Democracy promotion as a world value

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 147-163

  McFaul, Michael ^a,b  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 27944459703     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0163660042518189     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Unnamed officials, conversations with author, 2003-2004.
2. Dimitri Simes, "America's Imperial Dilemma," Foreign Affairs 82, no. 6 (November/December 2003): 95.
3. See Anthony Cordesman, "U.S. Policy in Iraq: A 'Realist' Approach to Its Challenges and Opportunities" (working paper, CSIS, Washington, D.C., August 6, 2004);
4. G. John Ikenberry, "The End of the Neoconservative Moment," Survival 46, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 7-22;
5. Amy Chua, A World on Fire: How Exporting Free Markets and Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Anchor Books, 2004);
6. Lawrence Kaplan, "Spring-time for Realism: Washington's New Worldview," New Republic, June 21, 2004, pp. 20-24.
7. Robert Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999).
8. Adam Przeworski et al., Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and the Well Being in the World, 1950-1990 (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 2000);
9. Robert Barro, Getting It Right: Markets and Choices in a Free Society (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996).
10. Joel S. Hellman, "Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Postcommunist Transitions," World Politics 50 (January 1998): 203-234;
11. Valerie Bunce, "The Political Economy of Postsocialism," Slavic Review 58 (Winter 1999): 756-793;
12. Anders Åslund, Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 2002), chap 9.
13. Unnamed Iranian government officials, conversations with author, Esfahan and Tehran, Iran, October 2003.
14. United Nations Development Program and Arab Human Fund for Economic and Social Development, Arab Human Development Report 2002: Creating Opportunities for Future Generations (New York: United Nations Publications, 2002), p. 2.
15. Adrian Karatnycky, "Liberty's Advances in a Troubled World," Journal of Democracy 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 100-113.
16. Daniel Brumberg, "Beyond Liberalization?" Wilson Quarterly 28, no. 2 (Spring 2004): 47-56.
17. On the differences between electoral and liberal democracy, see Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999). On the gray zone between democracy and dictatorship,
18. see Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 5-21.
19. Nikolay Marinov, "The Emergence and Survival of Competitive Elections Around the World 1977-2002: The International Dimension" (unpublished manuscript, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., 2004).
20. For elaboration as to why, see Amartya Sen, "Democracy as a Universal Value," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 3 (July 1999): 3-17.
21. Przeworski et al., Democracy and Development.
22. Larry Diamond, "Universal Democracy?" Policy Review, no. 119 (June/July 2003): 3-25.
23. See the cluster of articles under "How People View Democracy," Journal of Democracy 12, no. 1 (January 2001): 93-145.
24. The cluster comprises four articles based on surveys in post-Communist Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. On attitudes in the Middle East, see James Zogby, What Arabs Think: Values Beliefs and Concerns (Washington, D.C.: Zogby International, 2002).
25. Mark Tessler, "Do Islamic Orientations Influence Attitudes Toward Democracy in the Arab World? Evidence From Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Algeria," International Journal of Comparative Sociology 43, nos. 3-5 (June 2002): 229-249.
26. See Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, "The True Clash of Civilizations," Foreign Policy, no. 135 (March/April 2003): 63-69.
27. For more detail, see Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
28. "How People View Democracy," Journal of Democracy 12, no. 1 (January 2001): 93-145.
29. Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999).
30. Stephen Krasner, "Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables," in International Regimes, ed. Stephen Krasner (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1982), p. 17.
31. Daniel Thomas, The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights and the Demise of Communism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
32. "Annan's Nobel Speech in Oslo," December 11, 2001, http://www.globalpolicy.org/secgen/annan/1012oslo.htm (accessed October 13, 2004).
33. Gareth Evans and Mohamed Sahnoun, "The Responsibility to Protect," Foreign Affairs 81, no. 6 (November/December 2002): 99-110.
34. Tyche Hendricks, "Ex-Salvadoran Officer Ruled Liable in Killing of Archbishop in 1980," San Francisco Chronicle, September 4, 2004, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/ 09/04/BAG6H8JUL11.DTL (accessed September 26, 2004).
35. Marc Peceny, "The Democratic Peace and Contemporary U.S. Military Interventions" (unpublished manuscript, presented to International Studies Association, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz., March 14-18, 2000), p. 5.
36. See Jack Goldsmith and Stephen Krasner, "The Limits of Idealism," Daedalus 132, no. 1 (Winter 2003): 47-63.
37. Thomas Franck, "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance," American Journal of International Law 86, no. 1 (1992): 46-91;
38. Morton Halperin, "Guaranteeing Democracy," Foreign Policy, no. 91 (Summer 1993): 105-122;
39. Roland Rich, "Bringing Democracy Into International Law," Journal of Democracy 12, no. 3 (July 2001): 20-34.
40. See Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999);
41. Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, 1995);
42. Peter Burnell, "Democracy Assistance: The State of the Art," in Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization, ed. Peter Burnell (London: Frank Cass, 2000).
43. Lisa McIntosh Sundstrom, "Lessons From the Russia Campaign: Foreign Assistance, International Norms, and NGO Development," International Organization (forthcoming).
44. Tanja Borzel and Thomas Risse, "One Size Fits All! EU Policies for the Promotion of Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law" (unpublished manuscript, workshop on Democracy Promotion, Center for Democracy, Development, and Rule of Law, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., October 4-5, 2004).
45. United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Foreign Aid in the National Interest (Washington, D.C.: USAID, 2002), chap. 1 ("Promoting Democratic Governance").
46. Juan Mendez, "The Inter-American System of Protection: Its Contributions to the International Law of Human Rights," in Realizing Human Rights: Moving From Inspiration to Impact, eds. Samantha Power and Graham Allison (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000), pp. 111-142.
47. Michael McFaul, "The Liberty Doctrine: Reclaiming the Purpose of American Power," Policy Review, no. 112 (April/May 2002): 3-24.
48. Larry Diamond, "What Went Wrong in Iraq," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 5 (September/October 2004): 34-56.
49. Oxford Research International, Nation Survey of Iraq, June 2004.
50. Dafna Linzer, "U.S. Assails Uzbekistan Policies, Trim's Aid," Washington Post, July 14, 2004, p. A14.
51. Frank Schimmelfenning, "The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action and the Eastern Enlargement of the EU," International Organization 55, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 47-80.
52. Senem Aydin and E. Fuat Keyman, "European Integration and the Transformation of Turkish Democracy," EU-Turkey Working Papers, no. 2 (August 2004), http://shop.ceps.be/BookDetail.php?item_id=1144 (accessed September 26, 2004).