Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) signaling and disease

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 301-316

  Schofield, Alice V ^a   Bernard, Ora ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b ST VINCENT'S INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cancer; Cell migration; Cell proliferation; Cytoskeleton; Kinase signaling; Phosphorylation; ROCK

Indexed keywords

ACTIN BINDING PROTEIN; EZRIN; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEIN; LIM KINASE; MOESIN; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN; RADIXIN; RHO GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; RHO-ASSOCIATED COILED COIL KINASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACTIN FILAMENT; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; BRAIN CANCER; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; COLORECTAL CANCER; EXON; GENE STRUCTURE; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT; LEUKEMIA; MELANOMA; MICROTUBULE; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; RESPIRATORY TRACT CANCER; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN CANCER; STOMACH CANCER; THYROID CANCER; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER;

EID: 84880904769     PISSN: 10409238     EISSN: 15497798     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.786671     Document Type: Review

References (256)

1. Aguissa-Toure AH, Li G. (2012). Genetic alterations of pten in human melanoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:147-91.
2. Ahmed IA, Pusch CM, Hamed T, et al. (2010). Epigenetic alterations by methylation of RASSF1A and DAPK1 promoter sequences in mammary carcinoma detected in extracellular tumor DNA. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 199:96-100.
3. Ai S, Kuzuya M, Koike T, et al. (2001). Rho-Rho kinase is involved in smooth muscle cell migration through myosin light chain phosphorylation- dependent and independent pathways. Atherosclerosis 155: 321-7. (Pubitemid 32209302)
4. Akashi H, Han HJ, Iizaka M, Nakamura Y. (2000). Growth-suppressive effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on 11 colon-cancer cell lines and fluorescence differential display of genes whose expression is influenced by sulindac. Int J Cancer 88:873-80.
5. Alblas J, Ulfman L, Hordijk P, Koenderman L. (2001). Activation of rhoa and ROCK are essential for detachment of migrating leukocytes. Mol Biol Cell 12:2137-45. (Pubitemid 33049705)
6. Alhopuro P, Phichith D, Tuupanen S, et al. (2008). Unregulated smoothmuscle myosin in human intestinal neoplasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:5513-18. (Pubitemid 351753894)
7. Amano M, Chihara K, Nakamura N, et al. (1999). The COOH terminus of rho-kinase negatively regulates Rho-kinase activity. J Biol Chem 274:32418-24.
8. Amano M, Fukata Y, Kaibuchi K. (2000). Regulation and functions of Rho-associated kinase. Exp Cell Res 261:44-51.
9. Amano M, Ito M, Kimura K, et al. (1996). Phosphorylation and activation of myosin by Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). J Biol Chem 271:20246-9. (Pubitemid 26281788)
10. Amano M, Kaneko T, Maeda A, et al. (2003). Identification of Tau and Map2 as novel substrates of Rho-kinase and myosin phosphatase. J Neurochem 87:780-90. (Pubitemid 37310643)
11. Amano M, Tsumura Y, Taki K, et al. (2010). A proteomic approach for comprehensively screening substrates of protein kinases such as Rho-kinase. PLoS One 5:e8704-11.
12. Anastasiadis PZ, Reynolds AB. (2000). The P120 catenin family: complex roles in adhesion, signaling and cancer. J Cell Sci 113: 1319-34. (Pubitemid 30240551)
13. 2+ sensitization of smooth muscle contraction through activation of Rho-kinase. Pflugers Arch 441:596-603. (Pubitemid 32182071)
14. Arber S, Barbayannis FA, Hanser H, et al. (1998). Regulation of actin dynamics through phosphorylation of cofilin by LIM-kinase. Nature 393:805-9. (Pubitemid 28299494)
15. Arimura N, Inagaki N, Chihara K, et al. (2000). Phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein-2 by Rho-kinase. Evidence for two separate signaling pathways for growth cone collapse. J Biol Chem 275:23973-80. (Pubitemid 30624686)
16. Arimura N, Menager C, Kawano Y, et al. (2005). Phosphorylation by Rho kinase regulates CRMP-2 activity in growth cones. Mol Cell Biol 25:9973-84. (Pubitemid 41572744)
17. Asp P, Wihlborg M, Karlen M, Farrants AK. (2002). Expression of BRG1, a human SWI/SNF component, affects the organisation of actin filaments through the rhoa signalling pathway. J Cell Sci 115: 2735-46. (Pubitemid 34846514)
18. Bagheri-Yarmand R, Mazumdar A, Sahin AA, Kumar R. (2006). Lim kinase 1 increases tumor metastasis of human breast cancer cells via regulation of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system. Int J Cancer 118:2703-10. (Pubitemid 43673347)
19. Beadle C, Assanah MC, Monzo P, et al. (2008). The role of myosin II in glioma invasion of the brain. Mol Biol Cell 19:3357-68.
20. Bektic J, Pfeil K, Berger AP, et al. (2005). Small G-protein RhoE is underexpressed in prostate cancer and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Prostate 64:332-40. (Pubitemid 41193245)
21. Belkina NV, Liu Y, Hao JJ, et al. (2009). LOK is a major ERM kinase in resting lymphocytes and regulates cytoskeletal rearrangement through ERM phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 4707-12.
22. Betapudi V, Licate LS, Egelhoff TT. (2006). Distinct roles of nonmuscle myosin II isoforms in the regulation of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell spreading and migration. Cancer Res 66:4725-33.
23. Bi J, Lau SH, Hu L, et al. (2009). Downregulation of ZIP kinase is associated with tumor invasion, metastasis and poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 124:1587-93.
24. Borman MA, Macdonald JA, Haystead TA. (2007). Staurosporine inhibition of zipper-interacting protein kinase contractile effects in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Biochem Cell Biol 85:111-20. (Pubitemid 46877394)
25. Boureux A, Vignal E, Faure S, Fort P. (2007). Evolution of the Rho family of Ras-like GTPases in eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 24: 203-16. (Pubitemid 46026295)
26. Brown LM, Helmke SM, Hunsucker SW, et al. (2006). Quantitative and qualitative differences in protein expression between papillary thyroid carcinoma and normal thyroid tissue. Mol Carcinog 45:613-26. (Pubitemid 44205101)
27. Carpenter C. (2000). Actin cytoskeleton and cell signaling. Crit Care Med 28:N94-9. (Pubitemid 30262052)
28. Chen HY, Lin YM, Chung HC, et al. (2012). miR-103/107 promote metastasis of colorectal cancer by targeting the metastasis suppressors DAPK and KLF4. Cancer Res 72:3631-41.
29. Chen J, Guerriero E, Lathrop K, Sundarraj N. (2008). Rho/ROCK signaling in regulation of corneal epithelial cell cycle progression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 49:175-83.
30. Chen XQ, Tan I, Ng CH, et al. (2002). Characterization of RhoA-binding kinase ROKalpha implication of the pleckstrin homology domain in rokalpha function using region-specific antibodies. J Biol Chem 277: 12680-8. (Pubitemid 34952627)
31. Chevrier V, Piel M, Collomb N, et al. (2002). The Rho-associated protein kinase P160ROCK is required for centrosome positioning. J Cell Biol 157:807-17. (Pubitemid 34847818)
32. Chiang Y, Chou CY, Hsu KF, et al. (2008). Egf upregulates Na+/H+ exchanger NHE1 by post-translational regulation that is important for cervical cancer cell invasiveness. J Cell Physiol 214:810-19. (Pubitemid 351224226)
33. Chuan YC, Iglesias-Gato D, Fernandez-Perez L, et al. (2010). Ezrin mediates c-Myc actions in prostate cancer cell invasion. Oncogene 29: 1531-42.
34. Coene ED, Gadelha C, White N, et al. (2011). A novel role for brca1 in regulating breast cancer cell spreading and motility. J Cell Biol 192: 497-512.
35. Coleman ML, Sahai EA, Yeo M, et al. (2001). Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK I. Nat Cell Biol 3:339-45. (Pubitemid 32288440)
36. Conway AM, James AB, O'kane EM, et al. (2004). Regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation by RhoB in neuronal cells. Exp Cell Res, 300:35-42. (Pubitemid 39286215)
37. Croft DR, Olson MF. (2006). The Rho GTPase effector ROCK regulates cyclin A, cyclin D1, and P27KIP1 levels by distinct mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 26:4612-27. (Pubitemid 43877579)
38. Cuiyan Z, Jie H, Fang Z, et al. (2007). Overexpression of RhoE in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with smoking and correlates with dna copy number changes. Cancer Biol Ther 6: 335-42. (Pubitemid 47328299)
39. Czech MP. (2000). PIP2 and PIP3: complex roles at the cell surface. Cell 100:603-6.
40. Da Silva JS, Medina M, Zuliani C, et al. (2003). RhoA/ROCK regulation of neuritogenesis via profilin IIA-mediated control of actin stability. J Cell Biol 162:1267-79. (Pubitemid 37210883)
41. Dansranjavin T, Mobius C, Tannapfel A, et al. (2006). E-cadherin and DAP kinase in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and corresponding lymph node metastases. Oncol Rep 15:1125-31.
42. Davila M, Frost AR, Grizzle WE, Chakrabarti R. (2003). Lim kinase 1 is essential for the invasive growth of prostate epithelial cells: implications in prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 278:36868-75. (Pubitemid 37140021)
43. Dawe HR, Minamide LS, Bamburg JR, Cramer LP. (2003). ADF/cofilin controls cell polarity during fibroblast migration. Curr Biol 13:252-7. (Pubitemid 36178305)
44. Denker SP, Yan W, Barber DL. (2000). Effect of Rho GTPases on Na-H exchanger in mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 325: 334-48.
45. Di Cunto F, Imarisio S, Hirsch E, et al. (2000). Defective neurogenesis in citron kinase knockout mice by altered cytokinesis and massive apoptosis. Neuron 28:115-27.
46. Dietz ML, Bernaciak TM, Vendetti F, et al. (2006). Differential actindependent localization modulates the evolutionarily conserved activity of shroom family proteins. J Biol Chem 281:20542-54. (Pubitemid 44065826)
47. Dong SM, Pang JC, Poon WS, et al. (2001). Concurrent hypermethylation of multiple genes is associated with grade of oligodendroglial tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60:808-16. (Pubitemid 32678261)
48. Dvorsky R, Blumenstein L, Vetter IR, Ahmadian MR. (2004). Structural insights into the interaction of ROCKI with the switch regions of RhoA. J Biol Chem 279:7098-104. (Pubitemid 38248856)
49. Ebert MP, Fei G, Schandl L, et al. (2002). Reduced PTEN expression in the pancreas overexpressing transforming growth factor-beta 1. Br J Cancer 86:257-62. (Pubitemid 34185155)
50. Ehrenreiter K, Piazzolla D, Velamoor V, et al. (2005). Raf-1 regulates Rho signaling and cell migration. J Cell Biol 168:955-64. (Pubitemid 40397009)
51. Elzagheid A, Korkeila E, Bendardaf R, et al. (2008). Intense cytoplasmic ezrin immunoreactivity predicts poor survival in colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 39:1737-43.
52. Estecha A, Sanchez-Martin L, Puig-Kroger A, et al. (2009). Moesin orchestrates cortical polarity of melanoma tumour cells to initiate 3d invasion. J Cell Sci 122:3492-501.
53. Even-Faitelson L, Rosenberg M, Ravid S. (2005). Pak1 regulates myosin II-B phosphorylation, filament assembly, localization and cell chemotaxis. Cell Signal 17:1137-48. (Pubitemid 40933533)
54. Farber MJ, Rizaldy R, Hildebrand JD. (2011). Shroom2 regulates contractility to control endothelial morphogenesis. Mol Biol Cell 22: 795-805.
55. Fei G, Ebert MP, Mawrin C, et al. (2002). Reduced PTEN expression in gastric cancer and in the gastric mucosa of gastric cancer relatives. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:297-303. (Pubitemid 34259280)
56. Feng J, Ito M, Ichikawa K, et al. (1999a). Inhibitory phosphorylation site for Rho-associated kinase on smooth muscle myosin phosphatase. J Biol Chem 274:37385-90.
57. Feng J, Ito M, Kureishi Y, et al. (1999b). Rho-associated kinase of chicken gizzard smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 274:3744-52. (Pubitemid 29077222)
58. Ferretti R, Palumbo V, Di Savino A, et al. (2010). Morgana/Chp-1, a ROCK inhibitor involved in centrosome duplication and tumorigenesis. Dev Cell 18:486-95.
59. Fujisawa K, Fujita A, Ishizaki T, et al. (1996). Identification of the Rho-binding domain of P160ROCK, a Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase. J Biol Chem, 271:23022-8. (Pubitemid 26314733)
60. Fujisawa K, Madaule P, Ishizaki T, et al. (1998). Different regions of Rho determine Rho-selective binding of different classes of Rho target molecules. J Biol Chem 273:18943-9. (Pubitemid 28366283)
61. Fukata Y, Itoh TJ, Kimura T, et al. (2002). CRMP-2 binds to tubulin heterodimers to promote microtubule assembly. Nat Cell Biol 4: 583-91.
62. Fukata Y, Kimura K, Oshiro N, et al. (1998). Association of the myosinbinding subunit of myosin phosphatase and moesin: dual regulation of moesin phosphorylation by rho-associated kinase and myosin phosphatase. J Cell Biol 141:409-18. (Pubitemid 28237089)
63. Fukata Y, Oshiro N, Kinoshita N, et al. (1999). Phosphorylation of adducin by rho-kinase plays a crucial role in cell motility. J Cell Biol 145:347-61. (Pubitemid 29198306)
64. Furukawa N, Ongusaha P, Jahng WJ, et al. (2005). Role of Rho-kinase in regulation of insulin action and glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab 2: 119-29.
65. Gao W, Chang G, Wang J, et al. (2011). Inhibition of K562 leukemia angiogenesis and growth by selective Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor cariporide through down-regulation of pro-angiogenesis factor VEGF. Leuk Res 35:1506-11.
66. Garg R, Riento K, Keep N, et al. (2008). N-terminus-mediated dimerization of ROCK-I is required for RhoE binding and actin reorganization. Biochem J 411:407-14. (Pubitemid 351580193)
67. Gartel AL, Radhakrishnan SK. (2005). Lost in transcription: P21 repression, mechanisms, and consequences. Cancer Res 65:3980-5. (Pubitemid 40775632)
68. Glyn MC, Lawrenson JG, Ward BJ. (2003). A Rho-associated kinase mitigates reperfusion-induced change in the shape of cardiac capillary endothelial cells in situ. Cardiovasc Res 57:195-206. (Pubitemid 36009451)
69. Goto H, Kosako H, Inagaki M. (2000). Regulation of intermediate filament organization during cytokinesis: possible roles of rhoassociated kinase. Microsc Res Tech 49:173-82. (Pubitemid 30304070)
70. Goto H, Kosako H, Tanabe K, et al. (1998). Phosphorylation of vimentin by Rho-associated kinase at a unique amino-terminal site that is specifically phosphorylated during cytokinesis. J Biol Chem 273: 11728-36. (Pubitemid 28272076)
71. Gress TM, Muller-Pillasch F, Geng M, et al. (1996). A pancreatic cancer-specific expression profile. Oncogene 13:1819-30. (Pubitemid 26377516)
72. Guo W, Schubbert S, Chen JY, et al. (2011). Suppression of leukemia development caused by PTEN loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 1409-14.
73. Hagerty L, Weitzel DH, Chambers J, et al. (2007). ROCK1 phosphorylates and activates zipper-interacting protein kinase. J Biol Chem 282:4884-93. (Pubitemid 47100991)
74. Hannemann S, Madrid R, Stastna J, et al. (2008). The diaphanous-related formin FHOD1 associates with ROCK1 and promotes Src-dependent plasma membrane blebbing. J Biol Chem 283:27891-903.
75. Hanukoglu I, Fuchs E. (1983). The cDNA sequence of a type II cytoskeletal keratin reveals constant and variable structural domains among keratins. Cell 33:915-24. (Pubitemid 13073997)
76. Harima Y, Sawada S, Nagata K, et al. (2001). Mutation of the PTEN gene in advanced cervical cancer correlated with tumor progression and poor outcome after radiotherapy. Int J Oncol 18:493-7.
77. Hashimoto R, Nakamura Y, Goto H, et al. (1998). Domain-and sitespecific phosphorylation of bovine NF-l by Rho-associated kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245:407-11. (Pubitemid 28418514)
78. Hauert AB, Martinelli S, Marone C, Niggli V. (2002). Differentiated Hl-60 cells are a valid model system for the analysis of human neutrophil migration and chemotaxis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 34: 838-54. (Pubitemid 34304172)
79. Henley JR, Cao H, Mcniven MA. (1999). Participation of dynamin in the biogenesis of cytoplasmic vesicles. FASEB J 13:S243-7. (Pubitemid 30009999)
80. Herskowitz JH, Seyfried NT, Gearing M, et al. (2011). Rho kinase II phosphorylation of the lipoprotein receptor Lr11/sorla alters amyloidbeta production. J Biol Chem 286:6117-27.
81. Hildebrand JD, Soriano P. (1999). Shroom, A Pdz domain-containing actin-binding protein, is required for neural tube morphogenesis in mice. Cell 99:485-97.
82. Hsu FF, Lin TY, Chen JY, Shieh SY. (2010). P53-mediated transactivation of LIMK2b links actin dynamics to cell cycle checkpoint control. Oncogene 29:2864-76.
83. Hua D, Ding D, Han X, et al. (2012). Human miR-31 targets radixin and inhibits migration and invasion of glioma cells. Oncol Rep 27: 700-6.
84. Iizuka K, Yoshii A, Samizo K, et al. (1999). A major role for the Rho-associated coiled coil forming protein kinase in G-proteinmediated Ca2+ sensitization through inhibition of myosin phosphatase in rabbit trachea. Br J Pharmacol 128:925-33. (Pubitemid 29494710)
85. Iliopoulos D, Oikonomou P, Messinis I, Tsezou A. (2009). Correlation of promoter hypermethylation in hTERT, DAPK and MGMT genes with cervical oncogenesis progression. Oncol Rep 22:199-204.
86. Inada H, Goto H, Tanabe K, et al. (1998). Rho-associated kinase phosphorylates desmin, the myogenic intermediate filament protein, at unique amino-terminal sites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 253:21-5. (Pubitemid 29015593)
87. Inada H, Togashi H, Nakamura Y, et al. (1999). Balance between activities of Rho kinase and type 1 protein phosphatase modulates turnover of phosphorylation and dynamics of desmin/vimentin filaments. J Biol Chem 274:34932-9. (Pubitemid 129509541)
88. Ishiuchi T, Takeichi M. (2011). Willin and Par3 cooperatively regulate epithelial apical constriction through aPKC-mediated ROCK phosphorylation. Nat Cell Biol 13:860-6.
89. Ishizaki T, Maekawa M, Fujisawa K, et al. (1996). The small GTP-binding protein Rho binds to and activates A 160 kDa Ser/Thr protein kinase homologous to myotonic dystrophy kinase. EMBO J 15:1885-93. (Pubitemid 26119224)
90. Ishizaki T, Naito M, Fujisawa K, et al. (1997). P160ROCK, A Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase, works downstream of Rho and induces focal adhesions. FEBS Lett 404:118-24. (Pubitemid 27113436)
91. Ishizaki T, Uehata M, Tamechika I, et al. (2000). Pharmacological properties of Y-27632, A specific inhibitor of Rho-associated kinases. Mol Pharmacol 57:976-83. (Pubitemid 30253382)
92. Izawa I, Amano M, Chihara K, et al. (1998). Possible involvement of the inactivation of the Rho-Rho-kinase pathway in oncogenic Ras-induced transformation. Oncogene 17:2863-71. (Pubitemid 29010056)
93. Izawa I, Inagaki M. (2006). Regulatory mechanisms and functions of intermediate filaments: a study using site-and phosphorylation state-specific antibodies. Cancer Sci 97:167-74.
94. Izawa T, Fukata Y, Kimura T, et al. (2000). Elongation factor-1 alpha is a novel substrate of rho-associated kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 278:72-8.
95. Jacobs K, Van Gele M, Forsyth R, et al. (2010). P-cadherin counteracts myosin II-B function: implications in melanoma progression. Mol Cancer 9:255-66.
96. Jacobs M, Hayakawa K, Swenson L, et al. (2006). The structure of dimeric ROCK I reveals the mechanism for ligand selectivity. J Biol Chem 281:260-8. (Pubitemid 43671185)
97. Jin H, Sperka T, Herrlich P, Morrison H. (2006). Tumorigenic transformation by CPI-17 through inhibition of a merlin phosphatase. Nature 442:576-9. (Pubitemid 44167917)
98. Kamai T, Arai K, Sumi S, et al. (2002). The Rho/Rho-kinase pathway is involved in the progression of testicular germ cell tumour. Bju Int 89: 449-53. (Pubitemid 34304375)
99. Kamai T, Tsujii T, Arai K, et al. (2003). Significant association of Rho/ROCK pathway with invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9:2632-41. (Pubitemid 36842107)
100. Kanai M, Crowe MS, Zheng Y, et al. (2010). RhoA and RhoC are both required for the ROCK II-dependent promotion of centrosome duplication. Oncogene 29:6040-50.
101. Kaneko K, Satoh K, Masamune A, et al. (2002). Myosin light chain kinase inhibitors can block invasion and adhesion of human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Pancreas 24:34-41. (Pubitemid 34019657)
102. Kaneko T, Amano M, Maeda A, et al. (2000). Identification of calponin as a novel substrate of Rho-kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273:110-16. (Pubitemid 30426871)
103. Kaneko T, Maeda A, Takefuji M, et al. (2005). Rho mediates endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor through phosphorylation of endophilin A1 by Rho-kinase. Genes Cells 10:973-87. (Pubitemid 41404007)
104. Kang JH, Asai D, Tsuchiya A, et al. (2011). Peptide substrates for Rho-associated kinase 2 (Rho-kinase 2/ROCK2). PLoS One 6: e22699-703.
105. Kang JH, Jiang Y, Toita R, et al. (2007). Phosphorylation of Rho-associated kinase (Rho-Kinase/ROCK/ROK) substrates by protein kinases A and C. Biochimie 89:39-47. (Pubitemid 44959279)
106. Kato S, Mohri Y, Matsuo T, et al. (2007). Eye-open at birth phenotype with reduced keratinocyte motility in Lgr4 null mice. FEBS Lett 581: 4685-90. (Pubitemid 47418794)
107. Katoh K, Kano Y, Amano M, et al. (2001a). Stress fiber organization regulated by MLCK and Rho-kinase in cultured human fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 280:C1669-79.
108. Katoh K, Kano Y, Amano M, et al. (2001b). Rho-kinase-mediated contraction of isolated stress fibers. J Cell Biol 153:569-84.
109. Kawano Y, Fukata Y, Oshiro N, et al. (1999). Phosphorylation of myosin-binding subunit (MBS) of myosin phosphatase by rho-kinase in vivo. J Cell Biol 147:1023-38.
110. Kher SS, Worthylake RA. (2011). Regulation of ROCKII membrane localization through its C-terminus. Exp Cell Res 317:2845-52.
111. Kilinc D, Ozdemir O, Ozdemir S, et al. (2012). Alterations in promoter methylation status of tumor suppressor HIC1, SFRP2, and DAPK1 genes in prostate carcinomas. DNA Cell Biol 31:826-32.
112. Kimura K, Fukata Y, Matsuoka Y, et al. (1998). Regulation of the association of adducin with actin filaments by Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase) and myosin phosphatase. J Biol Chem 273:5542-8. (Pubitemid 28124020)
113. Kimura K, Ito M, Amano M, et al. (1996). Regulation of myosin phosphatase by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). Science 273:245-8. (Pubitemid 26285892)
114. Kosako H, Amano M, Yanagida M, et al. (1997). Phosphorylation of glial fibrillary acidic protein at the same sites by cleavage furrow kinase and Rho-associated kinase. J Biol Chem 272: 10333-6.
115. Kosako H, Goto H, Yanagida M, et al. (1999). Specific accumulation of rho-associated kinase at the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis: cleavage furrow-specific phosphorylation of intermediate filaments. Oncogene 18:2783-8. (Pubitemid 29237668)
116. Kosako H, Yoshida T, Matsumura F, et al. (2000). Rho-kinase/ROCK is involved in cytokinesis through the phosphorylation of myosin light chain and not ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins at the cleavage furrow. Oncogene 19:6059-64. (Pubitemid 32039380)
117. Koyama M, Ito M, Feng J, et al. (2000). Phosphorylation of CPI-17, an inhibitory phosphoprotein of smooth muscle myosin phosphatase, by Rho-kinase. FEBS Lett 475:197-200. (Pubitemid 30408452)
118. Langlois MJ, Bergeron S, Bernatchez G, et al. (2010). The PTEN phosphatase controls intestinal epithelial cell polarity and barrier function: role in colorectal cancer progression. PLoS One 5:e15742-54.
119. Lauffenburger DA, Horwitz AF. (1996). Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process. Cell 84:359-69. (Pubitemid 26058561)
120. Laufs U, Liao JK. (1998). Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by Rho GTPase. J Biol Chem 273:24266-71. (Pubitemid 28435775)
121. Lee CH, Kim MS, Chung BM, et al. (2012). Structural basis for heteromeric assembly and perinuclear organization of keratin filaments. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19:707-15.
122. Lee JM, Dedhar S, Kalluri R, Thompson EW. (2006). The epithelialmesenchymal transition: new insights in signaling, development, and disease. J Cell Biol 172:973-81.
123. Lee S, Helfman DM. (2004). Cytoplasmic p21Cip1 is involved in ras-induced inhibition of the ROCK/LIMK/cofilin pathway. J Biol Chem 279:1885-91. (Pubitemid 38084458)
124. Leung T, Chen XQ, Manser E, Lim L. (1996). The p160 RhoAbinding kinase ROK alpha is a member of a kinase family and is involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Biol 16: 5313-27. (Pubitemid 26315050)
125. Leung T, Manser E, Tan L, Lim L. (1995). A novel serine/threonine kinase binding the RAS-related RhoA GTPase which translocates the kinase to peripheral membranes. J Biol Chem 270:29051-4.
126. Li J, Yen C, Liaw D, et al. (1997a). PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275:1943-7. (Pubitemid 27148818)
127. Li L, Wang YY, Zhao ZS, Ma J. (2011). Ezrin is associated with gastric cancer progression and prognosis. Pathol Oncol Res 17:909-15.
128. Li Q, Gao H, Xu H, et al. (2012). Expression of Ezrin correlates with malignant phenotype of lung cancer, and in vitro knockdown of ezrin reverses the aggressive biological behavior of lung cancer cells. Tumour Biol 33:1493-504.
129. Li S, Bao P, Li Z, et al. (2009). Inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis induced by a Na+/H+ exchanger-1 (NHE-1) antisense gene on drugresistant human small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 21:1243-9.
130. Li X, Ke Q, Li Y, et al. (2010). DGCR6l, a novel PAK4 interaction protein, regulates PAK4-mediated migration of human gastric cancer cell via Limk1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 42:70-9.
131. Li Z, Dong X, Wang Z, et al. (2005). Regulation of PTEN by rho small GTPases. Nat Cell Biol 7:399-404. (Pubitemid 40533130)
132. Li Z, Mericskay M, Agbulut O, et al. (1997b). Desmin is essential for the tensile strength and integrity of myofibrils but not for myogenic commitment, differentiation, and fusion of skeletal muscle. J Cell Biol 139:129-44. (Pubitemid 27444086)
133. Liu HF, Teng XC, Zheng JC, et al. (2008). Effect of NHE1 antisense gene transfection on the biological behavior of SGC-7901 human gastric carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 14:2162-7.
134. Lopez-Bergami P, Huang C, Goydos JS, et al. (2007). Rewired ERKJNK signaling pathways in melanoma. Cancer Cell 11:447-60. (Pubitemid 46670078)
135. Lowery DM, Clauser KR, Hjerrild M, et al. (2007). Proteomic screen defines the polo-box domain interactome and identifies Rock2 as a Plk1 substrate. EMBO J 26:2262-73. (Pubitemid 46685865)
136. Ma Z, Kanai M, Kawamura K, et al. (2006). Interaction between ROCK II and nucleophosmin/B23 in the regulation of centrosome duplication. Mol Cell Biol 26:9016-34. (Pubitemid 44851958)
137. Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Boku S, et al. (1999). Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase. Science 285:895-8. (Pubitemid 29381991)
138. Matsui T, Amano M, Yamamoto T, et al. (1996). Rho-associated kinase, a novel serine/threonine kinase, as a putative target for small GTP binding protein Rho. EMBO J 15:2208-16. (Pubitemid 26141137)
139. Matsui T, Maeda M, Doi Y, et al. (1998). Rho-kinase phosphorylates COOH-terminal threonines of ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins and regulates their head-to-tail association. J Cell Biol 140:647-57. (Pubitemid 28134067)
140. Matsumura F. (2005). Regulation of myosin II during cytokinesis in higher eukaryotes. Trends Cell Biol 15:371-7. (Pubitemid 40943526)
141. Mclean LA, Roscoe J, Jorgensen NK, et al. (2000). Malignant gliomas display altered pH regulation by NHE1 compared with nontransformed astrocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278:C676-88. (Pubitemid 30211300)
142. Meng Y, Lu Z, Yu S, et al. (2010). Ezrin promotes invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells. J Transl Med 8:61-74.
143. Michowski W, Ferretti R, Wisniewska MB, et al. (2010). Morgana/Chp-1 is a novel chaperone able to protect cells from stress. Biochim Biophys Acta 1803:1043-9.
144. Minamiya Y, Nakagawa T, Saito H, et al. (2005). Increased expression of myosin light chain kinase mRNA is related to metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 26:153-7. (Pubitemid 41379755)
145. Moffat LD, Brown SB, Grassie ME, et al. (2011). Chemical genetics of zipper-interacting protein kinase reveal myosin light chain as a bona fide substrate in permeabilized arterial smooth muscle. J Biol Chem 286:36978-91.
146. Montefusco MC, Merlo K, Bryan CD, et al. (2010). Little ROCK is a ROCK1 pseudogene expressed in human smooth muscle cells. BMC Genet 11:22-30.
147. Mora A, Komander D, Van Aalten DM, Alessi DR. (2004). PDK1, the master regulator of agc kinase signal transduction. Semin Cell Dev Biol 15:161-70. (Pubitemid 38251644)
148. Mori K, Amano M, Takefuji M, et al. (2009). Rho-kinase contributes to sustained RhoA activation through phosphorylation of p190A RhoGAP. J Biol Chem 284:5067-76.
149. Moriyama K, Iida K, Yahara I. (1996). Phosphorylation of Ser-3 of cofilin regulates its essential function on actin. Genes Cells 1:73-86. (Pubitemid 126673108)
150. Mukai Y, Shimokawa H, Matoba T, et al. (2001). Involvement of Rhokinase in hypertensive vascular disease: a novel therapeutic target in hypertension. FASEB J 15:1062-4.
151. Nagata K, Sagara J, Ichikawa Y. (1982). Changes in contractile proteins during differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. II. Purification and characterization of actin. J Cell Biol 93:470-8. (Pubitemid 12014135)
152. Nagumo H, Ikenoya M, Sakurada K, et al. (2001). Rho-associated kinase phosphorylates marcks in human neuronal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 280:605-9. (Pubitemid 32924471)
153. Nagy R, Ganapathi S, Comeras I, et al. (2011). Frequency of germline PTEN mutations in differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 21:505-10.
154. Nakagawa O, Fujisawa K, Ishizaki T, et al. (1996). ROCK-I and ROCKII, two isoforms of Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein serine/threonine kinase in mice. FEBS Lett 392:189-93. (Pubitemid 26276745)
155. Nakamura Y, Hashimoto R, Amano M, et al. (2000). Localized phosphorylation of vimentin by Rho-kinase in neuroblastoma N2a cells. Genes Cells 5:823-37.
156. Nakayama M, Amano M, Katsumi A, et al. (2005). Rho-kinase and myosin II activities are required for cell type and environment specific migration. Genes Cells 10:107-17. (Pubitemid 40287514)
157. Nakayama M, Goto TM, Sugimoto M, et al. (2008). Rho-kinase phosphorylates PAR-3 and disrupts PAR complex formation. Dev Cell 14:205-15. (Pubitemid 351189179)
158. Nebl G, Meuer SC, Samstag Y. (1996). Dephosphorylation of serine 3 regulates nuclear translocation of cofilin. J Biol Chem 271:26276-80. (Pubitemid 26347477)
159. Niiro N, Ikebe M. (2001). Zipper-interacting protein kinase induces Ca(2+)-free smooth muscle contraction via myosin light chain phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 276:29567-74.
160. Nishimura T, Takeichi M. (2008). Shroom3-mediated recruitment of Rho kinases to the apical cell junctions regulates epithelial and neuroepithelial planar remodeling. Development 135:1493-502. (Pubitemid 351753639)
161. Noma K, Oyama N, Liao JK. (2006). Physiological role of ROCKS in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290:C661-8.
162. Noma K, Rikitake Y, Oyama N, et al. (2008). ROCK1 mediates leukocyte recruitment and neointima formation following vascular injury. J Clin Invest 118:1632-44. (Pubitemid 351632368)
163. Nomoto S, Tatematsu Y, Takahashi T, Osada H. (1999). Cloning and characterization of the alternative promoter regions of the human LIMK2 gene responsible for alternative transcripts with tissue-specific expression. Gene 236:259-71. (Pubitemid 29371792)
164. Offe K, Dodson SE, Shoemaker JT, et al. (2006). The lipoprotein receptor LR11 regulates amyloid beta production and amyloid precursor protein traffic in endosomal compartments. J Neurosci 26: 1596-603. (Pubitemid 43237030)
165. Ohashi K, Nagata K, Maekawa M, et al. (2000). Rho-associated kinase ROCK activates LIM-kinase 1 by phosphorylation at threonine 508 within the activation loop. J Biol Chem 275:3577-82. (Pubitemid 30083067)
166. Ohta Y, Hartwig JH, Stossel TP. (2006). FilGAP, a Rho-and ROCKregulated GAP for Rac binds filamin A to control actin remodelling. Nat Cell Biol 8:803-14. (Pubitemid 44151583)
167. Ongusaha PP, Qi HH, Raj L, et al. (2008). Identification of ROCK1 as an upstream activator of the JIP-3 to JNK signaling axis in response to UVB damage. Sci Signal 1:ra14. DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.1161938.
168. Oshiro N, Fukata Y, Kaibuchi K. (1998). Phosphorylation of moesin by Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase) plays a crucial role in the formation of microvilli-like structures. J Biol Chem 273:34663-6. (Pubitemid 29028150)
169. Paradiso A, Cardone RA, Bellizzi A, et al. (2004). The Na+-H+ exchanger-1 induces cytoskeletal changes involving reciprocal Rhoa and Rac1 signaling, resulting in motility and invasion in MDA-MB-435 cells. Breast Cancer Res 6:R616-28.
170. Pawlak G, Helfman DM. (2002). Post-transcriptional down-regulation of ROCKI/Rho-kinase through an MEK-dependent pathway leads to cytoskeleton disruption in RAS-transformed fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 13:336-47. (Pubitemid 34106079)
171. Pelosi M, Marampon F, Zani BM, et al. (2007). ROCK2 and its alternatively spliced isoform ROCK2m positively control the maturation of the myogenic program. Mol Cell Biol 27:6163-76. (Pubitemid 47326703)
172. Piazzolla D, Meissl K, Kucerova L, et al. (2005). Raf-1 sets the threshold of FAS sensitivity by modulating ROK-alpha signaling. J Cell Biol 171:1013-22. (Pubitemid 41815833)
173. Pietromonaco SF, Simons PC, Altman A, Elias L. (1998). Protein kinase C-theta phosphorylation of moesin in the actin-binding sequence. J Biol Chem 273:7594-603. (Pubitemid 28153699)
174. Pinner S, Sahai E. (2008). Pdk1 regulates cancer cell motility by antagonising inhibition of ROCK1 by RhoE. Nat Cell Biol 10: 127-37. (Pubitemid 351194042)
175. Pollard TD, Blanchoin L, Mullins RD. (2000). Molecular mechanisms controlling actin filament dynamics in nonmuscle cells. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 29:545-76. (Pubitemid 30599604)
176. Puls A, Schmidt S, Grawe F, Stabel S. (1997). Interaction of protein kinase C zeta with zip, a novel protein kinase c-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:6191-6.
177. Rebillard A, Tekpli X, Meurette O, et al. (2007). Cisplatin-induced apoptosis involves membrane fluidification via inhibition of nhe1 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 67:7865-74. (Pubitemid 47281382)
178. Riento K, Guasch RM, Garg R, et al. (2003). Rhoe binds to ROCK I and inhibits downstream signaling. Mol Cell Biol 23:4219-29. (Pubitemid 36666425)
179. Riento K, Ridley AJ. (2003). Rocks: multifunctional kinases in cell behaviour. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4:446-56. (Pubitemid 36648590)
180. Riento K, Totty N, Villalonga P, et al. (2005). RhoE function is regulated by ROCK I-mediated phosphorylation. EMBO J 24:1170-80. (Pubitemid 40516600)
181. Rikitake Y, Oyama N, Wang CY, et al. (2005). Decreased perivascular fibrosis but not cardiac hypertrophy in ROCK1+/-haploinsufficient mice. Circulation 112:2959-65. (Pubitemid 41612298)
182. Roberts PJ, Der CJ. (2007). Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogenactivated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 26:3291-310. (Pubitemid 46763022)
183. Rooney C, White G, Nazgiewicz A, et al. (2010). The Rac activator Stef (Tiam2) regulates cell migration by microtubule-mediated focal adhesion disassembly. EMBO Rep 11:292-8.
184. Rosel D, Brabek J, Tolde O, et al. (2008). Up-regulation of Rho/ROCK signaling in sarcoma cells drives invasion and increased generation of protrusive forces. Mol Cancer Res 6:1410-20.
185. Royal I, Lamarche-Vane N, Lamorte L, et al. (2000). Activation of Cdc42, Rac, PAK, and Rho-kinase in response to hepatocyte growth factor differentially regulates epithelial cell colony spreading and dissociation. Mol Biol Cell 11:1709-25. (Pubitemid 30307907)
186. Rubenstein NM, Chan JF, Kim JY, et al. (2005). Rnd3/Rhoe induces tight junction formation in mammary epithelial tumor cells. Exp Cell Res 305:74-82. (Pubitemid 40380655)
187. Sahai E, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, Treisman R. (1999). Transformation mediated by RhoA requires activity of ROCK kinases. Curr Biol 9: 136-45. (Pubitemid 29087543)
188. Samuel MS, Lopez JI, Mcghee EJ, et al. (2011). Actomyosin-mediated cellular tension drives increased tissue stiffness and beta-catenin activation to induce epidermal hyperplasia and tumor growth. Cancer Cell 19:776-91.
189. Sansal I, Sellers WR. (2004). The biology and clinical relevance of the PTEN tumor suppressor pathway. J Clin Oncol 22:2954-63. (Pubitemid 41079915)
190. Saso J, Shields SK, Zuo Y, Chakraborty C. (2012). Role of Rho GTPases in human trophoblast migration induced by Igfbp1. Biol Reprod 86: 1-9.
191. Schofield AV, Steel R, Bernard O. (2012). Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) protein controls microtubule dynamics in a novel signaling pathway that regulates cell migration. J Biol Chem 287: 43620-9.
192. Scott RW, Hooper S, Crighton D, et al. (2010). Lim kinases are required for invasive path generation by tumor and tumor-associated stromal cells. J Cell Biol 191:169-85.
193. Scully R, Chen J, Plug A, et al. (1997). Association of BRCA1 with Rad51 in mitotic and meiotic cells. Cell 88:265-75. (Pubitemid 28015875)
194. Seasholtz TM, Wessel J, Rao F, et al. (2006). Rho kinase polymorphism influences blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance in human twins: role of heredity. Hypertension 47:937-47. (Pubitemid 44297566)
195. Sebbagh M, Hamelin J, Bertoglio J, et al. (2005). Direct cleavage of ROCK II by granzyme B induces target cell membrane blebbing in a caspase-independent manner. J Exp Med 201:465-71. (Pubitemid 40229420)
196. Sebbagh M, Renvoize C, Hamelin J, et al. (2001). Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK I induces MLC phosphorylation and apoptotic membrane blebbing. Nat Cell Biol 3:346-52. (Pubitemid 32288441)
197. Seko T, Ito M, Kureishi Y, et al. (2003). Activation of Rhoa and inhibition of myosin phosphatase as important components in hypertension in vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res 92:411-18. (Pubitemid 36298201)
198. Settleman J, Narasimhan V, Foster LC, Weinberg RA. (1992). Molecular cloning of cDNAs encoding the gap-associated protein p190: implications for a signaling pathway from Ras to the nucleus. Cell 69: 539-49.
199. Shao J, Welch WJ, Diprospero NA, Diamond MI. (2008). Phosphorylation of profilin by ROCK1 regulates polyglutamine aggregation. Mol Cell Biol 28:5196-208.
200. Shimizu Y, Thumkeo D, Keel J, et al. (2005). ROCK-I regulates closure of the eyelids and ventral body wall by inducing assembly of actomyosin bundles. J Cell Biol 168:941-53. (Pubitemid 40397008)
201. Sin WC, Chen XQ, Leung T, Lim L. (1998). RhoA-binding kinase alpha translocation is facilitated by the collapse of the vimentin intermediate filament network. Mol Cell Biol 18:6325-39. (Pubitemid 28500523)
202. Smith AL, Dohn MR, Brown MV, Reynolds AB. (2012). Association of Rho-associated protein kinase 1 with E-cadherin complexes is mediated by P120-catenin. Mol Biol Cell 23:99-110.
203. Somlyo AV, Bradshaw D, Ramos S, et al. (2000). Rho-kinase inhibitor retards migration and in vivo dissemination of human prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 269:652-9. (Pubitemid 30440356)
204. Southan GJ, Szabo C. (1996). Selective pharmacological inhibition of distinct nitric oxide synthase isoforms. Biochem Pharmacol 51: 383-94. (Pubitemid 26071171)
205. Squire JA. (2009). TMPRSS2-ERG and PTEN loss in prostate cancer. Nat Genet 41:509-10.
206. Stroeken PJ, Alvarez B, Van Rheenen J, et al. (2006). Integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein-1 (ICAP-1) interacts with the ROCK-I kinase at the plasma membrane. J Cell Physiol 208:620-8. (Pubitemid 44141887)
207. Sugimoto M, Nakayama M, Goto TM, et al. (2007). Rho-kinase phosphorylates eNOS at threonine 495 in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 361:462-7. (Pubitemid 47187281)
208. Sumi T, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. (2001). Specific activation of LIM kinase 2 via phosphorylation of threonine 505 by ROCK, a Rho-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 276:670-6. (Pubitemid 32050364)
209. Sumi T, Matsumoto K, Takai Y, Nakamura T. (1999). Cofilin phosphorylation and actin cytoskeletal dynamics regulated by Rhoand Cdc42-activated LIM-kinase 2. J Cell Biol 147:1519-32. (Pubitemid 30027406)
210. Sward K, Dreja K, Susnjar M, et al. (2000). Inhibition of Rhoassociated kinase blocks agonist-induced Ca2+ sensitization of myosin phosphorylation and force in guinea-pig ileum. J Physiol 522:33-49. (Pubitemid 30061356)
211. Takahashi K, Sasaki T, Mammoto A, et al. (1998). Interaction of radixin with Rho small G protein GDP/GTP exchange protein Dbl. Oncogene 16:3279-84. (Pubitemid 28330426)
212. Takefuji M, Mori K, Morita Y, et al. (2007). Rho-kinase modulates the function of STEF, A Rac GEF, through its phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 355:788-94. (Pubitemid 46330222)
213. Tamaru S, Fukuta T, Kaibuchi K, et al. (2005). Rho-kinase induces association of adducin with the cytoskeleton in platelet activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 332:347-51. (Pubitemid 40724984)
214. Tan J, Zhang C, Qian J. (2011). Expression and significance of Six1 and Ezrin in cervical cancer tissue. Tumour Biol 32:1241-7.
215. Tanaka H, Yamashita T, Asada M, et al. (2002). Cytoplasmic P21(Cip1/WAF1) regulates neurite remodeling by inhibiting rho-kinase activity. J Cell Biol 158:321-9.
216. Tanaka T, Nishimura D, Wu RC, et al. (2006). Nuclear Rho kinase, ROCK2, targets p300 acetyltransferase. J Biol Chem 281:15320-9. (Pubitemid 43855122)
217. Thumkeo D, Keel J, Ishizaki T, et al. (2003). Targeted disruption of the mouse Rho-associated kinase 2 gene results in intrauterine growth retardation and fetal death. Mol Cell Biol 23:5043-55. (Pubitemid 36793348)
218. Thumkeo D, Shimizu Y, Sakamoto S, et al. (2005). ROCK-I and ROCKII cooperatively regulate closure of eyelid and ventral body wall in mouse embryo. Genes Cells 10:825-34. (Pubitemid 41158741)
219. Tokuyama Y, Horn HF, Kawamura K, et al. (2001). Specific phosphorylation of nucleophosmin on Thr(199) by cyclin-dependent kinase 2-cyclin E and its role in centrosome duplication. J Biol Chem 276: 21529-37.
220. Tominaga T, Barber DL. (1998). Na-H exchange acts downstream of RhoA to regulate integrin-induced cell adhesion and spreading. Mol Biol Cell 9:2287-303. (Pubitemid 28373640)
221. Tominaga T, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, Barber DL. (1998). p160ROCK mediates RhoA activation of Na-H exchange. EMBO J 17:4712-22. (Pubitemid 28377171)
222. Totsukawa G, Yamakita Y, Yamashiro S, et al. (2000). Distinct roles of ROCK (Rho-kinase) and MLCK in spatial regulation of MLC phosphorylation for assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions in 3T3 fibroblasts. J Cell Biol 150:797-806. (Pubitemid 30663416)
223. Tran Quang C, Gautreau A, Arpin M, Treisman R. (2000). Ezrin function is required for ROCK-mediated fibroblast transformation by the net and dbl oncogenes. EMBO J 19:4565-76.
224. Tu D, Li Y, Song HK, et al. (2011). Crystal structure of a coiled-coil domain from human ROCK I. PLoS One 6:e18080-8.
225. Tumusiime S, Rana MK, Kher SS, et al. (2009). Regulation of ROCK II by localization to membrane compartments and binding to dynamini. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 381:393-6.
226. Turner MS, Fen Fen L, Trauger JW, et al. (2002). Characterization and purification of truncated human Rho-kinase II expressed in Sf-21 cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 405:13-20. (Pubitemid 35026161)
227. Uehata M, Ishizaki T, Satoh H, et al. (1997). Calcium sensitization of smooth muscle mediated by a Rho-associated protein kinase in hypertension. Nature 389:990-4. (Pubitemid 27485693)
228. Vahebi S, Kobayashi T, Warren CM, et al. (2005). Functional effects of Rho-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of specific sites on cardiac troponin. Circ Res 96:740-7. (Pubitemid 40559513)
229. Van Groningen JJ, Cornelissen IM, Van Muijen GN, et al. (1996). Simultaneous suppression of progression marker genes in the highly malignant human melanoma cell line BLM after transfection with the adenovirus-5 E1A gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 225: 808-16. (Pubitemid 26319187)
230. Vemula S, Shi J, Hanneman P, et al. (2010). ROCK1 functions as a suppressor of inflammatory cell migration by regulating PTEN phosphorylation and stability. Blood 115:1785-96.
231. Vivanco I, Palaskas N, Tran C, et al. (2007). Identification of the JNK signaling pathway as a functional target of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Cancer Cell 11:555-69. (Pubitemid 46856910)
232. Vlecken DH, Bagowski CP. (2009). LIMK1 and LIMK2 are important for metastatic behavior and tumor cell-induced angiogenesis of pancreatic cancer cells. Zebrafish 6:433-9.
233. Wang HF, Takenaka K, Nakanishi A, Miki Y. (2011). BRCA2 and nucleophosmin coregulate centrosome amplification and form a complex with the Rho effector kinase ROCK2. Cancer Res 71:68-77.
234. Wang W, Goswami S, Lapidus K, et al. (2004). Identification and testing of a gene expression signature of invasive carcinoma cells within primary mammary tumors. Cancer Res 64:8585-94. (Pubitemid 39552071)
235. Ward Y, Yap SF, Ravichandran V, et al. (2002). The GTP binding proteins Gem and Rad are negative regulators of the Rho-Rho kinase pathway. J Cell Biol 157:291-302. (Pubitemid 34839825)
236. Watanabe N, Madaule P, Reid T, et al. (1997). P140mdia, a mammalian homolog of drosophila diaphanous, is a target protein for rho small GTPase and is a ligand for profilin. EMBO J 16:3044-56. (Pubitemid 27234944)
237. Wegner A. (1976). Head to tail polymerization of actin. J Mol Biol 108: 139-50.
238. Wei L, Roberts W, Wang L, et al. (2001). Rho kinases play an obligatory role in vertebrate embryonic organogenesis. Development 128: 2953-62. (Pubitemid 32771627)
239. Wiggan O, Shaw AE, Deluca JG, Bamburg JR. (2012). Adf/Cofilin regulates actomyosin assembly through competitive inhibition of myosin II binding to F-actin. Dev Cell 22:530-43.
240. Witke W, Podtelejnikov AV, Di Nardo A, et al. (1998). In mouse brain Profilin I and Profilin II associate with regulators of the endocytic pathway and actin assembly. EMBO J 17:967-76. (Pubitemid 28077651)
241. Worthylake RA, Burridge K. (2003). RhoA and ROCK promote migration by limiting membrane protrusions. J Biol Chem 278: 13578-84. (Pubitemid 36800134)
242. Worthylake RA, Lemoine S, Watson JM, Burridge K. (2001). Rhoa is required for monocyte tail retraction during transendothelial migration. J Cell Biol 154:147-60. (Pubitemid 34289285)
243. Wu H, Goel V, Haluska FG. (2003). Pten signaling pathways in melanoma. Oncogene 22:3113-22. (Pubitemid 36713763)
244. Yamawaki K, Ito M, Machida H, et al. (2001). Identification of human CPI-17, an inhibitory phosphoprotein for myosin phosphatase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 285:1040-5. (Pubitemid 32918042)
245. Yang H, Jeffrey PD, Miller J, et al. (2002). BRCA2 function in DNA binding and recombination from a BRCA2-DSS1-ssDNA structure. Science 297:1837-48. (Pubitemid 35024337)
246. Yang N, Higuchi O, Ohashi K, et al. (1998). Cofilin phosphorylation by LIM-kinase 1 and its role in Rac-mediated actin reorganization. Nature 393:809-12. (Pubitemid 28299495)
247. Yasui Y, Amano M, Nagata K, et al. (1998). Roles of Rho-associated kinase in cytokinesis; mutations in Rho-associated kinase phosphorylation sites impair cytokinetic segregation of glial filaments. J Cell Biol 143:1249-58. (Pubitemid 28559826)
248. Yoneda A, Multhaupt HA, Couchman JR. (2005). The Rho kinases I and II regulate different aspects of myosin II activity. J Cell Biol 170: 443-53. (Pubitemid 41126943)
249. Yoshioka K, Foletta V, Bernard O, Itoh K. (2003). A role for Lim kinase in cancer invasion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:7247-52. (Pubitemid 36706424)
250. Zhang S, Tang Q, Xu F, et al. (2009). Rhoa regulates G1-S progression of gastric cancer cells by modulation of multiple INK4 family tumor suppressors. Mol Cancer Res 7:570-80.
251. Zhang YM, Bo J, Taffet GE, et al. (2006). Targeted deletion of ROCK1 protects the heart against pressure overload by inhibiting reactive fibrosis. FASEB J 20:916-25. (Pubitemid 44943949)
252. Zhao Z, Rivkees SA. (2003). Rho-associated kinases play an essential role in cardiac morphogenesis and cardiomyocyte proliferation. Dev Dyn 226:24-32. (Pubitemid 36043457)
253. Zhou B, Leng J, Hu M, et al. (2010). Ezrin is a key molecule in the metastasis of MOLT4 cells induced by CCL25/CCR9. Leuk Res 34: 769-76.
254. Zhou J, Li K, Gu Y, et al. (2011). Transcriptional up-regulation of RhoE by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer cells during hypoxia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 415:348-54.
255. Zhou J, Zhao LQ, Xiong MM, et al. (2003). Gene expression profiles at different stages of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 9:9-15. (Pubitemid 36131269)
256. Zorko BA, Perez LB, De Blanco EJ. (2010). Effects of ILTG on DAPK1 promoter methylation in colon and leukemia cancer cell lines. Anticancer Res 30:3945-50.