Tracing environmental markers of autoimmunity: Introducing the infectome

Immunologic Research

Volumn 56, Issue 2-3, 2013, Pages 220-240

  Bogdanos, Dimitrios P ^a,b   Smyk, Daniel S ^a   Invernizzi, Pietro ^c   Rigopoulou, Eirini I ^b   Blank, Miri ^d   Sakkas, Lazaros ^b   Pouria, Shideh ^a   Shoenfeld, Yehuda ^d  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

^c HUMANITAS CLINICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (Italy)

^d SHEBA MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Autoimmune disease; Autoimmunity; Environment; Immunity; Infection; Microbiome

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; CAPTOPRIL; CHLORPROMAZINE; COLLAGEN IMPLANT; ELECTROPHILE; ESTROGEN; HALOTHANE; IODINE; NUCLEOPHILE; OXIDOREDUCTASE; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PYRUVIC ACID; RIFAMPICIN; SILICONE; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTICLE; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA; AUTOIMMUNITY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HUMAN; IRRITABLE COLON; MICROBIOME; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SILICONE PROSTHESIS; SMOKING; SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; VACCINATION;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC TESTS; INFECTION; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MASS SCREENING; MICROBIOTA;

EID: 84879552408     PISSN: 0257277X     EISSN: 15590755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8399-6     Document Type: Article

References (399)

1. Bogdanos DP, Smyk DS, Invernizzi P, Rigopoulou EI, Blank M, Pouria S, et al. Infectome: a platform to trace infectious triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.12.005.
2. Gourley M, Miller FW. Mechanisms of disease: environmental factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007;3(3):172-80. doi: 10.1038/ncprheum0435. (Pubitemid 46416266)
3. Lettre G, Rioux JD. Autoimmune diseases: insights from genome-wide association studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17(R2):R116-21. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddn246.
4. Rappaport SM, Smith MT. Epidemiology. Environ dis risks Sci. 2010;330(6003):460-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1192603.
5. Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Infections and autoimmunity-friends or foes? Trends Immunol. 2009;30(8):409-14. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2009.05.005.
6. Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, Graham NM. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;84(3):223-43. (Pubitemid 27398022)
7. Moroni L, Bianchi I, Lleo A. Geoepidemiology, gender and autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(6-7):A386-92. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.012.
8. Blank M, Gershwin ME. Autoimmunity: from the mosaic to the kaleidoscope. J Autoimmun. 2008;30(1-2):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.11.015.
9. Brickman CM, Shoenfeld Y. The mosaic of autoimmunity. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2001;235:3-15. (Pubitemid 33044511)
10. Rahamim-Cohen D, Shoenfeld Y. The mosaic of autoimmunity. a classical case of inhalation of a polyclonal activating factor in a genetically and hormonally susceptible patient leading to multiple autoimmune diseases. Isr Med Assoc J. 2001;3(5):381-2. (Pubitemid 34176909)
11. Shepshelovich D, Shoenfeld Y. Prediction and prevention of autoimmune diseases: additional aspects of the mosaic of autoimmunity. Lupus. 2006;15(3):183-90.
12. Shoenfeld Y, Blank M, Abu-Shakra M, Amital H, Barzilai O, Berkun Y, et al. The mosaic of autoimmunity: prediction, autoantibodies, and therapy in autoimmune diseases-2008. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008;10(1):13-9. (Pubitemid 351649456)
13. Shoenfeld Y, Gilburd B, Abu-Shakra M, Amital H, Barzilai O, Berkun Y, et al. The mosaic of autoimmunity: genetic factors involved in autoimmune diseases-2008. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008;10(1):3-7. (Pubitemid 351649454)
14. Asherson RA, Gunter K, Daya D, Shoenfeld Y. Multiple autoimmune diseases in a young woman: tuberculosis and splenectomy as possible triggering factors? Another example of the "mosaic" of autoimmunity. J Rheumatol. 2008;35(6):1224-6.
15. de Carvalho JF, Pereira RM, Shoenfeld Y. The mosaic of autoimmunity: the role of environmental factors. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2009;1:501-9.
16. Costenbader KH, Gay S, Alarcon-Riquelme ME, Iaccarino L, Doria A. Genes, epigenetic regulation and environmental factors: which is the most relevant in developing autoimmune diseases? Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(8):604-9. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.10.022.
17. Mavropoulos A, Orfanidou T, Liaskos C, Smyk DS, Billinis C, Blank M, et al. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)-mediated autoimmunity: lessons to learn from ANCA vasculitis and pemphigus vulgaris. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.019.
18. Karlson EW, Deane K. Environmental and gene-environment interactions and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2012;38(2):405-26. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2012.04.002.
19. Villeda SA, Wyss-Coray T. The circulatory systemic environment as a modulator of neurogenesis and brain aging. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.014.
20. Simon KC, van der Mei IA, Munger KL, Ponsonby A, Dickinson J, Dwyer T, et al. Combined effects of smoking, anti-EBNA antibodies, and HLA-DRB1*1501 on multiple sclerosis risk. Neurology. 2010;74(17):1365-71. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dad57e.
21. Gatto M, Zen M, Ghirardello A, Bettio S, Bassi N, Iaccarino L, et al. Emerging and critical issues in the pathogenesis of lupus. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.09.003.
22. Selmi C, Leung PS, Sherr DH, Diaz M, Nyland JF, Monestier M, et al. Mechanisms of environmental influence on human autoimmunity: a national institute of environmental health sciences expert panel workshop. J Autoimmun. 2012;39(4):272-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.
23. Bogdanos DP, Smith H, Ma Y, Baum H, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D. A study of molecular mimicry and immunological cross-reactivity between hepatitis B surface antigen and myelin mimics. Clin Dev Immunol. 2005;12(3):217-24. (Pubitemid 43205646)
24. Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI, Muratori L, Burroughs AK, Bogdanos DP. Smoking as a risk factor for autoimmune liver disease: what we can learn from primary biliary cirrhosis. Ann Hepatol. 2012;11(1):7-14.
25. Miller FW, Alfredsson L, Costenbader KH, Kamen DL, Nelson LM, Norris JM, et al. Epidemiology of environmental exposures and human autoimmune diseases: findings from a national institute of environmental health sciences expert panel workshop. J Autoimmun. 2012;39(4):259-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.002.
26. Germolec D, Kono DH, Pfau JC, Pollard KM. Animal models used to examine the role of the environment in the development of autoimmune disease: findings from an NIEHS expert panel workshop. J Autoimmun. 2012;39(4):285-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.020.
27. Anaya JM. Common mechanisms of autoimmune diseases (the autoimmune tautology). Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(11):781-4. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.02.002.
28. Arlt VM, Schwerdtle T. UKEMS/Dutch EMS-sponsored workshop on biomarkers of exposure and oxidative DNA damage & 7th GUM-32P-postlabelling workshop, University of Munster, Munster, Germany, 28-29 March 2011. Mutagenesis. 2011. doi: 10.1093/mutage/ger036.
29. Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Sobus JR, Liu Q, Madden MC. Observing the human exposome as reflected in breath biomarkers: heat map data interpretation for environmental and intelligence research. J Breath Res. 2011;5(3):037104. doi: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/3/037104.
30. Rappaport SM. Implications of the exposome for exposure science. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2011;21(1):5-9. doi: 10.1038/jes.2010.50.
31. Wild CP. Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(8):1847-50. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456. (Pubitemid 41161186)
32. Wild CP. Environmental exposure measurement in cancer epidemiology. Mutagenesis. 2009;24(2):117-25. doi: 10.1093/mutage/gen061.
33. Smith MT, Zhang L, McHale CM, Skibola CF, Rappaport SM. Benzene, the exposome and future investigations of leukemia etiology. Chem Biol Inter. 2011;192(1-2):155-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.010.
34. Collin M, Shannon O, Bjorck L. IgG glycan hydrolysis by a bacterial enzyme as a therapy against autoimmune conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(11):4265-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0711271105. (Pubitemid 351754369)
35. Allhorn M, Olin AI, Nimmerjahn F, Collin M. Human IgG/Fc gamma R interactions are modulated by streptococcal IgG glycan hydrolysis. PLoS ONE. 2008;3(1):e1413. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001413. (Pubitemid 351234505)
36. McCulloch J, Zhang YW, Dawson M, Harkiss GD, Peterhans E, Vogt HR, et al. Glycosylation of IgG during potentially arthritogenic lentiviral infections. Rheumatol Int. 1995;14(6):243-8.
37. Polacco BJ, Purvine SO, Zink EM, Lavoie SP, Lipton MS, Summers AO, et al. Discovering mercury protein modifications in whole proteomes using natural isotope distributions observed in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2011;. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M110.004853.
38. McLaren Howard J. The detection of DNA adducts (risk factors for DNA damage). A method for genomic DNA, the results and some effects of nutritional intervention. J Nutr Environ Med. 2002;12:19-31. (Pubitemid 34327129)
39. Patel CJ, Bhattacharya J, Butte AJ. An environment-wide association study (EWAS) on type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(5):e10746. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010746.
40. Karges W, Hammond-McKibben D, Cheung RK, Visconti M, Shibuya N, Kemp D, et al. Immunological aspects of nutritional diabetes prevention in NOD mice: a pilot study for the cow's milk-based IDDM prevention trial. Diabetes. 1997;46(4):557-64. (Pubitemid 27143370)
41. Guggenmos J, Schubart AS, Ogg S, Andersson M, Olsson T, Mather IH, et al. Antibody cross-reactivity between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the milk protein butyrophilin in multiple sclerosis. J Immunol. 2004;172(1):661-8. (Pubitemid 38020525)
42. Molina V, Shoenfeld Y. Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity. 2005;38(3):235-45. doi: 10.1080/08916930500050277. (Pubitemid 40959897)
43. Pordeus V, Szyper-Kravitz M, Levy RA, Vaz NM, Shoenfeld Y. Infections and autoimmunity: a panorama. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2008;34(3):283-99. doi: 10.1007/s12016-007-8048-8.
44. Doria A, Sarzi-Puttini P, Shoenfeld Y. Infections, rheumatism and autoimmunity: the conflicting relationship between humans and their environment. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8(1):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.014.
45. Tozzoli R, Barzilai O, Ram M, Villalta D, Bizzaro N, Sherer Y, et al. Infections and autoimmune thyroid diseases: parallel detection of antibodies against pathogens with proteomic technology. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8(2):112-5. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.013.
46. Corthesy B. Role of secretory IgA in infection and maintenance of homeostasis. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.10.012.
47. Brown JM, Pfau JC, Pershouse MA, Holian A. Silica, apoptosis, and autoimmunity. J Immunotoxicol. 2005;1(3):177-87. doi: 10.1080/15476910490911922.
48. Otsuki T, Hayashi H, Nishimura Y, Hyodo F, Maeda M, Kumagai N, et al. Dysregulation of autoimmunity caused by silica exposure and alteration of Fas-mediated apoptosis in T lymphocytes derived from silicosis patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2011;24(1 Suppl):11S-6S.
49. Cooper GS, Wither J, Bernatsky S, Claudio JO, Clarke A, Rioux JD, et al. Occupational and environmental exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: silica, sunlight, solvents. Rheumatology. 2010;49(11):2172-80. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq214.
50. Finckh A, Cooper GS, Chibnik LB, Costenbader KH, Watts J, Pankey H, et al. Occupational silica and solvent exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in urban women. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(11):3648-54. doi: 10.1002/art.22210. (Pubitemid 44737177)
51. Parks CG, Cooper GS. Occupational exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of the evidence and exposure assessment methods in population- and clinic-based studies. Lupus. 2006;15(11):728-36.
52. Griffin JM, Gilbert KM, Lamps LW, Pumford NR. CD4(+) T-cell activation and induction of autoimmune hepatitis following trichloroethylene treatment in MRL +/+ mice. Toxicol Sci. 2000;57(2):345-52.
53. Khan MF, Kaphalia BS, Prabhakar BS, Kanz MF, Ansari GA. Trichloroethene-induced autoimmune response in female MRL +/+ mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995;134(1):155-60. doi: 10.1006/taap.1995.1179.
54. Duntas LH. Environmental factors and thyroid autoimmunity. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2011;72(2):108-13. doi: 10.1016/j.ando.2011.03.019.
55. Parks CG, Walitt BT, Pettinger M, Chen JC, de Roos AJ, Hunt J, et al. Insecticide use and risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in the women's health initiative observational study. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(2):184-94. doi: 10.1002/acr.20335.
56. Fortes C. Lupus erythematosus. are residential insecticides exposure the missing link? Med Hypotheses. 2010;75(6):590-3. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.041.
57. Burek CL, Talor MV. Environmental triggers of autoimmune thyroiditis. J Autoimmun. 2009;33(3-4):183-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.001.
58. Gold LS, Ward MH, Dosemeci M, De Roos AJ. Systemic autoimmune disease mortality and occupational exposures. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(10):3189-201. doi: 10.1002/art.22880. (Pubitemid 47585413)
59. Sobel ES, Gianini J, Butfiloski EJ, Croker BP, Schiffenbauer J, Roberts SM. Acceleration of autoimmunity by organochlorine pesticides in (NZB x NZW)F1 mice. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113(3):323-8. (Pubitemid 40450665)
60. Mayes MD. Epidemiologic studies of environmental agents and systemic autoimmune diseases. Environ Health Perspect. 1999;107(Suppl 5):743-8. (Pubitemid 29527779)
61. Artukovic M, Ikic M, Kustelega J, Artukovic IN, Kaliterna DM. Influence of UV radiation on immunological system and occurrence of autoimmune diseases. Coll Antropol. 2010;34(Suppl 2):175-8.
62. Handunnetthi L, Ramagopalan SV. UV radiation, vitamin D, and multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(33):E130; author reply E1. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1004603107.
63. Prieto S, Grau JM. The geoepidemiology of autoimmune muscle disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(5):A330-4. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.006.
64. Kuhn A, Beissert S. Photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity. 2005;38(7):519-29. doi: 10.1080/08916930500285626. (Pubitemid 43101786)
65. Tumgor G, Balkan C, Arikan C, Kavakli K, Aydogdu S. Immune haemolytic anaemia induced by allopurinol after liver transplantation. Acta Paediatr. 2006;95(6):762-3. doi: 10.1080/08035250500499465. (Pubitemid 43879579)
66. Pujol M, Duran-Suarez JR, Martin Vega C, Sanchez C, Tovar JL, Valles M. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia in three patients treated with captopril. Vox Sang. 1989;57(3):218. (Pubitemid 19249901)
67. Gharavi AE, Sammaritano LR, Wen J, Miyawaki N, Morse JH, Zarrabi MH, et al. Characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus and chlorpromazine induced antiphospholipid antibodies: effect of beta 2 glycoprotein I on binding to phospholipid. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(1):94-9. (Pubitemid 24044926)
68. Canoso RT, de Oliveira RM. Chlorpromazine-induced anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant: absence of thrombosis. Am J Hematol. 1988;27(4):272-5.
69. Stein PB, Inwood MJ. Hemolytic anemia associated with chlorpromazine therapy. Can J Psychiatry. 1980;25(8):659-61. (Pubitemid 11195896)
70. Hadnagy C. Letter: coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia provoked by chlorpromazine. Lancet. 1976;1(7956):423.
71. Berglund S, Gottfries CG, Gottfries I, Stormby K. Chlorpromazine-induced antinuclear factors. Act Med Scand. 1970;187(1-2):67-74.
72. Liu ZX, Kaplowitz N. Immune-mediated drug-induced liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2002;6(3):755-74.
73. Yung RL, Richardson BC. Drug-induced lupus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1994;20(1):61-86. (Pubitemid 24066012)
74. Czaja AJ. Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(4):958-76. doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-1611-4.
75. Chighizola C, Meroni PL. The role of environmental estrogens and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(6-7):A493-501. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011. 11.027.
76. Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Renaudineau Y, Porat-Katz BS, Barzilai O, Ram M, et al. Serum markers of infections in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: evidence of infection burden. Exp Mol Pathol. 2012;93(3):386-90. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.09.012.
77. Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y. Defining and analyzing geoepidemiology and human autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(3):J168-77. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.11.018.
78. Berlin T, Zandman-Goddard G, Blank M, Matthias T, Pfeiffer S, Weis I, et al. Autoantibodies in nonautoimmune individuals during infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1108:584-93. (Pubitemid 47528772)
79. Saad R, Rizkallah MR, Aziz RK. Gut Pharmacomicrobiomics: the tip of an iceberg of complex interactions between drugs and gut-associated microbes. Gut Pathog. 2012;4(1):16. doi: 10.1186/1757-4749-4-16.
80. Buccigrossi V, Nicastro E, Guarino A. Functions of intestinal microflora in children. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2013;29(1):31-8. doi: 10.1097/MOG. 0b013e32835a3500.
81. Gielda LM, DiRita VJ. Zinc competition among the intestinal microbiota. MBio. 2012;3(4):e00171. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00171-12.
82. Kivity S, Katz M, Langevitz P, Eshed I, Olchovski D, Barzilai A. Autoimmune syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) in the middle east: morphea following silicone implantation. Lupus. 2012;21(2):136-9. doi: 10.1177/0961203311429551.
83. Lidar M, Agmon-Levin N, Langevitz P, Shoenfeld Y. Silicone and scleroderma revisited. Lupus. 2012;21(2):121-7. doi: 10.1177/0961203311430703.
84. Shoenfeld Y, Toubi E. Protective autoantibodies: role in homeostasis, clinical importance, and therapeutic potential. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(9):2599-606. doi: 10.1002/art.21252. (Pubitemid 41369087)
85. Toubi E, Shoenfeld Y. Predictive and protective autoimmunity in cardiovascular diseases: is vaccination therapy a reality? Lupus. 2005;14(9):665-9. (Pubitemid 41413287)
86. Ram M, Anaya JM, Barzilai O, Izhaky D, Porat Katz BS, Blank M, et al. The putative protective role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7(8):621-5. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.06.008.
87. Meroni PL, Shoenfeld Y. Predictive, protective, orphan autoantibodies: the example of anti-phospholipid antibodies. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7(8):585-7. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.08.001.
88. Plot L, Amital H, Barzilai O, Ram M, Nicola B, Shoenfeld Y. Infections may have a protective role in the etiopathogenesis of celiac disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1173:670-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04814.x.
89. Guilherme L, Oshiro SE, Fae KC, Cunha-Neto E, Renesto G, Goldberg AC, et al. T-cell reactivity against streptococcal antigens in the periphery mirrors reactivity of heart-infiltrating T lymphocytes in rheumatic heart disease patients. Infect Immun. 2001;69(9):5345-51. (Pubitemid 32786466)
90. Amedei A, Bergman MP, Appelmelk BJ, Azzurri A, Benagiano M, Tamburini C, et al. Molecular mimicry between Helicobacter pylori antigens and H +, K + -adenosine triphosphatase in human gastric autoimmunity. J Exp Med. 2003;198(8):1147-56. doi: 10.1084/jem.20030530. (Pubitemid 37323380)
91. Cunha-Neto E, Coelho V, Guilherme L, Fiorelli A, Stolf N, Kalil J. Autoimmunity in Chagas' disease. identification of cardiac myosin-b13 trypanosoma cruzi protein crossreactive T cell clones in heart lesions of a chronic Chagas' cardiomyopathy patient. J Clin Invest. 1996;98(8):1709-12. doi: 10.1172/JCI118969. (Pubitemid 26359186)
92. da Rocha Sobrinho HM, Jarach R, da Silva NA, Shio MT, Jancar S, Timenetsky J. Mycoplasmal lipid-associated membrane proteins and Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen recognition by serum antibodies from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(7):951-7. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010- 1612-1.
93. Tobon GJ, Pers JO, Canas CA, Rojas-Villarraga A, Youinou P, Anaya JM. Are autoimmune diseases predictable? Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(4):259-66. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.10.004.
94. Jones DE. Pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut. 2007;56(11):1615-24. doi: 10.1136/gut.2007.122150. (Pubitemid 350033203)
95. Kaplan MM, Gershwin ME. Primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(12):1261-73. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra043898. (Pubitemid 41345948)
96. Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, Scofield RH, Dennis GJ, James JA, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(16):1526-33. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021933. (Pubitemid 37255038)
97. Harley JB, Harley IT, Guthridge JM, James JA. The curiously suspicious: a role for Epstein-Barr virus in lupus. Lupus. 2006;15(11):768-77.
98. Harley JB, James JA. Epstein-barr virus infection induces lupus autoimmunity. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 2006;64(1-2):45-50. (Pubitemid 44625532)
99. Navarra SV, Ishimori MI, Uy EA, Hamijoyo L, Sama J, James JA, et al. Studies of Filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: autoantibody profile of first-degree relatives. Lupus. 2011;20(5):537-43. doi: 10.1177/0961203310385164.
100. Zandman-Goddard G, Berkun Y, Barzilai O, Boaz M, Blank M, Ram M, et al. Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus infection is associated with mild systemic lupus erythematosus disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1173:658-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04754.x.
101. Barzilai O, Sherer Y, Ram M, Izhaky D, Anaya JM, Shoenfeld Y. Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in autoimmune diseases: are they truly notorious? a preliminary report. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1108:567-77. (Pubitemid 47528770)
102. Bengtsson A, Widell A, Elmstahl S, Sturfelt G. No serological indications that systemic lupus erythematosus is linked with exposure to human parvovirus B19. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59(1):64-6. (Pubitemid 30303900)
103. Hemauer A, Beckenlehner K, Wolf H, Lang B, Modrow S. Acute parvovirus B19 infection in connection with a flare of systemic lupus erythematodes in a female patient. J Clin Virol. 1999;14(1):73-7. (Pubitemid 29454640)
104. Hrycek A, Kusmierz D, Mazurek U, Wilczok T. Human cytomegalovirus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity. 2005;38(7):487-91. doi: 10.1080/08916930500285667. (Pubitemid 43101782)
105. James JA, Neas BR, Moser KL, Hall T, Bruner GR, Sestak AL, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in adults is associated with previous Epstein-Barr virus exposure. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(5):1122-6. doi: 10.1002/1529- 0131(200105)44:5<1122:AID-ANR193>3.0.CO;2-D. (Pubitemid 32433618)
106. Seishima M, Oyama Z, Yamamura M. Two-year follow-up study after human parvovirus B19 infection. Dermatology. 2003;206(3):192-6. doi: 10.1159/000068885. (Pubitemid 36407824)
107. Chang M, Pan MR, Chen DY, Lan JL. Human cytomegalovirus pp 65 lower matrix protein: a humoral immunogen for systemic lupus erythematosus patients and autoantibody accelerator for NZB/W F1 mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006;143(1):167-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02974.x.
108. Gilden DH. Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4(3):195-202. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)01017-3. (Pubitemid 40269150)
109. Kakalacheva K, Lunemann JD. Environmental triggers of multiple sclerosis. FEBS Lett. 2011;. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.006.
110. Hammond SR, English DR, McLeod JG. The age-range of risk of developing multiple sclerosis: evidence from a migrant population in Australia. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 5):968-74. (Pubitemid 30224192)
111. Kurtzke JF, Delasnerie-Laupretre N, Wallin MT. Multiple sclerosis in North African migrants to France. Acta Neurol Scand. 1998;98(5):302-9. (Pubitemid 28539731)
112. Kurtzke JF, Hyllested K. Multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands: i Clinical and epidemiological features. Ann Neurol. 1979;5(1):6-21. doi: 10.1002/ana.410050104. (Pubitemid 9083247)
113. Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):938-52. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200009283431307.
114. Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS. Multiple sclerosis-the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(9):942-55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra052130.
115. Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD, Risch NJ. A genetic basis for familial aggregation in multiple sclerosis Canadian collaborative study group. Nature. 1995;377(6545):150-1. doi: 10.1038/377150a0.
116. Sadovnick AD, Ebers GC, Dyment DA, Risch NJ. Evidence for genetic basis of multiple sclerosis the Canadian collaborative study group. Lancet. 1996;347(9017):1728-30. (Pubitemid 26187551)
117. Barcellos LF, Sawcer S, Ramsay PP, Baranzini SE, Thomson G, Briggs F, et al. Heterogeneity at the HLA-DRB1 locus and risk for multiple sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet. 2006;15(18):2813-24. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl223. (Pubitemid 44400408)
118. Hafler DA, Compston A, Sawcer S, Lander ES, Daly MJ, De Jager PL, et al. Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(9):851-62. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa073493. (Pubitemid 47347319)
119. Qu HQ, Bradfield JP, Belisle A, Grant SF, Hakonarson H, Polychronakos C. The type I diabetes association of the IL2RA locus. Genes Immun. 2009;10(Suppl 1):S42-8. doi: 10.1038/gene.2009.90.
120. Giovannoni G, Cutter GR, Lunemann J, Martin R, Munz C, Sriram S, et al. Infectious causes of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(10):887-94. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70577-4. (Pubitemid 44715824)
121. Giovannoni G, Ebers G. Multiple sclerosis: the environment and causation. Curr Opin Neurol. 2007;20(3):261-8. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32815610c2. (Pubitemid 46743106)
122. Arnson Y, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Vitamin D and autoimmunity: new aetiological and therapeutic considerations. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(9):1137-42. doi: 10.1136/ard.2007.069831. (Pubitemid 47309727)
123. Carvalho JF, Blank M, Kiss E, Tarr T, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-vitamin D, vitamin D in SLE: preliminary results. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1109:550-7. doi: 10.1196/annals.1398.061. (Pubitemid 47511398)
124. Shoenfeld N, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. The effect of melanism and vitamin D synthesis on the incidence of autoimmune disease. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2009;5(2):99-105. doi: 10.1038/ncprheum0989.
125. Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, autoimmunity, and vitamin D. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2010;38(2-3):169-77. doi: 10.1007/s12016-009-8150-1.
126. Amital H, Szekanecz Z, Szucs G, Danko K, Nagy E, Csepany T, et al. Serum concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are inversely related to disease activity: is it time to routinely supplement patients with SLE with vitamin D? Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(6):1155-7. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.120329.
127. Toubi E, Shoenfeld Y. The role of vitamin D in regulating immune responses. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010;12(3):174-5.
128. Souberbielle JC, Body JJ, Lappe JM, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Wang TJ, et al. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(11):709-15. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.06.009.
129. Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Zandman-Goddard G, Orbach H, Meroni PL, Tincani A, et al. Vitamin D: an instrumental factor in the anti-phospholipid syndrome by inhibition of tissue factor expression. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(1):145-50. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.134817.
130. Oren Y, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Kivity S, Zafrir Y, Altman A, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in a sunny environment: a demographic and seasonal analysis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010;12(12):751-6.
131. Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Zisappl M, Shapira Y, Nagy EV, Danko K, et al. Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011;8(3):243-7. doi: 10.1038/cmi.2010.73.
132. Lerner A, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Pacht A, Ben Ami Shor D, Lopez HM, et al. The clinical significance of 25OH-Vitamin D status in celiac disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012;42(3):322-30. doi: 10.1007/s12016-010-8237-8.
133. Hajas A, Sandor J, Csathy L, Csipo I, Barath S, Paragh G, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in a large MCTD population. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10(6):317-24. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.11.006.
134. Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A. Vitamin D endocrine system involvement in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;11(2):84-7. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.08.003.
135. Lucas RM, Ponsonby AL, Dear K, Valery PC, Pender MP, Taylor BV, et al. Sun exposure and vitamin D are independent risk factors for CNS demyelination. Neurology. 2011;76(6):540-8. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31820af93d.
136. Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2006;296(23):2832-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.23.2832. (Pubitemid 44969183)
137. Handel AE, Williamson AJ, Disanto G, Dobson R, Giovannoni G, Ramagopalan SV. Smoking and multiple sclerosis: an updated meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(1):e16149. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016149.
138. Hedstrom AK, Sundqvist E, Baarnhielm M, Nordin N, Hillert J, Kockum I, et al. Smoking and two human leukocyte antigen genes interact to increase the risk for multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 3):653-64. doi: 10.1093/brain/ awq371.
139. Stejskal V, Hudecek R, Stejskal J, Sterzl I. Diagnosis and treatment of metal-induced side-effects. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2006;27(Suppl 1):7-16. (Pubitemid 46542110)
140. Fleming JO. Helminths and multiple sclerosis: will old friends give us new treatments for MS? J Neuroimmunol. 2011;233(1-2):3-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.01.003.
141. Gaisford W, Cooke A. Can infections protect against autoimmunity? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2009;21(4):391-6. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32832c2dee.
142. Kim JS, Lee KS, Park JH, Kim MY, Shin WS. Detection of human herpesvirus 6 variant A in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients. Eur Neurol. 2000;43(3):170-3.
143. Opsahl ML, Kennedy PG. Early and late HHV-6 gene transcripts in multiple sclerosis lesions and normal appearing white matter. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 3):516-27. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh390. (Pubitemid 40380187)
144. Albright AV, Lavi E, Black JB, Goldberg S, O'Connor MJ, Gonzalez-Scarano F. The effect of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) on cultured human neural cells: oligodendrocytes and microglia. J Neurovirol. 1998;4(5):486-94. (Pubitemid 28499344)
145. Chan PK, Ng HK, Cheng AF. Detection of human herpesviruses 6 and 7 genomic sequences in brain tumours. J Clin Path. 1999;52(8):620-3. (Pubitemid 29371909)
146. Mirandola P, Stefan A, Brambilla E, Campadelli-Fiume G, Grimaldi LM. Absence of human herpesvirus 6 and 7 from spinal fluid and serum of multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology. 1999;53(6):1367-8. (Pubitemid 29480112)
147. Sospedra M, Zhao Y, ZurHausen H, Muraro PA, Hamashin C, DeVilliers EM, et al. Recognition of conserved amino acid motifs of common viruses and its role in autoimmunity. PLoS Pathog. 2005;1(4):e41. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010041.
148. Bogdanos DP, Gershwin ME. What is new in primary biliary cirrhosis? Dig Dis. 2012;30(Suppl 1):20-31. doi: 10.1159/000341118.
149. Corpechot C, Chretien Y, Chazouilleres O, Poupon R. Demographic, lifestyle, medical and familial factors associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(1):162-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.02.019.
150. Gershwin ME, Selmi C, Worman HJ, Gold EB, Watnik M, Utts J, et al. Risk
151. Parikh-Patel A, Gold EB, Worman H, Krivy KE, Gershwin ME. Risk factors for primary biliary cirrhosis in a cohort of patients from the United States. Hepatology. 2001;33(1):16-21. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2001.21165. (Pubitemid 32016882)
152. Prince MI, Ducker SJ, James OF. Case-control studies of risk factors for primary biliary cirrhosis in two United Kingdom populations. Gut. 2010;59(4):508-12. doi: 10.1136/gut.2009.184218.
153. Invernizzi P, Selmi C, Gershwin ME. Update on primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(6):401-8. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.02.014.
154. Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Zuin M, Podda M, Gershwin ME. Genetics and geoepidemiology of primary biliary cirrhosis: following the footprints to disease etiology. Semin Liver Dis. 2005;25(3):265-80. doi: 10.1055/s-2005- 916319. (Pubitemid 41254575)
155. Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Zuin M, Podda M, Seldin MF, Gershwin ME. Genes and (auto)immunity in primary biliary cirrhosis. Genes Immun. 2005;6(7):543-56. doi: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364248. (Pubitemid 41637662)
156. Smyk D, Cholongitas E, Kriese S, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. Primary biliary cirrhosis: family stories. Autoimmune Dis. 2011;2011:189585. doi: 10.4061/2011/189585.
157. Bogdanos DP, Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI, Mytilinaiou MG, Heneghan MA, Selmi C, et al. Twin studies in autoimmune disease: genetics, gender and environment. J Autoimmun. 2012;38(2-3):J156-69. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.003.
158. Gershwin ME, Mackay IR. The causes of primary biliary cirrhosis: convenient and inconvenient truths. Hepatology. 2008;47(2):737-45. doi: 10.1002/hep.22042. (Pubitemid 351280742)
159. Konikoff F, Pecht M, Theodor E, Shoenfeld Y. Primary biliary cirrhosis: lymphocyte subsets and function in a time frame. Hepatology. 1989;10(4):525-6.
160. Schlesinger M, Benbassat C, Shoenfeld Y. Complement profile in primary biliary cirrhosis. Immunol Res. 1992;11(2):98-103.
161. Shoenfeld Y. Primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: prediction and prevention. Isr J Med Sci. 1992;28(2):113-6.
162. Weiss P, Shoenfeld Y. Primary biliary cirrhosis is a multisystem disorder. Ann Med Interne (Paris). 1991;142(4):283-7.
163. Weiss P, Shoenfeld Y. Primary biliary cirrhosis: increasing problem, approaching solution. Isr J Med Sci. 1992;28(10):726-8. (Pubitemid 23006469)
164. Benbassat C, Schlesinger M, Shoenfeld Y. The complement system and primary biliary cirrhosis. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1992;38(2):51-61. (Pubitemid 23342403)
165. Rotman P, Levy Y, Shoenfeld Y. Primary biliary cirrhosis-association or overlap with other autoimmune diseases. Isr J Med Sci. 1997;33(12):823-5. (Pubitemid 28041103)
166. Shapira S, Bar-Dayan Y, Gershwin ME, Shoenfeld Y. Is it possible to predict and prevent primary biliary cirrhosis? Harefuah. 1999;137(1-2):39-41.
167. Aoki CA, Roifman CM, Lian ZX, Bowlus CL, Norman GL, Shoenfeld Y, et al. IL-2 receptor alpha deficiency and features of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun. 2006;27(1):50-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.04.005. (Pubitemid 44279361)
168. Barak V, Selmi C, Schlesinger M, Blank M, Agmon-Levin N, Kalickman I, et al. Serum inflammatory cytokines, complement components, and soluble interleukin 2 receptor in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun. 2009;33(3-4):178-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.09.010.
169. Bogdanos DP, Baum H, Vergani D. Antimitochondrial and other autoantibodies. Clin Liver Dis. 2003;7(4):759-77. (Pubitemid 37229503)
170. Bogdanos DP, Baum H, Vergani D, Burroughs AK. The role of E. coli infection in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Dis Markers. 2010;29(6):301-11. doi: 10.3233/DMA-2010-0745.
171. Bogdanos DP, Vergani D. Origin of cross-reactive autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2006;26(6):633-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006. 01291.x. (Pubitemid 43983878)
172. Bogdanos DP, Vergani D. Bacteria and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2009;36(1):30-9. doi: 10.1007/s12016-008-8087-9.
173. Gershwin ME, Mackay IR. Primary biliary cirrhosis: paradigm or paradox for autoimmunity. Gastroenterology. 1991;100(3):822-33.
174. Mackay IR, Whittingham S, Fida S, Myers M, Ikuno N, Gershwin ME, et al. The peculiar autoimmunity of primary biliary cirrhosis. Immunol Rev. 2000;174:226-37. (Pubitemid 30201391)
175. Shimoda S, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H, Hayashida K, Niho Y. HLA DRB4 0101-restricted immunodominant T cell autoepitope of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in primary biliary cirrhosis: evidence of molecular mimicry in human autoimmune diseases. J Exp Med. 1995;181(5):1835-45.
176. Shimoda S, Nakamura M, Shigematsu H, Tanimoto H, Gushima T, Gershwin ME, et al. Mimicry peptides of human PDC-E2 163-176 peptide, the immunodominant T-cell epitope of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2000;31(6):1212-6. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2000.8090. (Pubitemid 30351280)
177. Shimoda S, Van de Water J, Ansari A, Nakamura M, Ishibashi H, Coppel RL, et al. Identification and precursor frequency analysis of a common T cell epitope motif in mitochondrial autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Clin Invest. 1998;102(10):1831-40. doi: 10.1172/JCI4213. (Pubitemid 28533830)
178. Vergani D, Bogdanos DP. Positive markers in AMA-negative PBC. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(2):241-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07270.x. (Pubitemid 36232366)
179. Hohenester S, Oude-Elferink RP, Beuers U. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Immunopathol. 2009;31(3):283-307. doi: 10.1007/s00281-009-0164-5.
180. Neuberger J. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet. 1997;350(9081):875-9. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)05419-6. (Pubitemid 27404357)
181. Bogdanos DP, Invernizzi P, Mackay IR, Vergani D. Autoimmune liver serology: current diagnostic and clinical challenges. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(21):3374-87.
182. Bogdanos DP, Komorowski L. Disease-specific autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412(7-8):502-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.019.
183. Dahnrich C, Pares A, Caballeria L, Rosemann A, Schlumberger W, Probst C, et al. New ELISA for detecting primary biliary cirrhosis-specific antimitochondrial antibodies. Clin Chem. 2009;55(5):978-85. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.118299.
184. Liu H, Norman GL, Shums Z, Worman HJ, Krawitt EL, Bizzaro N, et al. PBC screen: an IgG/IgA dual isotype ELISA detecting multiple mitochondrial and nuclear autoantibodies specific for primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun. 2010;35(4):436-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.09.005.
185. Ma Y, Thomas MG, Okamoto M, Bogdanos DP, Nagl S, Kerkar N, et al. Key residues of a major cytochrome P4502D6 epitope are located on the surface of the molecule. J Immunol. 2002;169(1):277-85. (Pubitemid 34686146)
186. Rigopoulou EI, Davies ET, Bogdanos DP, Liaskos C, Mytilinaiou M, Koukoulis GK, et al. Antimitochondrial antibodies of immunoglobulin G3 subclass are associated with a more severe disease course in primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2007;27(9):1226-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01586.x. (Pubitemid 47543151)
187. Wen L, Ma Y, Bogdanos DP, Wong FS, Demaine A, Mieli-Vergani G, et al. Pediatric autoimmune liver diseases: the molecular basis of humoral and cellular immunity. Curr Molec Med. 2001;1(3):379-89. (Pubitemid 33772964)
188. Invernizzi P, Lleo A, Podda M. Interpreting serological tests in diagnosing autoimmune liver diseases. Semin Liver Dis. 2007;27(2):161-72. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979469. (Pubitemid 46871662)
189. Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP, Liaskos C, Koutsoumpas A, Baum H, Vergani D, et al. Anti-mitochondrial antibody immunofluorescent titres correlate with the number and intensity of immunoblot-detected mitochondrial bands in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2007;380(1-2):118-21. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.01.023. (Pubitemid 46509627)
190. Gilburd B, Ziporen L, Zharhary D, Blank M, Zurgil N, Scheinberg MA, et al. Antimitochondrial (pyruvate dehydrogenase) antibodies in leprosy. J Clin Immunol. 1994;14(1):14-9. (Pubitemid 24071696)
191. Konikoff F, Isenberg DA, Barrison I, Theodor E, Shoenfeld Y. Antinuclear autoantibodies in chronic liver diseases. Hepatogastroenterology. 1989;36(5):341-5. (Pubitemid 19284539)
192. Konikoff F, Isenberg DA, Kooperman O, Kennedy RC, Rauch J, Theodor E, et al. Common lupus anti-DNA antibody idiotypes in chronic liver diseases. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1987;43(2):265-72. (Pubitemid 17069583)
193. Konikoff F, Shoenfeld Y, Isenberg DA, Barrison I, Sobe T, Theodor E, et al. Anti-Rnp antibodies in chronic liver diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1987;5(4):359-61. (Pubitemid 18027483)
194. Krause I, Hacham S, Gilburd B, Damianovitch M, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Absence of anti-idiotypic antibodies in IVIG preparations to autoantibodies of rare autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1995;77(3):229-35.
195. Lorber M, Kra-Oz Z, Guilbrud B, Shoenfeld Y. Natural (antiphospholipid- PDH,-DNA) autoantibodies and their physiologic serum inhibitors. Isr J Med Sci. 1995;31(1):31-5.
196. Maran R, Dueymes M, Adler Y, Shoenfeld Y, Youinou P. Isotypic distribution of anti-pyruvate dehydrogenase antibodies in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and their family members. J Clin Immunol. 1994;14(5):323-6. (Pubitemid 24315643)
197. Shoenfeld Y, Beresovski A, Zharhary D, Tomer Y, Swissa M, Sela E, et al. Natural autoantibodies in sera of patients with Gaucher's disease. J Clin Immunol. 1995;15(6):363-72.
198. Zurgil N, Bakimer R, Kaplan M, Youinou P, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-pyruvate dehydrogenase autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Clin Immunol. 1991;11(5):239-45.
199. Zurgil N, Bakimer R, Moutsopoulos HM, Tzioufas AG, Youinou P, Isenberg DA, et al. Antimitochondrial (pyruvate dehydrogenase) autoantibodies in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. J Clin Immunol. 1992;12(3):201-9.
200. Zurgil N, Bakimer R, Slor H, Kaplan M, Moutsopoulos H, Shoenfeld Y. Pyruvate dehydrogenase as an antigen to detect antimitochondrial antibodies. Isr J Med Sci. 1990;26(12):682-5.
201. Zurgil N, Konikoff F, Bakimer R, Slor H, Shoenfeld Y. Detection of antimitochondrial antibodies: characterization by enzyme immunoassay and immunoblotting. Autoimmunity. 1989;4(4):289-97. (Pubitemid 19261060)
202. Tishler M, Alosachie I, Barka N, Lin HC, Gershwin ME, Peter JB, et al. Primary Sjogren's syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis: differences and similarities in the autoantibody profile. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13(4):497-500.
203. Bean P, Sutphin MS, Liu Y, Anton R, Reynolds TB, Shoenfeld Y, et al. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and false-positive results for alcohol abuse in primary biliary cirrhosis: differential diagnosis by detection of mitochondrial autoantibodies. Clin Chem. 1995;41(6 Pt 1):858-61.
204. Agmon-Levin N, Shapira Y, Selmi C, Barzilai O, Ram M, Szyper-Kravitz M, et al. A comprehensive evaluation of serum autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(1):55-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.08.009.
205. Metcalf JV, Mitchison HC, Palmer JM, Jones DE, Bassendine MF, James OF. Natural history of early primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet. 1996;348(9039):1399- 402. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)04410-8. (Pubitemid 26395233)
206. Dubel L, Tanaka A, Leung PS, Van de Water J, Coppel R, Roche T, et al. Autoepitope mapping and reactivity of autoantibodies to the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase-binding protein (E3BP) and the glycine cleavage proteins in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1999;29(4):1013-8. doi: 10.1002/hep.510290403. (Pubitemid 29168730)
207. Leung PS, Coppel RL, Ansari A, Munoz S, Gershwin ME. Antimitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis. 1997;17(1):61-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1007183. (Pubitemid 27157372)
208. Palmer JM, Jones DE, Quinn J, McHugh A, Yeaman SJ. Characterization of the autoantibody responses to recombinant E3 binding protein (protein X) of pyruvate dehydrogenase in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1999;30(1):21-6. doi: 10.1002/hep.510300106. (Pubitemid 29300564)
209. Van de Water J, Fregeau D, Davis P, Ansari A, Danner D, Leung P, et al. Autoantibodies of primary biliary cirrhosis recognize dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase and inhibit enzyme function. J Immunol. 1988;141(7):2321-4.
210. Bogdanos DP, Liaskos C, Pares A, Norman G, Rigopoulou EI, Caballeria L et al. Anti-gp210 antibody mirrors disease severity in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;45(6):1583; author reply -4. doi: 10.1002/hep.21678. (Pubitemid 46918344)
211. Invernizzi P, Podda M, Battezzati PM, Crosignani A, Zuin M, Hitchman E, et al. Autoantibodies against nuclear pore complexes are associated with more active and severe liver disease in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2001;34(3):366-72. (Pubitemid 32240814)
212. Miyachi K, Hankins RW, Matsushima H, Kikuchi F, Inomata T, Horigome T, et al. Profile and clinical significance of anti-nuclear envelope antibodies found in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicenter study. J Autoimmun. 2003;20(3):247-54. (Pubitemid 36561490)
213. Nakamura M, Kondo H, Mori T, Komori A, Matsuyama M, Ito M, et al. Anti-gp210 and anti-centromere antibodies are different risk factors for the progression of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;45(1):118-27. doi: 10.1002/hep.21472. (Pubitemid 46144371)
214. Rigopoulou EI, Davies ET, Pares A, Zachou K, Liaskos C, Bogdanos DP, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of isotype specific antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut. 2005;54(4):528-32. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.036558. (Pubitemid 40395506)
215. Itoh S, Ichida T, Yoshida T, Hayakawa A, Uchida M, Tashiro-Itoh T, et al. Autoantibodies against a 210 kDa glycoprotein of the nuclear pore complex as a prognostic marker in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998;13(3):257-65. (Pubitemid 28183956)
216. Lassoued K, Guilly MN, Andre C, Paintrand M, Dhumeaux D, Danon F, et al. Autoantibodies to 200 kD polypeptide(s) of the nuclear envelope: a new serologic marker of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1988;74(2):283-8.
217. Muratori P, Muratori L, Ferrari R, Cassani F, Bianchi G, Lenzi M, et al. Characterization and clinical impact of antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(2):431-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07257.x. (Pubitemid 36232395)
218. Wesierska-Gadek J, Penner E, Battezzati PM, Selmi C, Zuin M, Hitchman E, et al. Correlation of initial autoantibody profile and clinical outcome in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2006;43(5):1135-44. doi: 10.1002/hep.21172. (Pubitemid 43724638)
219. Yang WH, Yu JH, Nakajima A, Neuberg D, Lindor K, Bloch DB. Do antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis patients identify increased risk for liver failure? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(12):1116-22. (Pubitemid 40037643)
220. Duarte-Rey C, Bogdanos D, Yang CY, Roberts K, Leung PS, Anaya JM, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis and the nuclear pore complex. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(12):898-902. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.03.005.
221. Duarte-Rey C, Bogdanos DP, Leung PS, Anaya JM, Gershwin ME. IgM predominance in autoimmune disease: genetics and gender. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(6-7):A404-12. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.12.001.
222. Bach N, Schaffner F. Familial primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1994;20(6):698-701. (Pubitemid 24216878)
223. Floreani A, Naccarato R, Chiaramonte M. Prevalence of familial disease in primary biliary cirrhosis in Italy. J Hepatol. 1997;26(3):737-8. (Pubitemid 27112743)
224. Tsuji K, Watanabe Y, Van De Water J, Nakanishi T, Kajiyama G, Parikh-Patel A, et al. Familial primary biliary cirrhosis in Hiroshima. J Autoimmun. 1999;13(1):171-8. doi: 10.1006/jaut.1999.0299. (Pubitemid 29367022)
225. Lazaridis KN, Juran BD, Boe GM, Slusser JP, de Andrade M, Homburger HA, et al. Increased prevalence of antimitochondrial antibodies in first-degree relatives of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46(3):785-92. doi: 10.1002/hep.21749. (Pubitemid 47436125)
226. Douglas JG, Finlayson ND. Are increased individual susceptibility and environmental factors both necessary for the development of primary biliary cirrhosis? BMJ. 1979;2(6187):419-20. (Pubitemid 9241657)
227. Fagan E, Williams R, Cox S. Primary biliary cirrhosis in mother and daughter. BMJ. 1977;2(6096):1195. (Pubitemid 8215621)
228. Tong MJ, Nies KM, Reynolds TB, Quismorio FP. Immunological studies in familial primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1976;71(2):305-7.
229. Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. Potential roles for infectious agents in the pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis: what's new? Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2012;. doi: 10.1007/s11908-012-0304-2.
230. Chuang YH, Ridgway WM, Ueno Y, Gershwin ME. Animal models of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Liver Dis. 2008;12(2):333-47. doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2008. 02.011. (Pubitemid 351626674)
231. Hirschfield GM, Invernizzi P. Progress in the genetics of primary biliary cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis. 2011;31(2):147-56. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1276644.
232. Lleo A, Invernizzi P, Mackay IR, Prince H, Zhong RQ, Gershwin ME. Etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(21):3328-37.
233. Selmi C, Zuin M, Gershwin ME. The unfinished business of primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2008;49(3):451-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.06.006.
234. Wu SJ, Yang YH, Tsuneyama K, Leung PS, Illarionov P, Gershwin ME, et al. Innate immunity and primary biliary cirrhosis: activated invariant natural killer T cells exacerbate murine autoimmune cholangitis and fibrosis. Hepatology. 2011;53(3):915-25. doi: 10.1002/hep.24113.
235. Hirschfield GM, Gershwin ME. Primary biliary cirrhosis: one disease with many faces. Isr Med Assoc J. 2011;13(1):55-9.
236. Invernizzi P. Human leukocyte antigen in primary biliary cirrhosis: an old story now reviving. Hepatology. 2011;. doi: 10.1002/hep.24414.
237. Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist K, Sundquist J. Shared familial aggregation of susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(9):2845-7. doi: 10.1002/art.24749.
238. Hirschfield GM, Liu X, Han Y, Gorlov IP, Lu Y, Xu C, et al. Variants at IRF5-TNPO3, 17q12-21 and MMEL1 are associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(8):655-7. doi: 10.1038/ng.631.
239. Hirschfield GM, Liu X, Xu C, Lu Y, Xie G, Gu X, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis associated with HLA, IL12A, and IL12RB2 variants. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(24):2544-55. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0810440.
240. Liu X, Invernizzi P, Lu Y, Kosoy R, Bianchi I, Podda M, et al. Genome-wide meta-analyses identify three loci associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet. 2010;42(8):658-60. doi: 10.1038/ng.627.
241. Mells GF, Floyd JA, Morley KI, Cordell HJ, Franklin CS, Shin SY, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies 12 new susceptibility loci for primary biliary cirrhosis. Nat Genet. 2011;43(4):329-32. doi: 10.1038/ng.789.
242. Tanaka A, Invernizzi P, Ohira H, Kikuchi K, Nezu S, Kosoy R, et al. Replicated association of 17q12-21 with susceptibility of primary biliary cirrhosis in a Japanese cohort. Tissue Antigens. 2011;78(1):65-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01684.x.
243. Tanaka A, Ohira H, Kikuchi K, Nezu S, Shibuya A, Bianchi I, et al. Genetic association of Fc receptor-like 3 polymorphisms with susceptibility to primary biliary cirrhosis: ethnic comparative study in Japanese and Italian patients. Tissue Antigens. 2011;77(3):239-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010. 01600.x.
244. Invernizzi P, Miozzo M, Battezzati PM, Bianchi I, Grati FR, Simoni G, et al. Frequency of monosomy X in women with primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet. 2004;363(9408):533-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15541-4. (Pubitemid 38229455)
245. Invernizzi P, Pasini S, Selmi C, Gershwin ME, Podda M. Female predominance and X chromosome defects in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2009;33(1):12-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.03.005.
246. Miozzo M, Selmi C, Gentilin B, Grati FR, Sirchia S, Oertelt S, et al. Preferential X chromosome loss but random inactivation characterize primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46(2):456-62. doi: 10.1002/hep.21696. (Pubitemid 47344781)
247. Bogdanos DP, Baum H, Butler P, Rigopoulou EI, Davies ET, Ma Y, et al. Association between the primary biliary cirrhosis specific anti-sp100 antibodies and recurrent urinary tract infection. Dig Liver Dis. 2003;35(11):801-5. (Pubitemid 41070511)
248. Bogdanos DP, Baum H, Grasso A, Okamoto M, Butler P, Ma Y, et al. Microbial mimics are major targets of crossreactivity with human pyruvate dehydrogenase in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2004;40(1):31-9. (Pubitemid 38064710)
249. Bogdanos DP, Pares A, Rodes J, Vergani D. Primary biliary cirrhosis specific antinuclear antibodies in patients from Spain. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(4):763-4; author reply 5. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04119.x. (Pubitemid 38607983)
250. Bogdanos DP, Baum H, Okamoto M, Montalto P, Sharma UC, Rigopoulou EI, et al. Primary biliary cirrhosis is characterized by IgG3 antibodies cross-reactive with the major mitochondrial autoepitope and its Lactobacillus mimic. Hepatology. 2005;42(2):458-65. doi: 10.1002/hep.20788. (Pubitemid 41061099)
251. Bogdanos DP, Baum H, Sharma UC, Grasso A, Ma Y, Burroughs AK, et al. Antibodies against homologous microbial caseinolytic proteases P characterise primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2002;36(1):14-21. (Pubitemid 34234011)
252. Fussey SP, Lindsay JG, Fuller C, Perham RN, Dale S, James OF, et al. Autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis: analysis of reactivity against eukaryotic and prokaryotic 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes. Hepatology. 1991;13(3):467-74.
253. Koutsoumpas A, Mytilinaiou M, Polymeros D, Dalekos GN, Bogdanos DP. Anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody responses specific for VacA do not trigger primary biliary cirrhosis-specific antimitochondrial antibodies. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21(10):1220. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32831a4807.
254. Abdulkarim AS, Petrovic LM, Kim WR, Angulo P, Lloyd RV, Lindor KD. Primary biliary cirrhosis: an infectious disease caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae? J Hepatol. 2004;40(3):380-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2003.11.033. (Pubitemid 38230836)
255. Burroughs AK, Butler P, Sternberg MJ, Baum H. Molecular mimicry in liver disease. Nature. 1992;358(6385):377-8.
256. Burroughs AK, Rosenstein IJ, Epstein O, Hamilton-Miller JM, Brumfitt W, Sherlock S. Bacteriuria and primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut. 1984;25(2):133-7. (Pubitemid 14131405)
257. Butler P, Hamilton-Miller J, Baum H, Burroughs AK. Detection of M2 antibodies in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection using an ELISA and purified PBC specific antigens. Evidence for a molecular mimicry mechanism in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis? Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1995;35(3):473-85. (Pubitemid 26177820)
258. Butler P, Hamilton-Miller JM, McIntyre N, Burroughs AK. Natural history of bacteriuria in women with primary biliary cirrhosis and the effect of antimicrobial therapy in symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Gut. 1995;36(6):931-4.
259. Butler P, Valle F, Hamilton-Miller JM, Brumfitt W, Baum H, Burroughs AK. M2 mitochondrial antibodies and urinary rough mutant bacteria in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and in patients with recurrent bacteriuria. J Hepatol. 1993;17(3):408-14. (Pubitemid 23134941)
260. Donaldson PT. Genetics of liver disease: immunogenetics and disease pathogenesis. Gut. 2004;53(4):599-608. (Pubitemid 38372988)
261. Floreani A, Bassendine MF, Mitchison H, Freeman R, James OF. No specific association between primary biliary cirrhosis and bacteriuria? J Hepatol. 1989;8(2):201-7. (Pubitemid 19074357)
262. Leung PS, Park O, Matsumura S, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME. Is there a relation between Chlamydia infection and primary biliary cirrhosis? Clin Dev Immunol. 2003;10(2-4):227-33. (Pubitemid 38089415)
263. Mason A, Xu L, Shen Z, Fodera B, Joplin R, Neuberger J et al. Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis make anti-viral and anti-mitochondrial antibodies to mouse mammary tumor virus. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(6):1863-4; author reply 4-5.
264. McNally RJ, Ducker S, James OF. Are transient environmental agents involved in the cause of primary biliary cirrhosis? Evidence from space-time clustering analysis. Hepatology. 2009;50(4):1169-74.
265. Selmi C, Balkwill DL, Invernizzi P, Ansari AA, Coppel RL, Podda M, et al. Patients with primary biliary cirrhosis react against a ubiquitous xenobiotic-metabolizing bacterium. Hepatology. 2003;38(5):1250-7. (Pubitemid 37314834)
266. Smyk D, Mytilinaiou MG, Rigopoulou EI, Bogdanos DP. PBC triggers in water reservoirs, coal mining areas and waste disposal sites: from Newcastle to New York. Dis Markers. 2010;29(6):337-44. doi: 10.3233/DMA-2010-0744.
267. Xu L, Sakalian M, Shen Z, Loss G, Neuberger J, Mason A. Cloning the human betaretrovirus proviral genome from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2004;39(1):151-6. doi: 10.1002/hep.20024. (Pubitemid 38461477)
268. Xu L, Shen Z, Guo L, Fodera B, Keogh A, Joplin R, et al. Does a betaretrovirus infection trigger primary biliary cirrhosis? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(14):8454-9. (Pubitemid 36842566)
269. Selmi C, De Santis M, Cavaciocchi F, Gershwin ME. Infectious agents and xenobiotics in the etiology of primary biliary cirrhosis. Dis Markers. 2010;29(6):287-99. doi: 10.3233/DMA-2010-0746.
270. Bogdanos D, Pusl T, Rust C, Vergani D, Beuers U. Primary biliary cirrhosis following Lactobacillus vaccination for recurrent vaginitis. J Hepatol. 2008;49(3):466-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.05.022.
271. Oldstone MB. Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease. Cell. 1987;50(6):819-20.
272. Bogdanos DP, Choudhuri K, Vergani D. Molecular mimicry and autoimmune liver disease: virtuous intentions, malign consequences. Liver. 2001;21(4):225-32. (Pubitemid 32677377)
273. Vergani D, Bogdanos DP, Baum H. Unusual suspects in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2004;39(1):38-41. doi: 10.1002/hep.20028. (Pubitemid 38461464)
274. Rigopoulou EI, Smyk DS, Matthews CE, Billinis C, Burroughs AK, Lenzi M, et al. Epstein-barr virus as a trigger of autoimmune liver diseases. Adv Virol. 2012;2012:987471. doi: 10.1155/2012/987471.
275. Vergani D, Choudhuri K, Bogdanos DP, Mieli-Vergani G. Pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis. 2002;6(3):727-37.
276. Vergani D, Longhi MS, Bogdanos DP, Ma Y, Mieli-Vergani G. Autoimmune hepatitis. Semin Immunopathol. 2009;31(3):421-35. doi: 10.1007/s00281-009-0170- 7.
277. Ahn J, Yang L, Paster BJ, Ganly I, Morris L, Pei Z, et al. Oral microbiome profiles: 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and microarray assay comparison. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(7):e22788. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022788.
278. Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2011;473(7346):174-80. doi: 10.1038/nature09944.
279. Gill SR, Pop M, Deboy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS, et al. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science. 2006;312(5778):1355-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1124234. (Pubitemid 43839542)
280. Kurokawa K, Itoh T, Kuwahara T, Oshima K, Toh H, Toyoda A, et al. Comparative metagenomics revealed commonly enriched gene sets in human gut microbiomes. DNA Res. 2007;14(4):169-81. doi: 10.1093/dnares/dsm018.
281. Marchesi JR. Human distal gut microbiome. Environ Microbiol. 2011;. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02574.x.
282. Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, et al. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature. 2010;464(7285):59-65. doi: 10.1038/nature08821.
283. Saulnier DM, Riehle K, Mistretta TA, Diaz MA, Mandal D, Raza S, et al. Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2011;. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.072.
284. Siezen RJ, Kleerebezem M. The human gut microbiome: are we our enterotypes? Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011;4(5):550-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915. 2011.00290.x.
285. Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457(7228):480-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07540.
286. Nasidze I, Li J, Schroeder R, Creasey JL, Li M, Stoneking M. High diversity of the saliva microbiome in batwa pygmies. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(8):e23352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023352.
287. Smyk DS, Bogdanos DP, Kriese S, Billinis C, Burroughs AK, Rigopoulou EI. Urinary tract infection as a risk factor for autoimmune liver disease: from bench to bedside. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2011;. doi: 10.1016/j.clinre.2011.07.013.
288. Varyani FK, West J, Card TR. An increased risk of urinary tract infection precedes development of primary biliary cirrhosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:95. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-11-95.
289. Smyk D, Rigopoulou EI, Baum H, Burroughs AK, Vergani D, Bogdanos DP. Autoimmunity and environment: am I at risk? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2011;. doi: 10.1007/s12016-011-8259-x.
290. Gordon J, Michel G. Discerning trends in multiplex immunoassay technology with potential for resource-limited settings. Clin Chem. 2012;58(4):690-8. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.176503.
291. Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG. Next revolution in the molecular theranostics of infectious diseases: microfabricated systems for personalized medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2006;6(3):433-50. doi: 10.1586/14737159.6.3.433. (Pubitemid 44174347)
292. Bissonnette L, Bergeron MG. Multiparametric technologies for the diagnosis of syndromic infections. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 2012;34(20):159-68.
293. Natesan M, Ulrich RG. Protein microarrays and biomarkers of infectious disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2010;11(12):5165-83. doi: 10.3390/ijms11125165.
294. Quintana FJ, Hagedorn PH, Elizur G, Merbl Y, Domany E, Cohen IR. Functional immunomics: microarray analysis of IgG autoantibody repertoires predicts the future response of mice to induced diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(Suppl 2):14615-21. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0404848101. (Pubitemid 39346732)
295. Larman HB, Zhao Z, Laserson U, Li MZ, Ciccia A, Gakidis MA, et al. Autoantigen discovery with a synthetic human peptidome. Nat Biotechnol. 2011;29(6):535-41. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1856.
296. Drebber U, Kasper HU, Ratering J, Wedemeyer I, Schirmacher P, Dienes HP, et al. Hepatic granulomas: histological and molecular pathological approach to differential diagnosis-a study of 442 cases. Liver Int. 2008;28(6):828-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01695.x. (Pubitemid 351818645)
297. O'Donohue J, Fidler H, Garcia-Barcelo M, Nouri-Aria K, Williams R, McFadden J. Mycobacterial DNA not detected in liver sections from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1998;28(3):433-8. (Pubitemid 28133547)
298. Tanaka A, Prindiville TP, Gish R, Solnick JV, Coppel RL, Keeffe EB, et al. Are infectious agents involved in primary biliary cirrhosis? A PCR approach. J Hepatol. 1999;31(4):664-71. (Pubitemid 29487688)
299. Vilagut L, Pares A, Rodes J, Vila J, Vinas O, Gines A, et al. Mycobacteria-related to the aetiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis? J Hepatol. 1996;24(1):125. (Pubitemid 26035988)
300. Chen EC, Miller SA, DeRisi JL, Chiu CY. Using a pan-viral microarray assay (Virochip) to screen clinical samples for viral pathogens. J Vis Exp. 2011;(50):e2536. doi: 10.3791/2536.
301. Kistler A, Avila PC, Rouskin S, Wang D, Ward T, Yagi S, et al. Pan-viral screening of respiratory tract infections in adults with and without asthma reveals unexpected human coronavirus and human rhinovirus diversity. J Infect
302. Nakamura S, Nakaya T, Iida T. Metagenomic analysis of bacterial infections by means of high-throughput DNA sequencing. Exp Biol Med. 2011;236(8):968-71. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010378.
303. Tang P, Chiu C. Metagenomics for the discovery of novel human viruses. Future Microbiol. 2010;5(2):177-89. doi: 10.2217/fmb.09.120.
304. Moore RA, Warren RL, Freeman JD, Gustavsen JA, Chenard C, Friedman JM, et al. The sensitivity of massively parallel sequencing for detecting candidate infectious agents associated with human tissue. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(5):e19838. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019838.
305. Broome U, Scheynius A, Hultcrantz R. Induced expression of heat-shock protein on biliary epithelium in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology. 1993;18(2):298-303. (Pubitemid 23225099)
306. Singhal S, Dian D, Keshavarzian A, Fogg L, Fields JZ, Farhadi A. The role of oral hygiene in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(1):170-5. doi: 10.1007/s10620-010-1263-9.
307. Ochoa-Reparaz J, Mielcarz DW, Ditrio LE, Burroughs AR, Foureau DM, Haque-Begum S, et al. Role of gut commensal microflora in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 2009;183(10):6041-50. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900747.
308. Helenius LM, Meurman JH, Helenius I, Kari K, Hietanen J, Suuronen R, et al. Oral and salivary parameters in patients with rheumatic diseases. Acta Odontol Scand. 2005;63(5):284-93. (Pubitemid 41502731)
309. Mason AL, Xu L, Guo L, Munoz S, Jaspan JB, Bryer-Ash M, et al. Detection of retroviral antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis and other idiopathic biliary disorders. Lancet. 1998;351(9116):1620-4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97) 10290-2. (Pubitemid 28252178)
310. Alvaro D, Alpini G, Onori P, Franchitto A, Glaser SS, Le Sage G, et al. Alfa and beta estrogen receptors and the biliary tree. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2002;193(1-2):105-8. (Pubitemid 34823614)
311. Cunningham M, Gilkeson G. Estrogen receptors in immunity and autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2011;40(1):66-73. doi: 10.1007/s12016-010-8203-5.
312. Duvic M, Steinberg AD, Klassen LW. Effect of the anti-estrogen, Nafoxidine, on NZB/W autoimmune disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1978;21(4):414-7. (Pubitemid 9126678)
313. Holmdahl R. Estrogen exaggerates lupus but suppresses T-cell-dependent autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun. 1989;2(5):651-6.
314. Walker SE. Estrogen and autoimmune disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2011;40(1):60-5. doi: 10.1007/s12016-010-8199-x.
315. Mizutani T, Shinoda M, Tanaka Y, Kuno T, Hattori A, Usui T, et al. Autoantibodies against CYP2D6 and other drug-metabolizing enzymes in autoimmune hepatitis type 2. Drug Metab Rev. 2005;37(1):235-52. doi: 10.1081/DMR-200028798. (Pubitemid 40250290)
316. Obermayer-Straub P, Strassburg CP, Manns MP. Autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2000;32(1 Suppl):181-97. (Pubitemid 30123634)
317. Garratty G. Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2009:73-9. doi: 10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.73.
318. Khokhar O, Gange C, Clement S, Lewis J. Autoimmune hepatitis and thyroiditis associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide prophylaxis: an unusual reaction. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50(1):207-11. (Pubitemid 40379164)
319. Takasu N, Takara M, Komiya I. Rifampin-induced hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(5):518-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200502033520524. (Pubitemid 40175988)
320. Ahrens N, Genth R, Salama A. Belated diagnosis in three patients with rifampicin-induced immune haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2002;117(2):441-3. (Pubitemid 34451163)
321. Heurgue-Berlot A, Bernard-Chabert B, Diebold MD, Thiefin G. Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis: a case of chronic course after drug withdrawal. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(8):2504-5; author reply 5. doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-1786-8.
322. Bjornsson E, Talwalkar J, Treeprasertsuk S, Kamath PS, Takahashi N, Sanderson S, et al. Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Hepatology. 2010;51(6):2040-8. doi: 10.1002/hep.23588.
323. Geddes MR, Sinnreich M, Chalk C. Minocycline-induced dermatomyositis. Muscle Nerve. 2010;41(4):547-9. doi: 10.1002/mus.21487.
324. Angulo JM, Sigal LH, Espinoza LR. Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(6):1420-1. (Pubitemid 29268108)
325. Bachmeyer C, Cadranel JF. Minocycline-induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis: family autoimmune disorders as possible risk factors. Dermatology. 2002;205(2):185-6.
326. Bhat G, Jordan J Jr, Sokalski S, Bajaj V, Marshall R, Berkelhammer C. Minocycline-induced hepatitis with autoimmune features and neutropenia. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998;27(1):74-5. (Pubitemid 28357631)
327. Chamberlain MC, Schwarzenberg SJ, Akin EU, Kurth MH. Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis with subsequent cirrhosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42(2):232-5. doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000184923.47507.ae.
328. Colmegna I, Perandones CE, Chaves JG. Minocycline induced lupus and autoimmune hepatitis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(6):1567-8.
329. Gough A, Chapman S, Wagstaff K, Emery P, Elias E. Minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus-like syndrome. BMJ. 1996;312(7024):169-72. (Pubitemid 26026289)
330. Healy J, Alexander B, Eapen C, Roberts-Thomson IC. Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Int Med J. 2009;39(7):487-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994. 2009.01971.x.
331. Della Corte C, Carlucci A, Francalanci P, Alisi A, Nobili V. Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 following anti-papillomavirus vaccination in a 11-year-old girl. Vaccine. 2011;29(29-30):4654-6. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.002.
332. Karali Z, Basaranoglu ST, Karali Y, Oral B, Kilic SS. Autoimmunity and hepatitis A vaccine in children. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21(5):389-93.
333. Stubgen JP. Neuromuscular disorders associated with Hepatitis B vaccination. J Neurol Sci. 2010;292(1-2):1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.02.016.
334. Cacoub P, Terrier B. Hepatitis B-related autoimmune manifestations. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2009;35(1):125-37. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2009.03.006.
335. Aron-Maor A, Shoenfeld Y. Vaccination and systemic lupus erythematosus: the bidirectional dilemmas. Lupus. 2001;10(3):237-40. (Pubitemid 32410085)
336. Borchers AT, Keen CL, Shoenfeld Y, Silva J Jr, Gershwin ME. Vaccines, viruses, and voodoo. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2002;12(3):155-68. (Pubitemid 35334410)
337. Chen RT, Pless R, Destefano F. Epidemiology of autoimmune reactions induced by vaccination. J Autoimmun. 2001;16(3):309-18. doi: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0491. (Pubitemid 32566120)
338. Cohen AD, Shoenfeld Y. Vaccine-induced autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 1996;9(6):699-703. doi: 10.1006/jaut.1996.0091. (Pubitemid 27047018)
339. Nadler JP. Multiple sclerosis and hepatitis B vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. 1993;17(5):928-9.
340. Ravel G, Christ M, Horand F, Descotes J. Autoimmunity, environmental exposure and vaccination: is there a link? Toxicology. 2004;196(3):211-6. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.10.005. (Pubitemid 38221495)
341. Shoenfeld Y, Aharon-Maor A, Sherer Y. Vaccination as an additional player in the mosaic of autoimmunity. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;18(2):181-4. (Pubitemid 30208260)
342. Shoenfeld Y, Aron-Maor A. Vaccination and autoimmunity-'vaccinosis': a dangerous liaison? J Autoimmun. 2000;14(1):1-10. doi: 10.1006/jaut.1999.0346. (Pubitemid 30080532)
343. Shoenfeld Y, Aron-Maor A, Tanai A, Ehrenfeld M. Bcg and autoimmunity: another two-edged sword. J Autoimmun. 2001;16(3):235-40. doi: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0494. (Pubitemid 32566112)
344. Costenbader KH, Gay S, Riquelme ME, Iaccarino L, Doria A. Genes, epigenetic regulation and environmental factors: which is the most relevant in developing autoimmune diseases? Autoimmun Rev. 2011;. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev. 2011.10.022.
345. Arnson Y, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H. Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun. 2010;34(3):J258-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.003.
346. Brusselle GG, Joos GF, Bracke KR. New insights into the immunology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet. 2011;378(9795):1015-26. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60988-4.
347. Simard JF, Costenbader KH. What can epidemiology tell us about systemic lupus erythematosus? Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(7):1170-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01434.x. (Pubitemid 46934634)
348. Costenbader KH, Karlson EW. Cigarette smoking and autoimmune disease: what can we learn from epidemiology? Lupus. 2006;15(11):737-45.
349. Rubin RL, Hermanson TM, Bedrick EJ, McDonald JD, Burchiel SW, Reed MD, et al. Effect of cigarette smoke on autoimmunity in murine and human systemic lupus erythematosus. Toxicol Sci. 2005;87(1):86-96. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi217. (Pubitemid 41222661)
350. Asherson RA, Shoenfeld Y, Jacobs P, Bosman C. An unusually complicated case of primary Sjogren's syndrome: development of transient "lupus-type" autoantibodies following silicone implant rejection. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(1):196-7. (Pubitemid 38067546)
351. Bar-Meir E, Eherenfeld M, Shoenfeld Y. Silicone gel breast implants and connective tissue disease-a comprehensive review. Autoimmunity. 2003;36(4):193-7. (Pubitemid 36966191)
352. Bar-Meir E, Teuber SS, Lin HC, Alosacie I, Goddard G, Terybery J, et al. Multiple autoantibodies in patients with silicone breast implants. J Autoimmun. 1995;8(2):267-77.
353. Vasey FB, Zarabadi SA, Seleznick M, Ricca L. Where there's smoke there's fire: the silicone breast implant controversy continues to flicker: a new disease that needs to be defined. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(10):2092-4. (Pubitemid 37221835)
354. Vermeulen RC, Scholte HR. Rupture of silicone gel breast implants and symptoms of pain and fatigue. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(10):2263-7. (Pubitemid 37221862)
355. Zandman-Goddard G, Blank M, Ehrenfeld M, Gilburd B, Peter J, Shoenfeld Y. A comparison of autoantibody production in asymptomatic and symptomatic women with silicone breast implants. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(1):73-7. (Pubitemid 29051398)
356. Hajdu SD, Agmon-Levin N, Shoenfeld Y. Silicone and autoimmunity. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41(2):203-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02389.x.
357. Alotaibi S, Kennedy J, Tellier R, Stephens D, Banwell B. Epstein-Barr virus in pediatric multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2004;291(15):1875-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.15.1875. (Pubitemid 38509501)
358. DeLorenze GN, Munger KL, Lennette ET, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Ascherio A. Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: evidence of association from a prospective study with long-term follow-up. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(6):839-44. doi: 10.1001/archneur.63.6.noc50328. (Pubitemid 43882291)
359. Goodin DS. The causal cascade to multiple sclerosis: a model for MS pathogenesis. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(2):e4565. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004565.
360. Levin LI, Munger KL, O'Reilly EJ, Falk KI, Ascherio A. Primary infection with the Epstein-Barr virus and risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010;67(6):824-30. doi: 10.1002/ana.21978.
361. Levin LI, Munger KL, Rubertone MV, Peck CA, Lennette ET, Spiegelman D, et al. Temporal relationship between elevation of epstein-barr virus antibody titers and initial onset of neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2005;293(20):2496-500. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.20.2496. (Pubitemid 40705731)
362. Lindberg C, Andersen O, Vahlne A, Dalton M, Runmarker B. Epidemiological investigation of the association between infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology. 1991;10(2):62-5.
363. Lunemann JD, Edwards N, Muraro PA, Hayashi S, Cohen JI, Munz C, et al. Increased frequency and broadened specificity of latent EBV nuclear antigen-1-specific T cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2006;129(Pt 6):1493-506. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl067. (Pubitemid 43999382)
364. Lunemann JD, Huppke P, Roberts S, Bruck W, Gartner J, Munz C. Broadened and elevated humoral immune response to EBNA1 in pediatric multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2008;71(13):1033-5. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000326576.91097.87.
365. Lunemann JD, Jelcic I, Roberts S, Lutterotti A, Tackenberg B, Martin R, et al. EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFN-gamma and IL-2. J Exp Med. 2008;205(8):1763-73. doi: 10.1084/jem.20072397.
366. Operskalski EA, Visscher BR, Malmgren RM, Detels R. A case-control study of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1989;39(6):825-9.
367. Peferoen LA, Lamers F, Lodder LN, Gerritsen WH, Huitinga I, Melief J, et al. Epstein Barr virus is not a characteristic feature in the central nervous system in established multiple sclerosis. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 5):e137. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp296.
368. Sargsyan SA, Shearer AJ, Ritchie AM, Burgoon MP, Anderson S, Hemmer B, et al. Absence of Epstein-Barr virus in the brain and CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2010;74(14):1127-35. doi: 10.1212/WNL. 0b013e3181d865a1.
369. Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Franciotta D, Magliozzi R, Reynolds R, Cinque P, et al. Dysregulated Epstein-Barr virus infection in the multiple sclerosis brain. J Exp Med. 2007;204(12):2899-912. doi: 10.1084/jem.20071030. (Pubitemid 350179559)
370. Thorley-Lawson DA. Epstein-Barr virus: exploiting the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2001;1(1):75-82. doi: 10.1038/35095584. (Pubitemid 33741978)
371. Warner HB, Carp RI. Multiple sclerosis and Epstein-Barr virus. Lancet. 1981;2(8258):1290.
372. Willis SN, Stadelmann C, Rodig SJ, Caron T, Gattenloehner S, Mallozzi SS, et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection is not a characteristic feature of multiple sclerosis brain. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 12):3318-28. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp200.
373. Sriram S, Stratton CW, Yao S, Tharp A, Ding L, Bannan JD, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(1):6-14. (Pubitemid 29314377)
374. Challoner PB, Smith KT, Parker JD, MacLeod DL, Coulter SN, Rose TM, et al. Plaque-associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92(16):7440-4.
375. Dockrell DH, Smith TF, Paya CV. Human herpesvirus 6. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74(2):163-70. (Pubitemid 29085214)
376. Chmielewska-Badora J, Cisak E, Dutkiewicz J. Lyme borreliosis and multiple sclerosis: any connection? A seroepidemic study. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2000;7(2):141-3. (Pubitemid 32011473)
377. Mancuso R, Delbue S, Borghi E, Pagani E, Calvo MG, Caputo D, et al. Increased prevalence of varicella zoster virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis. J Med Virol. 2007;79(2):192-9. doi: 10.1002/jmv.20777. (Pubitemid 46048509)
378. Ordonez G, Pineda B, Garcia-Navarrete R, Sotelo J. Brief presence of varicella-zoster vral DNA in mononuclear cells during relapses of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(4):529-32. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.4.529. (Pubitemid 38923742)
379. Sotelo J, Martinez-Palomo A, Ordonez G, Pineda B. Varicella-zoster virus in cerebrospinal fluid at relapses of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2008;63(3):303-11. doi: 10.1002/ana.21316. (Pubitemid 351506349)
380. Birnbaum G, Kotilinek L, Albrecht L. Spinal fluid lymphocytes from a subgroup of multiple sclerosis patients respond to mycobacterial antigens. Ann Neurol. 1993;34(1):18-24. doi: 10.1002/ana.410340106. (Pubitemid 23188722)
381. Wroblewska Z, Gilden D, Devlin M, Huang ES, Rorke LB, Hamada T, et al. Cytomegalovirus isolation from a chimpanzee with acute demyelinating disease after inoculation of multiple sclerosis brain cells. Infect Immun. 1979;25(3):1008-15. (Pubitemid 9251909)
382. Perron H, Garson JA, Bedin F, Beseme F, Paranhos-Baccala G, Komurian-Pradel F, et al. Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus repeatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis. the collaborative research group on multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94(14):7583-8. (Pubitemid 27345359)
383. Rasmussen HB, Geny C, Deforges L, Perron H, Tourtelotte W, Heltberg A, et al. Expression of endogenous retroviruses in blood mononuclear cells and brain tissue from multiple sclerosis patients. Acta Neurol Scand Supplementum. 1997;169:38-44. (Pubitemid 27223442)
384. Murray RS, Brown B, Brian D, Cabirac GF. Detection of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclerosis brain. Ann Neurol. 1992;31(5):525-33. doi: 10.1002/ana.410310511.
385. Stewart JN, Mounir S, Talbot PJ. Human coronavirus gene expression in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Virology. 1992;191(1):502-5.
386. Ferrante P, Omodeo-Zorini E, Caldarelli-Stefano R, Mediati M, Fainardi E, Granieri E, et al. Detection of JC virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 1998;4(2):49-54. (Pubitemid 28197346)
387. Stoner GL, Agostini HT, Ryschkewitsch CF, Baumhefner RW, Tourtellotte WW. Characterization of JC virus DNA amplified from urine of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler. 1996;1(4):193-9. (Pubitemid 126701666)
388. Forghani B, Cremer NE, Johnson KP, Ginsberg AH, Likosky WH. Viral antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis and control patients: comparison between radioimmunoassay and conventional techniques. J Clin Microbiol. 1978;7(1):63-9. (Pubitemid 8270331)
389. ter Meulen V, Koprowski H, Iwasaki Y, Kackell YM, Muller D. Fusion of cultured multiple-sclerosis brain cells with indicator cells: presence of nucleocapsids and virions and isolation of parainfluenza-type virus. Lancet. 1972;2(7766):1-5.
390. Haase AT, Ventura P, Gibbs CJ Jr, Tourtellotte WW. Measles virus nucleotide sequences: detection by hybridization in situ. Science. 1981;212(4495):672-5. (Pubitemid 11066534)
391. Jacobson S, Flerlage ML, McFarland HF. Impaired measles virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses in multiple sclerosis. J Exp Med. 1985;162(3):839-50. (Pubitemid 16248193)
392. Alpérovitch A, Berr C, Cambon-Thomsen A, Puel J, Dugoujon JM, Ruidavets JB, et al. Viral antibody titers, immunogenetic markers, and their interrelations in multiple sclerosis patients and controls. Hum Immunol. 1991;31(2):94-9. doi: 10.1016/0198-8859(91)90011-W.
393. Ortega-Hernandez OD, Levin NA, Altman A, Shoenfeld Y. Infectious agents in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Dis Markers. 2010;29(6):277-86. doi: 10.3233/DMA-2010-0771.
394. Shigematsu H, Shimoda S, Nakamura M, Matsushita S, Nishimura Y, Sakamoto N, et al. Fine specificity of T cells reactive to human PDC-E2 163-176 peptide, the immunodominant autoantigen in primary biliary cirrhosis: implications for molecular mimicry and cross-recognition among mitochondrial autoantigens. Hepatology. 2000;32(5):901-9. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2000.18714.
395. Bogdanos DP, Pares A, Baum H, Caballeria L, Rigopoulou EI, Ma Y, et al. Disease-specific cross-reactivity between mimicking peptides of heat shock protein of Mycobacterium gordonae and dominant epitope of E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase is common in Spanish but not British patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Autoimmun. 2004;22(4):353-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.03. 002. (Pubitemid 38543228)
396. Vilagut L, Pares A, Vinas O, Vila J, Jimenez de Anta MT, Rodes J. Antibodies to mycobacterial 65-kD heat shock protein cross-react with the main mitochondrial antigens in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Invest. 1997;27(8):667-72. (Pubitemid 27368297)
397. Vilagut L, Vila J, Vinas O, Pares A, Gines A, Jimenez de Anta MT, et al. Cross-reactivity of anti-Mycobacterium gordonae antibodies with the major mitochondrial autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 1994;21(4):673-7. (Pubitemid 24324046)
398. Xu L, Shen Z, Guo L, Fodera B, Keogh A, Joplin R, et al. Does a betaretrovirus infection trigger primary biliary cirrhosis? Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(14):8454-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1433063100. (Pubitemid 36842566)
399. Zhang G, Chen M, Graham D, Subsin B, McDougall C, Gilady S, et al. Mouse mammary tumor virus in anti-mitochondrial antibody producing mouse models. J Hepatol. 2011;55(4):876-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.01.037.