. 2006a. “The Backlash Against Democracy Promotion.” Foreign Affairs 85(2): 55-68.
59. Carothers, Thomas. 2006b. Confronting the Weakest Link: Aiding Political Parties in New Democracies. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
60. Carothers, Thomas. 2009a. “Democracy Assistance: Political vs. Developmental?” Journal of Democracy 20(1): 5-19.
61. Carothers, Thomas. 2009b. “Democracy Assistance Without a Plan.” LSE UNDP Development and Transition. Available at: www.carnegieendowment.org/2009/04/01/democracy- assistance-without-plan.
62. Carothers, Thomas. 2009c. “Revitalizing Democracy Assistance: The Challenge of USAID.” Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
63. Carpenter, R. Charli. 2007. “Studying Issue (Non-)Adoption in Transnational Advocacy Networks.” International Organization 61(3): 643-67.
64. Carpenter, R. Charli. 2011. “Vetting the Advocacy Agenda: Network Centrality and the Paradox of Weapons Norms.” International Organization 65(1): 69-102.
65. Carpenter, R. Charli and Betcy Jose. 2012. “Transnational Issue Networks in Real and Virtual Space: The Case of Women, Peace and Security.” Global Networks 12(4): 525-43.
66. Chicago Council on Foreign Relations and the German Marshall Fund of the United States. 2002. “Worldviews 2002.” U.S. Leaders Topline Report. Available at: www.thechicagocouncil.org/files/Studies_Publications/P0S/P0S2002/Public Opinion Survey Worldviews 2002.aspx.
67. Chikhladze, Giga and Irakli Chikhladze. 2005. “The Rose Revolution: A Chronicle.” In: Enough!: The Rose Revolution in the Republic of Georgia, 2003, ed. Zurab Karumidze and James Wertsch. New York: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 1-20.
68. Chomiak, Laryssa. 2011. “The Making of a Revolution in Tunisia.” Middle East Law and Governance 3(1): 68-83.
69. Christensen, Darin and Jeremy Weinstein. 2013. “Defunding Dissent: Restrictions on Aid to NGOs.” Journal of Democracy 24(2): 77-91.
70. Clark, Ann Marie, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hochstetler. 1998. “The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women.” World Politics 51(1): 1-35.
71. Clark, Janine A. and Wacheke M. Michuki. 2009. “Women and NGO Professionalisation: A Case Study of Jordan.” Development in Practice 19(3): 329-39.
72. Clinton, Hillary Rodham. 2009. “Address to the U.S. Agency for International Development Employees.” Washington, D.C., January 23. Available at: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2009/01/2009012317060eaifas0.1295893.html.
73. Coles, Kimberley A. 2004. “Election Day: The Construction of Democracy through Technique.” Cultural Anthropology 19(4): 551-80.
74. Coles, Kimberley A. 2007. Democratic Designs: International Intervention and Electoral Practices in Post-War Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
75. Collier, David and Steven Levitsky. 1997. “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research.” World Politics 49(3): 430-51.
76. Collier, David, Jody LaPorte, and Jason Seawright. 2012. “Putting Typologies to Work: Concept-Formation, Measurement, and Analytic Rigor.” Political Research Quarterly 65(2): 217-32.
77. Cooley, Alexander and James Ron. 2002. “The NGO Scramble: Organizational Insecurity and the Political Economy of Transnational Action.” International Security 27(1): 5-39.
78. Copelovitch, Mark S. 2010. “Master or Servant? Common Agency and the Political Economy of IMF Lending.” International Studies Quarterly 54(1): 49-77.
79. Corn, David. 1993. “Beltway Bandits: Better Dead than NED.” The Nation, July 12, pp. 56-7.
80. Corstange, Daniel and Nikolay Marinov. 2012. “Taking Sides in Other People’s Elections: The Polarizing Effect of Foreign Intervention.” American Journal of Political Science 56(3): 655-70.
81. Cox, Michael, G. John Ikenberry, and Takashi Inoguchi, eds. 2000. American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies and Impacts. Oxford University Press.
82. Crawford, Gordon. 2001. Foreign Aid and Political Reform: A Comparative Analysis of Democracy Assistance and Political Conditionality. New York: Palgrave.
83. Davenport, Christian. 2007. “State Repression and Political Order.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 1-23.
84. David, Assaf and Stefanie Nanes. 2011. “The Women’s Quota in Jordan’s Municipal Councils: International and Domestic Dimensions.” Journal of Women, Politics &Policy 32(4): 275-304.
85. Democracy International, Inc. 2011. “Parliamentary Program of Azerbaijan Evaluation: Final Report.” Bethesda, MD: Democracy International, Inc.
86. Diamond, Larry. 1997. Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York.
87. Dicther, Thomas W. 2003. Despite Good Intentions: Why Development Assistance to the Third World Has Failed. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
88. Dietrich, Simone. 2013. “Bypass or Engage? Explaining Donor Delivery Tactics in Foreign Aid Allocation.” International Studies Quarterly 57(4): 698-712.
89. DiMaggio, Paul J. 1991. “Constructing an Organizational Field as a Professional Project: U.S. Art Museums, 1920-1940.” In: The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, ed. Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. University of Chicago Press, pp. 267-92.
90. DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphisms and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48(2): 147-60.
91. Donno, Daniela. 2010. “Who Is Punished? Regional Intergovernmental Organizations and the Enforcement of Democratic Norms.” International Organization 64(4): 593-625.
92. Donno, Daniela. 2013. Defending Democratic Norms: International Actors and the Politics of Electoral Misconduct. Oxford University Press.
93. Dreher, Axel, Jan-Egbert Sturm, and James Raymond Vreeland. 2009. “Development Aid and International Politics: Does Membership on the UN Security Council Influence World Bank Decisions?” Journal of Development Economics 88(1): 1-18.
94. Drezner, Daniel W. 2008. “The Realist Tradition in American Public Opinion.” Perspectives on Politics 6(1): 51-70.
95. Durac, Vincent and Francesco Cavatorta. 2011. “Strengthening Authoritarian Rule through Democracy Promotion? Examining the Paradox of the US and EU Security Strategies: The Case of Bin Ali’s Tunisia.” Journal of North African Studies 36(1): 3-19.
96. Easterly, William. 2002. “The Cartel of Good Intentions.” Foreign Policy131(July-August): 40-9.
97. Easterly, William. 2006. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. New York: Penguin.
98. Economist (online). 2011. “Tunisia’s Revolution in the Arab Press: What the Arab Papers Say.” Available at: www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/01/tunisias_revolution_arab_press.
99. Elkins, Zachary. 2009. “Constitutional Networks.” In: Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, ed. Miles Kahler. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 43-63.
100. Embassy Cairo. 2007. “Egypt: Updated Democracy Strategy.” Available at: www.aftenposten.no/spesial/wikileaksdokumenter/article4008796.ece.
101. Embassy Manama. 2010. “Guarding NDI’s Flank.” Available at: www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks-files/bahrain-wikileaks-cables/83344643/GUARDING-NDIS
102. Epstein, Susan B., Nina M. Serafino, and Francis T. Miko. 2007. Democracy Promotion: Cornerstone of U.S. Foreign Policy? Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
103. European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights. 2012. “EIDHR: Call for Proposals.” Memorandum. Available at: www.eidhr.eu/files/dmfile/MicrosoftPowerPoint-EIDHR_FORUM2012_CfPObj1_publ.pdf.
104. European Parliament, Office for Promotion of Parliamentary Democracy. 2010. Getting Acquainted: Setting the Stage for Democracy Assistance. Brussels: European Parliament.
105. European Union. 2007. “The Council of the European Union.” Treaty of Nice: A Comprehensive Guide. Available at: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/nice:treaty/nice:treaty_council_en. htm.
106. Fahim, Kareem. 2012. “As Hopes for Reform Fade in Bahrain, Protesters Turn Anger on United States.” New York Times, June 23, p. A6.
107. Fahmy, Mohamed Fadel. 2012. “Captains Stay with their Crew.” Foreign Policy (online). Available at: www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/05/02/captains_stay_with_their_crew.
108. Faust, Jörg and Melody Garcia. 2013. “With or Without Force: European Public Opinion on Democracy Promotion.” Discussion Paper. Bonn: German Development Institute.
109. Fearon, James D. and David D. Laitin. 2000. “Ordinary Language and External Validity: Specifying Concepts in the Study of Ethnicity.” Paper presented at the 96th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August/September, Washington, DC.
110. Ferguson, James. 1990. The Anti-Politics Machine: “Development,” Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. New York: Cambridge University Press.
111. Finkel, Steven E., Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, and Mitchell A. Seligson. 2007. “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy Building, 1990-2003.” World Politics 59(3): 404-39.
112. Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52(4): 887-917.
113. Flores, Thomas Edward and Irfan Nooruddin. 2012. “The Effect of Elections on Postconflict Peace and Reconstruction.” Journal of Politics 74(2): 558-70.
114. Fowler, Alan. 1996. “Demonstrating NGO Performance: Problems and Possibilities.” Development in Practice 6(1): 58-65.
115. Franck, Thomas M. 1992. “The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance.” American Journal of International Law 86(1): 46-91.
116. Freedom House. 1985-2014. Freedom in the World (annual reports). Washington, DC: Freedom House.
117. Freedom House. 2003. “Freedom House Statement on Iraq War.” Available at: www.freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-house-statement-iraq-war.
118. Freedom House. 2012. “About Us.” Available at: www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm? page=2.
119. Freyburg, Tina. 2011. “Transgovernmental Networks as Catalysts for Democratic Change? EU Functional Cooperation with Arab Authoritarian Regimes and Socialization of Involved State Officials into Democratic Governance.” Democratization 18(4): 1001-25.
120. Gandhi, Jennifer and Ellen Lust-Okar. 2009. “Elections Under Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 403-22.
121. Gandhi, Jennifer and Adam Przeworski. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies 40(11): 1279-301.
122. Gartzke, Erik. 1998. “Kant We All Just Get Along? Opportunity, Willingness, and the Origins of the Democratic Peace.” American Journal of Political Science 42(1): 1-27.
123. Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know About Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115-44.
124. Gershman, Carl and Michael Allen. 2006. “New Threats to Freedom: The Assault on Democracy Assistance.” Journal of Democracy 17(2): 36-51.
125. Ghribi, Asma. 2011. “State Department Program’s Funding of Tunisian Media Comes under Scrutiny.” Tunisia Live. Available at: http://goo.gl/NHcDCe.
126. Giannone, Diego. 2010. “Political and Ideological Aspects in the Measurement of Democracy: The Freedom House Case.” Democratization 17(1): 68-97.
127. Girod, Desha M., Stephen D. Krasner, and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss. 2009. “Governance and Foreign Assistance: The Imperfect Translation of Ideas into Outcomes.” In: Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies, ed. Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse, and Michael A. McFaul. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 61-92.
128. Global Net. 2011. “Abdelwahab El Hani: ‘Les extrêmes sont un danger pour la Tunisie’.” Global Net. Available at: http://goo.gl/2uTsgY.
129. Goemans, Henk E., Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Giacomo Chiozza. 2009. “Introducing Archigos: A Dataset of Political Leaders.” Journal of Peace Research 46(2): 269-83.
130. Goldstein, Judith and Robert O. Keohane. 1993. “Ideas and Foreign Policy: An Analytical Framework.” In: Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change, ed. Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 3-30.
131. Gourevitch, Peter A. 1978. “The Second Image Reversed.” International Organization 32(4): 881-912.
132. Gourevitch, Peter A. and David A. Lake. 2012. “Beyond Virtue: Evaluating and Enhancing the Credibility of Non-Governmental Organizations.” In: The Credibility of Transnational NGOs: When Virtue is Not Enough, ed. Peter A. Gourevitch, David A. Lake, and Janice Gross Stein. Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-34.
133. Green, Andrew T. and Richard D. Kohl. 2007. “Challenges of Evaluating Democracy Assistance: Perspectives from the Donor Side.” Democratization14(2): 151-65.
134. Green, Donald P., Soo Yeon H. Kim, and David Yoon. 2001. “Dirty Pool.” International Organization 5(2): 441-68.
135. Guilhot, Nicolas. 2005. The Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order. New York: Columbia University Press.
136. Guilhot, Nicolas. 2007. “Reforming the World: George Soros, Global Capitalism, and the Philanthropic Management of the Social Sciences.” Critical Sociology 33(3): 447-77.
137. Gutner, Tamar. 2005a. “Explaining the Gaps between Mandate and Performance: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform.” Global Environmental Politics 5(2): 10-37.
138. Gutner, Tamar. 2005b. “World Bank Environmental Reform: Revisiting Lessons from Agency Theory.” International Organization 59(3): 773-83.
139. Hachicha, Neila Charchour. 2005. “Tunisia’s Election Was Undemocratic at All Levels.” Middle East Quarterly 12(3): 77-81.
140. Hadenius, Axel and Jan Teorell. 2007. “Pathways from Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18(1): 143-57.
141. Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., Miles Kahler, and Alexander H. Montgomery. 2009. “Network Analysis for International Relations.” International Organization63(3): 559-92.
142. Hamid, Shadi and Peter Mandaville. 2013. “Bringing the United States Back into the Middle East.” Washington Quarterly 36(4): 95-105.
143. Hammami, Rema. 2000. “Palestinian NGOs since Oslo: From NGO Politics to Social Movements?” Middle East Report 214(Spring): 16-19, 27, 48.
144. Hancock, Graham. 1989. The Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business. London: Macmillan.
145. Haring, Melinda A. 2013. “Reforming the Democracy Bureaucracy.” Philadelphia, PA: Foreign Policy Research Institute.
146. Hawkins, Darren G., David A. Lake, Daniel L. Nielson, and Michael J. Tierney. 2006. “Delegation Under Anarchy: States, International Organizations and Principal-Agent Theory.” In: Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, ed. Darren G. Hawkins, David A. Lake, Daniel L. Nielson, and Michael J. Tierney. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3-38.
147. Hawthorne, Amy. 2005. “Is Civil Society the Answer?” In: Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, ed. Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 81-114.
148. Hazaimeh, Hani. 2010. “Jordan Makes Tangible Progress in Reforms - EU.” Jordan Times, May 13.
149. Henderson, Sarah L. 2000. “Importing Civil Society: Foreign Aid and the Women’s Movement in Russia.” Demokratizatsiya: Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization 8(1): 65-82.
150. Henderson, Sarah L. 2002. “Selling Civil Society: Western Aid and the Nongovernmental Organization Sector in Russia.” Comparative Political Studies 35(2): 139-67.
151. Henderson, Sarah L. 2003. Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for Grassroots Organizations. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
152. Heydemann, Steven. 2007. “Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World.” Analysis Paper No. 13. Washington, DC: The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution.
153. Ho, Daniel E., Kosuke Imai, Gary King, and Elizabeth A. Stuart. 2007. “Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference.” Political Analysis 15(3): 199-236.
154. Hobson, Christopher and Milja Kurki. 2012. “Introduction.” In: The Conceptual Politics of Democracy Promotion, ed. Christopher Hobson and Milja Kurki. London: Routledge, pp. 1-15.
155. Holsti, Ole R. 2000. “Promotion of Democracy as Popular Demand.” In: American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies and Impacts, ed. Michael Cox, G. John Ikenberry, and Takashi Inoguchi. Oxford University Press, pp. 151-81.
156. Hood, Christopher. 1998. The Art of the State: Culture, Rhetoric and Public Management. Oxford University Press.
157. Hopgood, Stephen. 2008. “Saying ‘No’ to Wal-Mart? Money and Morality in Professional Humanitarianism.” In: Humanitarianism in Question: Politics, Power, Ethics, ed. Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 98-123.
158. House of Commons, International Development Committee. 2010. “Draft International Development (Official Development Assistance Target) Bill.” Seventh Report of Session 2009-10. London: The Stationery Office.
159. Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
160. Hyde, Susan D. 2007. “The Observer Effect in International Politics: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” World Politics 60(1): 37-63.
161. Hyde, Susan D. 2010. “Experimenting in Democracy Promotion: International Observers and the 2004 Presidential Elections in Indonesia.” Perspectives on Politics 8(2): 511-27.
162. Hyde, Susan D. 2011. The Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma: Why Election Observation Became an International Norm. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
163. Hyde, Susan D. 2012. “Why Believe International Election Monitors?” In: The Credibility of Transnational NGOs: When Virtue Is Not Enough, ed. Peter A. Gourevitch, David A. Lake, and Janice Gross Stein. Cambridge University Press, pp. 37-61.
164. Hyde, Susan D. and Nikolay Marinov. 2012. “Which Elections Can Be Lost?” Political Analysis 20(2): 191-210.
165. Iacus, Stefano M., Gary King, and Giuseppe Porro. 2012. “Causal Inference Without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching.” Political Analysis20(1): 1-24.
166. Ibn Al Hussein, Abdullah, II. 2011. “Speech of His Majesty King Abdullah II on the Occasion of Arab Revolt, Army Day and Coronation Day.” Amman, Jordan, June. Available at: http://kingabdullah.jo/index.php/en_US/speeches/view/id/478/videoDisplay/10.html.
167. Ichino, Nahomi and Matthias Schuendein. 2012. “Deterring or Displacing Electoral Irregularities? Spillover Effects of Observers in a Randomized Field Experiment in Ghana.” Journal of Politics 74(1): 292-307.
168. Ikenberry, G. John. 1993. “Creating Yesterday’s New World Order: Keynesian ‘New Thinking’ and the Anglo-American Postwar Settlement.” In: Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change, ed. Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 57-86.
169. Ikenberry, G. John. 2000. “America’s Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post-war Era.” In: American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies and Impacts, ed. Michael Cox, G. John Ikenberry, and Takashi Inoguchi. Oxford University Press, pp. 103-26.
170. Inglehart, Ronald and Pippa Norris. 2003. Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
171. Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe. 2001. “2000-2001 Activities.” Available at: www.idee.org/ideeactivities2000-2001.html.
172. Inglehart, Ronald and Pippa Norris.2012. “IDEE Program and Activities: 2010-2012.” Available at: www.idee. org/ideeactivities2010- 12.html.
173. International Center for Not-for-Profit Law. 2012. “NGO Law Monitor: Jordan.” Washington, DC: International Center for Not-for-Profit Law.
174. Ishkanian, Armine. 2008. Democracy Building and Civil Society in Post-Soviet Armenia. New York: Routledge.
175. Jackson, Jeffrey T. 2005. The Globalizers: Development Workers in Action. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
176. Jad, Islah. 2004. “The NGO-isation of Arab Women’s Movements.” IDS Bulletin35(4): 34-42.
177. Jamal, Amaney A. 2007. Barriers to Democracy: The Other Side of Social Capital in Palestine. Princeton University Press.
178. Jamal, Amaney A. 2012. Of Empires and Citizens: Pro-American Democracy or No Democracy at All? Princeton University Press.
179. Johnson, Tana. 2010. “Rethinking Non-State Actors: The Role and Impact of International Bureaucrats in Institutional Design.” PhD dissertation. University of Chicago.
180. Jordan, Michael J. 1996. “Iliescu’s Foes Say US Envoy Meddling in Romania Vote.” Christian Science Monitor, October 11, p. 1.
181. Jordan Times. 2010. “Jordan Obtains ‘Advanced Status’ with EU.” Jordan Times, October 27.
182. Kahler, Miles. 2009. “Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance.” In: Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, ed. Miles Kahler. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 1-20.
183. Katz, Ethan. 2001. “Bias in Conditional and Unconditional Fixed Effects Logit Estimation.” Political Analysis 9(4): 379-84.
184. Katzenstein, Peter J. and Robert O. Keohane. 2007. “Varieties of Anti-Americanism: A Framework for Analysis.” In: Anti-Americanisms in World Politics, ed. Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 9-38.
185. Keck, Margaret E. and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
186. Kelley, Judith G. 2004. Ethnic Politics in Europe: The Power of Norms and Incentives. Princeton University Press.
187. Kelley, Judith G. 2008. “Assessing the Complex Evolution of Norms: The Rise of International Election Monitoring.” International Organization 62(2): 221-55.
188. Kelley, Judith G. 2009. “D-Minus Elections: The Politics and Norms of International Election Observation.” International Organization 63(4): 765-87.
189. Kelley, Judith G. 2012. Monitoring Democracy: When International Election Observation Works and Why it Often Fails. Princeton University Press.
190. Kennedy, David. 2005. The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Human-itarianism. Princeton University Press.
191. Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye. 1977. Power and Interdependence. Boston: Little, Brown.
192. Khalaf, Roula. 2012. “Kings Trump Aid for Arab Spring Nations.” Financial Times, July 16, p. 13.
193. King, Gary and Langche Zeng. 2006. “The Dangers of Extreme Counterfactu-als.” Political Analysis 14(2): 131-59.
194. Kirkpatrick, David K. 2012. “Egypt Defies U.S. by Setting Trial for 19 Americans on Criminal Charges.” New York Times, February 5, p. A1.
195. Kopstein, Jeffrey. 2006. “The Transatlantic Divide over Democracy Promotion.” Washington Quarterly 29(2): 85-98.
196. Korey, William. 1998. NGOs and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “A Curious Grapevine”. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
197. Krisch, Henry. 2009. “George Soros.” In: Encyclopedia of Human Rights, ed. David P. Forsythe. Oxford University Press.
198. Lake, David A. and Wendy H. Wong. 2009. “The Politics of Networks: Interests, Power, and Human Rights Norms.” In: Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, ed. Miles Kahler. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 127-50.
199. Lasota, Irena. 1999. “Sometimes Less Is More.” Journal of Democracy 10(4): 125-8.
200. Lecy, Jesse D., George E. Mitchell and Hans Peter Schmitz. 2010. “Advocacy Organizations, Networks, and the Firm Analogy.” In: Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action, ed. Aseem Prakash and Mary Kay Gugerty. Cambridge University Press, pp. 229-51.
201. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. 2005. “International Linkage and Democratization.” Journal of Democracy 16(3): 20-34.
202. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: The Origins and Evolution of Hybrid Regimes in the Post-Cold War Era. Problems of International Politics Series. New York: Cambridge University Press.
203. Lieberman, Evan S. 2005. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research.” American Political Science Review 99(3): 435-52.
204. Lindberg, Staffan. 2006. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
205. Lowenthal, Abraham F., ed. 1991. Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
206. Ludwig, Robin. 2004. “The UN’s Electoral Assistance: Challenges, Accomplishments, Prospects.” In: The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality, ed. Edward Newman and Roland Rich. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, pp. 169-87.
207. Lumsdaine, David Halloran. 1993. Moral Vision in International Politics: The Foreign Aid Regime, 1949-1989. Princeton University Press.
208. Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2009. “Reinforcing Informal Institutions through Authoritarian Elections: Insights from Jordan.” Middle East Law and Governance1: 3-37.
209. Lust-Okar, Ellen and Amaney Ahmad Jamal. 2002. “Rulers and Rules: Reassessing the Influence of Regime Type on Electoral Law Formation.” Comparative Political Studies 35(3): 337-66.
210. March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen. 1998. “The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders.” International Organization 52(4): 943-69.
211. Marinov, Nikolay and Hein Goemans. 2014. “Coups and Democracy.” British Journal of Political Science 44(4): 799-825.
212. Marshall, Monty G., Ted Robert Gurr, and Keith Jaggers. 2009. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2009.” Dataset Users’ Manual, Center for Systemic Peace, Vienna, VA. Available at: www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/inscr.htm.
213. Martens, Bertin, Uwe Mummert, Peter Murrell, and Paul Seabright. 2002. The Institutional Economics of Foreign Aid. New York: Cambridge University Press.
214. McCarthy, John D. and Mayer N. Zald. 2011. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82(6): 1212-41.
215. McFaul, Michael. 2004-5. “Democracy Promotion as a World Value.” Washington Quarterly 28(1): 147-63.
216. McFaul, Michael. 2010. Advancing Democracy Abroad: Why We Should and How We Can. Lanham, MD: Rowman &Littlefield.
217. McInerney, Stephen. 2012. The Federal Budget and Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2013: Democracy Governance, and Human Rights in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington, DC: Project on Middle East Democracy.
218. McKinlay, R. D. and R. Little. 1977. “A Foreign Policy Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation.” World Politics 30(1): 58-86.
219. McKoy, Michael K. and Michael K. Miller. 2012. “The Patron’s Dilemma: The Dynamics of Foreign-Supported Democratization.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(5): 904-32.
220. Melia, Thomas O. 2005. “The Democracy Bureaucracy: The Infrastructure of American Democracy Promotion.” Discussion Paper. Princeton Project on National Security, Princeton University. Available at: www.princeton.edu/~ppns/papers/democracy_bureaucracy.pdf.
221. Melia, Thomas O. 2006. “The Democracy Bureaucracy.” American Interest 1(4): 122-30.
222. Mendelson, Sarah E. 2001. “Democracy Assistance and Political Transition in Russia between Success and Failure.” International Security 25(4): 68-106.
223. Mendelson, Sarah E. and John K. Glenn, eds. 2002. The Power and Limits of NGOs: A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Eurasia. New York: Columbia University Press.
224. Merry, Sally Engle. 2011. “Measuring the World: Indicators, Human Rights, and Global Governance.” Cultural Anthropology. 52(53): 583-595.
225. Middle East Partnership Initiative. 2009. “2009 MEPI Impact Stories.” Available at: www.medregion.mepi.state.gov/mepi-impact-stories-archive.html/.
226. Milner, Helen V. 2006. “Why Multilateralism? Foreign Aid and Domestic Principal-Agent Problems.” In: Delegation and Agency in International Organizations, ed. Darren G. Hawkins, David A. Lake, Daniel L. Nielson, and Michael J. Tierney. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 107-39.
227. Milner, Helen V. and Dustin H. Tingley. 2010. “The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Aid: American Legislators and the Domestic Politics of Aid.” Economics and Politics 22(2): 200-32.
228. Milner, Helen V. and Dustin H. Tingley. 2011. “Who Supports Global Economic Engagement? The Sources of Preferences in American Foreign Economic Policy.” International Organization 65(1): 37-68.
229. Milner, Helen V. and Dustin H. Tingley. 2013. “The Choice for Multilateralism: Foreign Aid and American Foreign Policy.” Review of International Organizations 8(3): 313-41.
230. Mitchell, Lincoln A. 2009. Uncertain Democracy: U.S. Foreign Policy and Georgia’s Rose Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
231. Mitchell, Lincoln A. 2010. “The Democracy Promotion Disconnect.” Paper presented at the 51st Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, February, New Orleans.
232. Mitchell, Lincoln A. 2011. “The New World of Democracy Promotion.” Current History 110(739): 311-16.
233. Moehler, Devra C. 2010. “Democracy, Governance, and Randomized Development Assistance.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 628(1): 30-46.
234. Monten, Jonathan. 2005. “The Roots of the Bush Doctrine: Power, Nationalism, and Democracy Promotion in U.S. Strategy.” International Security 29(4): 112-56.
235. Morrison, Kevin M. 2009. “Oil, Nontax Revenue, and the Redistributional Foundations of Regime Stability.” International Organization 63(1): 107-8.
236. Mosse, David, ed. 2011. Adventures in Aidland: The Anthropology of Professionals in International Development. Studies in Public and Applied Anthropology. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
237. National Democratic Institute. 2010. “NDI: A Quarter Century of Working for Democracy and Making Democracy Work.” Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute. Available at: www.ndi.org/25th_anniversary_publication/index.html.
238. National Endowment for Democracy. 1985-2012. NED Annual Reports for 1985-2012. Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy.
239. National Endowment for Democracy. 2012a. “About NED.” Available at: www.ned.org/about.
240. National Endowment for Democracy. 2012b. “Proposal Preparation Guidelines.” Available at: www.ned.org/sites/default/files/Proposal-Budget-Guidelines.pdf.
241. National Research Council, Committee on Evaluation of USAID Democracy Assistance Programs. 2008. Improving Democracy Assistance: Building Knowledge Through Evaluations and Research. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
242. Newman, Edward. 2004. “UN Democracy Promotion: Comparative Advantages and Constraints.” In: The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality, ed. Edward Newman and Roland Rich. Tokyo: United Nations University Press, pp. 188-207.
243. Nielson, Daniel L. and Michael J. Tierney. 2003. “Delegation to International Organizations: Agency Theory and World Bank Environmental Reform.” International Organization 57(2): 241-76.
244. Nielson, Daniel L. and Michael J. Tierney. 2005. “Theory, Data, and Hypothesis Testing: World Bank Environmental Reform Redux.” International Organization 59(3): 785-800.
245. Nixon, Ron. 2011. “U.S. Groups Helped Nurture Arab Uprisings.” New York Times, April 14, p. A1.
246. Norris, Pippa. 2008. Driving Democracy: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work? New York: Cambridge University Press.
247. Nuti, Paul J. 2006. “Toward Reflective Practice: Understanding and Negotiating Democracy in Macedonia.” In: Transacting Transition: The Micropolitics of Democracy Assistance in the Former Yugoslavia, ed. Keith Brown. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, pp. 69-94.
248. Obama, Barack Hussein. 2009. “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning.” Cairo University, Egypt, June. Available at: www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President- at-Cairo-University- 6- 04- 09.
249. Open Society Foundations. 2012a. “About the Open Society Foundations.” Available at: www.soros.org/about.
250. Open Society Foundations.2012b. “Expenditures.” Available at: www.opensocietyfoundations.org/about/expenditures.
251. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2010. “Query Wizard for International Development Statistics (QWIDS).” Development Assistance Committee. Paris: OECD.
252. Ottaway, Marina. 2005a. “The Limits of Women’s Rights.” In: Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, ed. Thomas Carothers and
253. Marina Ottaway. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 115-30.
254. Marina Ottaway. 2005b. “The Problem of Credibility.” In: Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East, ed. Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, pp. 173-92.
255. Ottaway, Marina and Amr Hamzawy. 2011. “Protest Movements and Political Change in the Arab World.” Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
256. Papke, Leslie E. and Jeffrey M. Wooldridge. 1996. “Econometric Methods for Fractional Response Variables with an Application to 401(K) Plan Participation Rates.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 11(6): 619-32.
257. Papke, Leslie E. and Jeffrey M. Wooldridge.2008. “Panel Data Methods for Fractional Response Variables with an Application to Test Pass Rates.” Journal of Econometrics 145(1-2): 121-33.
258. Paris, Roland. 2004. At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. New York: Cambridge University Press.
259. Peceny, Mark. 1999. Democracy at the Point of Bayonets. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
260. Peters, Anne Mariel and Pete W. Moore. 2009. “Beyond Boom and Bust: External Rents, Durable Authoritarianism, and Institutional Adaptation in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.” Studies in Comparative International Development 44(3): 256-85.
261. Petrova, Tsveta. 2014. From Solidarity to Geopolitics: Support for Democracy among Postcommunist States. Cambridge University Press.
262. Pevehouse, Jon C. 2002. “Democracy from the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization.” International Organization 56(3): 515-49.
263. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2012a. Global Opinion of Obama Slips, International Policies Faulted: Drone Strikes Widely Opposed. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
264. Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2012b. “Opinion of the United States.” Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
265. Pollack, Mark A. 1997. “Delegation, Agency, and Agenda Setting in the European Community.” International Organization 51(1): 99-134.
266. Posner, Michael H. 2012. “Briefing on the Release of the 2011 Human Rights Reports.” Washington, DC, May 24. Available at: www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/rm/2012/190837.htm.
267. Powel, Brieg Tomos. 2009. “The Stability Syndrome: US and EU Democracy Promotion in Tunisia.” Journal of North African Studies 14(1): 57-73.
268. Prakash, Aseem and Mary Kay Gugerty, eds. 2010. Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.
269. Pridham, Geoffrey. 1999. “Complying with the European Union’s Democratic Conditionality: Transnational Party Linkages and Regime Change in Slovakia, 1993-1998.” Europe-Asia Studies 51(7): 1221-44.
270. Program on Evaluating International Influences on Democratic Development at Stanford University. 2010. “Democracy Promotion Organizations in the United States.” Freedom Spogli Institute, Stanford University. Available at: http://fsi.stanford.edu/research/program_on_evaluating_international_influences_on_democr
271. Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and WellBeing in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge University Press.
272. Reagan, Ronald. 1982. “Address to Members of the British Parliament.” London, June 8. Available at: www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1982/60882a.htm.
273. Reagan, Ronald. “Remarks at a White House Ceremony Inaugurating the National Endowment for Democracy.” Washington, DC, December 16. Available at: www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=40874.
274. Richter, James. 2002. “Evaluating Western Assistance to Russian Women’s Organizations.” In: The Power and Limits ofNGOs, ed. Sarah E. Mendelson and John K. Glenn. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 54-90.
275. Roberts, J. Timmons, Bradley Parks, Michael Tierney, and Robert Hicks. 2009. “Has Foreign Aid Been Greened?” Environment 51(1): 8-19.
276. Robinson, Glenn E. 1998. “Defensive Democratization in Jordan.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 30(3): 387-410.
277. Robinson, William I. 1996. Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge University Press.
278. Rodin, Ivan. 2012. “Let’s See the Colour of Your Grant Money: Signatures Are Being Collected on the Internet for a Law on the Control of Foreign Financing of the Country’s Non-Commercial Organizations.” Nezavisimaya Gazeta (BBC Monitoring), April 5.
279. Roessler, Philip G. 2005. “Donor-Induced Democratization and the Privatization of State Violence in Kenya and Rwanda.” Comparative Politics 37(2): 207-27.
280. Ron, James, Howard Ramos, and Kathleen Rodgers. 2005. “Transnational Information Politics: NGO Human Rights Reporting, 1986-2000.” International Studies Quarterly 49(3): 557-87.
281. Rubin, Barnett R. 2004. “Crafting a Constitution for Afghanistan.” Journal of Democracy 15(3): 5-19.
282. Ryan, Curtis R. 1998. “Peace, Bread and Riots: Jordan and the International Monetary Fund.” Middle East Policy 6(2): 54-66.
283. Sadiki, Larbi. 2002. “Bin Ali’s Tunisia: Democracy by Non-Democratic Means.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 29(1): 57-78.
284. Savun, Burcu and Daniel C. Tirone. 2011. “Foreign Aid, Democratization, and Civil Conflict: How Does Democracy Aid Affect Civil Conflict?” American Journal of Political Science 55(2): 233-46.
285. Schedler, Andreas. 2006. “The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism.” In: Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, ed. Andreas Schedler. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 1-26.
286. Schmitz, Hans Peter. 2004. “Domestic and Transnational Perspectives on Democratization.” International Studies Review 6(3): 403-26.
287. Schneider, Christina J. and Jennifer L. Tobin. 2013. “Interest Coalitions and Multilateral Aid Allocation in the European Union.” International Studies Quarterly 57(1): 103-15.
288. Schraeder, Peter J., Steven W. Hook, and Bruce Taylor. 1998. “Clarifying the Foreign Aid Puzzle: A Comparison of American, Japanese, French, and Swedish Aid Flows.” World Politics 50(2): 294-323.
289. Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper &Brothers.
290. Schwedler, Jillian. 2003. “More than a Mob: The Dynamics of Political Demonstrations in Jordan.” Middle East Report 226(Spring): 18-23.
291. Schwirtz, Michael. 2010. “A Battle of Worldviews Is Playing Out in Postelection Belarus.” New York Times, December 21, p. A6.
292. Scott, James M. and Carie A. Steele. 2005. “Assisting Democrats or Resisting Dictators: The Nature and Impact of Democracy Support by the National Endowment for Democracy, 1990-1999.” Democratization 12(4): 439-60.
293. Scott, James M. and Carie A. Steele. 2011. “Sponsoring Democracy: The United States and Democracy Aid to the Developing World, 1988-2001.” International Studies Quarterly 55(1): 47-69.
294. Seawright, Jason and John Gerring. 2008. “Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research.” Political Research Quarterly 61(2): 294-308.
295. Sell, Susan K. and Aseem Prakash. 2004. “Using Ideas Strategically: The Contest between Business and NGO Networks in Intellectual Property Rights.” International Studies Quarterly 48(1): 143-75.
296. Sharp, Jeremy M. 2012. Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
297. Shayne, Julie D. 2004. The Revolution Question: Feminisms in El Salvador, Chile, and Cuba. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
298. Simmons, Beth A. 2009. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
299. Simmons, Beth A., Frank Dobbin, and Geoffrey Garrett. 2006. “Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism.” International Organization60(4): 781-810.
300. Simpser, Alberto and Daniela Donno. 2012. “Can International Election Monitoring Harm Governance?” Journal of Politics 74(2): 501-13.
301. Sjoberg, Fredrik M. 2012. “Making Voters Count: Evidence from Field Experiments about the Efficacy of Domestic Election Observation.” Columbia University Harriman Institute Working Paper 1. Available at: http://papers. ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2133592.
302. Soros, George. 1995. Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve. New York: John Wiley.
303. Staggenborg, Suzanne. 1988. “The Consequences of Professionalization and Formalization in the Pro-Choice Movement.” American Sociological Review53(4): 585-605.
304. Stanger, Allison. 2009. One Nation under Contract: The Outsourcing of American Power and the Future of Foreign Policy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
305. State University of New York’s Center for International Development. 2010. “Legislative-Strengthening Program in Jordan 2005-2010.” Albany, NY: SUNY.
306. Stein, Janice Gross. 2009. “The Politics and Power of Networks: The Accountability of Humanitarian Organizations.” In: Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, ed. Miles Kahler. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 151-70.
307. Stone, Diane. 2010. “Private Philanthropy or Policy Transfer? The Transnational Norms of the Open Society Institute.” Policy &Politics 38(2): 269-87.
308. Stone, Randall W. 2002. Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund and the Post-Communist Transition. Princeton University Press.
309. Stone, Randall W. 2004. “The Political Economy of IMF Lending in Africa.” American Political Science Review 98(4): 577-91.
310. Stone, Randall W. 2008. “The Scope of IMF Conditionality.” International Organization 62(4): 589-620.
311. Stroup, Sarah S. 2012. Borders among Activists: International NGOs in the United States, Britain, and France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
312. Sundstrom, Lisa McIntosh. 2005. “Foreign Assistance, International Norms, and NGO Development: Lessons from the Russian Campaign.” International Organization 59(2): 419-49.
313. Sussman, Leonard R. 2009. “Freedom House.” In: Encyclopedia of Human Rights, ed. David P. Forsythe. Oxford University Press.
314. Teorell, Jan. 2010. Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World, 1972-2006. Cambridge University Press.
315. Thiel, Rainer. 2010. Nested Games of External Democracy Promotion: The United States and the Polish Liberalization of 1980-1989. Heidelberg: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
316. Tierney, Michael J., Daniel L. Nielson, Darren G. Hawkins, et al. 2011 “More Dollars than Sense: Refining our Knowledge of Development Finance using AidData.” World Development 39(11): 1891-1906.
317. Tingley, Dustin H. 2010. “Donors and Domestic Politics: Political Influences on Foreign Aid Effort.” Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 50(1): 40-9.
318. Traub, James. 2008. The Freedom Agenda: Why America Must Spread Democracy (Just Not the Way George Bush Did). New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
319. UN Millennium Project. 2009. “The 0.7% Target: An In-depth Look.” Press release. Available at: www.unmillenniumproject.org/press/07.htm.
320. United Nations. 2005. “Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation and Code of Conduct for International Election Observation.” New York: United Nations.
321. United Nations Democracy Fund. 2014. “About UNDEF.” Available at: www.un.org/democracyfund/about- undef.
322. United States Agency for International Development. 2009. “USAID Fiscal Year 2009: Agency Financial Report.” Washington, DC.
323. United States Agency for International Development. 2012. “U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations, July 1, 1945-September 30, 2012.” Washington, DC.
324. United States Agency for International Development, Center for Democracy and Governance. 1998. “Handbook of Democracy and Governance Program Indicators.” Technical Publication Series. Washington, DC.
325. United States Agency for International Development, Center for Democracy and Governance 2010. “User’s Guide to DG Programming.” PN-ADR-500. Washington, DC.
326. United States Agency for International Development, Office of the Inspector General. 2008. “Audit of USAID/Jordan’s Democracy and Governance Activities.” Audit Report No. 6-278-09-001-P. Washington, DC.
327. United States Congress, House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs. 2010. “Testimony of Jennifer L. Windsor, Executive Director of Freedom House.” Press Release. Available at: http://democrats. foreignaffairs.house.gov/111/win061010.pdf.
328. United States Department of State. 2011. “Middle East Partnership Initiative: Local Grants Program.” Program Statement. Washington, DC.
329. United States Department of State and United States Agency for International Development. 2008. “Master List of Standard Indicators.” Washington, DC.
330. United States Department of State, Middle East Partnership Initiative. 2007. “U.S.-Middle East Partnership for Breast Cancer Awareness and Research.” Press release. Available at: http://2002-2009-mepi.state.gov/infoshts/88273.htm.
331. United States Embassy in Tunis. 2008. “MEPI Update for Tunisia.” Cable. Available at: http://wikileaks.org/cable/2008/04/08TUNIS373.html/.
332. United States General Accounting Office. 1991. Promoting Democracy: National Endowment for Democracy’s Management of Grants Needs Improvement. Publication Number GAO/NSIAD-91-162. Washington, DC.
333. United States Government Accountability Office. 2006. Foreign Assistance: U.S. Democracy Assistance for Cuba Needs Better Management and Oversight. Publication Number GAO-07-147, Washington, DC.
334. United States Government Accountability Office 2008. Foreign Assistance: Continued Efforts Needed to Strengthen USAID’s Oversight of U.S. Democracy Assistance for Cuba. Publication Number GAO-09-165. Washington, DC.
335. United States Government Accountability Office 2009. Democracy Assistance: U.S. Agencies Take Steps to Coordinate International Programs but Lack Information on Some U.S.-Funded Activities. Publication Number GAO-09-993, Washington, DC.
336. United States Government Accountability Office 2013. Cuba Democracy Assistance: USAID’s Program Is Improved, but State Could Better Monitor its Implementing Partners. Publication Number GAO-13-285, Washington, DC.
337. Usatin, Rebekah. 2013. “Evaluation of Democracy Assistance Grantmaking.” University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, May 1.
338. Vachudova, Milada Anna. 2005. Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage and Integration after Communism. Oxford University Press.
339. Valiyev, Anar M. 2006. “Parliamentary Elections in Azerbaijan: A Failed Revolution.” Problems of Post-Communism 53(3): 17-35.
340. Vitalis, Robert. 1994. “The Democratization Industry and the Limits of the New Interventionism.” Middle East Report 187/8: 46-50.
341. Weaver, Catherine. 2008. Hypocrisy Trap: The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform. Princeton University Press.
342. Weber, Max. 1978 [1922]. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
343. Wedel, Janine R. 2001. Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe. New York: Palgrave for St. Martin’s Griffin.
344. Weinthal, Erika and Pauline Jones Luong. 2002. “Environmental NGOs in Kazakhstan: Democratic Goals and Nondemocratic Outcomes.” In: The Power and Limits of NGOs: A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Eurasia, ed. Sarah E. Mendelson and John K. Glenn. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 152-76.
345. Wilensky, Harold L. 1964. “The Professionalization of Everyone?” American Journal of Sociology 70(2): 137-58.
346. Williams and Associates. 2012. “Survey of Tunisian Public Opinion.” Salem, MA. Available at: www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2012%20October%203%20Survey%20of%20Tunisian%20Public%20Opinion%2C%20July%2026-August%208%2C%202012.pdf/.
347. Winters, Matthew S. 2010. “Choosing to Target: What Types of Countries Get Different Types of World Bank Projects?” World Politics 62(3): 422-58.
348. Wittes, Tamara Cofman. 2008. Freedom’s Unsteady March: America’s Role in Building Arab Democracy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
349. World Bank. 2012a. “Country and Lending Groups.” World Bank Data. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups.
350. World Bank. 2012b. “World Development Indicators.” World Bank Data. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi.
351. Wright, Joseph. 2008a. “Do Authoritarian Institutions Constrain? How Legislatures Affect Economic Growth and Investment.” American Journal of Political Science 52(2): 322-43.
352. Wright, Joseph. 2008b. “To Invest or Insure? How Authoritarian Time Horizons Impact Foreign Aid Effectiveness.” Comparative Political Studies 41(7): 971-1000.
353. Wright, Joseph and Matthew Winters. 2010. “The Politics of Effective Foreign Aid.” Annual Review of Political Science 13: 61-80.
354. Yom, Sean M. 2009. “Jordan: Ten More Years of Autocracy.” Journal of Democracy 20(4): 151-66.
355. Youngs, Richard. 2003. “European Approaches to Democracy Assistance: Learning the Right Lessons?” Third World Quarterly 23(1): 127-38.
356. Youngs, Richard. 2004. International Democracy and the West: The Role of Governments, Civil Society and Multinational Business. Oxford University Press.
357. Youngs, Richard and Tamara Cofman Wittes. 2009. “Europe, the United States, and Middle Eastern Democracy.” In: Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: American and European Strategies, ed. Amichai Magen, Thomas Risse, and Michael A. McFaul. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 93-117.