Peace, bread and riots: Jordan and the International Monetary Fund

Middle East Policy

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 54-66

  Ryan, Curtis R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040094212     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.1998.tb00308.x     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. For an analysis of economic adjustment and political stability more generally, see Henry S. Bienen and Mark Gersovitz, "Economic Stabilization, Conditionality, and Political Stability," International Organization 39 (4) 1985: 729-754.
2. On Jordan's economy and government policies, past and present, see the excellent collection of essays assembled by Jordan's Center for Strategic Studies: Mustafa Hamarnah, ed., "Al-Iqtisad al-Urduni: al-Mushkilat wa al-Ifaq," (The Jordanian Economy: Problems and Horizons) Amman: Center for Strategic Studies, 1994.
3. On Jordan's later (1994) decision to conclude just such a treaty between Israel and Jordan, see Curtis R. Ryan, "Jordan in the Middle East Peace Process: From War to Peace with Israel," in Ilan Peleg, ed., The Middle East Peace Process: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998).
4. Interviews with Dr. Jawad al-Anani, former Jordanian minister of industry and trade, of labor and of supply (Amman, 10 April 1993) and with economic advisers to the prime minister (Amman, April 7, 1993). More recently Dr. Anani served as deputy prime minister of Jordan and remains a major figure in Jordanian economic planning. In 1998, when Fayiz Tarawnah became Jordan's new prime minister, Dr. Anani became chief of the Royal Hashemite Court.
5. Interview with Zayd al-Rifaai (Amman, March 29, 1993).
6. Economist Intelligence Unit, Jordan: Country Report, no. 2, 1989: pp. 10-11.
7. Interviews with Jordanian foreign ministry and former cabinet officials (Amman, March 1993).
8. Mohammad Wahby, "The Arab Cooperation Council and the Arab Political Order," American-Arab Affairs 28 (1989): 66; Laurie A. Brand, Jordan's Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), pp. 230 and 235.
9. Mohammad Wahby, "The Arab Cooperation Council and the Arab Political Order," American-Arab Affairs 28 (1989): 66; Laurie A. Brand, Jordan's Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), pp. 230 and 235.
10. See Curtis R. Ryan, "Jordan and the Rise and Fall of the Arab Cooperation Council," The Middle East Journal 52 (3) Summer 1998: pp. 386-401.
11. Economist Intelligence Unit, Jordan: Country Report, no. 2, 1989: p. 5.
12. The opposition parliamentarians included 22 members of the Muslim Brotherhood, 12 independent Islamists, and ten Pan-Arab nationalists and leftists (including three Baathists, one communist, and two deputies linked to leftist organizations of the PLO). Economist Intelligence Unit, Jordan: Country Report, no. 2, 1990: p. 7.
13. Significantly, in the midst of the August power struggle between the government and Islamist-led opposition in parliament, Prime Minister Kabariti held a summit meeting in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, to enhance economic links between the two countries. Al-Raay 14 August 1996, p. 1, in Foreign Broadcast and Information Service - Near East Service (hereafter cited as FBIS-NES-96-159).
14. Sana Kamal, "Jordan: Bread Subsidy to Go," Middle East International, August 2, 1996, p. 11.
15. News conference by Jordanian Prime Minister Abd-al-Karim al-Kabariti, Amman Radio Jordan Network 1157 GMT, July 11, 1996, in the FBIS-NES-96-135.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Kamal, "Jordan: Bread Subsidy to Go," p. 11.
19. Sana Kamal, "Jordan: The Price of Bread," Middle East International, Sept 6, 1996: pp. 13-14.
20. Jordan Times, August 15-16, 1996, p. 1, in FBIS-NES-96-159.
21. Jordan Times, August 15-16, 1996, p. 1, in FBIS-NES-96-159.
22. Author's interviews with Jordanian journalists (Amman, May 1997).
23. Jamal Halaby, "More Jordanians Riot in Bread Price Protest," The Washington Post, August 18 , 1996.
24. Pamela Dougherty, "Les emeutes du pain àKerak: une réponse au programme d'ajustement structurel en cours en Jordanie (un apercu général)/The pain of adjustment: Kerak's bread riots as a response to Jordan's continuing economic restructuring program: a general overview," Jordanies, no. 2, 12, 1996, pp. 95-99.
25. Jamal Halaby, "More Jordanians Riot in Bread Price Protest," The Washington Post, August 19, 1996.
26. Gellman, "Bread-Price Riots Pose Challenge."
27. Halaby, "More Jordanians Riot."
28. Gellman, "Bread-Price Riots Pose Challenge."
29. Quoted in Jack Redden, "Detentions Follow Riots in Jordan," The Washington Post, August 20, 1996.
30. Kamal, "Jordan: The Price of Bread." p. 14.
31. Author's interviews in Amman, May 1997.
32. Redden, "Detentions Follow Riots in Jordan."
33. "Arab Socialist Baath Party Denies Accusations," The Star (Amman), August 22, 1996.
34. Kamal, "Jordan: The Price of Bread."
35. "Government Gets Ready to Hunt Down Parties with 'Foreign Links," The Star (Amman), December 5, 1996.
36. Nole, for example, the comment by Kerak Mayor Ahmad Mahadin during the 1996 crisis: "If the government continues its iron fist policies, there will be an explosion a thousand times more powerful than the one that already took place." Quoted in Reddin, "Detentions Follow Riots in Jordan."