Strategies to overcome the blood-brain barrier

Enhancement in Drug Delivery

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 593-614

  Batrakova, Elena V ^a   Kabanov, Alexander V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84892513798     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (151)

1. Pardridge, W. 1998. Introduction to the blood-brain barrier, methodology, biology and pathology, 486. New York: University Press.
2. Tamai, I., and A. Tsuji. 2000. Transporter-mediated permeation of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci 89:1371.
3. Minn, A., et al. 1991. Drug metabolizing enzymes in the brain and cerebral microvessels. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 16:65.
4. Levin, V.A. 1980. Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability. J Med Chem 23:682.
5. Kabanov, A., A. Levashov, and K. Martinek. 1987. Transformation of water-soluble enzymes into membrane active form by chemical modification. Ann N Y Acad Sci 501:63.
6. Kabanov, A., A. Levashov, and V. Alakhov. 1989. Lipid modification of proteins and their membrane transport. Protein Eng 3:39.
7. Hashimoto, M., et al. 1989. Synthesis of palmitoyl derivatives of insulin and their biological activities. Pharm Res 6:171.
8. Colsky, A., and J. Peacock. 1991. Palmitate-derivatized antibodies can specifically “arm” macrophage effector cells for ADCC. J Leukoc Biol 49:1.
9. Kabanov, A.V., and E.V. Batrakova. 2004. New technologies for drug delivery across the blood- brain barrier. Curr Pharm Des 10:1355.
10. Alakhov, V., et al. 1990. Increasing cytostatic effects of ricin A chain and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A through in vitro hydrophobization with fatty acid residues. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 12:94.
11. Chekhonin, V., et al. 1991. Fatty acid acylated Fab-fragments of antibodies to neurospecific proteins as carriers for neuroleptic targeted delivery in brain. FEBS Lett 287:149.
12. Kabanov, A.V., et al. 1992. Pluronic micelles as a tool for low-molecular compound vector delivery into a cell: Effect of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B on cell loading with micelle incorporated fluorescent dye. Biochem Int 26:1035.
13. Slepnev, V., et al. 1995. Fatty acid acylated peroxidase as a model for the study of interactions of hydrophobically-modified proteins with mammalian cells. Bioconjug Chem 6:608.
14. Melik-Nubarov, N.S., et al. 1993. Interaction of hydrophobized antiviral antibodies with influenza virus infected MDCK cells. Biochem Mol Biol Int 29:939.
15. Ekrami, H., A. Kennedy, and W. Shen. 1995. Water-soluble fatty acid derivatives as acylating agents for reversible lipidization of polypeptides. FEBS Lett 371:283.
16. Chopineau, J., et al. 1998. Monoacylation of ribonuclease A enables its transport across an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. J Control Release 56:231.
17. Kozlova, N., et al. 1999. Catalytic properties and conformation of hydrophobized alphachymotrypsin incorporated into a bilayer lipid membrane. FEBS Lett 461:141.
18. Oldendorf, W.H. 1971. Brain uptake of radiolabeled amino acids, amines, and hexoses after arterial injection. Am J Physiol 221:1629.
19. Bodor, N., and P.Buchwald. 2003.Brain-targeted drug delivery:Experiences to date. AmJDrugTarg1:13.
20. Somogyi, G., P. Buchwald, and N. Bodor. 2002. Targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system via phosphonate derivatives (anionic delivery system for testosterone). Pharmazie 57:135.
21. Bodor, N., et al. 2002. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of dihydroquinoline- and dihydroisoquinolinebased targetor moieties for brain-specific chemical delivery systems. J Drug Target 10:63.
22. Pardridge, W. 2002. Targeting neurotherapeutic agents through the blood-brain barrier. Arch Neurol 59:35.
23. Banks, W., and C. Lebel. 2002. Strategies for the delivery of leptin to the CNS. J Drug Target 10:297.
24. Miller, D., B. Keller, and R. Borchardt. 1994. Identification and distribution of insulin receptors on cultured bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells: Possible function in insulin processing in the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Physiol 161:333.
25. Shin, S.U., et al. 1995. Transferrin-antibody fusion proteins are effective in brain targeting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:2820.
26. Banks, W.A., J.B. Jaspan, and A.J. Kastin. 1997. Selective, physiological transport of insulin across the blood-brain barrier: Novel demonstration by species-specific radioimmunoassays. Peptides 18:1257.
27. Ou, X.H., et al. 2004. Receptor binding characteristics and cytotoxicity of insulin-methotrexate. World J Gastroenterol 10:2430.
28. Fukuta, M., et al. 1994. Insulin fragments as a carrier for peptide delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Pharm Res 11:1681.
29. Laske, D.W., R.J. Youle, and E.H. Oldfield. 1997. Tumor regression with regional distribution of the targeted toxin TF-CRM107 in patients with malignant brain tumors. Nat Med 3:1362.
30. Song, B.W., et al. 2002. Enhanced neuroprotective effects of basic fibroblast growth factor in regional brain ischemia after conjugation to a blood-brain barrier delivery vector. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 301:605.
31. Qian, Z.M., et al. 2002. Targeted drug delivery via the transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. Pharmacol Rev 54:561.
32. Seligman, P.A. 1983. Structure and function of the transferrin receptor. Prog Hematol 13:131.
33. Friden, P.M., et al. 1991. Anti-transferrin receptor antibody and antibody-drug conjugates cross the blood-brain barrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:4771.
34. Rousselle, C., et al. 2001. Enhanced delivery of doxorubicin into the brain via a peptide-vectormediated strategy: Saturation kinetics and specificity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296:124.
35. Pasqualini, R., W. Arap, and D.M. McDonald. 2002. Probing the structural and molecular diversity of tumor vasculature. Trends Mol Med 8:563.
36. Muruganandam, A., et al. 2002. Selection of phage-displayed llama single-domain antibodies that transmigrate across human blood-brain barrier endothelium. FASEB J 16:240.
37. Pardridge, W.M. 1999. Vector-mediated drug delivery to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 36:299.
38. Allen, D.D., and P.R. Lockman. 2003. The blood-brain barrier choline transporter as a brain drug delivery vector. Life Sci 73:1609.
39. Lockman, P.R., et al. 2002. Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 28:1.
40. Schaddelee, M.P., et al. 2003. Functional role of adenosine receptor subtypes in the regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability: Possible implications for the design of synthetic adenosine derivatives. Eur J Pharm Sci 19:13.
41. Agus, D.B., et al. 1997. Vitamin C crosses the blood-brain barrier in the oxidized form through the glucose transporters. J Clin Invest 100:2842.
42. Halmos, T., et al. 1997. Synthesis of O-methylsulfonyl derivatives of D-glucose as potential alkylating agents for targeted drug delivery to the brain. Evaluation of their interaction with the human erythrocyte GLUT1 hexose transporter. Carbohydr Res 299:15.
43. Cornford, E.M., et al. 1992. Melphalan penetration of the blood-brain barrier via the neutral amino acid transporter in tumor-bearing brain. Cancer Res 52:138.
44. Takada, Y., et al. 1992. Rapid high-affinity transport of a chemotherapeutic amino acid across the blood-brain barrier. Cancer Res 52:2191.
45. Terasaki, T., and A. Tsuji. 1994. Drug delivery to the brain utilizing blood-brain barrier transport systems. J Control Release 29:163.
46. Xiang, J.J., et al. 2003. IONP-PLL: A novel non-viral vector for efficient gene delivery. J Gene Med 5:803.
47. Banks, W.A., V. Akerstrom, and A.J. Kastin. 1998. Adsorptive endocytosis mediates the passage of HIV-1 across the blood-brain barrier: Evidence for a post-internalization coreceptor. J Cell Sci 111 (Pt 4):533.
48. Kang, Y.S., and W.M. Pardridge. 1994. Brain delivery of biotin bound to a conjugate of neutral avidin and cationized human albumin. Pharm Res 11:1257.
49. Nagy, Z., H. Peters, and I. Huttner. 1981. Endothelial surface charge: Blood-brain barrier opening to horseradish peroxidase induced by the polycation protamin sulfate. Acta Neuropathol Suppl (Berl) 7:7.
50. Pardridge, W.M., et al. 1993. Protamine-mediated transport of albumin into brain and other organs of the rat. Binding and endocytosis of protamine-albumin complex by microvascular endothelium. J Clin Invest 92:2224.
51. Vorbrodt, A.W., et al. 1995. Immunocytochemical studies of protamine-induced blood-brain barrier opening to endogenous albumin. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 89:491.
52. Banks, W.A., and R.D. Broadwell. 1994. Blood to brain and brain to blood passage of native horseradish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin, and albumin: Pharmacokinetic and morphological assessments. J Neurochem 62:2404.
53. Zhang, Y., and W.M. Pardridge. 2001. Conjugation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor to a blood-brain barrier drug targeting system enables neuroprotection in regional brain ischemia following intravenous injection of the neurotrophin. Brain Res 889:49.
54. Pardridge, W.M., D. Triguero, and J.L. Buciak. 1990. Beta-endorphin chimeric peptides: Transport through the blood-brain barrier in vivo and cleavage of disulfide linkage by brain. Endocrinology 126:977.
55. Deguchi, Y., A. Kurihara, and W.M. Pardridge. 1999. Retention of biologic activity of human epidermal growth factor following conjugation to a blood-brain barrier drug delivery vector via an extended poly(ethylene glycol) linker. Bioconjug Chem 10:32.
56. Umezawa, F., and Y. Eto. 1988. Liposome targeting to mouse brain: Mannose as a recognition marker. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 153:1038.
57. Huwyler, J., D. Wu, and W.M. Pardridge. 1996. Brain drug delivery of small molecules using immunoliposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:14164.
58. Rousseau, V., et al. 1999. Early detection of liposome brain localization in rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Exp Brain Res 125:255.
59. Shi, N., et al. 2001. Brain-specific expression of an exogenous gene after i.v. administration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:12754.
60. Mora, M., et al. 2002. Design and characterization of liposomes containing long-chain N-acylPEs for brain delivery: Penetration of liposomes incorporating GM1 into the rat brain. Pharm Res 19:1430.
61. Thole, M., et al. 2002. Uptake of cationized albumin coupled liposomes by cultured porcine brain microvessel endothelial cells and intact brain capillaries. J Drug Target 10:337.
62. Wu, D., et al. 2002. Pharmacokinetics and brain uptake of biotinylated basic fibroblast growth factor conjugated to a blood-brain barrier drug delivery system. J Drug Target 10:239.
63. Zhang, Y., F. Schlachetzki, and W.M. Pardridge. 2003. Global non-viral gene transfer to the primate brain following intravenous administration. Mol Ther 7:11.
64. Schmidt, J., et al. 2003. Drug targeting by long-circulating liposomal glucocorticosteroids increases therapeutic efficacy in a model of multiple sclerosis. Brain 126:1895.
65. Omori, N., et al. 2003. Targeting of post-ischemic cerebral endothelium in rat by liposomes bearing polyethylene glycol-coupled transferrin. Neurol Res 25:275.
66. Aoki, H., et al. 2004. Therapeutic efficacy of targeting chemotherapy using local hyperthermia and thermosensitive liposome: Evaluation of drug distribution in a rat glioma model. Int J Hyperthermia 20:595.
67. Gosk, S., et al. 2004. Targeting anti-transferrin receptor antibody (OX26) and OX26-conjugated liposomes to brain capillary endothelial cells using in situ perfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:1193.
68. Kozubek, A. et al. 2000. Liposomal drug delivery, a novel approach: PLARosomes. Acta Biochim Pol 47:639.
69. Voinea, M., and M. Simionescu. 2002. Designing of “intelligent” liposomes for efficient delivery of drugs. J Cell Mol Med 6:465.
70. Gabizon, A., et al. 1994. Prolonged circulation time and enhanced accumulation in malignant exudates of doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethylene-glycol coated liposomes. Cancer Res 54:987.
71. Gabizon, A., H. Shmeeda, and Y. Barenholz. 2003. Pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: Review of animal and human studies. Clin Pharmacokinet 42:419.
72. Shi, N., and W.M. Pardridge. 2000. Noninvasive gene targeting to the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:7567.
73. Huwyler, J., et al. 2002. By-passing of P-glycoprotein using immunoliposomes. J Drug Target 10:73.
74. Wu, D., R. Boado, and W. Pardridge. 1996. Pharmacokinetics and blood-brain barrier transport of [3H]-biotinylated phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide conjugated to a vector-mediated drug delivery system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 276:206.
75. Coloma, M.J., et al. 2000. Transport across the primate blood-brain barrier of a genetically engineered chimeric monoclonal antibody to the human insulin receptor. Pharm Res 17:266.
76. Torchilin, V.P. 2000. Drug targeting. Eur J Pharm Sci 11 Suppl 2:S81.
77. Kwon, G.S., 2003. Polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 20:357.
78. Kabanov, A.V., et al. 1989. The neuroleptic activity of haloperidol increases after its solubilization in surfactant micelles. Micelles as microcontainers for drug targeting. FEBS Lett 258:343.
79. Kabanov, A., E. Batrakova, and V. Alakhov. 2002. Pluronic block copolymers as novel polymer therapeutics for drug and gene delivery. J Control Release 82:189.
80. Jones, A.T., M. Gumbleton, and R. Duncan. 2003. Understanding endocytic pathways and intracellular trafficking: A prerequisite for effective design of advanced drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:1353.
81. Torchilin, V.P., et al. 2003. Immunomicelles: Targeted pharmaceutical carriers for poorly soluble drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6039.
82. Allen, T.M., and P.R. Cullis. 2004. Drug delivery systems: Entering the mainstream. Science 303:1818.
83. Kataoka, K., A. Harada, and Y. Nagasaki. 2001. Block copolymer micelles for drug delivery:Design, characterization and biological significance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47:113.
84. Kabanov, A., et al. 1992. A new class of drug carriers: Micelles of poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxupropylene) block copolymers as microcontainers for drug targeting from blood in brain. J Control Release 22:141.
85. Batrakova, E., et al. 1998. Effects of pluronic P85 unimers and micelles on drug permeability in polarized BBMEC and Caco-2 cells. Pharm Res 15:1525.
86. Kwon, G., and T. Okano. 1999. Soluble self-assembled block copolymers for drug delivery. Pharm Res 16:597.
87. Lavasanifar, A., J. Samuel, and G.S. Kwon. 2002. Poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(L-amino acid) micelles for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 54:169.
88. Moghimi, S., L. Illum, and S. Davis. 1990. Physiopathological and physicochemical considerations in targeting of colloids and drug carriers to the bone marrow. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 7:187.
89. Gref, R., et al. 1994. Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres. Science 263:1600.
90. Peracchia, M., et al. 1998. Pegylated nanoparticles from a novel methoxypolyethylene glycol cyanoacrylate-hexadecyl cyanoacrylate amphiphilic copolymer. Pharm Res 15:550.
91. Torchilin, V. 1998. Polymer-coated long-circulating microparticulate pharmaceuticals. J Microencapsul 15:1.
92. Calvo, P., et al. 2001. Long-circulating PEGylated polycyanoacrylate nanoparticles as new drug carrier for brain delivery. Pharm Res 18:1157.
93. Vinogradov, S., E. Batrakova, and A. Kabanov. 1999. Poly(ethylene glycol)-polyethyleneimine NanoGel particles: Novel drug delivery systems for antisense oligonucleotides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 16:291.
94. Lemieux, P., et al. 2000. Block and graft copolymers and NanoGel copolymer networks for DNA delivery into cell. J Drug Target 8:91.
95. Gupta, A.K., et al. 2003. Receptor-mediated targeting of magnetic nanoparticles using insulin as a surface ligand to prevent endocytosis. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2:255.
96. Vinogradov, S.V., E.V. Batrakova, and A.V. Kabanov. 2004. Nanogels for oligonucleotide delivery to the brain. Bioconjug Chem 15:50.
97. Kreuter, J. 2004. Influence of the surface properties on nanoparticle-mediated transport of drugs to the brain. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 4:484.
98. Kreuter, J., et al. 2003. Direct evidence that polysorbate-80-coated poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles deliver drugs to the CNS via specific mechanisms requiring prior binding of drug to the nanoparticles. Pharm Res 20:409.
99. Olivier, J.C., et al. 1999. Indirect evidence that drug brain targeting using polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles is related to toxicity. Pharm Res 16:1836.
100. Yang, C., et al. 2004. Nanoparticle-based in vivo investigation on blood-brain barrier permeability following ischemia and reperfusion. Anal Chem 76:4465.
101. Kreuter, J. 2001. Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47:65.
102. Daleke, D.L., K. Hong, and D. Papahadjopoulos. 1990. Endocytosis of liposomes by macrophages:Binding, acidification and leakage of liposomes monitored by a new fluorescence assay. Biochim Biophys Acta 1024:352.
103. Fujiwara, M., J.D. Baldeschwieler, and R.H. Grubbs. 1996. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of poly(acrylic acid)-conjugated liposomes by macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1278:59.
104. Jain, S., et al. 2003. RGD-anchored magnetic liposomes for monocytes/neutrophils-mediated brain targeting. Int J Pharm 261:43.
105. Khan, M.A., et al. 2005. Enhanced anticryptococcal activity of chloroquine in phosphatidylserinecontaining liposomes in a murine model. J Antimicrob Chemother 55:223.
106. Perry, V.H., et al. 1995. Inflammation in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 5:636.
107. Kuby, J. 1994. Immunology. New York:W.H. Freeman.
108. Fortin, D. 2003. Altering the properties of the blood-brain barrier: Disruption and permeabilization. Prog Drug Res 61:125.
109. Kroll, R.A., and E.A. Neuwelt. 1998. Outwitting the blood-brain barrier for therapeutic purposes:Osmotic opening and other means. Neurosurgery 42:1083.
110. Neuwelt, E.A., et al. 1991. Primary CNS lymphoma treated with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption: Prolonged survival and preservation of cognitive function. J Clin Oncol 9:1580.
111. Williams, P.C., et al. 1995. Toxicity and efficacy of carboplatin and etoposide in conjunction with disruption of the blood-brain tumor barrier in the treatment of intracranial neoplasms. Neurosurgery 37:17.
112. Neuwelt, E.A., et al. 1994. Therapeutic dilemma of disseminated CNS germinoma and the potential of increased platinum-based chemotherapy delivery with osmotic blood-brain barrier disruption. Pediatr Neurosurg 21:16.
113. Chio, C.C., T. Baba, and K.L. Black. 1992. Selective blood-tumor barrier disruption by leukotrienes. J Neurosurg 77:407.
114. Borlongan, C.V., and D.F. Emerich. 2003. Facilitation of drug entry into the CNS via transient permeation of blood-brain barrier: Laboratory and preliminary clinical evidence from bradykinin receptor agonist, Cereport. Brain Res Bull 60:297.
115. Witt, K.A., et al. 2000. Insulin enhancement of opioid peptide transport across the blood-brain barrier and assessment of analgesic effect. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 295:972.
116. Sanovich, E., et al. 1995. Pathway across blood-brain barrier opened by the bradykinin agonist, RMP-7. Brain Res 705:125.
117. Fike, J.R., et al. 1998. Cerebrovascular effects of the bradykinin analog RMP-7 in normal and irradiated dog brain. J Neurooncol 37:199.
118. Elliott, P.J., et al. 1996. Unlocking the blood-brain barrier: A role for RMP-7 in brain tumor therapy. Exp Neurol 141:214.
119. Emerich, D.F., et al. 1998. Central analgesic actions of loperamide following transient permeation of the blood brain barrier with Cereport (RMP-7). Brain Res 801:259.
120. Borlongan, C.V., et al. 2002. Bradykinin receptor agonist facilitates low-dose cyclosporine-A protection against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. Brain Res 956:211.
121. St Croix, B., et al. 2000. Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium. Science 289:1197.
122. Sheikov, N., et al. 2004. Cellular mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier opening induced by ultrasound in presence of microbubbles. Ultrasound Med Biol 30:979.
123. Hynynen, K., et al. 2005. Local and reversible blood-brain barrier disruption by noninvasive focused ultrasound at frequencies suitable for trans-skull sonications. Neuroimage 24:12.
124. Miller, G. 2002. Breaking down barriers. Science 297:1116.
125. Tsuji, A. and I. Tamai. 1997. Blood-brain barrier function of P-glycoprotein. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 25:287.
126. Kim, R.B., et al. 1998. The drug transporter P-glycoprotein limits oral absorption and brain entry of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Clin Invest 101:289.
127. Perloff, M.D., L.L. von Moltke, and D.J. Greenblatt. 2004. Ritonavir and dexamethasone induce expression of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein in rats. Xenobiotica 34:133.
128. Uhr, M., et al. 2000. Penetration of amitriptyline, but not of fluoxetine, into brain is enhanced in mice with blood-brain barrier deficiency due to mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene disruption. Neuropsychopharmacology 22:380.
129. Moriki, Y., et al. 2004. Involvement of P-glycoprotein in blood-brain barrier transport of pentazocine in rats using brain uptake index method. Biol Pharm Bull 27:932.
130. Miyama, T., et al. 1998. P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of itraconazole across the blood-brain barrier. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42:1738.
131. Tsuji, A. 1998. P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux transport of anticancer drugs at the blood-brain barrier. Ther Drug Monit 20:588.
132. Potschka, H., M. Fedrowitz, and W. Loscher. 2002. P-Glycoprotein-mediated efflux of phenobarbital, lamotrigine, and felbamate at the blood-brain barrier: Evidence from microdialysis experiments in rats. Neurosci Lett 327:173.
133. Kemper, E.M., et al. 2003. Increased penetration of paclitaxel into the brain by inhibition of P-glycoprotein. Clin Cancer Res 9:2849.
134. Kemper, E.M., et al. 2004. The influence of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor zosuquidar trihydrochloride (LY335979) on the brain penetration of paclitaxel in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 53:173.
135. Miller, D., et al. 1997. Interactions of Pluronic block copolymers with brain microvessel endothelial cells: Evidence of two potential pathways for drug absorption. Bioconjug Chem 8:649.
136. Batrakova, E., et al. 1999. Fundamental relationships between the composition of pluronic block copolymers and their hypersensitization effect in MDR cancer cells. Pharm Res 16:1373.
137. Batrakova, E., et al. 2001. Mechanism of pluronic effect on P-glycoprotein efflux system in blood- brain barrier: Contributions of energy depletion and membrane fluidization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299:483.
138. Batrakova, E., et al. 2001. Pluronic P85 enhances the delivery of digoxin to the brain: In vitro and in vivo studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296:551.
139. Batrakova, E., et al. 2003. Optimal structure requirements for pluronic block copolymers in modifying P-glycoprotein drug efflux transporter activity in bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 304:845.
140. Miller, D., E. Batrakova, and A. Kabanov. 1999. Inhibition of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) functional activity with pluronic block copolymers. Pharm Res 16:396.
141. Witt, K.A., et al. 2002. Pluronic p85 block copolymer enhances opioid peptide analgesia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303:760.
142. Batrakova, E.V., et al. 2003. Sensitization of cells overexpressing multidrug-resistant proteins by pluronic P85. Pharm Res 20:1581.
143. Batrakova, E., et al. 1999. Pluronic P85 increases permeability of a broad spectrum of drugs in polarized BBMEC and Caco-2 cell monolayers. Pharm Res 16:1366.
144. Batrakova, E.V., et al. 2004. Effect of Pluronic P85 on ATPase activity of drug efflux transporters. Pharm Res 21:2226.
145. Batrakova, E.V., et al. 2001. Mechanism of sensitization of MDR cancer cells by Pluronic block copolymers: Selective energy depletion. Br J Cancer 85:1987.
146. Kirillova, G., et al. 1993. The influence of pluronics and their conjugates with proteins on the rate of oxygen consumption by liver mitochondria and thymus lymphocytes. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 18 (Pt 3):329.
147. Rapoport, N., A. Marin, and A. Timoshin. 2000. Effect of a polymeric surfactant on electron transport in HL-60 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 384:1000.
148. Kabanov, A.V., E.V. Batrakova, and V.Y. Alakhov. 2003. An essential relationship between ATP depletion and chemosensitizing activity of Pluronic block copolymers. J Control Release 91:75.
149. Kabanov, A.V., E.V. Batrakova, and D.W. Miller. 2003. Pluronic block copolymers as modulators of drug efflux transporter activity in the blood-brain barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 55:151.
150. Batrakova, E., et al. 2004. Effects of Pluronic P85 on GLUT1 and MCT1 transporters in the blood brain barrier. Pharm Res 21:1993.
151. Danson, S., et al. 2004. Phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of pluronic polymerbound doxorubicin (SP1049C) in patients with advanced cancer. Br J Cancer 90:2085.