What do we know about democratization after twenty years?

Annual Review of Political Science

Volumn 2, Issue , 1999, Pages 115-144

  Geddes, Barbara ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Authoritarian; Democratization; Military; Regime; Transition

Indexed keywords

EID: 0033473437     PISSN: 10942939     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Agüero F. 1992. The military and the limits to democratization in South America. In Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective, ed. S Mainwaring, G O'Donnell, JS Valenzuela, pp. 153-98. Notre Dame, IN: Univ. Notre Dame Press
2. Agüero F. 1995. Soldiers, Civilians, and Democracy: Post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 316 pp.
3. Arriagada G. 1988. Pinochet: The Politics of Power. Transl. N Morris. Boston: Unwin Hyman. 196 pp. (From Spanish)
4. Barros ASC. 1978. The Brazilian military: professional socialization, political performance and state building. PhD thesis. Univ. Chicago. 439 pp.
5. Bermeo N. 1990. Rethinking regime change. Comp. Polit. 22:359-77
6. Bermeo N. 1997. Myths of moderation: confrontation and conflict during democratic transitions. Comp. Polit. 29:305-22
7. Bienen H. 1978. Armies and Parties in Africa. New York: Africana. 278 pp.
8. Bollen K. 1979. Political democracy and the timing of development. Am. Social. Rev. 44:572-87
9. Bratton M, van de Walle N. 1992. Popular protest and political reform in Africa. Comp. Polit. 24:419-42
10. Bratton M, van de Walle N. 1994. Patrimonial regimes and political transitions in Africa. World Polit. 46:453-89
11. Bratton M, van de Walle N. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 307 pp.
12. Burkhart R, Lewis-Beck M. 1994. Comparative democracy: the economic development thesis. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 88:903-10
13. Burton M, Gunther R, Higley J. 1992. Intro duction: elite transformation and democratic regimes. In Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, ed. J Higley, R Gunther, pp. 1-37. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 354 pp.
14. Casper G, Taylor M. 1996. Negotiating Democracy. Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh Univ. Press. 287 pp.
15. Collier R, Mahoney J. 1997. Adding collective actors to collective outcomes: labor and recent democratization in South America and Southern Europe. Comp. Polit. 29: 285-303
16. Colomer J. 1995. Game Theory and the Transition to Democracy: The Spanish Model. Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar. 134 pp.
17. Decalo S. 1976. Coups and Army Rule in Africa: Studies in Military Style. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press. 284 pp.
18. de Oliveira ER. 1978. As Forças Armadas: Politica e Ideologia no Brasil (1964-1969). Petrópolis, Brazil: Vozes. 133 pp.
19. Diamond L, Linz JJ. 1989. Introduction: politics, society, and democracy in Latin America. In Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America, ed. L Diamond, JJ Linz, SM Lipset. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. 515 pp.
20. Economist. 1995. Saddam sacks a henchman. July 22, p. 46
21. Finer S. 1975. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. 305 pp. 2nd ed.
22. Fontana A. 1987. Political decision-making by a military corporation: Argentina, 1976-83. PhD thesis. Univ. Texas. 218 pp.
23. Haggard S, Kaufman RR. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 391 pp.
24. Haggard S, Kaufman RR. 1997. The political economy of democratic transitions. Comp. Polit. 29:263-83
25. Hunter W. 1995. Politicians against soldiers: contesting the military in postauthoritarian Brazil. Comp. Polit. 27:425-45
26. Hunter W. 1997. Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers. Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. North Carolina Press. 243 pp.
27. Huntington SP. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: Univ. Okla. Press. 366 pp.
28. Jackman RW. 1973. On the relations of economic development to democratic performance. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 17:611-21
29. Janowitz M. 1960. The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait. Glencoe, IL: Free. 464 pp.
30. Janowitz M. 1977. Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 211 pp.
31. Jenkins D. 1984. Suharto and His Generals: Indonesian Military Politics, 1975-83. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press. 280 pp.
32. Karl TL. 1986. Petroleum and political pacts: the transition to democracy in Venezuela. See O'Donnell et al 1986,3:196-219
33. Karl TL. 1990. Dilemmas of democratization in Latin America. Comp. Polit. 23:1-21
34. Kennedy G. 1974. The Military in the Third World. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 368 pp.
35. Liddle WR. 1989. The relative autonomy of the third world politician: Soeharto and Indonesian economic development in comparative perspective. Presented at Annu. Meet. Am. Polit. Sci. Assoc., Atlanta
36. Linz JJ, Chehabi HE, eds. 1998. Sultanistic Regimes. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 284 pp.
37. Linz JJ, Stepan A. 1996. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 479 pp.
38. Lipset SM. 1959. Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political legitimacy. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 53: 69-105
39. Londregan JB, Poole K. 1990. Poverty, the coup trap, and the seizure of executive power. World Polit. 42:151-83
40. Londregan JB, Poole K. 1996. Does high income promote democracy? World Polit. 49:1-30
41. Maxwell K. 1986. Regime overthrow and the prospects for democratic transition in Portugal. See O'Donnell et al 1986, 2:109-37
42. Millett RL. 1995. An end to militarism? Democracy and the armed forces in Central America. Curr. Hist. 94:71-75
43. Moore B. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon. 559 pp.
44. Nordlinger E. 1977. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 224 pp.
45. O'Donnell G. 1973. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism. Berkeley: Univ. California Inst. Intl. Stud.
46. O'Donnell G, Schmitter P. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 81pp.
47. O'Donnell G, Schmitter P, Whitehead L, eds. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. 4 vols. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
48. Pastor M. 1994. Waiting for change: adjustment and reform in Cuba. World Dev. 23: 705-21
49. Pion-Berlin D. 1992. Military autonomy and emerging democracies in South America. Comp. Polit. 25:83-102
50. Pion-Berlin D, Arceneaux C. 1998. Tipping the civil-military balance: institutions and human rights policy in democratic Argentina and Chile. Comp. Polit. Stud. 31: 633-61
51. Przeworski A, Limongi F. 1997. Modernization: theories and facts. World Polit. 49: 155-83
52. Remmer K. 1989. Military Rule in Latin America. New York: Unwin Hymen. 213 pp.
53. Ruhle JM. 1996. Redefining civil-military relations in Honduras. J. Interam. Stud. World Aff. 38:33-66
54. Skocpol T, Goodwin J. 1994. Explaining revolutions in the contemporary Third World. In Social Revolutions in the Modern World, T Skocpol, pp. 259-78. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. 354 pp.
55. Snyder R. 1998. Paths out of sultanistic regimes: combining structural and voluntarist perspectives. See Linz & Chehabi 1998, pp. 49-81
56. Stepan A. 1971. The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 312 pp.
57. Valenzuela A. 1978. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 140 pp.
58. Van Doom J, ed. 1968. Armed Forces and Society: Sociological Essays. The Hague: Mouton. 386 pp.
59. Van Doom J, ed. 1969. Military Profession and Military Regimes: Commitments and Conflicts. The Hague: Mouton. 304 pp.
60. Zagorski P. 1994. Civil-military relations and Argentine democracy: the armed forces under the Menem government. Armed Forces Soc. 20:423-37