The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis

Mediators of Inflammation

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Wojdasiewicz, Piotr ^a   Poniatowski, Łukasz A ^a   Szukiewicz, Dariusz ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW   (Poland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 6;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOGENESIS; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; ANIMAL; ARTHROPATHY; CHEMISTRY; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; METABOLISM; MOUSE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS; INFLAMMATION; INTERLEUKIN-15; INTERLEUKIN-17; INTERLEUKIN-18; INTERLEUKIN-1BETA; INTERLEUKIN-4; INTERLEUKIN-6; JOINT DISEASES; MICE; OSTEOARTHRITIS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84901020446     PISSN: 09629351     EISSN: 14661861     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/561459     Document Type: Review

References (240)

1. Bijlsma J. W. J., Berenbaum F., Lafeber F. P. J. G., Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice. The Lancet 2011 377 9783 2115 2126 2-s2.0-79959341732 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60243-2
2. Madry H., Cucchiarini M., Advances and challenges in gene-based approaches for osteoarthritis. The Journal of Gene Medicine 2013 15 10 343 355 10.1002/jgm.2741
3. Goldring M. B., Otero M., Inflammation in osteoarthritis. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2011 23 5 471 478 10.1097/BOR.0b013e328349c2b1
4. de Lange-Brokaar B. J., Ioan-Facsinay A., van Osch G. J., Synovial inflammation, immune cells and their cytokines in osteoarthritis: a review. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012 20 12 1484 1499 10.1016/j.joca.2012.08.027
5. Vangsness C. T. Jr., Burke W. S., Narvy S. J., MacPhee R. D., Fedenko A. N., Human knee synovial fluid cytokines correlated with grade of knee osteoarthritis-a pilot study. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases 2011 69 2 122 127
6. Mueller M. B., Tuan R. S., Anabolic/Catabolic balance in pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: identifying molecular targets. PM&R 2011 3 6, supplement 1 S3 S11 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.009
7. Goldring S. R., Goldring M. B., The role of cytokines in cartilage matrix degeneration in osteoarthritis. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2004 427, supplement S27 S36 2-s2.0-5444238022 10.1097/01.blo.0000144854.66565.8f
8. Mobasheri A., The future of osteoarthritis therapeutics: emerging biological therapy. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2013 15 12 385 10.1007/s11926-013-0385-4
9. Dinarello C. A., Overview of the interleukin-1 family of ligands and receptors. Semin Immunol 2013 25 6 389 393 10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.001
10. Auron P. E., Webb A. C., Rosenwasser L. J., Mucci S. F., Rich A., Wolff S. M., Dinarello C. A., Nucleotide sequence of human monocyte interleukin 1 precursor cDNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1984 81 7907 7911. The Journal of Immunology, vol. 178, no. 9, pp. 5413-5417, 2007 2-s2.0-34250351884
11. Piccioli P., Rubartelli A., The secretion of IL-1 β and options for release. Seminars in Immunology 2013 25 6 425 429 10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.007
12. Melchiorri C., Meliconi R., Frizziero L., Enhanced and coordinated in vivo expression of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthase by chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatology 1998 41 12 2165 2174
13. Massicotte F., Lajeunesse D., Benderdour M., Pelletier J.-P., Hilal G., Duval N., Martel-Pelletier J., Can altered production of interleukin-1 β interleukin-6, transforming growth factor- β and prostaglandin E2 by isolated human subchondral osteoblasts identity two subgroups of osteoarthritic patients. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2002 10 6 491 500 2-s2.0-0036084062 10.1053/joca.2002.0528
14. Ribel-Madsen S., Bartels E. M., Stockmarr A., A synoviocyte model for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: response to Ibuprofen, betamethasone, and ginger extract-a cross-sectional in vitro study. Arthritis 2012 2012 9 505842 10.1155/2012/505842
15. Farahat M. N., Yanni G., Poston R., Panayi G. S., Cytokine expression in synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1993 52 12 870 875 2-s2.0-0027732734
16. Szekanecz Z., Koch A. E., Cell-cell interactions in synovitis. Endothelial cells and immune cell migration. Arthritis Research 2000 2 5 368 373 2-s2.0-0034469343 10.1186/ar114
17. Sohn D. H., Sokolove J., Sharpe O., Erhart J. C., Chandra P. E., Lahey L. J., Lindstrom T. M., Hwang I., Boyer K. A., Andriacchi T. P., Robinson W. H., Plasma proteins present in osteoarthritic synovial fluid can stimulate cytokine production via Toll-like receptor 4. Arthritis Research and Therapy 2012 14 1, article R7 2-s2.0-84855429655 10.1186/ar3555
18. Symons J. A., Young P. R., Duff G. W., Soluble type II interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor binds and blocks processing of IL-1 β precursor and loses affinity for IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995 92 5 1714 1718 2-s2.0-0028920044 10.1073/pnas.92.5.1714
19. Boraschi D., Tagliabue A., The interleukin-1 receptor family. Seminars in Immunology 2013 25 6 394 407 10.1016/j.smim.2013.10.023
20. Palmer G., Guerne P.-A., Mezin F., Maret M., Guicheux J., Goldring M. B., Gabay C., Production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist by human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Research 2002 4 3 226 231 2-s2.0-0036234745 10.1186/ar411
21. Caron J. P., Fernandes J. C., Martel-Pelletier J., Tardif G., Mineau F., Geng C., Pelletier J.-P., Chondroprotective effect of intraarticular injections of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in experimental osteoarthritis: suppression of collagenase-1 expression. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1996 39 9 1535 1544 2-s2.0-0029814957
22. Martel-Pelletier J., McCollum R., DiBattista J., Faure M.-P., Chin J. A., Fournier S., Sarfati M., Pelletier J.-P., The interleukin-1 receptor in normal and osteoarthritic human articular chondrocytes: identification as the type I receptor and analysis of binding kinetics and biologic function. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1992 35 5 530 540 2-s2.0-0026725714
23. Sadouk M. B., Pelletier J.-P., Tardif G., Kiansa K., Cloutier J.-M., Martel- Pelletier J., Human synovial fibroblasts coexpress IL-1 receptor type I and type II mRNA: the increased level of the IL-1 receptor in osteoarthritic cells is related to an increased level of the type I receptor. Laboratory Investigation 1995 73 3 347 355 2-s2.0-0029085898
24. Martin M. U., Wesche H., Summary and comparison of the signaling mechanisms of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor family. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Cell Research 2002 1592 3 265 280 2-s2.0-0037064536 10.1016/S0167-4889(02)00320-8
25. Kawai T., Akira S., TLR signaling. Seminars in Immunology 2007 19 1 24 32 2-s2.0-33947694370 10.1016/j.smim.2006.12.004
26. Roman-Blas J. A., Jimenez S. A., NF- B as a potential therapeutic target in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2006 14 9 839 848 2-s2.0-33746480903 10.1016/j.joca.2006.04.008
27. Marcu K. B., Otero M., Olivotto E., Borzi R. M., Goldring M. B., NF- B signaling: multiple angles to target OA. Current Drug Targets 2010 11 5 599 613 2-s2.0-77951052398 10.2174/138945010791011938
28. Shakibaei M., Schulze-Tanzil G., John T., Mobasheri A., Curcumin protects human chondrocytes from IL-1 β -induced inhibition of collagen type II and β 1-integrin expression and activition of caspase-3: an immunomorphological study. Annals of Anatomy 2005 187 5-6 487 497 2-s2.0-28344447838 10.1016/j.aanat.2005.06.007
29. Stöve J., Huch K., Günther K.-P., Scharf H.-P., Interleukin-1 β induces different gene expression of stromelysin, aggrecan and tumor-necrosis-factor-stimulated gene 6 in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro. Pathobiology 2000 68 3 144 149 2-s2.0-0034351876 10.1159/000055915
30. Mengshol J. A., Vincenti M. P., Coon C. I., Barchowsky A., Brinckerhoff C. E., Interleukin-1 induction of collagenase 3 (matrix metalloproteinase 13) gene expression in chondrocytes requires p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and nuclear factor kappaB: differential regulation of collagenase 1 and collagenase 3. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2000 43 4 801 811
31. Vincenti M. P., Brinckerhoff C. E., Transcriptional regulation of collagenase (MMP-1, MMP-13) genes in arthritis: integration of complex signaling pathways for the recruitment of gene-specific transcription factors. Arthritis Research 2002 4 3 157 164 2-s2.0-0036240838 10.1186/ar401
32. Meszaros E., Malemud C. J., Prospects for treating osteoarthritis: enzyme-protein interactions regulating matrix metalloproteinase activity. Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 2012 3 5 219 229 10.1177/ 2040622312454157
33. Verma P., Dalal K., ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5: key enzymes in osteoarthritis. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2011 112 12 3507 3514 2-s2.0-80055024288 10.1002/jcb.23298
34. Koshy P. J. T., Lundy C. J., Rowan A. D., Porter S., Edwards D. R., Hogan A., Clark I. M., Cawston T. E., The modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and ADAM gene expression in human chondrocytes by interleukin-1 and oncostatin M: a time-course study using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2002 46 4 961 967 2-s2.0-0036222734 10.1002/art.10212
35. Ye Z., Chen Y., Zhang R., c-Jun N-terminal kinase-c-Jun pathway transactivates Bim to promote osteoarthritis. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2014 92 2 132 139 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0228
36. López-Armada M. J., Caramés B., Lires-Deán M., Cillero-Pastor B., Ruiz-Romero C., Galdo F., Blanco F. J., Cytokines, tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-1 β differentially regulate apoptosis in osteoarthritis cultured human chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2006 14 7 660 669 2-s2.0-33745044261 10.1016/j.joca.2006.01.005
37. Héraud F., Héraud A., Harmand M. F., Apoptosis in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2000 59 12 959 965
38. Aigner T., McKenna L., Zien A., Fan Z., Gebhard P. M., Zimmer R., Gene expression profiling of serum- and interleukin-1 β -stimulated primary human adult articular chondrocytes-A molecular analysis based on chondrocytes isolated from one donor. Cytokine 2005 31 3 227 240 2-s2.0-22044442583 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.04.009
39. Guerne P.-A., Carson D. A., Lotz M., IL-6 production by human articular chondrocytes. Modulation of its synthesis by cytokines, growth factors, and hormones in vitro. Journal of Immunology 1990 144 2 499 505 2-s2.0-0025014781
40. Lotz M., Terkeltaub R., Villiger P. M., Cartilage and joint inflammation: regulation of IL-8 expression by human articular chondrocytes. Journal of Immunology 1992 148 2 466 473 2-s2.0-0026585560
41. Alaaeddine N., Olee T., Hashimoto S., Creighton-Achermann L., Lotz M., Production of the chemokine RANTES by articular chondrocytes and role in cartilage degradation. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2001 44 7 1633 1643
42. Pulsatelli L., Dolzani P., Piacentini A., Silvestri T., Ruggeri R., Gualtieri G., Meliconi R., Facchini A., Chemokine production by human chondrocytes. Journal of Rheumatology 1999 26 9 1992 2001 2-s2.0-0033430364
43. Baugé C., Attia J., Leclercq S., Pujol J. P., Galéra P., Boumédiene K., Interleukin-1beta up-regulation of Smad7 via NF-kappaB activation in human chondrocytes. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2008 58 1 221 226 10.1002/art.23154
44. El Mansouri F. E., Chabane N., Zayed N., Kapoor M., Benderdour M., Martel-Pelletier J., Pelletier J.-P., Duval N., Fahmi H., Contribution of H3K4 methylation by SET-1A to interleukin-1-induced cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2011 63 1 168 179 2-s2.0-78650783194 10.1002/art.27762
45. Gilman S. C., Chang J., Zeigler P. R., Uhl J., Mochan E., Interleukin-1 activates phospholipase A2 in human synovial cells. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1988 31 1 126 130 2-s2.0-0023858884
46. Hardy M. M., Seibert K., Manning P. T., Currie M. G., Woerner B. M., Edwards D., Koki A., Tripp C. S., Cyclooxygenase 2-dependent prostaglandin E2 modulates cartilage proteoglycan degradation in human osteoarthritis explants. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2002 46 7 1789 1803 2-s2.0-0036064137 10.1002/art.10356
47. Afonso V., Champy R., Mitrovic D., Collin P., Lomri A., Reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutases: role in joint diseases. Joint Bone Spine 2007 74 4 324 329 2-s2.0-34447328099 10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.02.002
48. Bodmer J.-L., Schneider P., Tschopp J., The molecular architecture of the TNF superfamily. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 2002 27 1 19 26 2-s2.0-0036162436 10.1016/S0968-0004(01)01995-8
49. Kriegler M., Perez C., DeFay K., Albert I., Lu S. D., A novel form of TNF/cachectin is a cell surface cytotoxic transmembrane protein: ramifications for the complex physiology of TNF. Cell 1988 53 1 45 53 2-s2.0-0024281428
50. Tang P., Hung M.-C., Klostergaard J., Human pro-tumor necrosis factor is a homotrimer. Biochemistry 1996 35 25 8216 8225 2-s2.0-0030055168 10.1021/bi952182t
51. Idriss H. T., Naismith J. H., TNF alpha and the TNF receptor superfamily: structure-function relationship(s). Microscopy Research and Technique 2000 50 3 184 195
52. MacEwan D. J., TNF receptor subtype signalling: differences and cellular consequences. Cellular Signalling 2002 14 6 477 492 2-s2.0-0036121098 10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00262-5
53. Grell M., Douni E., Wajant H., Lohden M., Clauss M., Maxeiner B., Georgopoulos S., Lesslauer W., Kollias G., Pfizenmaier K., Scheurich P. S., The transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor is the prime activating ligand of the 80 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 1995 83 5 793 802 2-s2.0-0028866022
54. Westacott C. I., Barakat A. F., Wood L., Perry M. J., Neison P., Bisbinas I., Armstrong L., Millar A. B., Elson C. J., Tumor necrosis factor alpha can contribute to focal loss of cartilage in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2000 8 3 213 221 2-s2.0-0034124588 10.1053/joca.1999.0292
55. Webb G. R., Westacott C. I., Elson C. J., Osteoarthritic synovial fluid and synovium supernatants up-regulate tumor necrosis factor receptors on human articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 1998 6 3 167 176 2-s2.0-17444448249 10.1053/joca.1998.0109
56. Steenvoorden M. M. C., Bank R. A., Ronday H. K., Toes R. E. M., Huizinga T. W. J., DeGroot J., Fibroblast-like synoviocyte-chondrocyte interaction in cartilage degradation. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2007 25 2 239 245 2-s2.0-34249822528
57. Alaaeddine N., DiBattista J. A., Pelletier J.-P., Cloutier J.-M., Kiansa K., Dupuis M., Martel-Pelletier J., Osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts possess an increased level of tumor necrosis factor-receptor 55 (TNF-R55) that mediates biological activation by TNF- Journal of Rheumatology 1997 24 10 1985 1994 2-s2.0-0030847895
58. Pennica D., Lam V. T., Weber R. F., Kohr W. J., Basa L. J., Spellman M. W., Ashkenazi A., Shire S. J., Goeddel D. V., Biochemical characterization of the extracellular domain of the 75- kilodalton tumor necrosis factor receptor. Biochemistry 1993 32 12 3131 3138 2-s2.0-0027456514
59. Micheau O., Tschopp J., Induction of TNF receptor I-mediated apoptosis via two sequential signaling complexes. Cell 2003 114 2 181 190 2-s2.0-0041853690 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00521-X
60. Haas T. L., Emmerich C. H., Gerlach B., Schmukle A. C., Cordier S. M., Rieser E., Feltham R., Vince J., Warnken U., Wenger T., Koschny R., Komander D., Silke J., Walczak H., Recruitment of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex stabilizes the TNF-R1 signaling complex and Is required for TNF-mediated gene induction. Molecular Cell 2009 36 5 831 844 2-s2.0-71149105333 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.10.013
61. Han J., Zhong C. Q., Zhang D. W., Programmed necrosis: backup to and competitor with apoptosis in the immune system. Nature Immunology 2011 12 12 1143 1149 10.1038/ni.2159
62. Hsu H., Xiong J., Goeddel D. V., The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF- B activation. Cell 1995 81 4 495 504 2-s2.0-0029007855
63. Hsu H., Huang J., Shu H.-B., Baichwal V., Goeddel D. V., TNF-dependent recruitment of the protein kinase RIP to the TNF receptor-1 signaling complex. Immunity 1996 4 4 387 396 2-s2.0-0029949257 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80252-6
64. Varfolomeev E., Goncharov T., Fedorova A. V., Dynek J. N., Zobel K., Deshayes K., Fairbrother W. J., Vucic D., c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are critical mediators of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced NF- B activation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008 283 36 24295 24299 2-s2.0-54049155149 10.1074/jbc.C800128200
65. O'Donnell M. A., Legarda-Addison D., Skountzos P., Yeh W. C., Ting A. T., Ubiquitination of RIP1 Regulates an NF- B-Independent Cell-Death Switch in TNF Signaling. Current Biology 2007 17 5 418 424 2-s2.0-33847251527 10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.027
66. Ea C.-K., Deng L., Xia Z.-P., Pineda G., Chen Z. J., Activation of IKK by TNF Requires Site-Specific Ubiquitination of RIP1 and Polyubiquitin Binding by NEMO. Molecular Cell 2006 22 2 245 257 2-s2.0-33646034316 10.1016/j.molcel.2006. 03.026
67. Zhou Z., Connell M. C., MacEwan D. J., TNFR1-induced NF- B, but not ERK, p38MAPK or JNK activation, mediates TNF-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on endothelial cells. Cellular Signalling 2007 19 6 1238 1248 2-s2.0-34147099560 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.12.013
68. Campbell J., Ciesielski C. J., Hunt A. E., Horwood N. J., Beech J. T., Hayes L. A., Denys A., Feldmann M., Brennan F. M., Foxwell B. M. J., A novel mechanism for TNF- regulation by p38 MAPK: involvement of NF- B with implications for therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Journal of Immunology 2004 173 11 6928 6937 2-s2.0-9144251043
69. Schütze S., Machleidt T., Adam D., Schwandner R., Wiegmann K., Kruse M.-L., Heinrich M., Wickel M., Krönke M., Inhibition of receptor internalization by monodansylcadaverine selectively blocks p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor death domain signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1999 274 15 10203 10212 2-s2.0-0033538073 10.1074/jbc.274.15.10203
70. Rothe M., Pan M.-G., Henzel W. J., Ayres T. M., Goeddel D. V., The TNFR2-TRAF signaling complex contains two novel proteins related to baculoviral inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. Cell 1995 83 7 1243 1252 2-s2.0-0029595282 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90149-3
71. Rothe M., Wong S. C., Henzel W. J., Goeddel D. V., A novel family of putative signal transducers associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the 75 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell 1994 78 4 681 692 2-s2.0-0028124428 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90532-0
72. Matsuzawa A., Tseng P.-H., Vallabhapurapu S., Luo J.-L., Zhang W., Wang H., Vignali D. A. A., Gallagher E., Karin M., Essential cytoplasmic translocation of a cytokine receptor-assembled signaling complex. Science 2008 321 5889 663 668 2-s2.0-48749090228 10.1126/science.1157340
73. Rodríguez M., Cabal-Hierro L., Carcedo M. T., Iglesias J. M., Artime N., Darnay B. G., Lazo P. S., NF- B signal triggering and termination by tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2011 286 26 22814 22824 2-s2.0-79959537254 10.1074/jbc.M111.225631
74. Oregón-Romero E., Vázquez-Del Mercado M., Navarro-Hernández R. E., Torres-Carrillo N., Martínez-Bonilla G., Estrada-García I., Rangel-Villalobos H., Muñoz-Valle J. F., Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 M196R polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: relationship with sTNFR2 levels and clinical features. Rheumatology International 2006 27 1 53 59 2-s2.0-33750450860 10.1007/s00296-006-0159-7
75. Ji B., Shi J., Cheng X., Association analysis of two candidate polymorphisms in the tumour necrosis factor- α gene with osteoarthritis in a Chinese population. International Orthopaedics 2013 37 10 2061 2063 10.1007/s00264-013-1931-4
76. Han L., Song J. H., Yoon J. H., Park Y. G., Lee S. W., Choi Y. J., Nam S. W., Lee J. Y., Park W. S., TNF-a and TNF- β polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to osteoarthritis in a Korean population. Korean Journal of Pathology 2012 46 1 30 37 2-s2.0-84857988744 10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2012.46.1.30
77. Tang W., Lu Y., Tian Q.-Y., Zhang Y., Guo F.-J., Liu G.-Y., Muzaffar Syed N., Lai Y., Alan Lin E., Kong L., Su J., Yin F., Ding A.-H., Zanin-Zhorov A., Dustin M. L., Tao J., Craft J., Yin Z., Feng J. Q., Abramson S. B., Yu X.-P., Liu C.-J., The growth factor progranulin binds to tnf receptors and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis in mice. Science 2011 332 6028 478 484 2-s2.0-79955477738 10.1126/science.1199214
78. Jian J., Zhao S., Tian Q., Progranulin directly binds to the CRD2 and CRD3 of TNFR extracellular domains. FEBS Letters 2013 587 21 3428 3436 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.09.024
79. Liu C.-J., Progranulin: a promising therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis. FEBS Letters 2011 585 23 3675 3680 2-s2.0-80053268356 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.065
80. Liu C. J., Bosch X., Progranulin: a growth factor, a novel TNFR ligand and a drug target. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2012 133 1 124 132 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.10.003
81. Jian J., Konopka J., Liu C., Insights into the role of progranulin in immunity, infection, and inflammation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 2013 93 2 199 208 10.1189/jlb.0812429
82. Guo F., Lai Y., Tian Q., Lin E. A., Kong L., Liu C., Granulin-epithelin precursor binds directly to ADAMTS-7 and ADAMTS-12 and inhibits their degradation of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2010 62 7 2023 2036 2-s2.0-77954222578 10.1002/art.27491
83. Konopka J., Richbourgh B., Liu C., The role of PGRN in musculoskeletal development and disease. Frontiers in Bioscience 2014 19 662 671
84. Thurner L., Zaks M., Preuss K. D., Progranulin antibodies entertain a proinflammatory environment in a subgroup of patients with psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2013 15 6, article R211
85. Thurner L., Preuss K. D., Fadle N., Progranulin antibodies in autoimmune diseases. Journal of Autoimmunity 2013 42 29 38 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.10.003
86. Thurner L., Stöger E., Fadle N., Proinflammatory progranulin antibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. In press
87. Henderson B., Pettipher E. R., Arthritogenic actions of recombinant IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor α in the rabbit: evidence for synergistic interactions between cytokines in vivo. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1989 75 2 306 310 2-s2.0-0024554594
88. Saklatvala J., Tumour necrosis factor α stimulates resorption and inhibits synthesis of proteoglycan in cartilage. Nature 1986 322 6079 547 549 2-s2.0-0022441214
89. Séguin C. A., Bernier S. M., TNFalpha suppresses link protein and type II collagen expression in chondrocytes: role of MEK1/2 and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2003 197 3 356 369 2-s2.0-17144453055
90. Lefebvre V., Peeters-Joris C., Vaes G., Modulation by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor α of production of collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and collagen types in differentiated and dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Cell Research 1990 1052 3 366 378 2-s2.0-0025359009 10.1016/0167-4889(90)90145-4
91. Xue J., Wang J., Liu Q., Luo A., Tumor necrosis factor- α induces ADAMTS-4 expression in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Molecular Medicine Reports 2013 8 6 1755 1760 10.3892/mmr.2013.1729
92. Joos H., Wildner A., Hogrefe C., Reichel H., Brenner R. E., Interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibit migration activity of chondrogenic progenitor cells from non-fibrillated osteoarthritic cartilage. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2013 15 5, article R119
93. López-Armada M. J., Caramés B., Martín M. A., Cillero-Pastor B., Lires-Dean M., Fuentes-Boquete I., Arenas J., Blanco F. J., Mitochondrial activity is modulated by TNF α and IL-1 β in normal human chondrocyte cells. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2006 14 10 1011 1022 2-s2.0-33748328353 10.1016/j.joca.2006.03.008
94. Honorati M. C., Cattini L., Facchini A., VEGF production by osteoarthritic chondrocytes cultured in micromass and stimulated by IL-17 and TNF- α Connective Tissue Research 2007 48 5 239 245 2-s2.0-34648816947 10.1080/03008200701541767
95. Martel-Pelletier J., Pelletier J.-P., Fahmi H., Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandins in articular tissues. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003 33 3 155 167 2-s2.0-0346278814 10.1016/S0049-0172(03)00134-3
96. Jones S. W., Brockbank S. M. V., Clements K. M., Le Good N., Campbell D., Read S. J., Needham M. R. C., Newham P., Mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) modulates key biological pathways associated with OA disease pathology. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009 17 1 124 131 2-s2.0-57549091806 10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.001
97. Hammacher A., Ward L. D., Weinstock J., Treutlein H., Yasukawa K., Simpson R. J., Structure-function analysis of human IL-6: identification of two distinct regions that are important for receptor binding. Protein Science 1994 3 12 2280 2293 2-s2.0-0028587318
98. Bender S., Haubeck H.-D., Van de Leur E., Dufhues G., Schiel X., Lauwerijns J., Greiling H., Heinrich P. C., Interleukin-1 β induces synthesis and secretion of interleukin-6 in human chondrocytes. FEBS Letters 1990 263 2 321 324 2-s2.0-0025363981 10.1016/0014-5793(90)81404-C
99. Bondeson J., Wainwright S. D., Lauder S., Amos N., Hughes C. E., The role of synovial macrophages and macrophage-produced cytokines in driving aggrecanases, matrix metalloproteinases, and other destructive and inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Research and Therapy 2006 8, article R187 2-s2.0-33846815065 10.1186/ar2099
100. Ishimi Y., Miyaura C., Jin C. H., Akatsu T., Abe E., Nakamura Y., Yamaguchi A., Yoshiki S., Matsuda T., Hirano T., Kishimoto T., Suda T., IL-6 is produced by osteoblasts and induces bone resorption. Journal of Immunology 1990 145 10 3297 3303 2-s2.0-0025259989
101. Ushiyama T., Chano T., Inoue K., Matsusue Y., Cytokine production in the infrapatellar fat pad: another source of cytokines in knee synovial fluids. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2003 62 2 108 112 2-s2.0-0037309232 10.1136/ard.62.2.108
102. Distel E., Cadoudal T., Durant S., Poignard A., Chevalier X., Benelli C., The infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis: an important source of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2009 60 11 3374 3377 2-s2.0-70350523969 10.1002/art.24881
103. Kaneko S., Satoh T., Chiba J., Ju C., Inoue K., Kagawa J., Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in serum and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. Cytokines, Cellular and Molecular Therapy 2000 6 2 71 79 2-s2.0-0033696610
104. Doß F., Menard J., Hauschild M., Kreutzer H.-J., Mittlmeier T., Müller-Steinhardt M., Müller B., Elevated IL-6 levels in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritis patients stem from plasma cells. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 2007 36 2 136 139 2-s2.0-34247613052 10.1080/03009740701250785
105. Pearle A. D., Scanzello C. R., George S., Mandl L. A., DiCarlo E. F., Peterson M., Sculco T. P., Crow M. K., Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels are associated with local inflammatory findings in patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15 5 516 523 2-s2.0-34247569933 10.1016/j.joca.2006.10.010
106. Stannus O., Jones G., Cicuttini F., Parameswaran V., Quinn S., Burgess J., Ding C., Circulating levels of IL-6 and TNF- α are associated with knee radiographic osteoarthritis and knee cartilage loss in older adults. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18 11 1441 1447 2-s2.0-78149410926 10.1016/j.joca.2010.08.016
107. Livshits G., Zhai G., Hart D. J., Kato B. S., Wang H., Williams F. M. K., Spector T. D., Interleukin-6 is a significant predictor of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: the Chingford Study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2009 60 7 2037 2045 2-s2.0-67650032606 10.1002/art.24598
108. Rose-John S., Neurath M. F., IL-6 trans-signaling: the heat is on. Immunity 2004 20 1 2 4 2-s2.0-1642578987 10.1016/S1074-7613(04)00003-2
109. Hibi M., Murakami M., Saito M., Hirano T., Taga T., Kishimoto T., Molecular cloning and expression of an IL-6 signal transducer, gp130. Cell 1990 63 6 1149 1157 2-s2.0-0025630163 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90411-7
110. Saito M., Yoshida K., Hibi M., Taga T., Kishimoto T., Molecular cloning of a murine IL-6 receptor-associated signal transducer, gp130, and its regulated expression in vivo. Journal of Immunology 1992 148 12 4066 4071 2-s2.0-0026682873
111. Narazaki M., Yasukawa K., Saito T., Ohsugi Y., Fukui H., Koishihara Y., Yancopoulos G. D., Taga T., Kishimoto T., Soluble forms of the interleukin-6 signal-transducing receptor component gp130 in human serum possessing a potential to inhibit signals through membrane-anchored gp130. Blood 1993 82 4 1120 1126 2-s2.0-0027293104
112. Jostock T., Müllberg J., Özbek S., Atreya R., Blinn G., Voltz N., Fischer M., Neurath M. F., Rose-John S., Soluble gp130 is the natural inhibitor of soluble interleukin-6 receptor transsignaling responses. European Journal of Biochemistry 2001 268 1 160 167 2-s2.0-0035160256 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01867.x
113. Boulanger M. J., Chow D.-C., Brevnova E. E., Garcia K. C., Hexameric structure and assembly of the interieukin-6/IL-6 α -receptor/gp130 complex. Science 2003 300 5628 2101 2104 2-s2.0-0038609651 10.1126/science. 1083901
114. Hirano T., Nakajima K., Hibi M., Signaling mechanisms through gp130: a model of the cytokine system. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 1997 8 4 241 252 2-s2.0-0031429943 10.1016/S1359-6101(98)80005-1
115. Kamimura D., Ishihara K., Hirano T., IL-6 signal transduction and its physiological roles: the signal orchestration model. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology 2003 149 1 38 2-s2.0-1542297244
116. Honsawek S., Deepaisarnsakul B., Tanavalee A., Yuktanandana P., Bumrungpanichthaworn P., Malila S., Saetan N., Association of the IL-6 -174G/C gene polymorphism with knee osteoarthritis in a Thai population. Genetics and Molecular Research 2011 10 3 1674 1680 2-s2.0-80955124647 10.4238/vol10-3gmr1161
117. Pola E., Papaleo P., Pola R., Gaetani E., Tamburelli F. C., Aulisa L., Logroscino C. A., Interleukin-6 gene polymorphism and risk of osteoarthritis of the hip: a case-control study. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2005 13 11 1025 1028 2-s2.0-27544441743 10.1016/j.joca.2005.07.011
118. Porée B., Kypriotou M., Chadjichristos C., Beauchef G., Renard E., Legendre F., Melin M., Gueret S., Hartmann D.-J., Malléin-Gerin F., Pujol J.-P., Boumediene K., Galéra P., Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or soluble IL-6 receptor down-regulation of human type II collagen gene expression in articular chondrocytes requires a decrease of Sp1 · Sp3 ratio and of the binding activity of both factors to the COL2A1 promoter. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008 283 8 4850 4865 2-s2.0-41949096220 10.1074/jbc.M706387200
119. Rowan A. D., Koshy P. J., Shingleton W. D., Synergistic effects of glycoprotein 130 binding cytokines in combination with interleukin-1 on cartilage collagen breakdown. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2001 44 7 1620 1632
120. Cawston T. E., Curry V. A., Summers C. A., The role of oncostatin M in animal and human connective tissue collagen turnover and its localization within the rheumatoid joint. Arthritis & Rheumatology 1998 41 10 1760 1771
121. Sui Y., Lee J. H., DiMicco M. A., Vanderploeg E. J., Blake S. M., Hung H.-H., Plaas A. H. K., James I. E., Song X.-Y., Lark M. W., Grodzinsky A. J., Mechanical injury potentiates proteoglycan catabolism induced by interleukin-6 with soluble interleukin-6 receptor and tumor necrosis factor α in immature bovine and adult human articular cartilage. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2009 60 10 2985 2996 2-s2.0-70349777471 10.1002/art.24857
122. Steeve K. T., Marc P., Sandrine T., Dominique H., Yannick F., IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 2004 15 1 49 60 2-s2.0-1642432081 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2003.10.005
123. Chenoufi H.-L., Diamant M., Rieneck K., Lund B., Stein G. S., Lian J. B., Increased mRNA expression and protein secretion of interleukin-6 in primary human osteoblasts differentiated in vitro from rheumatoid and osteoarthritic bone. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 2001 81 4 666 678 2-s2.0-0035018764 10.1002/jcb.1104
124. Sakao K., Takahashi K. A., Arai Y., Saito M., Honjo K., Hiraoka N., Asada H., Shin-Ya M., Imanishi J., Mazda O., Kubo T., Osteoblasts derived from osteophytes produce interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in osteoarthritis. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2009 27 4 412 423 2-s2.0-67749132440 10.1007/s00774-009-0058-6
125. Wang P., Zhu F., Konstantopoulos K., Prostaglandin E2 induces interleukin-6 expression in human chondrocytes via cAMP/protein kinase A- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent NF- B activation. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 2010 298 6 C1445 C1456 2-s2.0-77952657476 10.1152/ajpcell.00508.2009
126. Liu X.-H., Kirschenbaum A., Yao S., Levine A. C., The role of the interleukin-6/gp130 signaling pathway in bone metabolism. Vitamins and Hormones 2006 74 341 355 2-s2.0-33947724217 10.1016/S0083-6729(06)74014-6
127. de Hooge A. S. K., van de Loo F. A. J., Bennink M. B., Arntz O. J., de Hooge P., van den Berg W. B., Male IL-6 gene knock out mice developed more advanced osteoarthritis upon aging. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2005 13 1 66 73 2-s2.0-12144255852 10.1016/j.joca.2004.09.011
128. van de Loo F. A. J., Kuiper S., van Enckevort F. H. J., Arntz O. J., van den Berg W. B., Interleukin-6 reduces cartilage destruction during experimental arthritis: a study in interleukin-6-deficient mice. American Journal of Pathology 1997 151 1 177 191 2-s2.0-0030794222
129. Steel J. C., Waldmann T. A., Morris J. C., Interleukin-15 biology and its therapeutic implications in cancer. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2012 33 1 35 41 10.1016/j.tips.2011.09.004
130. Perera L. P., Interleukin 15: its role in inflammation and immunity. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapia Experimentalis 2000 48 6 457 464
131. Waldmann T. A., Tagaya Y., The multifaceted regulation of interleukin-15 expression and the role of this cytokine in NK cell differentiation and host response to intracellular pathogens. Annual Review of Immunology 1999 17 19 49 2-s2.0-0033046593 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.19
132. Baslund B., Tvede N., Danneskiold-Samsoe B., Larsson P., Panayi G., Petersen J., Petersen L. J., Beurskens F. J. M., Schuurman J., Van De Winkel J. G. J., Parren P. W. H. I., Gracie J. A., Jongbloed S., Liew F. Y., McInnes I. B., Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005 52 9 2686 2692 2-s2.0-25444519432 10.1002/art.21249
133. Mcinnes I. B., Al-Mughales J., Field M., Leung B. P., Huang F.-P., Dixon R., Sturrock R. D., Wilkinson P. C., Liew F. Y., The role of interleukin-15 in T-cell migration and activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Nature Medicine 1996 2 2 175 182 2-s2.0-0030022275 10.1038/nm0296-175
134. Scanzello C. R., Umoh E., Pessler F., Diaz-Torne C., Miles T., DiCarlo E., Potter H. G., Mandl L., Marx R., Rodeo S., Goldring S. R., Crow M. K., Local cytokine profiles in knee osteoarthritis: elevated synovial fluid interleukin-15 differentiates early from end-stage disease. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009 17 8 1040 1048 2-s2.0-67650407428 10.1016/j.joca.2009.02.011
135. Sun J. M., Sun L. Z., Liu J., Su B. H., Shi L., Serum interleukin-15 levels are associated with severity of pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Disease Markers 2013 35 3 203 206 10.1155/2013/176278
136. Chang S. H., Dong C., Signaling of interleukin-17 family cytokines in immunity and inflammation. Cell Signaling 2011 23 7 1069 1075 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.11.022
137. Zhang X., Angkasekwinai P., Dong C., Tang H., Structure and function of interleukin-17 family cytokines. Protein and Cell 2011 2 1 26 40 2-s2.0-79953178961 10.1007/s13238-011-1006-5
138. Korn T., Bettelli E., Oukka M., Kuchroo V. K., IL-17 and Th17 cells. Annual Review of Immunology 2009 27 485 517 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908. 132710
139. Pawłowska J., Mikosik A., Soroczynska-Cybula M., Jóźwik A., Łuczkiewicz P., Mazurkiewicz S., Lorczyñski A., Witkowski J. M., Bryl E., Different distribution of CD4 and CD8 t cells in synovial membrane and peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 2009 47 4 627 632 2-s2.0-77954405503 10.2478/v10042-009-0117-9
140. Ishii H., Tanaka H., Katoh K., Nakamura H., Nagashima M., Yoshino S., Characterization of infiltrating T cells and Th1/Th2-type cytokines in the synovium of patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2002 10 4 277 281 2-s2.0-0036255913 10.1053/joca.2001.0509
141. Suurmond J., Dorjee A. L., Boon M. R., Knol E. F., Huizinga T. W. J., Toes R. E. M., Schuerwegh A. J. M., Mast cells are the main interleukin-17- positive cells in anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive and -negative rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovium. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2011 13 5, article R150 2-s2.0-80053172579 10.1186/ar3466
142. Honorati M. C., Neri S., Cattini L., Facchini A., Interleukin-17, a regulator of angiogenic factor release by synovial fibroblasts. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2006 14 4 345 352 2-s2.0-33646495723 10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.004
143. Alsalameh S., Mollenhauer J., Hain N., Stock K.-P., Kalden J. R., Burmester G. R., Cellular immune response toward human articular chondrocytes: T cell reactivities against chondrocyte and fibroblast membranes in destructive joint diseases. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1990 33 10 1477 1486 2-s2.0-0025084542
144. Chen B., Deng Y., Tan Y., Qin J., Chen L. B., Association between severity of knee osteoarthritis and serum and synovial fluid interleukin 17 concentrations. Journal of International Medical Research 2014 42 1 138 144 10.1177/0300060513501751
145. Lubberts E., Joosten L. A., van de Loo F. A., van den Gersselaar L. A., van den Berg W. B., Reduction of interleukin-17-induced inhibition of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis in intact murine articular cartilage by interleukin-4. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2000 43 6 1300 1306
146. Martel-Pelletier J., Mineau F., Jovanovic D., Di Battista J. A., Pelletier J. P., Mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappaB together regulate interleukin-17-induced nitric oxide production in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes: possible role of transactivating factor mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated proten kinase (MAPKAPK). Arthritis & Rheumatology 1999 42 11 2399 2409
147. Benderdour M., Tardif G., Pelletier J.-P., Di Battista J. A., Reboul P., Ranger P., Martel-Pelletier J., Interleukin 17 (IL-17) induces collagenase-3 production in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes via AP-1 dependent activation: differential activation of AP-1 members by IL-17 and IL-1 β Journal of Rheumatology 2002 29 6 1262 1272 2-s2.0-0035990279
148. Attur M. G., Patel R. N., Abramson S. B., Amin A. R., Interleukin-17 up-regulation of nitric oxide production in human osteoarthritis cartilage. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1997 40 6 1050 1053 2-s2.0-0030917573 10.1002/art.1780400609
149. LeGrand A., Fermor B., Fink C., Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-17 synergistically up-regulate nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in explants of human osteoarthritic knee menisci. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2001 44 9 2078 2083
150. Honorati M. C., Bovara M., Cattini L., Piacentini A., Facchini A., Contribution of interleukin 17 to human cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2002 10 10 799 807 2-s2.0-0036793147 10.1053/joca.2002.0829
151. Han L., Lee H. S., Yoon J. H., Association of IL-17A and IL-17F single nucleotide polymorphisms with susceptibility to osteoarthritis in a Korean population. Gene 2014 533 1 119 122 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.113
152. Okamura H., Tsutsui H., Komatsu T., Yutsudo M., Hakura A., Tanimoto T., Torigoe K., Okura T., Nukada Y., Hattori K., Akita K., Namba M., Tanabe F., Konishi K., Fukuda S., Kurimoto M., Cloning of a new cytokine that induces IFN- γ production by T cells. Nature 1995 378 6552 88 91 2-s2.0-0028845730 10.1038/378088a0
153. Ghayur T., Banerjee S., Hugunin M., Butler D., Herzog L., Carter A., Quintal L., Sekut L., Talanian R., Paskind M., Wong W., Kamen R., Tracey D., Allen H., Caspase-1 processes IFN- γ -inducing factor and regulates LPS-induced IFN- γ production. Nature 1997 386 6625 619 623 2-s2.0-0031004174 10.1038/386619a0
154. Saha N., Moldovan F., Tardif G., Pelletier J. P., Cloutier J. M., Martel-Pelletier J., Interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme/caspase-1 in human osteoarthritic tissues: localization and role in the maturation of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18. Arthritis & Rheumatology 1999 42 8 1577 1587
155. Olee T., Hashimoto S., Quach J., Lotz M., IL-18 is produced by articular chondrocytes and induces proinflammatory and catabolic responses. Journal of Immunology 1999 162 2 1096 1100 2-s2.0-0033556175
156. Udagawa N., Horwood N. J., Elliott J., Mackay A., Owens J., Okamura H., Kurimoto M., Chambers T. J., Martin T. J., Gillespie M. T., Interleukin-18 (interferon- γ -inducing factor) is produced by osteoblasts and acts via granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and not via interferon- γ to inhibit osteoclast formation. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1997 185 6 1005 1012 2-s2.0-17544389276 10.1084/jem.185.6.1005
157. Möller B., Kukoc-Zivojnov N., Kessler U., Rehart S., Kaltwasser J. P., Hoelzer D., Kalina U., Ottmann O. G., Interferon-gamma induces expression of interleukin-18 binding protein in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Rheumatology 2003 42 3 442 445 2-s2.0-0036196840
158. Peng C.-Z., Cao J.-M., Xiao T., Peng C., Yang H.-B., Cheng X., Fang J.-Z., Concentration of IL-18 and PGE2 in synovial fluid in patients with osteoarthritis and its significance. Journal of Central South University 2006 31 6 862 865 2-s2.0-33846276236
159. Wang Y., Xu D., Long L., Deng X., Tao R., Huang G., Correlation between plasma, synovial fluid and articular cartilage Interleukin-18 with radiographic severity in 33 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Clinical and Experimental Medicine. In press
160. Denoble A. E., Huffman K. M., Stabler T. V., Kelly S. J., Hershfield M. S., McDaniel G. E., Coleman R. E., Kraus V. B., Uric acid is a danger signal of increasing risk for osteoarthritis through inflammasome activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011 108 5 2088 2093 2-s2.0-79952137696 10.1073/pnas.1012743108
161. Torigoe K., Ushio S., Okura T., Kobayashi S., Taniai M., Kunikata T., Murakami T., Sanou O., Kojima H., Fujii M., Ohta T., Ikeda M., Ikegami H., Kurimoto M., Purification and characterization of the human interleukin-18 receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997 272 41 25737 25742 2-s2.0-0030851728 10.1074/jbc.272.41.25737
162. Born T. L., Thomassen E., Bird T. A., Sims J. E., Cloning of a novel receptor subunit, AcPL, required for interleukin-18 signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998 273 45 29445 29450 2-s2.0-0032491599 10.1074/jbc.273.45.29445
163. Thomassen E., Bird T. A., Renshaw B. R., Kennedy M. K., Sims J. E., Binding of interleukin-18 to the interleukin-1 receptor homologous receptor IL-1Rrp1 leads to activation of signaling pathways similar to those used by interleukin-1. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 1998 18 12 1077 1088 2-s2.0-0032422182
164. Hulin-Curtis S. L., Bidwell J. L., Perry M. J., Evaluation of IL18 and IL18R1 polymorphisms: genetic susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis. International Journal of Immunogenetics 2012 39 2 106 109 2-s2.0-84858076754 10.1111/j.1744-313X.2011.01060.x
165. Omair A., Lie B. A., Reikeras O., Brox J. I., An association study of interleukin 18 receptor genes (IL18R1 and IL18RAP) in lumbar disc degeneration. The Open Orthopaedics Journal 2012 6 164 171 10.2174/1874325001206010164
166. Dai S.-M., Shan Z.-Z., Nishioka K., Yudoh K., Implication of interleukin 18 in production of matrix metalloproteinases in articular chondrocytes in arthritis: direct effect on chondrocytes may not be pivotal. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2005 64 5 735 742 2-s2.0-17644390657 10.1136/ard.2004.026088
167. Joosten L. A. B., Smeets R. L., Koenders M. I., Van Den Bersselaar L. A. M., Helsen M. M. A., Oppers-Walgreen B., Lubberts E., Iwakura Y., Van De Loo F. A. J., Van Den Berg W. B., Interleukin-18 promotes joint inflammation and induces interleukin-1-driven cartilage destruction. American Journal of Pathology 2004 165 3 959 967 2-s2.0-4344717421
168. Inoue H., Hiraoka K., Hoshino T., Okamoto M., Iwanaga T., Zenmyo M., Shoda T., Aizawa H., Nagata K., High levels of serum IL-18 promote cartilage loss through suppression of aggrecan synthesis. Bone 2008 42 6 1102 1110 2-s2.0-43149100555 10.1016/j.bone.2008.01.031
169. John T., Kohl B., Mobasheri A., Ertel W., Shakibaei M., Interleukin-18 induces apoptosis in human articular chondrocytes. Histology and Histopathology 2007 22 5 469 482 2-s2.0-33947493760
170. Futani H., Okayama A., Matsui K., Kashiwamura S., Sasaki T., Hada T., Nakanishi K., Tateishi H., Maruo S., Okamura H., Relation between interleukin-18 and PGE2 in synovial fluid of osteoarthritis: a potential therapeutic target of cartilage degradation. Journal of Immunotherapy 2002 25 supplement 1 S61 S64 2-s2.0-18344374479 10.1097/00002371-200203001-00009
171. Li Y., Jiang J.-M., Yang D.-H., Wang F.-L., Mao Z.-X., Determination of the concentrations of interleukin-18 and other cytokines in the synovial fluid in patients with osteoarthritis. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2009 29 4 729 731 2-s2.0-74049113850
172. Wang F.-L., Jiang J.-M., Wang F., Fu Z.-Z., Zhang Z.-F., Expressions of interleukin 18 and prostaglandin E2 and their correlation in the synoviocytes of patients with osteoarthritis. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2010 30 4 731 733 2-s2.0-80053181998
173. Cho M.-L., Jung Y. O., Moon Y.-M., Min S.-Y., Yoon C.-H., Lee S.-H., Park S.-H., Cho C.-S., Jue D.-M., Kim H.-Y., Interleukin-18 induces the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts via AP-1-dependent pathways. Immunology Letters 2006 103 2 159 166 2-s2.0-31544442163 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.10.020
174. Powers R., Garrett D. S., March C. J., Frieden E. A., Gronenborn A. M., Clore G. M., The high-resolution, three-dimensional solution structure of human interleukin-4 determined by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1993 32 26 6744 6762 2-s2.0-0027236528
175. Wlodawer A., Pavlovsky A., Gustchina A., Crystal structure of human recombinant interleukin-4 at 2.25 A resolution. FEBS Letters 1992 309 1 59 64
176. Carr C., Aykent S., Kimack N. M., Levine A. D., Disulfide assignments in recombinant mouse and human interleukin 4. Biochemistry 1991 30 6 1515 1523 2-s2.0-0025805570
177. Mueller T. D., Zhang J.-L., Sebald W., Duschl A., Structure, binding, and antagonists in the IL-4/IL-13 receptor system. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Cell Research 2002 1592 3 237 250 2-s2.0-0037064548 10.1016/S0167-4889(02)00318-X
178. Nelms K., Keegan A. D., Zamorano J., Ryan J. J., Paul W. E., The IL-4 receptor: signaling mechanisms and biologic functions. Annual Review of Immunology 1999 17 701 738 2-s2.0-0033010373 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.701
179. LaPorte S. L., Juo Z. S., Vaclavikova J., Colf L. A., Qi X., Heller N. M., Keegan A. D., Garcia K. C., Molecular and structural basis of cytokine receptor pleiotropy in the interleukin-4/13 system. Cell 2008 132 2 259 272 2-s2.0-38649137731 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.030
180. Bhattacharjee A., Shukla M., Yakubenko V. P., Mulya A., Kundu S., Cathcart M. K., IL-4 and IL-13 employ discrete signaling pathways for target gene expression in alternatively activated monocytes/macrophages. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2013 54 1 16 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.553
181. Jiang H., Harris M. B., Rothman P., IL-4/IL-13 signaling beyond JAK/STAT. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2000 105 6, part 1 1063 1070 2-s2.0-0033945403 10.1067/mai.2000.107604
182. Forster T., Chapman K., Loughlin J., Common variants within the interleukin 4 receptor α gene (IL4R) are associated with susceptibility to osteoarthritis. Human Genetics 2004 114 4 391 395 2-s2.0-1542375429 10.1007/s00439-004-1083-0
183. Vargiolu M., Silvestri T., Bonora E., Dolzani P., Pulsatelli L., Addimanda O., Mancarella L., Punzi L., Fioravanti A., Facchini A., Romeo G., Meliconi R., Interleukin-4/interleukin-4 receptor gene polymorphisms in hand osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010 18 6 810 816 2-s2.0-77952878314 10.1016/j.joca.2010.02.005
184. Yigit S., Inanir A., Tekcan A., Significant association of interleukin-4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism with susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis. Gene 2014 537 1 6 9 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.060
185. Schlaak J. F., Pfers I., Meyer Zum Büschenfelde K.-H., Märker-Hermann E., Different cytokine profiles in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondylarthropathies. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 1996 14 2 155 162 2-s2.0-0029895089
186. Ishii H., Tanaka H., Katoh K., Nakamura H., Nagashima M., Yoshino S., Characterization of infiltrating T cells and Th1/Th2-type cytokines in the synovium of patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2002 10 4 277 281 2-s2.0-0036255913 10.1053/joca.2001.0509
187. Silvestri T., Pulsatelli L., Dolzani P., Facchini A., Meliconi R., Elevated serum levels of soluble interleukin-4 receptor in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2006 14 7 717 719 2-s2.0-33745019918 10.1016/j.joca.2006.02.015
188. Wagner S., Fritz P., Einsele H., Sell S., Saal J. G., Evaluation of synovial cytokine patterns in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Rheumatology International 1997 16 5 191 196 2-s2.0-0031020841 10.1007/BF01330295
189. Demaziere A., Leek R., Athanasou N. A., Histological distribution of the interleukin-4 receptor (IL4R) within the normal and pathological synovium. Revue du Rhumatisme et des Maladies Osteo-Articulaires 1992 59 3 219 224 2-s2.0-0026580715
190. Yeh L.-A., Augustine A. J., Lee P., Riviere L. R., Sheldon A., Interleukin-4, an inhibitor of cartilage breakdown in bovine articular cartilage explants. Journal of Rheumatology 1995 22 9 1740 1746 2-s2.0-0029162490
191. van Meegeren M. E., Roosendaal G., Jansen N. W., IL-4 alone and in combination with IL-10 protects against blood-induced cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2012 20 7 764 772 10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.002
192. van Lent P. L. E. M., Holthuysen A. E. M., Slöetjes A., Lubberts E., van den Berg W. B., Local overexpression of adeno-viral IL-4 protects cartilage from metallo proteinase-induced destruction during immune complex-mediated arthritis by preventing activation of pro-MMPs. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2002 10 3 234 243 2-s2.0-0036187889 10.1053/joca.2001.0501
193. Doi H., Nishida K., Yorimitsu M., Komiyama T., Kadota Y., Tetsunaga T., Yoshida A., Kubota S., Takigawa M., Ozaki T., Interleukin-4 downregulates the cyclic tensile stress-induced matrix metalloproteinases-13 and cathepsin b expression by rat normal chondrocytes. Acta Medica Okayama 2008 62 2 119 126 2-s2.0-45149131422
194. Salter D. M., Millward-Sadler S. J., Nuki G., Wright M. O., Differential responses of chondrocytes from normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage to mechanical stimulation. Biorheology 2002 39 1-2 97 108 2-s2.0-0036282863
195. Millward-Sadler S. J., Wright M. O., Lee H.-S., Nishida K., Caldwell H., Nuki G., Salter D. M., Integrin-regulated secretion of interleukin 4: a novel pathway of mechanotransduction in human articular chondrocytes. Journal of Cell Biology 1999 145 1 183 189 2-s2.0-0033526051 10.1083/jcb.145.1.183
196. Millward-Sadler S. J., Wright M. O., Davies L. W., Nuki G., Salter D. M., Mechanotransduction via integrins and interleukin-4 results in altered aggrecan and matrix metalloproteinase 3 gene expression in normal, but not osteoarthritic, human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2000 43 9 2091 2099
197. Schuerwegh A. J., Dombrecht E. J., Stevens W. J., Van Offel J. F., Bridts C. H., De Clerck L. S., Influence of pro-inflammatory (IL-1 α IL-6, TNF- α IFN- γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4) cytokines on chondrocyte function. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2003 11 9 681 687 2-s2.0-0042887449 10.1016/S1063-4584(03)00156-0
198. Relić B., Guicheux J., Mezin F., Lubberts E., Togninalli D., Garcia I., Van den Berg W. B., Guerne P.-A., IL-4 and IL-13, but not IL-10, protect human synoviocytes from apoptosis. Journal of Immunology 2001 166 4 2775 2782 2-s2.0-0035865347
199. Rai M. F., Graeve T., Twardziok S., Schmidt M. F. G., Evidence for regulated interleukin-4 expression in chondrocyte-scaffolds under in vitro inflammatory conditions. PLoS ONE 2011 6 10 2-s2.0-80053454355 10.1371/journal.pone.0025749 e25749
200. Alaaeddine N., Di Battista J. A., Pelletier J. P., Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced prostaglandin E2 production by the antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and interleukin-13 in osteoarthritic synovial fibroblasts: distinct targeting in the signaling pathways. Arthritis & Rheumatology 1999 42 4 710 718
201. Yorimitsu M., Nishida K., Shimizu A., Doi H., Miyazawa S., Komiyama T., Nasu Y., Yoshida A., Watanabe S., Ozaki T., Intra-articular injection of interleukin-4 decreases nitric oxide production by chondrocytes and ameliorates subsequent destruction of cartilage in instability-induced osteoarthritis in rat knee joints. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008 16 7 764 771 2-s2.0-45049087555 10.1016/j.joca.2007.11.006
202. Fu J., Zhang L., Song S., Effect of bone marrow-derived 10 CD11b+F4/80+immature dendritic cells on the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in DBA/1 mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Inflammation Research 2014 63 5 357 367 10.1007/s00011-014-0707-7
203. Vieira P., De Waal-Malefyt R., Dang M.-N., Johnson K. E., Kastelein R., Fiorentino D. F., DeVries J. E., Roncarolo M.-G., Mosmann T. R., Moore K. W., Isolation and expression of human cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor cDNA clones: homology to Epstein-Barr virus open reading frame BCRFI. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991 88 4 1172 1176 2-s2.0-0026089934
204. Tan J. C., Indelicato S. R., Narula S. K., Zavodny P. J., Chou C.-C., Characterization of interleukin-10 receptors on human and mouse cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1993 268 28 21053 21059 2-s2.0-0027441138
205. Zdanov A., Schalk-Hihi C., Gustchina A., Tsang M., Weatherbee J., Wlodawer A., Crystal structure of interleukin-10 reveals the functional dimer with an unexpected topological similarity to interferon γ Structure 1995 3 6 591 601 2-s2.0-0029644946
206. Liu Y., Wei S. H.-Y., Ho A. S.-Y., Malefyt R. D. W., Moore K. W., Expression cloning and characterization of a human IL-10 receptor. Journal of Immunology 1994 152 4 1821 1829 2-s2.0-0028350053
207. Kotenko S. V., Krause C. D., Izotova L. S., Pollack B. P., Wu W., Pestka S., Identification and functional characterization of a second chain of the interleukin-10 receptor complex. The EMBO Journal 1997 16 19 5894 5903 2-s2.0-0030799157 10.1093/emboj/16.19.5894
208. Finbloom D. S., Winestock K. D., IL-10 induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of tyk2 and Jak1 and the differential assembly of STAT1 α and STAT3 complexes in human T cells and monocytes. Journal of Immunology 1995 155 3 1079 1090 2-s2.0-0029118395
209. Donnelly R. P., Dickensheets H., Finbloom D. S., The interleukin-10 signal transduction pathway and regulation of gene expression in mononuclear phagocytes. Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 1999 19 6 563 573 2-s2.0-0032779561 10.1089/107999099313695
210. Iannone F., De Bari C., Dell' Accio F., Covelli M., Cantatore F. P., Patella V., Lo Bianco G., Lapadula G., Interleukin-10 and interleukin-10 receptor in human osteoarthritic and healthy chondrocytes. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2001 19 2 139 145 2-s2.0-0035040150
211. Jansen N. W. D., Roosendaal G., Hooiveld M. J. J., Bijlsma J. W. J., Van Roon J. A. G., Theobald M., Lafeber F. P. J. G., Interleukin-10 protects against blood-induced joint damage. British Journal of Haematology 2008 142 6 953 961 2-s2.0-50049113537 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07278.x
212. Wang Y., Lou S., Direct protective effect of interleukin-10 on articular chondrocytes in vitro. Chinese Medical Journal 2001 114 7 723 725 2-s2.0-0345879645
213. John T., Müller R. D., Oberholzer A., Zreiqat H., Kohl B., Ertel W., Hostmann A., Tschoeke S. K., Schulze-Tanzil G., Interleukin-10 modulates pro-apoptotic effects of TNF- α in human articular chondrocytes in vitro. Cytokine 2007 40 3 226 234 2-s2.0-36749010252 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.10.002
214. Lacraz S., Nicod L. P., Chicheportiche R., Welgus H. G., Dayer J.-M., IL-10 inhibits metalloproteinase and stimulates TIMP-1 production in human mononuclear phagocytes. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995 96 5 2304 2310 2-s2.0-0028855894
215. Chadban S. J., Tesch G. H., Foti R., Atkins R. C., Nikolic-Paterson D. J., Interleukin-10 is a mesangial cell growth factor in vitro and in vivo. Laboratory Investigation 1997 76 5 619 627 2-s2.0-0030977038
216. Jung Y. K., Kim G. W., Park H. R., Role of interleukin-10 in endochondral bone formation in mice: anabolic effect via the bone morphogenetic protein/Smad pathway. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2013 65 12 3153 3164 10.1002/art.38181
217. Umulis D., O'Connor M. B., Blair S. S., The extracellular regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Development 2009 136 22 3715 3728 2-s2.0-70450170394 10.1242/dev.031534
218. Zeng L., Kempf H., Murtaugh L. C., Sato M. E., Lassar A. B., Shh establishes an Nkx3.2/Sox9 autoregulatory loop that is maintained by BMP signals to induce somitic chondrogenesis. Genes and Development 2002 16 15 1990 2005 2-s2.0-0036683426 10.1101/gad.1008002
219. Chimal-Monroy J., Rodriguez-Leon J., Montero J. A., Gañan Y., Macias D., Merino R., Hurle J. M., Analysis of the molecular cascade responsible for mesodermal limb chondrogenesis: sox genes and BMP signaling. Developmental Biology 2003 257 2 292 301 2-s2.0-0037447890 10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00066-6
220. Minina E., Wenzel H. M., Kreschel C., Karp S., Gaffield W., McMahon A. P., Vortkamp A., BMP and lhh/PTHrP signaling interact to coordinate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. Development 2001 128 22 4523 4534 2-s2.0-0034747252
221. Minina E., Kreschel C., Naski M. C., Ornitz D. M., Vortkamp A., Interaction of FGF, Ihh/Pthlh, and BMP signaling integrates chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation. Developmental Cell 2002 3 3 439 449 2-s2.0-0036744820 10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00261-7
222. Riyazi N., Slagboom E., De Craen A. J. M., Meulenbelt I., Houwing-Duistermaat J. J., Kroon H. M., Van Schaardenburg D., Rosendaal F. R., Breedveld F. C., Huizinga T. W. J., Kloppenburg M., Association of the risk of osteoarthritis with high innate production of interleukin-1 β and low innate production of interleukin-10 ex vivo, upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005 52 5 1443 1450 2-s2.0-20844432886 10.1002/art.21014
223. Helmark I. C., Mikkelsen U. R., Børglum J., Rothe A., Petersen M. C. H., Andersen O., Langberg H., Kjaer M., Exercise increases interleukin-10 levels both intraarticularly and peri-synovially in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Research and Therapy 2010 12 4, article R126 2-s2.0-77954073360 10.1186/ar3064
224. Lems W. F., den Uyl D., Exercise-induced changes in interleukin-10 in patients with knee osteoarthritis: new perspectives? Arthritis Research and Therapy 2010 12 4, article 131 2-s2.0-77954890048 10.1186/ar3084
225. Angele P., Yoo J. U., Smith C., Mansour J., Jepsen K. J., Nerlich M., Johnstone B., Cyclic hydrostatic pressure enhances the chondrogenic phenotype of human mesenchymal progenitor cells differentiated in vitro. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 2003 21 3 451 457 2-s2.0-0038523896 10.1016/S0736-0266(02) 00230-9
226. Mizuno S., Tateishi T., Ushida T., Glowacki J., Hydrostatic fluid pressure enhances matrix synthesis and accumulation by bovine chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2002 193 3 319 327 2-s2.0-0036888652 10.1002/jcp.10180
227. Eisenmesser E. Z., Horita D. A., Byrd R. A., Secondary structure and backbone resonance assignments for human interleukin-13. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 2001 19 1 93 94 2-s2.0-0035132445 10.1023/A:1008336103603
228. Eisenmesser E. Z., Horita D. A., Altieri A. S., Byrd R. A., Solution structure of interleukin-13 and insights into receptor engagement. Journal of Molecular Biology 2001 310 1 231 241 2-s2.0-0035967912 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4765
229. Hart P. H., Ahern M. J., Smith M. D., Finlay-Jones J. J., Regulatory effects of IL-13 on synovial fluid macrophages and blood monocytes from patients with inflammatory arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1995 99 3 331 337 2-s2.0-0028930076
230. de Waal Malefyt R., Figdor C. G., Huijbens R., Mohan-Peterson S., Bennett B., Culpepper J., Dang W., Zurawski G., De Vries J. E., Effects of IL-13 on phenotype, cytokine production, and cytotoxic function of human monocytes: comparison with IL-4 and modulation by IFN- γ or IL-10. Journal of Immunology 1993 151 11 6370 6381 2-s2.0-0027492915
231. Fernandes J. C., Martel-Pelletier J., Pelletier J.-P., The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Biorheology 2002 39 1-2 237 246 2-s2.0-0036286667
232. Jovanovic D., Pelletier J.-P., Alaaeddine N., Mineau F., Geng C., Ranger P., Martel-Pelletier J., Effect of IL-13 on cytokines, cytokine receptors and inhibitors on human osteoarthritis synovium and synovial fibroblasts. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 1998 6 1 40 49 2-s2.0-0031923501 10.1053/joca.1997.0091
233. Altman R., Asch E., Bloch D., Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1986 29 8 1039 1052 2-s2.0-0022465236
234. Onoe Y., Miyaura C., Kaminakayashiki T., Nagai Y., Noguchi K., Chen Q.-R., Seo H., Ohta H., Nozawa S., Kudo I., Suda T., IL-13 and IL-4 inhibit bone resorption by suppressing cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin synthesis in osteoblasts. Journal of Immunology 1996 156 2 758 764 2-s2.0-0030033449
235. Blaney Davidson E. N., van der Kraan P. M., van den Berg W. B., TGF- β and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007 15 6 597 604 2-s2.0-34248561110 10.1016/j.joca.2007.02.005
236. de Caestecker M., The transforming growth factor- β superfamily of receptors. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 2004 15 1 1 11 2-s2.0-1642473157 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2003.10.004
237. Blaney Davidson E. N., Vitters E. L., Van Der Kraan P. M., Van Den Berg W. B., Expression of transforming growth factor- β (TGF β) and the TGF β signalling molecule SMAD-2P in spontaneous and instability-induced osteoarthritis: role in cartilage degradation, chondrogenesis and osteophyte formation. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2006 65 11 1414 1421 2-s2.0-33748659352 10.1136/ard.2005.045971
238. Verrecchia F., Mauviel A., Transforming growth factor- β signaling through the Smad pathway: role in extracellular matrix gene expression and regulation. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2002 118 2 211 215 2-s2.0-0036177427 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01641.x
239. Derynck R., Zhang Y. E., Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF- β family signalling. Nature 2003 425 6958 577 584 2-s2.0-0142104985 10.1038/nature02006
240. Attur M. G., Patel I. R., Patel R. N., Abramson S. B., Amin A. R., Autocrine production of IL-1 β by human osteoarthritis-affected cartilage and differential regulation of endogenous nitric oxide, IL-6, prostaglandin E2, and IL-8. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians 1998 110 1 65 72 2-s2.0-0031965384