Cytochrome P450 Vitamin D Hydroxylases in Inflammation and Cancer

Advances in Pharmacology

Volumn 74, Issue , 2015, Pages 413-458

  Gröschel, Charlotte ^a   Tennakoon, Samawansha ^a   Kállay, Enikö ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

1,25(OH)2D3; 20(OH)D3; 25(OH)D3; Autoimmune diseases; Calcitriol; Cancer; Chronic inflammation; CYP11A; CYP24A1; CYP27B1; CYP2R1; Immune system; Inflammatory bowel disease; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTANETRIOL 26 MONOOXYGENASE; COLECALCIFEROL 24 HYDROXYLASE; CYTOCHROME P450; OXYGENASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D HYDROXYLASE; MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CARCINOGENESIS; HEPATITIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; IRRITABLE COLON; NEOPLASM; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FAMILY; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN METABOLISM; ANIMAL; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MIXED FUNCTION OXYGENASES; NEOPLASMS; VITAMIN D;

EID: 84928966575     PISSN: 10543589     EISSN: 15578925     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.03.002     Document Type: Chapter

References (238)

1. Abraham C., Cho J.H. Inflammatory bowel disease. New England Journal of Medicine 2009, 361(21):2066-2078. 10.1056/NEJMra0804647.
2. Achkar J.P., Fiocchi C. Gene-gene interactions in inflammatory bowel disease: Biological and clinical implications. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2009, 104(7):1734-1736. ajg2009179 [pii]. 10.1038/ajg.2009.179.
3. Adams J.S., Hewison M. Unexpected actions of vitamin D: New perspectives on the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism 2008, 4(2):80-90. 10.1038/ncpendmet0716.
4. Adams J.S., Hewison M. Extrarenal expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2012, 523(1):95-102. 10.1016/j.abb.2012.02.016.
5. Adams J.S., Ren S., Liu P.T., Chun R.F., Lagishetty V., Gombart A.F., et al. Vitamin D-directed rheostatic regulation of monocyte antibacterial responses. Journal of Immunology 2009, 182(7):4289-4295. 182/7/4289 [pii]. 10.4049/jimmunol.0803736.
6. Agard M., Asakrah S., Morici L.A. PGE(2) suppression of innate immunity during mucosal bacterial infection. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2013, 3:45. 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00045.
7. Aggarwal B.B. Nuclear factor-kappaB: The enemy within. Cancer Cell 2004, 6(3):203-208. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review). 10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.003.
8. Agmon-Levin N., Theodor E., Segal R.M., Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D in systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2013, 45(2):256-266. 10.1007/s12016-012-8342-y.
9. Ahn J., Yu K., Stolzenberg-Solomon R., Simon K.C., McCullough M.L., Gallicchio L., et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Human Molecular Genetics 2010, 19(13):2739-2745. 10.1093/hmg/ddq155.
10. Akeno N., Saikatsu S., Kawane T., Horiuchi N. Mouse vitamin D-24-hydroxylase: Molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and transcriptional regulation by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 1997, 138(6):2233-2240. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1210/endo.138.6.5170.
11. Albertson D.G., Ylstra B., Segraves R., Collins C., Dairkee S.H., Kowbel D., et al. Quantitative mapping of amplicon structure by array CGH identifies CYP24 as a candidate oncogene. Nature Genetics 2000, 25(2):144-146. 10.1038/75985.
12. Ananthakrishnan A.N., Cagan A., Gainer V.S., Cai T., Cheng S.C., Savova G., et al. Normalization of plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of surgery in Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2013, 19(9):1921-1927. 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182902ad9.
13. Ananthakrishnan A.N., Cheng S.C., Cai T., Cagan A., Gainer V.S., Szolovits P., et al. Association between reduced plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D and increased risk of cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2014, 12(5):821-827. 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.10.011.
14. Ananthakrishnan A.N., Khalili H., Higuchi L.M., Bao Y., Korzenik J.R., Giovannucci E.L., et al. Higher predicted vitamin D status is associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2012, 142(3):482-489. 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.040.
15. Anderson M.G., Nakane M., Ruan X., Kroeger P.E., Wu-Wong J.R. Expression of VDR and CYP24A1 mRNA in human tumors. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 2006, 57(2):234-240. 10.1007/s00280-005-0059-7.
16. Annalora A.J., Goodin D.B., Hong W.X., Zhang Q., Johnson E.F., Stout C.D. Crystal structure of CYP24A1, a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 involved in vitamin D metabolism. Journal of Molecular Biology 2010, 396(2):441-451. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.). 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.057.
17. Armbrecht H.J., Boltz M.A., Hodam T.L. PTH increases renal 25(OH)D3-1alpha -hydroxylase (CYP1alpha) mRNA but not renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production in adult rats. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 2003, 284(5):F1032-F1036. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.). 10.1152/ajprenal.00306.2002.
18. Avila E., Diaz L., Barrera D., Arranz C., Halhali A., Larrea F. Metabolism of vitamin D in the human choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007, 103(3-5):781-785. S0960-0760(06)00425-0 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.047.
19. Baeke F., Takiishi T., Korf H., Gysemans C., Mathieu C. Vitamin D: Modulator of the immune system. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2010, 10(4):482-496. 10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001.
20. Bailey R., Cooper J.D., Zeitels L., Smyth D.J., Yang J.H., Walker N.M., et al. Association of the vitamin D metabolism gene CYP27B1 with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2007, 56(10):2616-2621. 10.2337/db07-0652.
21. Bain C.C., Mowat A.M. The monocyte-macrophage axis in the intestine. Cellular Immunology 2014, 291(1-2):41-48. 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.03.012.
22. Bareis P., Kallay E., Bischof M.G., Bises G., Hofer H., Potzi C., et al. Clonal differences in expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase, of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-24-hydroxylase, and of the vitamin D receptor in human colon carcinoma cells: Effects of epidermal growth factor and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Experimental Cell Research 2002, 276(2):320-327. S001448270295528X [pii]. 10.1006/excr.2002.5528.
23. Barry E.L., Rees J.R., Peacock J.L., Mott L.A., Amos C.I., Bostick R.M., et al. Genetic variants in CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and VDR modify the efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation for increasing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014, 99(10):E2133-E2137. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural). 10.1210/jc.2014-1389.
24. Beckman M.J., Tadikonda P., Werner E., Prahl J., Yamada S., DeLuca H.F. Human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase, a multicatalytic enzyme. Biochemistry 1996, 35(25):8465-8472. (pii). 10.1021/bi960658ibi960658i.
25. Ben-Neriah Y., Karin M. Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-κB as the matchmaker. Nature Immunology 2011, 12(8):715-723. 10.1038/ni.2060.
26. Bergada L., Pallares J., Maria Vittoria A., Cardus A., Santacana M., Valls J., et al. Role of local bioactivation of vitamin D by CYP27A1 and CYP2R1 in the control of cell growth in normal endometrium and endometrial carcinoma. Laboratory Investigation: A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology 2014, 94(6):608-622. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1038/labinvest.2014.57.
27. Bikle D. Nonclassic actions of vitamin D. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2009, 94(1):26-34. jc.2008-1454 [pii]. 10.1210/jc.2008-1454.
28. Bikle D.D. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chemistry & Biology 2014, 21(3):319-329. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Review). 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.016.
29. Bischof M.G., Siu-Caldera M.L., Weiskopf A., Vouros P., Cross H.S., Peterlik M., et al. Differentiation-related pathways of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol metabolism in human colon adenocarcinoma-derived Caco-2 cells: Production of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-3epi-cholecalciferol. Experimental Cell Research 1998, 241(1):194-201. S0014-4827(98)94044-7 [pii]. 10.1006/excr.1998.4044.
30. Bises G., Kallay E., Weiland T., Wrba F., Wenzl E., Bonner E., et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase expression in normal and malignant human colon. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 2004, 52(7):985-989. (pii). 10.1369/jhc.4B6271.200452/7/985.
31. Blunt J.W., DeLuca H.F., Schnoes H.K. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. A biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 1968, 7(10):3317-3322.
32. Boonstra A., Barrat F.J., Crain C., Heath V.L., Savelkoul H.F., O'Garra A. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. Journal of Immunology 2001, 167(9):4974-4980.
33. Bouillon R., Carmeliet G., Verlinden L., van Etten E., Verstuyf A., Luderer H.F., et al. Vitamin D and human health: Lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocrine Reviews 2008, 29(6):726-776. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review). 10.1210/er.2008-0004.
34. Brondum-Jacobsen P., Benn M., Jensen G.B., Nordestgaard B.G. 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels and risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death: Population-based study and meta-analyses of 18 and 17 studies. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2012, 32(11):2794-2802. (Meta-Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.248039.
35. Brozek W., Manhardt T., Kallay E., Peterlik M., Cross H.S. Relative expression of vitamin D hydroxylases, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1, and of cyclooxygenase-2 and heterogeneity of human colorectal cancer in relation to age, gender, tumor location, and malignancy: Results from factor and cluster analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2012, 4(3):763-776. cancers4030763 [pii]. 10.3390/cancers4030763.
36. Brozyna A.A., Jochymski C., Janjetovic Z., Jozwicki W., Tuckey R.C., Slominski A.T. CYP24A1 expression inversely correlates with melanoma progression: Clinic-pathological studies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2014, 15(10):19000-19017. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.3390/ijms151019000.
37. Brozyna A.A., Jozwicki W., Janjetovic Z., Slominski A.T. Expression of the vitamin D-activating enzyme 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) decreases during melanoma progression. Human Pathology 2013, 44(3):374-387. S0046-8177(12)00205-5 [pii]. 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.03.031.
38. Brozyna A.A., Jozwicki W., Jochymski C., Slominski A.T. Decreased expression of CYP27B1 correlates with the increased aggressiveness of ovarian carcinomas. Oncology Reports 2015, 33(2):599-606. 10.3892/or.2014.3666.
39. Bu F.X., Armas L., Lappe J., Zhou Y., Gao G., Wang H.W., et al. Comprehensive association analysis of nine candidate genes with serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among healthy Caucasian subjects. Human Genetics 2010, 128(5):549-556. 10.1007/s00439-010-0881-9.
40. Burgos-Trinidad M., DeLuca H.F. Kinetic properties of 25-hydroxyvitamin D- and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase from chick kidney. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1991, 1078(2):226-230.
41. Campbell M.J. Vitamin D and the RNA transcriptome: More than mRNA regulation. Frontiers in Physiology 2014, 5:181. (Review). 10.3389/fphys.2014.00181.
42. Cantorna M.T., Waddell A. The vitamin D receptor turns off chronically activated T cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2014, 1317:70-75. 10.1111/nyas.12408.
43. Cario E. Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel diseases: A decade later. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2010, 16(9):1583-1597. 10.1002/ibd.21282.
44. Carlberg C. Genome-wide (over)view on the actions of vitamin D. Frontiers in Physiology 2014, 5:167. (Review). 10.3389/fphys.2014.00167.
45. Carlberg C., Molnar F. Current status of vitamin D signaling and its therapeutic applications. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2012, 12(6):528-547. CTMC-EPUB-20120113-004 [pii].
46. Chen K.S., DeLuca H.F. Cloning of the human 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 24-hydroxylase gene promoter and identification of two vitamin D-responsive elements. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1995, 1263(1):1-9. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.).
47. Chen Y., Liu W., Sun T., Huang Y., Wang Y., Deb D.K., et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D promotes negative feedback regulation of TLR signaling via targeting microRNA-155-SOCS1 in macrophages. Journal of Immunology 2013, 190(7):3687-3695. 10.4049/jimmunol.1203273.
48. Chen Y., Zhang J., Ge X., Du J., Deb D.K., Li Y.C. Vitamin D receptor inhibits nuclear factor κB activation by interacting with IκB kinase β protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013, 288(27):19450-19458. 10.1074/jbc.M113.467670.
49. Cheng J.B., Levine M.A., Bell N.H., Mangelsdorf D.J., Russell D.W. Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101(20):7711-7715. 10.1073/pnas.0402490101.
50. Chung M., Lee J., Terasawa T., Lau J., Trikalinos T.A. Vitamin D with or without calcium supplementation for prevention of cancer and fractures: An updated meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine 2011, 155(12):827-838. (Meta-Analysis Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review). 10.7326/0003-4819-155-12-201112200-00005.
51. Clinckspoor I., Hauben E., Verlinden L., Van den Bruel A., Vanwalleghem L., Vander Poorten V., et al. Altered expression of key players in vitamin D metabolism and signaling in malignant and benign thyroid tumors. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society 2012, 60(7):502-511. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1369/0022155412447296.
52. Cohen-Lahav M., Shany S., Tobvin D., Chaimovitz C., Douvdevani A. Vitamin D decreases NFkappaB activity by increasing IkappaBalpha levels. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association-European Renal Association 2006, 21(4):889-897. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1093/ndt/gfi254.
53. Crome S.Q., Wang A.Y., Levings M.K. Translational mini-review series on Th17 cells: Function and regulation of human T helper 17 cells in health and disease. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 2010, 159(2):109-119. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04037.x.
54. Cross H.S., Kallay E. Nutritional regulation of extrarenal vitamin D hydroxylase expression-Potential application in tumor prevention and therapy. Future Oncology 2005, 1(3):415-424. 10.1517/14796694.1.3.415.
55. Cross H.S., Kallay E. Regulation of the colonic vitamin D system for prevention of tumor progression: An update. Future Oncology 2009, 5(4):493-507. 10.2217/fon.09.22.
56. Cross H.S., Nittke T., Kallay E. Colonic vitamin D metabolism: Implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2011, 347(1-2):70-79. S0303-7207(11)00402-3 [pii]. 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.022.
57. Danielson P.B. The cytochrome P450 superfamily: Biochemistry, evolution and drug metabolism in humans. Current Drug Metabolism 2002, 3(6):561-597.
58. Deeb K.K., Trump D.L., Johnson C.S. Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: Potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nature Reviews. Cancer 2007, 7(9):684-700. nrc2196 [pii]. 10.1038/nrc2196.
59. DeLuca H.F. Discovery of the vitamin D endocrine system. Journal of Nutrition 1997, 127(5 Suppl.):1050S-1052S.
60. Dickie L.J., Church L.D., Coulthard L.R., Mathews R.J., Emery P., McDermott M.F. Vitamin D3 down-regulates intracellular Toll-like receptor 9 expression and Toll-like receptor 9-induced IL-6 production in human monocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010, 49(8):1466-1471. 10.1093/rheumatology/keq124.
61. Diesel B., Radermacher J., Bureik M., Bernhardt R., Seifert M., Reichrath J., et al. Vitamin D(3) metabolism in human glioblastoma multiforme: Functionality of CYP27B1 splice variants, metabolism of calcidiol, and effect of calcitriol. Clinical Cancer Research 2005, 11(15):5370-5380. 11/15/5370 [pii]. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1968.
62. Dionne S., Calderon M.R., White J.H., Memari B., Elimrani I., Adelson B., et al. Differential effect of vitamin D on NOD2- and TLR-induced cytokines in Crohn's disease. Mucosal Immunology 2014, 7(6):1405-1415. 10.1038/mi.2014.30.
63. Dusso A.S., Brown A.J., Slatopolsky E. Vitamin D. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 2005, 289(1):F8-F28. 289/1/F8 [pii]. 10.1152/ajprenal.00336.2004.
64. Dwivedi P.P., Anderson P.H., Omdahl J.L., Grimes H.L., Morris H.A., May B.K. Identification of growth factor independent-1 (GFI1) as a repressor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha hydroxylase (CYP27B1) gene expression in human prostate cancer cells. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2005, 12(2):351-365. 12/2/351 [pii]. 10.1677/erc.1.00920.
65. Ebert R., Jovanovic M., Ulmer M., Schneider D., Meissner-Weigl J., Adamski J., et al. Down-regulation by nuclear factor kappaB of human 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase promoter. Molecular Endocrinology 2004, 18(10):2440-2450. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1210/me.2002-0441.
66. Feldman D., Krishnan A.V., Swami S., Giovannucci E., Feldman B.J. The role of vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and progression. Nature Reviews. Cancer 2014, 14(5):342-357. nrc3691 [pii]. 10.1038/nrc3691.
67. Feskanich D., Ma J., Fuchs C.S., Kirkner G.J., Hankinson S.E., Hollis B.W., et al. Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2004, 13(9):1502-1508. 13/9/1502 [pii].
68. Fischer U., Leidinger P., Keller A., Folarin A., Ketter R., Graf N., et al. Amplicons on chromosome 12q13-21 in glioblastoma recurrences. International Journal of Cancer 2010, 126(11):2594-2602. 10.1002/ijc.24971.
69. Fleet J.C., Bradley J., Reddy G.S., Ray R., Wood R.J. 1 alpha,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3 analogs with minimal in vivo calcemic activity can stimulate significant transepithelial calcium transport and mRNA expression in vitro. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1996, 329(2):228-234. 10.1006/abbi.1996.0213.
70. Foresta C., Strapazzon G., De Toni L., Perilli L., Di Mambro A., Muciaccia B., et al. Bone mineral density and testicular failure: Evidence for a role of vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in human testis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011, 96(4):E646-E652. jc.2010-1628 [pii]. 10.1210/jc.2010-1628.
71. Friedrich M., Rafi L., Mitschele T., Tilgen W., Schmidt W., Reichrath J. Analysis of the vitamin D system in cervical carcinomas, breast cancer and ovarian cancer. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les Recherches sur le Cancer 2003, 164:239-246.
72. Froicu M., Cantorna M.T. Vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response to colonic injury. BMC Immunology 2007, 8:5. 1471-2172-8-5 [pii]. 10.1186/1471-2172-8-5.
73. Froicu M., Weaver V., Wynn T.A., McDowell M.A., Welsh J.E., Cantorna M.T. A crucial role for the vitamin D receptor in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases. Molecular Endocrinology 2003, 17(12):2386-2392. me.2003-0281 [pii]. 10.1210/me.2003-0281.
74. Froicu M., Zhu Y., Cantorna M.T. Vitamin D receptor is required to control gastrointestinal immunity in IL-10 knockout mice. Immunology 2006, 117(3):310-318. 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02290.x.
75. Fujiki R., Kim M.S., Sasaki Y., Yoshimura K., Kitagawa H., Kato S. Ligand-induced transrepression by VDR through association of WSTF with acetylated histones. The EMBO Journal 2005, 24(22):3881-3894. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Retracted Publication). 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600853.
76. Garland C.F., Gorham E.D., Mohr S.B., Garland F.C. Vitamin D for cancer prevention: Global perspective. Annals of Epidemiology 2009, 19(7):468-483. S1047-2797(09)00105-7 [pii]. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.021.
77. Gascon-Barre M., Demers C., Ghrab O., Theodoropoulos C., Lapointe R., Jones G., et al. Expression of CYP27A, a gene encoding a vitamin D-25 hydroxylase in human liver and kidney. Clinical Endocrinology 2001, 54(1):107-115. cen1160 [pii].
78. Giangreco A.A., Dambal S., Wagner D., Van der Kwast T., Vieth R., Prins G.S., et al. Differential expression and regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases and inflammatory genes in prostate stroma and epithelium by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in men with prostate cancer and an in vitro model. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2015, 148:156-165. S0960-0760(14)00237-4 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.004.
79. Gilbert R., Bonilla C., Metcalfe C., Lewis S., Evans D.M., Fraser W.D., et al. Associations of vitamin D pathway genes with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D, and prostate cancer: A nested case-control study. Cancer Causes and Control 2015, 26(2):205-218. 10.1007/s10552-014-0500-5.
80. Gombart A.F. The vitamin D-antimicrobial peptide pathway and its role in protection against infection. Future Microbiology 2009, 4(9):1151-1165.
81. Grant W.B., Cross H.S., Garland C.F., Gorham E.D., Moan J., Peterlik M., et al. Estimated benefit of increased vitamin D status in reducing the economic burden of disease in western Europe. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 2009, 99(2-3):104-113. S0079-107(09)00040-6 [pii]. 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2009.02.003.
82. Gray R.W., Omdahl J.L., Ghazarian J.G., DeLuca H.F. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase. Subcellular location and properties. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1972, 247(23):7528-7532.
83. Groschel C., Aggarwal A., Tennakoon S., Hobaus J., Prinz-Wohlgenannt M., Marian B., et al. Effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D on the Wnt pathway in non-malignant colonic cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2015, S0960-0760(15)00049-7 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.02.011.
84. Guryev O., Carvalho R.A., Usanov S., Gilep A., Estabrook R.W. A pathway for the metabolism of vitamin D3: Unique hydroxylated metabolites formed during catalysis with cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003, 100(25):14754-14759. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.). 10.1073/pnas.2336107100.
85. Gyetko M.R., Hsu C.H., Wilkinson C.C., Patel S., Young E. Monocyte 1 alpha-hydroxylase regulation: Induction by inflammatory cytokines and suppression by dexamethasone and uremia toxin. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 1993, 54(1):17-22.
86. Hanahan D., Weinberg R.A. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell 2011, 144(5):646-674. S0092-8674(11)00127-9 [pii]. 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013.
87. Haussler M.R., Haussler C.A., Bartik L., Whitfield G.K., Hsieh J.C., Slater S., et al. Vitamin D receptor: Molecular signaling and actions of nutritional ligands in disease prevention. Nutrition Reviews 2008, 66(10 Suppl. 2):S98-S112. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review). 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00093.x.
88. Haussler M.R., Whitfield G.K., Kaneko I., Haussler C.A., Hsieh D., Hsieh J.C., et al. Molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action. Calcified Tissue International 2013, 92(2):77-98. (Review). 10.1007/s00223-012-9619-0.
89. Heaney R.P., Recker R.R., Grote J., Horst R.L., Armas L.A. Vitamin D(3) is more potent than vitamin D(2) in humans. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011, 96(3):E447-E452. jc.2010-2230 [pii]. 10.1210/jc.2010-2230.
90. Heine G., Niesner U., Chang H.D., Steinmeyer A., Zügel U., Zuberbier T., et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) promotes IL-10 production in human B cells. European Journal of Immunology 2008, 38(8):2210-2218. 10.1002/eji.200838216.
91. Helming L., Böse J., Ehrchen J., Schiebe S., Frahm T., Geffers R., et al. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a potent suppressor of interferon gamma-mediated macrophage activation. Blood 2005, 106(13):4351-4358. 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1029.
92. Henry H.L. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2011, 25(4):531-541. 10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.003.
93. Hewison M. Vitamin D and immune function: An overview. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2012, 71(1):50-61. 10.1017/S0029665111001650.
94. Hewison M., Burke F., Evans K.N., Lammas D.A., Sansom D.M., Liu P., et al. Extra-renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human health and disease. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007, 103(3-5):316-321. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.078.
95. Hobaus J., Hummel D.M., Thiem U., Fetahu I.S., Aggarwal A., Mullauer L., et al. Increased copy-number and not DNA hypomethylation causes overexpression of the candidate proto-oncogene CYP24A1 in colorectal cancer. International Journal of Cancer. Journal International du Cancer 2013, 133(6):1380-1388. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1002/ijc.28143.
96. Hobaus J., Thiem U., Hummel D.M., Kallay E. Role of calcium, vitamin D, and the extrarenal vitamin D hydroxylases in carcinogenesis. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2013, 13(1):20-35. CMCACA-EPUB-20121012-8 [pii].
97. Hoffmann M.R., Senior P.A., Mager D.R. Vitamin D supplementation and health-related quality of life: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2015, 115:406-418. 10.1016/j.jand.2014.10.023.
98. Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 2007, 357(3):266-281. 357/3/266 [pii]. 10.1056/NEJMra070553.
99. Holick M.F., Biancuzzo R.M., Chen T.C., Klein E.K., Young A., Bibuld D., et al. Vitamin D2 is as effective as vitamin D3 in maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008, 93(3):677-681. jc.2007-2308 [pii]. 10.1210/jc.2007-2308.
100. Horvath H.C., Khabir Z., Nittke T., Gruber S., Speer G., Manhardt T., et al. CYP24A1 splice variants-Implications for the antitumorigenic actions of 1,25-(OH)2D3 in colorectal cancer. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2010, 121(1-2):76-79. S0960-0760(10)00179-2 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.080.
101. Horvath H.C., Lakatos P., Kosa J.P., Bacsi K., Borka K., Bises G., et al. The candidate oncogene CYP24A1: A potential biomarker for colorectal tumorigenesis. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 2010, 58(3):277-285. jhc.2009.954339 [pii]. 10.1369/jhc.2009.954339.
102. Hoyer-Hansen M., Nordbrandt S.P., Jaattela M. Autophagy as a basis for the health-promoting effects of vitamin D. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2010, 16(7):295-302.
103. Hummel D., Aggarwal A., Borka K., Bajna E., Kallay E., Horvath H.C. The vitamin D system is deregulated in pancreatic diseases. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2014, 144(Pt B):402-409. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.011.
104. Hummel D.M., Fetahu I.S., Gröschel C., Manhardt T., Kállay E. Role of proinflammatory cytokines on expression of vitamin D metabolism and target genes in colon cancer cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2014, 144:91-95. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.09.017.
105. Hummel D.M., Thiem U., Höbaus J., Mesteri I., Gober L., Stremnitzer C., et al. Prevention of preneoplastic lesions by dietary vitamin D in a mouse model of colorectal carcinogenesis. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2013, 136:284-288. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.003.
106. Inui N., Murayama A., Sasaki S., Suda T., Chida K., Kato S., et al. Correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase gene expression in alveolar macrophages and the activity of sarcoidosis. American Journal of Medicine 2001, 110(9):687-693.
107. Ishizuka S., Kurihara N., Reddy S.V., Cornish J., Cundy T., Roodman G.D. (23S)-25-Dehydro-1(alpha)-hydroxyvitamin D3-26,23-lactone, a vitamin D receptor antagonist that inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorption in bone marrow cultures from patients with Paget's disease. Endocrinology 2005, 146(4):2023-2030. 10.1210/en.2004-1140.
108. Iyer S.S., Cheng G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Critical Reviews in Immunology 2012, 32(1):23-63.
109. Jablonski K.L., Jovanovich A., Holmen J., Targher G., McFann K., Kendrick J., et al. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is independently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases 2013, 23(8):792-798. 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.12.006.
110. Janjetovic Z., Tuckey R.C., Nguyen M.N., Thorpe E.M., Slominski A.T. 20,23-dihydroxyvitamin D3, novel P450scc product, stimulates differentiation and inhibits proliferation and NF-kappaB activity in human keratinocytes. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2010, 223(1):36-48. 10.1002/jcp.21992.
111. Janjetovic Z., Zmijewski M.A., Tuckey R.C., DeLeon D.A., Nguyen M.N., Pfeffer L.M., et al. 20-Hydroxycholecalciferol, product of vitamin D3 hydroxylation by P450scc, decreases NF-kappaB activity by increasing IkappaB alpha levels in human keratinocytes. PLoS One 2009, 4(6):e5988. 10.1371/journal.pone.0005988.
112. Jeffery L.E., Wood A.M., Qureshi O.S., Hou T.Z., Gardner D., Briggs Z., et al. Availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) to APCs controls the balance between regulatory and inflammatory T cell responses. Journal of Immunology 2012, 189(11):5155-5164. 10.4049/jimmunol.1200786.
113. Jones G. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2008, 88(2):582S-586S.
114. Jones G., Prosser D.E. The activating enzymes of vitamin d metabolism (25- and 1alpha-hydroxylases). Vitamin D 2011, vol. 1:23-42. Elsevier, San Francisco. D. Feldman, W.J. Pike, J.S. Adams (Eds.).
115. Jones G., Schnoes H.K., DeLuca H.F. Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. Biochemistry 1975, 14(6):1250-1256.
116. Jones G., Strugnell S.A., DeLuca H.F. Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiological Reviews 1998, 78(4):1193-1231. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Review).
117. Jones G., Tenenhouse H.S. 1,25(OH)2D, the preferred substrate for CYP24. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2002, 17(1):179-181. 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.1.179.
118. Kalinski P. Regulation of immune responses by prostaglandin E2. Journal of Immunology 2012, 188(1):21-28. 10.4049/jimmunol.1101029.
119. Kallay E., Bareis P., Bajna E., Kriwanek S., Bonner E., Toyokuni S., et al. Vitamin D receptor activity and prevention of colonic hyperproliferation and oxidative stress. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2002, 40(8):1191-1196. S0278691502000303 [pii].
120. Kallay E., Bises G., Bajna E., Bieglmayer C., Gerdenitsch W., Steffan I., et al. Colon-specific regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases-A possible approach for tumor prevention. Carcinogenesis 2005, 26(9):1581-1589. bgi124 [pii]. 10.1093/carcin/bgi124.
121. Kamao M., Tatematsu S., Sawada N., Sakaki T., Hatakeyama S., Kubodera N., et al. Cell specificity and properties of the C-3 epimerization of vitamin D3 metabolites. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2004, 89-90(1-5):39-42. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.048.
122. Kasuga H., Hosogane N., Matsuoka K., Mori I., Sakura Y., Shimakawa K., et al. Characterization of transgenic rats constitutively expressing vitamin D-24-hydroxylase gene. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2002, 297(5):1332-1338.
123. Keegan R.J., Lu Z., Bogusz J.M., Williams J.E., Holick M.F. Photobiology of vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans. Dermato-endocrinology 2013, 5(1):165-176. 10.4161/derm.23321.
124. Khorchide M., Lechner D., Cross H.S. Epigenetic regulation of vitamin D hydroxylase expression and activity in normal and malignant human prostate cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2005, 93(2-5):167-172. S0960-0760(04)00437-6 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.12.022.
125. Kim M.S., Kondo T., Takada I., Youn M.Y., Yamamoto Y., Takahashi S., et al. DNA demethylation in hormone-induced transcriptional derepression. Nature 2009, 461(7266):1007-1012. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Retracted Publication). 10.1038/nature08456.
126. Kim J.H., Yamaori S., Tanabe T., Johnson C.H., Krausz K.W., Kato S., et al. Implication of intestinal VDR deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2013, 1830(1):2118-2128. 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.09.020.
127. Kitson M.T., Roberts S.K. D-livering the message: The importance of vitamin D status in chronic liver disease. Journal of Hepatology 2012, 57(4):897-909. 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.033.
128. Kong J., Xu F., Qu J., Wang Y., Gao M., Yu H., et al. Genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D pathway in relation to lung cancer risk and survival. Oncotarget 2014, 6:2573-2582. 2951 [pii].
129. Kong J., Zhang Z., Musch M.W., Ning G., Sun J., Hart J., et al. Novel role of the vitamin D receptor in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2008, 294(1):G208-G216. 00398.2007 [pii]. 10.1152/ajpgi.00398.2007.
130. Krishnan A.V., Swami S., Feldman D. Equivalent anticancer activities of dietary vitamin D and calcitriol in an animal model of breast cancer: Importance of mammary CYP27B1 for treatment and prevention. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2013, 136:289-295. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review). 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.08.005.
131. Kundu R., Chain B.M., Coussens A.K., Khoo B., Noursadeghi M. Regulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 hydroxylases limits cell-autonomous activation of vitamin D in dendritic cells. European Journal of Immunology 2014, 44(6):1781-1790. 10.1002/eji.201344157.
132. Kutuzova G.D., DeLuca H.F. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates genes responsible for detoxification in intestine. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2007, 218(1):37-44. 10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.005.
133. Lagishetty V., Misharin A.V., Liu N.Q., Lisse T.S., Chun R.F., Ouyang Y., et al. Vitamin D deficiency in mice impairs colonic antibacterial activity and predisposes to colitis. Endocrinology 2010, 151(6):2423-2432. en.2010-0089 [pii]. 10.1210/en.2010-0089.
134. Lange C.M., Bojunga J., Ramos-Lopez E., von Wagner M., Hassler A., Vermehren J., et al. Vitamin D deficiency and a CYP27B1-1260 promoter polymorphism are associated with chronic hepatitis C and poor response to interferon-alfa based therapy. Journal of Hepatology 2011, 54(5):887-893. 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.036.
135. Lange C.M., Miki D., Ochi H., Nischalke H.D., Bojunga J., Bibert S., et al. Genetic analyses reveal a role for vitamin D insufficiency in HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma development. PLoS One 2013, 8(5):e64053. PONE-D-13-04732 [pii]. 10.1371/journal.pone.0064053.
136. Larriba M.J., Ordonez-Moran P., Chicote I., Martin-Fernandez G., Puig I., Munoz A., et al. Vitamin D receptor deficiency enhances Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and tumor burden in colon cancer. PLoS One 2011, 6(8):e23524. PONE-D-11-05092 [pii]. 10.1371/journal.pone.0023524.
137. Lemire J.M., Archer D.C., Beck L., Spiegelberg H.L. Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: Preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. Journal of Nutrition 1995, 125(6 Suppl.):1704S-1708S.
138. Leyssens C., Verlinden L., Verstuyf A. Antineoplastic effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2013, 20(2):R31-R47. ERC-12-0381 [pii]. 10.1530/ERC-12-0381.
139. Li B., Baylink D.J., Walter M.H., Lau K.H., Meng X., Wang J., et al. Targeted 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1α-hydroxylase Adoptive gene therapy ameliorates DSS-induced colitis without causing hypercalcemia in mice. Molecular Therapy 2015, 23:339-351. 10.1038/mt.2014.201.
140. Liu N., Nguyen L., Chun R.F., Lagishetty V., Ren S., Wu S., et al. Altered endocrine and autocrine metabolism of vitamin D in a mouse model of gastrointestinal inflammation. Endocrinology 2008, 149(10):4799-4808. en.2008-0060 [pii]. 10.1210/en.2008-0060.
141. Liu P.T., Stenger S., Li H., Wenzel L., Tan B.H., Krutzik S.R., et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 2006, 311(5768):1770-1773. 10.1126/science.1123933.
142. Lonard D.M., O'Malley B.W. The expanding cosmos of nuclear receptor coactivators. Cell 2006, 125(3):411-414. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review). 10.1016/j.cell.2006.04.021.
143. Lopes N., Sousa B., Martins D., Gomes M., Vieira D., Veronese L.A., et al. Alterations in vitamin D signalling and metabolic pathways in breast cancer progression: A study of VDR, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 expression in benign and malignant breast lesions. BMC Cancer 2010, 10:483. 1471-2407-10-483 [pii]. 10.1186/1471-2407-10-483.
144. Luo W., Hershberger P.A., Trump D.L., Johnson C.S. 24-Hydroxylase in cancer: Impact on vitamin D-based anticancer therapeutics. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2013, 136:252-257. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review). 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.09.031.
145. Manson J.E., Mayne S.T., Clinton S.K. Vitamin D and prevention of cancer-Ready for prime time?. The New England Journal of Medicine 2011, 364(15):1385-1387. 10.1056/NEJMp1102022.
146. Masuda S., Byford V., Arabian A., Sakai Y., Demay M.B., St-Arnaud R., et al. Altered pharmacokinetics of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the blood and tissues of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (Cyp24a1) null mouse. Endocrinology 2005, 146(2):825-834. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.). 10.1210/en.2004-1116.
147. Matilainen J.M., Malinen M., Turunen M.M., Carlberg C., Vaisanen S. The number of vitamin D receptor binding sites defines the different vitamin D responsiveness of the CYP24 gene in malignant and normal mammary cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010, 285(31):24174-24183. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1074/jbc.M110.124073.
148. Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 2008, 454(7203):428-435. 10.1038/nature07201.
149. Meyer M.B., Goetsch P.D., Pike J.W. A downstream intergenic cluster of regulatory enhancers contributes to the induction of CYP24A1 expression by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2010, 285(20):15599-15610. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural). 10.1074/jbc.M110.119958.
150. Meyer M.B., Zella L.A., Nerenz R.D., Pike J.W. Characterizing early events associated with the activation of target genes by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in mouse kidney and intestine in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2007, 282(31):22344-22352. M703475200 [pii]. 10.1074/jbc.M703475200.
151. Mimori K., Tanaka Y., Yoshinaga K., Masuda T., Yamashita K., Okamoto M., et al. Clinical significance of the overexpression of the candidate oncogene CYP24 in esophageal cancer. Annals of Oncology 2004, 15(2):236-241.
152. Molnár F., Sigüeiro R., Sato Y., Araujo C., Schuster I., Antony P., et al. 1α,25(OH)2-3-epi-vitamin D3, a natural physiological metabolite of vitamin D3: Its synthesis, biological activity and crystal structure with its receptor. PLoS One 2011, 6(3):e18124. 10.1371/journal.pone.0018124.
153. Moreno J., Krishnan A.V., Swami S., Nonn L., Peehl D.M., Feldman D. Regulation of prostaglandin metabolism by calcitriol attenuates growth stimulation in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Research 2005, 65(17):7917-7925. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1435.
154. Muindi J.R., Nganga A., Engler K.L., Coignet L.J., Johnson C.S., Trump D.L. CYP24 splicing variants are associated with different patterns of constitutive and calcitriol-inducible CYP24 activity in human prostate cancer cell lines. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007, 103(3-5):334-337. S0960-0760(06)00439-0 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.060.
155. Murray P.J., Wynn T.A. Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets. Nature Reviews. Immunology 2011, 11(11):723-737. 10.1038/nri3073.
156. Muthian G., Raikwar H.P., Rajasingh J., Bright J.J. 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 modulates JAK-STAT pathway in IL-12/IFNgamma axis leading to Th1 response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Journal of Neuroscience Research 2006, 83(7):1299-1309. 10.1002/jnr.20826.
157. Nakanishi M., Rosenberg D.W. Multifaceted roles of PGE2 in inflammation and cancer. Seminars in Immunopathology 2013, 35(2):123-137. 10.1007/s00281-012-0342-8.
158. Narvaez C.J., Matthews D., LaPorta E., Simmons K.M., Beaudin S., Welsh J. The impact of vitamin D in breast cancer: Genomics, pathways, metabolism. Frontiers in Physiology 2014, 5:213. 10.3389/fphys.2014.00213.
159. Nguyen D.P., Li J., Tewari A.K. Inflammation and prostate cancer: The role of interleukin 6 (IL-6). BJU International 2014, 113(6):986-992. 10.1111/bju.12452.
160. Nonn L., Peng L., Feldman D., Peehl D.M. Inhibition of p38 by vitamin D reduces interleukin-6 production in normal prostate cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 5: Implications for prostate cancer prevention by vitamin D. Cancer Research 2006, 66(8):4516-4524. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3796.
161. Noyola-Martínez N., Díaz L., Zaga-Clavellina V., Avila E., Halhali A., Larrea F., et al. Regulation of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 gene expression by recombinant pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured human trophoblasts. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2014, 144(Pt. A):106-109. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.007.
162. Orlov I., Rochel N., Moras D., Klaholz B.P. Structure of the full human RXR/VDR nuclear receptor heterodimer complex with its DR3 target DNA. The EMBO Journal 2012, 31(2):291-300. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1038/emboj.2011.445.
163. Parise R.A., Egorin M.J., Kanterewicz B., Taimi M., Petkovich M., Lew A.M., et al. CYP24, the enzyme that catabolizes the antiproliferative agent vitamin D, is increased in lung cancer. International Journal of Cancer. Journal International du Cancer 2006, 119(8):1819-1828. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural). 10.1002/ijc.22058.
164. Pereira F., Larriba M.J., Munoz A. Vitamin D and colon cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer 2012, 19(3):R51-R71. ERC-11-0388 [pii]. 10.1530/ERC-11-0388.
165. Perwad F., Portale A.A. Vitamin D metabolism in the kidney: Regulation by phosphorus and fibroblast growth factor 23. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2011, 347(1-2):17-24. (Review). 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.030.
166. Pike J.W., Meyer M.B., Watanuki M., Kim S., Zella L.A., Fretz J.A., et al. Perspectives on mechanisms of gene regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its receptor. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2007, 103(3-5):389-395. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural). 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.050.
167. Prietl B., Pilz S., Wolf M., Tomaschitz A., Obermayer-Pietsch B., Graninger W., et al. Vitamin D supplementation and regulatory T cells in apparently healthy subjects: Vitamin D treatment for autoimmune diseases?. The Israel Medical Association Journal 2010, 12(3):136-139.
168. Prosser D.E., Jones G. Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of vitamin D. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 2004, 29(12):664-673. 10.1016/j.tibs.2004.10.005.
169. Raftery T., O'Sullivan M. Optimal vitamin D levels in Crohn's disease: A review. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2015, 74(1):56-66. S0029665114001591 [pii]. 10.1017/S0029665114001591.
170. Rahman A.H., Branch A.D. Vitamin D for your patients with chronic hepatitis C?. Journal of Hepatology 2013, 58(1):184-189. 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.026.
171. Ramagopalan S.V., Dyment D.A., Cader M.Z., Morrison K.M., Disanto G., Morahan J.M., et al. Rare variants in the CYP27B1 gene are associated with multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 2011, 70(6):881-886. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1002/ana.22678.
172. Ramagopalan S.V., Heger A., Berlanga A.J., Maugeri N.J., Lincoln M.R., Burrell A., et al. A ChIP-seq defined genome-wide map of vitamin D receptor binding: Associations with disease and evolution. Genome Research 2010, 20(10):1352-1360. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1101/gr.107920.110.
173. Ramasamy A., Trabzuni D., Forabosco P., Smith C., Walker R., Dillman A., et al. Genetic evidence for a pathogenic role for the vitamin D3 metabolizing enzyme CYP24A1 in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 2014, 3(2):211-219. 10.1016/j.msard.2013.08.009.
174. Ramnath N., Nadal E., Jeon C.K., Sandoval J., Colacino J., Rozek L.S., et al. Epigenetic regulation of vitamin D metabolism in human lung adenocarcinoma. Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2014, 9(4):473-482. 01243894-201404000-00012 [pii]. 10.1097/JTO.0000000000000114.
175. Ramos-Lopez E., Bruck P., Jansen T., Herwig J., Badenhoop K. CYP2R1 (vitamin D 25-hydroxylase) gene is associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and vitamin D levels in Germans. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 2007, 23(8):631-636. 10.1002/dmrr.719.
176. Reddy G.S., Muralidharan K.R., Okamura W.H., Tserng K.Y., McLane J.A. Metabolism of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) and its C-3 epimer 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D(3) in neonatal human keratinocytes. Steroids 2001, 66(3-5):441-450.
177. Reichel H., Koeffler H.P., Tobler A., Norman A.W. 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits gamma-interferon synthesis by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1987, 84(10):3385-3389.
178. Reichrath J., Reichrath S. The relevance of the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) for tumorigenesis, prevention, and treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC): Present concepts and future perspectives. Dermato-Endocrinology 2013, 5(1):38-50. (Review). 10.4161/derm.24156.
179. Reimers L.L., Crew K.D., Bradshaw P.T., Santella R.M., Steck S.E., Sirosh I., et al. Vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms, plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes and Control 2015, 26(2):187-203. 10.1007/s10552-014-0497-9.
180. Ren S., Nguyen L., Wu S., Encinas C., Adams J.S., Hewison M. Alternative splicing of vitamin D-24-hydroxylase: A novel mechanism for the regulation of extrarenal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005, 280(21):20604-20611. M414522200 [pii]. 10.1074/jbc.M414522200.
181. Rochel N., Wurtz J.M., Mitschler A., Klaholz B., Moras D. The crystal structure of the nuclear receptor for vitamin D bound to its natural ligand. Molecular Cell 2000, 5(1):173-179. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't).
182. Roff A., Wilson R.T. A novel SNP in a vitamin D response element of the CYP24A1 promoter reduces protein binding, transactivation, and gene expression. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2008, 112(1-3):47-54. S0960-0760(08)00218-5 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.08.009.
183. Sakaki T., Sawada N., Komai K., Shiozawa S., Yamada S., Yamamoto K., et al. Dual metabolic pathway of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 catalyzed by human CYP24. European Journal of Biochemistry/FEBS 2000, 267(20):6158-6165. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't).
184. Sartor R.B. Mechanisms of disease: Pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2006, 3(7):390-407. 10.1038/ncpgasthep0528.
185. Sawada N., Sakaki T., Kitanaka S., Kato S., Inouye K. Structure-function analysis of CYP27B1 and CYP27A1. Studies on mutants from patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets type I (VDDR-I) and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). European Journal of Biochemistry/FEBS 2001, 268(24):6607-6615. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't).
186. Scaldaferri F., Vetrano S., Sans M., Arena V., Straface G., Stigliano E., et al. VEGF-A links angiogenesis and inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 2009, 136(2):585-595. S0016-5085(08)01731-9 [pii]. 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.064.
187. Scheible C., Thill M., Baum S., Solomayer E., Friedrich M. Implication of CYP24A1 splicing in breast cancer. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 2014, 14(1):109-114. ACAMC-EPUB-54158 [pii].
188. Schuster I. Cytochromes P450 are essential players in the vitamin D signaling system. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2011, 1814(1):186-199. S1570-9639(10)00181-0 [pii]. 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.022.
189. Segersten U., Correa P., Hewison M., Hellman P., Dralle H., Carling T., et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase expression in normal and pathological parathyroid glands. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002, 87(6):2967-2972. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1210/jcem.87.6.8604.
190. Seuter S., Neme A., Carlberg C. Characterization of genomic vitamin D receptor binding sites through chromatin looping and opening. PLoS One 2014, 9(4):e96184. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1371/journal.pone.0096184.
191. Shi H., Yan P.S., Chen C.M., Rahmatpanah F., Lofton-Day C., Caldwell C.W., et al. Expressed CpG island sequence tag microarray for dual screening of DNA hypermethylation and gene silencing in cancer cells. Cancer Research 2002, 62(11):3214-3220.
192. Shimada T., Hasegawa H., Yamazaki Y., Muto T., Hino R., Takeuchi Y., et al. FGF-23 is a potent regulator of vitamin D metabolism and phosphate homeostasis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2004, 19(3):429-435. 10.1359/JBMR.0301264.
193. Sigmundsdottir H., Pan J., Debes G.F., Alt C., Habtezion A., Soler D., et al. DCs metabolize sunlight-induced vitamin D3 to 'program' T cell attraction to the epidermal chemokine CCL27. Nature Immunology 2007, 8(3):285-293. ni1433 [pii]. 10.1038/ni1433.
194. Signorello L.B., Shi J., Cai Q., Zheng W., Williams S.M., Long J., et al. Common variation in vitamin D pathway genes predicts circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels among African Americans. PLoS One 2011, 6(12):e28623. 10.1371/journal.pone.0028623.
195. Simon K.C., Munger K.L., Kraft P., Hunter D.J., De Jager P.L., Ascherio A. Genetic predictors of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology 2011, 258(9):1676-1682.
196. Sloka S., Silva C., Wang J., Yong V.W. Predominance of Th2 polarization by vitamin D through a STAT6-dependent mechanism. Journal of Neuroinflammation 2011, 8:56. 10.1186/1742-2094-8-56.
197. Slominski A.T., Janjetovic Z., Fuller B.E., Zmijewski M.A., Tuckey R.C., Nguyen M.N., et al. Products of vitamin D3 or 7-dehydrocholesterol metabolism by cytochrome P450scc show anti-leukemia effects, having low or absent calcemic activity. PLoS One 2010, 5(3):e9907. 10.1371/journal.pone.0009907.
198. Slominski A.T., Kim T.K., Janjetovic Z., Tuckey R.C., Bieniek R., Yue J., et al. 20-Hydroxyvitamin D2 is a noncalcemic analog of vitamin D with potent antiproliferative and prodifferentiation activities in normal and malignant cells. American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 2011, 300(3):C526-C541. ajpcell.00203.2010 [pii]. 10.1152/ajpcell.00203.2010.
199. Slominski A.T., Kim T.K., Li W., Yi A.K., Postlethwaite A., Tuckey R.C. The role of CYP11A1 in the production of vitamin D metabolites and their role in the regulation of epidermal functions. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2014, 144(Pt A):28-39. S0960-0760(13)00205-7 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.012.
200. Slominski A.T., Kim T.K., Shehabi H.Z., Semak I., Tang E.K., Nguyen M.N., et al. In vivo evidence for a novel pathway of vitamin D(3) metabolism initiated by P450scc and modified by CYP27B1. FASEB Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 2012, 26(9):3901-3915. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1096/fj.12-208975.
201. Slominski A., Kim T.K., Zmijewski M.A., Janjetovic Z., Li W., Chen J., et al. Novel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin. Dermato-endocrinology 2013, 5(1):7-19. 2012DE0223R [pii]. 10.4161/derm.23938.
202. Slominski A., Semak I., Wortsman J., Zjawiony J., Li W., Zbytek B., et al. An alternative pathway of vitamin D metabolism. Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1)-mediated conversion to 20-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 17,20-dihydroxyvitamin D2. The FEBS Journal 2006, 273(13):2891-2901. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural). 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05302.x.
203. Song M., Nishihara R., Wang M., Chan A.T., Qian Z.R., Inamura K., et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and colorectal cancer risk according to tumour immunity status. Gut 2015, 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308852.
204. St-Arnaud R., Arabian A., Travers R., Barletta F., Raval-Pandya M., Chapin K., et al. Deficient mineralization of intramembranous bone in vitamin D-24-hydroxylase-ablated mice is due to elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and not to the absence of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Endocrinology 2000, 141(7):2658-2666. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1210/endo.141.7.7579.
205. St-Arnaud R., Messerlian S., Moir J.M., Omdahl J.L., Glorieux F.H. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase gene maps to the pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets (PDDR) disease locus. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research: The Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 1997, 12(10):1552-1559. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.10.1552.
206. Stoffels K., Overbergh L., Giulietti A., Verlinden L., Bouillon R., Mathieu C. Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human monocytes. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2006, 21(1):37-47. 10.1359/JBMR.050908.
207. Strushkevich N., Usanov S.A., Plotnikov A.N., Jones G., Park H.W. Structural analysis of CYP2R1 in complex with vitamin D3. Journal of Molecular Biology 2008, 380(1):95-106. S0022-2836(08)00396-3 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.03.065.
208. Sundaram K., Sambandam Y., Tsuruga E., Wagner C.L., Reddy S.V. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates CYP2R1 gene expression in human oral squamous cell carcinoma tumor cells. Hormones and Cancer 2014, 5(2):90-97. 10.1007/s12672-014-0170-5.
209. Sundqvist E., Bäärnhielm M., Alfredsson L., Hillert J., Olsson T., Kockum I. Confirmation of association between multiple sclerosis and CYP27B1. European Journal of Human Genetics 2010, 18(12):1349-1352. 10.1038/ejhg.2010.113.
210. Swami S., Krishnan A.V., Wang J.Y., Jensen K., Peng L., Albertelli M.A., et al. Inhibitory effects of calcitriol on the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts in nude mice: Selective modulation of aromatase expression in vivo. Hormones & Cancer 2011, 2(3):190-202. 10.1007/s12672-011-0073-7.
211. Taniguchi K., Karin M. IL-6 and related cytokines as the critical lynchpins between inflammation and cancer. Seminars in Immunology 2014, 26(1):54-74. 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.001.
212. Taylor A.W. Review of the activation of TGF-beta in immunity. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2009, 85(1):29-33. 10.1189/jlb.0708415.
213. Tieu E.W., Tang E.K., Chen J., Li W., Nguyen M.N., Janjetovic Z., et al. Rat CYP24A1 acts on 20-hydroxyvitamin D(3) producing hydroxylated products with increased biological activity. Biochemical Pharmacology 2012, 84(12):1696-1704. S0006-2952(12)00663-6 [pii]. 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.032.
214. Toell A., Gonzalez M.M., Ruf D., Steinmeyer A., Ishizuka S., Carlberg C. Different molecular mechanisms of vitamin D(3) receptor antagonists. Molecular Pharmacology 2001, 59(6):1478-1485. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't).
215. Townsend K., Banwell C.M., Guy M., Colston K.W., Mansi J.L., Stewart P.M., et al. Autocrine metabolism of vitamin D in normal and malignant breast tissue. Clinical Cancer Research 2005, 11(9):3579-3586. 11/9/3579 [pii]. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2359.
216. Tuckey R.C., Li W., Zjawiony J.K., Zmijewski M.A., Nguyen M.N., Sweatman T., et al. Pathways and products for the metabolism of vitamin D3 by cytochrome P450scc. The FEBS Journal 2008, 275(10):2585-2596. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06406.x.
217. Urbschat A., Paulus P., von Quernheim Q.F., Bruck P., Badenhoop K., Zeuzem S., et al. Vitamin D hydroxylases CYP2R1, CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 in renal cell carcinoma. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2013, 43(12):1282-1290. 10.1111/eci.12176.
218. van Etten E., Stoffels K., Gysemans C., Mathieu C., Overbergh L. Regulation of vitamin D homeostasis: Implications for the immune system. Nutrition Reviews 2008, 66(10 Suppl. 2):S125-S134. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00096.x.
219. Wang L., Flanagan J.N., Whitlatch L.W., Jamieson D.P., Holick M.F., Chen T.C. Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase by epidermal growth factor in prostate cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2004, 89-90(1-5):127-130. S0960076004001505 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.091.
220. Wang Q., He Y., Shen Y., Zhang Q., Chen D., Zuo C., et al. Vitamin D inhibits COX-2 expression and inflammatory response by targeting thioesterase superfamily member 4. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2014, 289(17):11681-11694. 10.1074/jbc.M113.517581.
221. Wang T.T., Nestel F.P., Bourdeau V., Nagai Y., Wang Q., Liao J., et al. Cutting edge: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. Journal of Immunology 2004, 173(5):2909-2912.
222. Wang J., Slominski A., Tuckey R.C., Janjetovic Z., Kulkarni A., Chen J., et al. 20-hydroxyvitamin D(3) inhibits proliferation of cancer cells with high efficacy while being non-toxic. Anticancer Research 2012, 32(3):739-746. 32/3/739 [pii].
223. Wang T.J., Zhang F., Richards J.B., Kestenbaum B., van Meurs J.B., Berry D., et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: A genome-wide association study. Lancet 2010, 376(9736):180-188. 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60588-0.
224. Wang Y., Zhu J., DeLuca H.F. Where is the vitamin D receptor?. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2012, 523(1):123-133. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review). 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.001.
225. Welsh J. Vitamin D and cancer: Integration of cellular biology, molecular mechanisms and animal models. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Supplementum 2012, 243:103-111. 10.3109/00365513.2012.682870.
226. Wu S., Ren S., Nguyen L., Adams J.S., Hewison M. Splice variants of the CYP27b1 gene and the regulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. Endocrinology 2007, 148(7):3410-3418. (Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural). 10.1210/en.2006-1388.
227. Yang L., Weaver V., Smith J.P., Bingaman S., Hartman T.J., Cantorna M.T. Therapeutic effect of vitamin d supplementation in a pilot study of Crohn's patients. Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology 2013, 4:e33. ctg20131 [pii]. 10.1038/ctg.2013.1.
228. Yin K., Agrawal D.K. Vitamin D and inflammatory diseases. Journal of Inflammation Research 2014, 7:69-87. 10.2147/JIR.S63898.
229. Yin L., Grandi N., Raum E., Haug U., Arndt V., Brenner H. Meta-analysis: Longitudinal studies of serum vitamin D and colorectal cancer risk. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2009, 30(2):113-125. APT4022 [pii]. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04022.x.
230. Zehnder D., Bland R., Chana R.S., Wheeler D.C., Howie A.J., Williams M.C., et al. Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) by human endothelial cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines: A novel autocrine determinant of vascular cell adhesion. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2002, 13(3):621-629.
231. Zehnder D., Bland R., Williams M.C., McNinch R.W., Howie A.J., Stewart P.M., et al. Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001, 86(2):888-894. 10.1210/jcem.86.2.7220.
232. Zhang Y., Leung D.Y., Richers B.N., Liu Y., Remigio L.K., Riches D.W., et al. Vitamin D inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. Journal of Immunology 2012, 188(5):2127-2135. 10.4049/jimmunol.1102412.
233. Zheng W., Tayyari F., Gowda G.A., Raftery D., McLamore E.S., Shi J., et al. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D regulation of glucose metabolism in Harvey-ras transformed MCF10A human breast epithelial cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2013, 138:81-89. S0960-0760(13)00061-7 [pii]. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.03.012.
234. Zhu J., DeLuca H.F. Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase-Four decades of searching, are we there yet?. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2012, 523(1):30-36. S0003-9861(12)00028-8 [pii]. 10.1016/j.abb.2012.01.013.
235. Zhu Y., Mahon B.D., Froicu M., Cantorna M.T. Calcium and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target the TNF-alpha pathway to suppress experimental inflammatory bowel disease. European Journal of Immunology 2005, 35(1):217-224. 10.1002/eji.200425491.
236. Zierold C., Mings J.A., DeLuca H.F. Regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase mRNA by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2003, 88(2):234-237. 10.1002/jcb.10341.
237. Zordoky B.N., El-Kadi A.O. Role of NF-kappaB in the regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Current Drug Metabolism 2009, 10(2):164-178. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review).
238. Zou M., BinHumaid F.S., Alzahrani A.S., Baitei E.Y., Al-Mohanna F.A., Meyer B.F., et al. Increased CYP24A1 expression is associated with BRAF(V600E) mutation and advanced stages in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology 2014, 81(1):109-116. (Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't). 10.1111/cen.12396.