Colonic vitamin D metabolism: Implications for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Volumn 347, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 70-79

  Cross, Heide S ^a   Nittke, Thomas ^a   Kallay, Enikö ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Colorectal cancer; CYP24A1 expression and activity; CYP27B1 expression and activity; Inflammatory bowel disease; Optimization of vitamin D metabolism by nutrients; Serum hydroxyvitamin D 3 concentration

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYCOLECALCIFEROL 24 HYDROXYLASE; CALCIDIOL 1 MONOOXYGENASE; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DEXAMETHASONE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN DERIVATIVE; FOLIC ACID; GENISTEIN; GROWTH FACTOR; GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; OXYGENASE; PHYTOESTROGEN; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROSTAGLANDIN; STEROID; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; AUTOCRINE EFFECT; BIOSYNTHESIS; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RISK; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CATABOLISM; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CHEMOTAXIS; COLITIS; COLON CANCER; COLON CARCINOGENESIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENTERITIS; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPIGENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; METABOLIC REGULATION; MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY; MUCOSAL IMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; TH17 CELL; ULCERATIVE COLITIS; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN D METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; COLON; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; ESTROGENS; HUMANS; HYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROLS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; MICE; PROSTAGLANDINS; RECEPTORS, GROWTH FACTOR; STEROID HYDROXYLASES; TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS; VITAMIN D;

EID: 82455199205     PISSN: 03037207     EISSN: 18728057     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.022     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Abreu M.T., Fukata M., Arditi M. TLR signaling in the gut in health and disease. J Immunol 2005, 174:4453-4460.
2. Abud H.E., Watson N., Heath J.K. Growth of intestinal epithelium in organ culture is dependent on EGF signalling. Exp Cell Res 2005, 303:252-262.
3. Adlercreutz H., Markkanen H., Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phyto-oestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet 1993, 342:1209-1210.
4. Agoff S.N., Brentnall T.A., Crispin D.A., et al. The role of cyclooxygenase 2 in ulcerative colitis-associated neoplasia. Am J Pathol 2000, 157:737-745.
5. Ahn J., Yu K., Stolzenberg-Solomon R., et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Hum Mol Genet 2010, 19:2739-2745.
6. Anderson M.G., Nakane M., Ruan X., Kroeger P.E., Wu-Wong J.R. Expression of VDR and CYP24A1 mRNA in human tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006, 57:234-240.
7. Arber N., Eagle C.J., Spicak J., et al. Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:885-895.
8. Backlund M.G., Mann J.R., Holla V.R., et al. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is down-regulated in colorectal cancer. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:3217-3223.
9. Bahar-Shany K., Ravid A., Koren R. Upregulation of MMP-9 production by TNFalpha in keratinocytes and its attenuation by vitamin D. J Cell Physiol 2010, 222:729-737.
10. Bareis P., Kallay E., Bischof M.G., et al. Clonal differences in expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha- hydroxylase, of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-24-hydroxylase, and of the vitamin D receptor in human colon carcinoma cells: effects of epidermal growth factor and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Exp Cell Res 2002, 276:320-327.
11. Bises G., Kallay E., Weiland T., et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase expression in normal and malignant human colon. J Histochem Cytochem 2004, 52:985-989.
12. Bises G., Bajna E., Manhardt T., Gerdenitsch W., Kallay E., Cross H.S. Gender-specific modulation of markers for premalignancy by nutritional soy and calcium in the mouse colon. J Nutr 2007, 137:211S-215S.
13. Bouillon R., Okamura W.H., Norman A.W. Structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocr Rev 1995, 16:200-257.
14. Bronner C.E., Baker S.M., Morrison P.T., et al. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature 1994, 368:258-261.
15. Burke C.A., Bauer W.M., Lashner B. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: slow, steady progress. Cleve Clin J Med 2003, 70:346-350.
16. Canaff L., Hendy G.N. Human calcium-sensing receptor gene. Vitamin D response elements in promoters P1 and P2 confer transcriptional responsiveness to 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:30337-30350.
17. Cantorna M.T., Munsick C., Bemiss C., Mahon B.D. 1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol prevents and ameliorates symptoms of experimental murine inflammatory bowel disease. J Nutr 2000, 130:2648-2652.
18. Chapuy M.C., Preziosi P., Maamer M., et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int 1997, 7:439-443.
19. Cho E., Smith-Warner S.A., Spiegelman D., et al. Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004, 96:1015-1022.
20. Chung Y.C., Chang Y.F. Serum interleukin-6 levels reflect the disease status of colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2003, 83:222-226.
21. Cross H.S. Extrarenal vitamin D hydroxylase expression and activity in normal and malignant cells: modification of expression by epigenetic mechanisms and dietary substances. Nutr Rev 2007, 65:S108-S112.
22. Cross H.S., Kallay E. Regulation of the colonic vitamin D system for prevention of tumor progression: an update. Future Oncol 2009, 5:493-507.
23. Cross H.S., Pavelka M., Slavik J., Peterlik M. Growth control of human colon cancer cells by vitamin D and calcium in vitro. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992, 84:1355-1357.
24. Cross H.S., Peterlik M., Reddy G.S., Schuster I. Vitamin D metabolism in human colon adenocarcinoma-derived Caco-2 cells: expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase activity and regulation of side-chain metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997, 62:21-28.
25. Cross H.S., Bareis P., Hofer H., et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor gene expression in human colonic mucosa is elevated during early cancerogenesis. Steroids 2001, 66:287-292.
26. Cross H.S., Kallay E., Lechner D., Gerdenitsch W., Adlercreutz H., Armbrecht H.J. Phytoestrogens and vitamin D metabolism: a new concept for the prevention and therapy of colorectal, prostate, and mammary carcinomas. J Nutr 2004, 134:1207S-1212S.
27. Cross H.S., Bises G., Lechner D., Manhardt T., Kallay E. The Vitamin D endocrine system of the gut-its possible role in colorectal cancer prevention. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005, 97:121-128.
28. Cross H.S., Lipkin M., Kallay E. Nutrients regulate the colonic vitamin D system in mice. relevance for human colon malignancy. J Nutr 2006, 136:561-564.
29. D'Ambrosio D., Cippitelli M., Cocciolo M.G., et al. Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest 1998, 101:252-262.
30. Daniel C., Sartory N.A., Zahn N., Radeke H.H., Stein J.M. Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008, 324:23-33.
31. Dawson-Hughes B., Harris S.S., Dallal G.E. Plasma calcidiol, season, and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations in healthy elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 65:67-71.
32. Dhir M., Montgomery E.A., Glockner S.C., et al. Epigenetic regulation of WNT signaling pathway genes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associated neoplasia. J Gastrointest Surg 2008, 12:1745-1753.
33. DuBois R.N., Tsujii M., Bishop P., Awad J.A., Makita K., Lanahan A. Cloning and characterization of a growth factor-inducible cyclooxygenase gene from rat intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1994, 266:G822-G827.
34. Evans S.R., Schwartz A.M., Shchepotin E.I., Uskokovic M., Shchepotin I.B. Growth inhibitory effects of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its synthetic analogue, 1alpha, 25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23yne-26, 27-hexafluoro-19-nor- cholecalcifero l (Ro 25-6760), on a human colon cancer xenograft. Clin Cancer Res 1998, 4:2869-2876.
35. Evans S.R., Nolla J., Hanfelt J., Shabahang M., Nauta R.J., Shchepotin I.B. Vitamin D receptor expression as a predictive marker of biological behavior in human colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1998, 4:1591-1595.
36. Fang M.Z., Chen D., Sun Y., Jin Z., Christman J.K., Yang C.S. Reversal of hypermethylation and reactivation of p16INK4a, RARbeta, and MGMT genes by genistein and other isoflavones from soy. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:7033-7041.
37. Farhan H., Wahala K., Cross H.S. Genistein inhibits vitamin D hydroxylases CYP24 and CYP27B1 expression in prostate cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003, 84:423-429.
38. Feskanich D., Ma J., Fuchs C.S., et al. Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004, 13:1502-1508.
39. Frey M.R., Hilliard V.C., Mullane M.T., Polk D.B. ErbB4 promotes cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell survival in colon epithelial cells. Lab Invest 2010, 90:1415-1424.
40. Froicu M., Cantorna M.T. Vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor are critical for control of the innate immune response to colonic injury. BMC Immunol 2007, 8:5.
41. Froicu M., Weaver V., Wynn T.A., McDowell M.A., Welsh J.E., Cantorna M.T. A crucial role for the vitamin d receptor in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases. Mol Endocrinol 2003, 17:2386-2392.
42. Fukata M., Michelsen K.S., Eri R., et al. Toll-like receptor-4 is required for intestinal response to epithelial injury and limiting bacterial translocation in a murine model of acute colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005, 288:G1055-G1065.
43. Fukata M., Chen A., Vamadevan A.S., et al. Toll-like receptor-4 promotes the development of colitis-associated colorectal tumors. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:1869-1881.
44. Fukata, M., Shang, L., Santaolalla, R., et al., 2011. Constitutive activation of epithelial TLR4 augments inflammatory responses to mucosal injury and drives colitis- associated tumorigenesis. Inflamm Bowel Dis.
45. Garland C.F., Garland F.C. Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer?. Int J Epidemiol 1980, 9:227-231.
46. Ghanim H., Sia C.L., Korzeniewski K., et al. A resveratrol and polyphenol preparation suppresses oxidative and inflammatory stress response to a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96:1409-1414.
47. Gilad L.A., Tirosh O., Schwartz B. Phytoestrogens regulate transcription and translation of vitamin D receptor in colon cancer cells. J Endocrinol 2006, 191:387-398.
48. Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of vitamin D and cancer incidence and mortality: a review (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2005, 16:83-95.
49. Girasole G., Wang J.M., Pedrazzoni M., et al. Augmentation of monocyte chemotaxis by 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Stimulation of defective migration of AIDS patients. J Immunol 1990, 145:2459-2464.
50. Grant W.B. Critique of the U-shaped serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level-disease response relation. Dermatoendocrinol 2009, 1:289-293.
51. Grant W.B., Cross H.S., Garland C.F., et al. Estimated benefit of increased vitamin D status in reducing the economic burden of disease in western Europe. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2009, 99:104-113.
52. Harant H., Wolff B., Lindley I.J. 1Alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreases DNA binding of nuclear factor-kappaB in human fibroblasts. FEBS Lett 1998, 436:329-334.
53. Hawk E.T., Viner J.L., Dannenberg A., DuBois R.N. COX-2 in cancer-a player that's defining the rules. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002, 94:545-546.
54. Hayakawa Y., Maeda S., Nakagawa H., et al. Effectiveness of IkappaB kinase inhibitors in murine colitis-associated tumorigenesis. J Gastroenterol 2009, 44:935-943.
55. Hayes CE, Nashold FE, Spach KM, Pedersen LB. The immunological functions of the vitamin D endocrine system. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2003;49:277-300.
56. Holt P.R., Arber N., Halmos B., et al. Colonic epithelial cell proliferation decreases with increasing levels of serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002, 11:113-119.
57. Hong Byun E., Fujimura Y., Yamada K., Tachibana H. TLR4 signaling inhibitory pathway induced by green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate through 67-kDa laminin receptor. J Immunol 2010, 185:33-45.
58. Hooper L.V., Stappenbeck T.S., Hong C.V., Gordon J.I. Angiogenins: a new class of microbicidal proteins involved in innate immunity. Nat Immunol 2003, 4:269-273.
59. Horvath H.C., Khabir Z., Nittke T., et al. CYP24A1 splice variants-implications for the antitumorigenic actions of 1, 25-(OH)2D3 in colorectal cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010, 121:76-79.
60. Horvath H.C., Lakatos P., Kosa J.P., et al. The candidate oncogene CYP24A1: A potential biomarker for colorectal tumorigenesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2010, 58:277-285.
61. Huerta S., Irwin R.W., Heber D., et al. 1alpha, 25-(OH)(2)-D(3) and its synthetic analogue decrease tumor load in the Apc(min) Mouse. Cancer Res 2002, 62:741-746.
62. Hussain S.P., Amstad P., Raja K., et al. Increased p53 mutation load in noncancerous colon tissue from ulcerative colitis: a cancer-prone chronic inflammatory disease. Cancer Res 2000, 60:3333-3337.
63. Jassam N., Bell S.M., Speirs V., Quirke P. Loss of expression of oestrogen receptor beta in colon cancer and its association with Dukes' staging. Oncol Rep 2005, 14:17-21.
64. Jogie-Brahim S., Feldman D., Oh Y. Unraveling insulin-like growth factor binding 1075 protein-3 actions in human disease. Endocr Rev 2009, 30:417-437.
65. Kállay E., Bajna E., Wrba F., Kriwanek S., Peterlik M., Cross H.S. Dietary calcium and growth modulation of human colon cancer cells: role of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor. Cancer Detect Prev 2000, 24:127-136.
66. Kallay E., Pietschmann P., Toyokuni S., et al. Characterization of a vitamin D receptor knockout mouse as a model of colorectal hyperproliferation and DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 2001, 22:1429-1435.
67. Kallay E., Adlercreutz H., Farhan H., et al. Phytoestrogens regulate vitamin D metabolism in the mouse colon: relevance for colon tumor prevention and therapy. J Nutr 2002, 132:3490S-3493S.
68. Kallay E., Bises G., Bajna E., et al. Colon-specific regulation of vitamin D hydroxylases-a possible approach for tumor prevention. Carcinogenesis 2005, 26:1581-1589.
69. Khorchide M., Lechner D., Cross H.S. Epigenetic regulation of vitamin D hydroxylase expression and activity in normal and malignant human prostate cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005, 93:167-172.
70. Kim Y.I. Folate, colorectal carcinogenesis, and DNA methylation: lessons from animal studies. Environ Mol Mutagen 2004, 44:10-25.
71. Kong J., Zhang Z., Musch M.W., et al. Novel role of the vitamin D receptor in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008, 294:G208-G216.
72. Krishnan A.V., Feldman D. Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011, 51:311-336.
73. Krishnan K., Arnone B., Buchman A. Intestinal growth factors: potential use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and their role in mucosal healing. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011, 17:410-422.
74. Lagishetty V., Misharin A.V., Liu N.Q., et al. Vitamin D deficiency in mice impairs colonic antibacterial activity and predisposes to colitis. Endocrinology 2010, 151:2423-2432.
75. Larriba M.J., Valle N., Palmer H.G., et al. The inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling by 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is abrogated by Snail1 in human colon cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007, 14:141-151.
76. Laverny G., Penna G., Vetrano S., et al. Efficacy of a potent and safe vitamin D receptor agonist for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Lett 2010, 131:49-58.
77. Lechner D., Bajna E., Adlercreutz H., Cross H.S. Genistein and 17beta-estradiol, but not equol, regulate vitamin D synthesis in human colon and breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2006, 26:2597-2603.
78. Lechner D., Kallay E., Cross H.S. 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 downregulates CYP27B1 and induces CYP24A1 in colon cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007, 263:55-64.
79. Lejeune M., Leung P., Beck P.L., Chadee K. Role of EP4 receptor and prostaglandin transporter in prostaglandin E2-induced alteration in colonic epithelial barrier integrity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010, 299:G1097-G1105.
80. Lengauer C., Kinzler K.W., Vogelstein B. Genetic instability in colorectal cancers. Nature 1997, 386:623-627.
81. Liu P.T., Stenger S., Li H., et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science 2006, 311:1770-1773.
82. Liu N., Nguyen L., Chun R.F., et al. Altered endocrine and autocrine metabolism of vitamin D in a mouse model of gastrointestinal inflammation. Endocrinology 2008, 149:4799-4808.
83. Mann J.R., Backlund M.G., Buchanan F.G., et al. Repression of prostaglandin dehydrogenase by epidermal growth factor and snail increases prostaglandin E2 and promotes cancer progression. Cancer Res 2006, 66:6649-6656.
84. Markowitz S.D. Aspirin and colon cancer-targeting prevention?. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:2195-2198.
85. Muindi J.R., Nganga A., Engler K.L., Coignet L.J., Johnson C.S., Trump D.L. CYP24 splicing variants are associated with different patterns of constitutive and calcitriol-inducible CYP24 activity in human prostate cancer cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007, 103:334-337.
86. Nehring J.A., Zierold C., DeLuca H.F. Lithocholic acid can carry out in vivo functions of vitamin D. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104:10006-10009.
87. Nelson H.D., Humphrey L.L., Nygren P., Teutsch S.M., Allan J.D. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: scientific review. Jama 2002, 288:872-881.
88. Nittke T., Kallay E., Manhardt T., Cross H.S. Parallel elevation of colonic 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels and apoptosis in female mice on a calcium-deficient diet. Anticancer Res 2009, 29:3727-3732.
89. Nonn L., Peng L., Feldman D., Peehl D.M. Inhibition of p38 by vitamin D reduces interleukin-6 production in normal prostate cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 5: implications for prostate cancer prevention by vitamin D. Cancer Res 2006, 66:4516-4524.
90. Norman A.W. Minireview: vitamin D receptor: new assignments for an already busy receptor. Endocrinology 2006, 147:5542-5548.
91. Oikonomou K.A., Kapsoritakis A.N., Kapsoritaki A.I., et al. Downregulation of serum epidermal growth factor in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Is there a link with mucosal damage?. Growth Factors 2010, 28:461-466.
92. Orikasa M., Kawase T., Suzuki A. Induction of macrophagic and granulocytic differentiation of murine bone marrow progenitor cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Calcif Tissue Int 1993, 53:193-200.
93. Otani T., Yamaguchi K., Scherl E., et al. Levels of NAD(+)-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase are reduced in inflammatory bowel disease: evidence for involvement of TNF-alpha. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 290:G361-G368.
94. Palmer H.G., Gonzalez-Sancho J.M., Espada J., et al. Vitamin D(3) promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of beta-catenin signaling. J Cell Biol 2001, 154:369-387.
95. Palmer H.G., Larriba M.J., Garcia J.M., et al. The transcription factor SNAIL represses vitamin D receptor expression and responsiveness in human colon cancer. Nat Med 2004, 10:917-919.
96. Parise R.A., Egorin M.J., Kanterewicz B., et al. CYP24, the enzyme that catabolizes the antiproliferative agent vitamin D, is increased in lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2006, 119:1819-1828.
97. Pena C., Garcia J.M., Silva J., et al. E-cadherin and vitamin D receptor regulation by SNAIL and ZEB1 in colon cancer: clinicopathological correlations. Hum Mol Genet 2005, 14:3361-3370.
98. Peterlik M., Cross H.S. Dysfunction of the vitamin D endocrine system as common cause for multiple malignant and other chronic diseases. Anticancer Res 2006, 26:2581-2588.
99. Peterlik M., Cross H.S. Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency-related chronic diseases: molecular and cellular pathophysiology. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009, 63:1377-1386.
100. Prosser D.E., Jones G. Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of vitamin D. Trends Biochem Sci 2004, 29:664-673.
101. Protiva P., Cross H.S., Hopkins M.E., et al. Chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia by estrogen: potential role of vitamin D activity. Cancer PrevRes (Phila Pa) 2009, 2:43-51.
102. Provvedini D.M., Deftos L.J., Manolagas S.C. 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes in vitro morphologic and enzymatic changes in normal human monocytes consistent with their differentiation into macrophages. Bone 1986, 7:23-28.
103. Robsahm T.E., Tretli S., Dahlback A., Moan J. Vitamin D3 from sunlight may improve the prognosis of breast-, colon- and prostate cancer (Norway). Cancer Causes Control 2004, 15:149-158.
104. Sadeghi K., Wessner B., Laggner U., et al. Vitamin D3 down-regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Eur J Immunol 2006, 36:361-370.
105. Sakaki T., Sawada N., Komai K., et al. Dual metabolic pathway of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 catalyzed by human CYP24. Eur J Biochem 2000, 267:6158-6165.
106. Schauber J., Dorschner R.A., Coda A.B., et al. Injury enhances TLR2 function and antimicrobial peptide expression through a vitamin D-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:803-811.
107. Schepens M.A., Schonewille A.J., Vink C., et al. Supplemental calcium attenuates the colitis-related increase in diarrhea, intestinal permeability, and extracellular matrix breakdown in HLA-B27 transgenic rats. J Nutr 2009, 139:1525-1533.
108. Sheinin Y., Kaserer K., Wrba F., et al. In situ mRNA hybridization analysis and immunolocalization of the vitamin D receptor in normal and carcinomatous human colonic mucosa: relation to epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Virchows Arch 2000, 437:501-507.
109. Stoffels K., Overbergh L., Giulietti A., Verlinden L., Bouillon R., Mathieu C. Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human monocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:37-47.
110. Tang J., Zhou R., Luger D., et al. Calcitriol suppresses antiretinal autoimmunity through inhibitory effects on the Th17 effector response. J Immunol 2009, 182:4624-4632.
111. Tangrea J., Helzlsouer K., Pietinen P., et al. Serum levels of vitamin D metabolites and the subsequent risk of colon and rectal cancer in Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control 1997, 8:615-625.
112. Tong W.M., Kallay E., Hofer H., et al. Growth regulation of human colon cancer cells by epidermal growth factor and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is mediated by mutual modulation of receptor expression. Eur J Cancer 1998, 34:2119-2125.
113. Townsend K., Banwell C.M., Guy M., et al. Autocrine metabolism of vitamin D in normal and malignant breast tissue. Clin Cancer Res 2005, 11:3579-3586.
114. Tuohimaa P., Tenkanen L., Ahonen M., et al. Both high and low levels of blood vitamin D are associated with a higher prostate cancer risk: a longitudinal, nested case-control study in the Nordic countries. Int J Cancer 2004, 108:104-108.
115. Underhill D.M., Ozinsky A. Toll-like receptors: key mediators of microbe detection. Curr Opin Immunol 2002, 14:103-110.
116. Wada K., Tanaka H., Maeda K., et al. Vitamin D receptor expression is associated with colon cancer in ulcerative colitis. Oncol Rep 2009, 22:1021-1025.
117. Waldner M.J., Neurath M.F. Colitis-associated cancer: the role of T cells in tumor development. Semin Immunopathol 2009, 31:249-256.
118. Wong R., Cunningham D. Using predictive biomarkers to select patients with advanced colorectal cancer for treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:5668-5670.
119. Wong N.A., Harrison D.J. Colorectal neoplasia in ulcerative colitis-recent advances. Histopathology 2001, 39:221-234.
120. Yan M., Rerko R.M., Platzer P., et al. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, a COX-2 oncogene antagonist, is a TGF-beta-induced suppressor of human gastrointestinal cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:17468-17473.
121. Yang P.M., Lin J.H., Huang W.Y., Lin Y.C., Yeh S.H., Chen C.C. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity is a novel function of the antifolate drug methotrexate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 391:1396-1399.
122. Zehnder D., Bland R., Williams M.C., et al. Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin d(3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:888-894.
123. Zenewicz L.A., Antov A., Flavell R.A. CD4 T-cell differentiation and inflammatory bowel disease. Trends Mol Med 2009, 15:199-207.
124. Zierold C., Darwish H.M., DeLuca H.F. Two vitamin D response elements function in the rat 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase promoter. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:1675-1678.