Epidemiology of environmental exposures and human autoimmune diseases: Findings from a National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Expert Panel Workshop

Journal of Autoimmunity

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 259-271

  Miller, Frederick W ^a   Alfredsson, Lars ^b   Costenbader, Karen H ^c   Kamen, Diane L ^d   Nelson, Lorene M ^e   Norris, Jill M ^f   De Roos, Anneclaire J ^g  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^e STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f Global Health and Health Disparities   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Autoimmune disease; Biologic agents; Chemical agents; Environmental risk factors; Physical factors; Research priorities

Indexed keywords

ASBESTOS; COSMETIC; HAIR DYE; METAL; PESTICIDE; SILICON DIOXIDE;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; DIET; DISEASE COURSE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; FOOD CONTAMINATION; FOOD INTAKE; GENOTYPE; HEALTH SCIENCE; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; INFECTION; IONIZING RADIATION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; ORGANIC POLLUTION; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY; SMOKING; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CONGRESSES AS TOPIC; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, IMMUNOLOGIC; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; EUROPE; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; SILICON DIOXIDE; SMOKING; SOLVENTS; ULTRAVIOLET RAYS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84869864800     PISSN: 08968411     EISSN: 10959157     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.05.002     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Hill A.B. The environment and disease: association or causation?. Proc R Soc Med 1965, 58:295-300.
2. Bramwell B. Diffuse scleroderma: its frequency and occurrence in stonemasons; its treatment by fibrinolysin: elevations of temperature due to fibrinolysin injections. Edinburg Med J 1914, 12:387.
3. Khuder S.A., Peshimam A.Z., Agraharam S. Environmental risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis. Rev Environ Health 2002 Oct, 17(4):307-315.
4. Stolt P., Kallberg H., Lundberg I., Sjogren B., Klareskog L., Alfredsson L. Silica exposure is associated with increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study. Ann Rheum Dis 2005 Apr, 64(4):582-586.
5. Stolt P., Yahya A., Bengtsson C., Kallberg H., Ronnelid J., Lundberg I., et al. Silica exposure among male current smokers is associated with a high risk of developing ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010 Jun, 69(6):1072-1076.
6. McCormic Z.D., Khuder S.S., Aryal B.K., Ames A.L., Khuder S.A. Occupational silica exposure as a risk factor for scleroderma: a meta-analysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2010 Oct, 83(7):763-769.
7. Parks C.G., Cooper G.S., Nylander-French L.A., Sanderson W.T., Dement J.M., Cohen P.L., et al. Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based, case-control study in the Southeastern United States. Arthritis Rheum 2002 Jul, 46(7):1840-1850.
8. Finckh A., Cooper G.S., Chibnik L.B., Costenbader K.H., Watts J., Pankey H., et al. Occupational silica and solvent exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in urban women. Arthritis Rheum 2006 Nov, 54(11):3648-3654.
9. Cooper G.S., Wither J., Bernatsky S., Claudio J.O., Clarke A., Rioux J.D., et al. Occupational and environmental exposures and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: silica, sunlight, solvents. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010 Nov, 49(11):2172-2180.
10. Hogan S.L., Satterly K.K., Dooley M.A., Nachman P.H., Jennette J.C., Falk R.J. Silica exposure in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis and lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001 Jan, 12(1):134-142.
11. Stratta P., Messuerotti A., Canavese C., Coen M., Luccoli L., Bussolati B., et al. The role of metals in autoimmune vasculitis: epidemiological and pathogenic study. Sci Total Environ 2001 Apr 10, 270(1-3):179-190.
12. Lane S.E., Watts R.A., Bentham G., Innes N.J., Scott D.G. Are environmental factors important in primary systemic vasculitis? A case-control study. Arthritis Rheum 2003 Mar, 48(3):814-823.
13. Rihova Z., Maixnerova D., Jancova E., Pelclova D., Bartunkova J., Fenclova Z., et al. Silica and asbestos exposure in ANCA-associated vasculitis with pulmonary involvement. Ren Fail 2005, 27(5):605-608.
14. Hogan S.L., Cooper G.S., Savitz D.A., Nylander-French L.A., Parks C.G., Chin H., et al. Association of silica exposure with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody small-vessel vasculitis: a population-based, case-control study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 Mar, 2(2):290-299.
15. Knight A., Sandin S., Askling J. Occupational risk factors for Wegener's granulomatosis: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010 Apr, 69(4):737-740.
16. White F.M., Swift J., Becklake M.R. Rheumatic complaints and pulmonary response to chrysotile dust inhalation in the mines and mills of Quebec. Can Med Assoc J 1974 Sep 21, 111(6):533-535.
17. Noonan C.W., Pfau J.C., Larson T.C., Spence M.R. Nested case-control study of autoimmune disease in an asbestos-exposed population. Environ Health Perspect 2006 Aug, 114(8):1243-1247.
18. Olsson A.R., Skogh T., Axelson O., Wingren G. Occupations and exposures in the work environment as determinants for rheumatoid arthritis. Occup Environ Med 2004 Mar, 61(3):233-238.
19. Pelclova D., Bartunkova J., Fenclova Z., Lebedova J., Hladikova M., Benakova H. Asbestos exposure and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity. Arch Environ Health 2003 Oct, 58(10):662-668.
20. Pfau J.C., Sentissi J.J., Weller G., Putnam E.A. Assessment of autoimmune responses associated with asbestos exposure in Libby, Montana. USA Environ Health Perspect 2005 Jan, 113(1):25-30.
21. Aminzadeh K.K., Etminan M. Dental amalgam and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Public Health Dent 2007, 67(1):64-66.
22. Bates M.N., Fawcett J., Garrett N., Cutress T., Kjellstrom T. Health effects of dental amalgam exposure: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2004 Aug, 33(4):894-902.
23. Casetta I., Invernizzi M., Granieri E. Multiple sclerosis and dental amalgam: case-control study in Ferrara, Italy. Neuroepi 2001 May, 20(2):134-137.
24. Gardner R.M., Nyland J.F., Silva I.A., Ventura A.M., de Souza J.M., Silbergeld E.K. Mercury exposure, serum antinuclear/antinucleolar antibodies, and serum cytokine levels in mining populations in Amazonian Brazil: a cross-sectional study. Environ Res 2010 May, 110(4):345-354.
25. Gold L.S., Ward M.H., Dosemeci M., De Roos A.J. Systemic autoimmune disease mortality and occupational exposures. Arthritis Rheum 2007 Oct, 56(10):3189-3201.
26. Lundberg I., Alfredsson L., Plato N., Sverdrup B., Klareskog L., Kleinau S. Occupation, occupational exposure to chemicals and rheumatological disease. A register based cohort study. Scand J Rheumatol 1994, 23(6):305-310.
27. Olsson A.R., Skogh T., Wingren G. Occupational determinants for rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Work Environ Health 2000 Jun, 26(3):243-249.
28. De Roos A.J., Cooper G.S., Alavanja M.C., Sandler D.P. Rheumatoid arthritis among women in the agricultural health study: risk associated with farming activities and exposures. Ann Epidemiol 2005 Nov, 15(10):762-770.
29. Cooper G.S., Parks C.G., Treadwell E.L., St Clair E.W., Gilkeson G.S., Dooley M.A. Occupational risk factors for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2004 Oct, 31(10):1928-1933.
30. Parks C.G., Walitt B.T., Pettinger M., Chen J.C., De Roos A.J., Hunt J., et al. Insecticide use and risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011 Feb, 63(2):184-194.
31. Robinson C.F., Petersen M., Palu S. Mortality patterns among electrical workers employed in the U.S. construction industry, 1982-1987. Am J Ind Med 1999 Dec, 36(6):630-637.
32. Tsai P.C., Ko Y.C., Huang W., Liu H.S., Guo Y.L. Increased liver and lupus mortalities in 24-year follow-up of the Taiwanese people highly exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Sci Total Environ 2007 Mar 15, 374(2-3):216-222.
33. Lee D.H., Steffes M., Jacobs D.R. Positive associations of serum concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls or organochlorine pesticides with self-reported arthritis, especially rheumatoid type, in women. Environ Health Perspect 2007 Jun, 115(6):883-888.
34. Langer P., Tajtakova M., Kocan A., Petrik J., Koska J., Ksinantova L., et al. Thyroid ultrasound volume, structure and function after long-term high exposure of large population to polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides and dioxin. Chemosphere 2007 Aug, 69(1):118-127.
35. Schell L.M., Gallo M.V., Ravenscroft J., DeCaprio A.P. Persistent organic pollutants and anti-thyroid peroxidase levels in Akwesasne Mohawk young adults. Environ Res 2009 Jan, 109(1):86-92.
36. Kettaneh A., Al M.O., Tiev K.P., Chayet C., Toledano C., Fabre B., et al. Occupational exposure to solvents and gender-related risk of systemic sclerosis: a metaanalysis of case-control studies. J Rheumatol 2007 Jan, 34(1):97-103.
37. Diot E., Lesire V., Guilmot J.L., Metzger M.D., Pilore R., Rogier S., et al. Systemic sclerosis and occupational risk factors: a case-control study. Occup Environ Med 2002 Aug, 59(8):545-549.
38. Nietert P.J., Sutherland S.E., Silver R.M., Pandey J.P., Dosemeci M. Solvent oriented hobbies and the risk of systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1999 Nov, 26(11):2369-2372.
39. Garabrant D.H., Lacey J.V., Laing T.J., Gillespie B.W., Mayes M.D., Cooper B.C., et al. Scleroderma and solvent exposure among women. Am J Epidemiol 2003 Mar 15, 157(6):493-500.
40. Cooper G.S., Makris S.L., Nietert P.J., Jinot J. Evidence of autoimmune-related effects of trichloroethylene exposure from studies in mice and humans. Environ Health Perspect 2009 May, 117(5):696-702.
41. Riise T., Moen B.E., Kyvik K.R. Organic solvents and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Epidemiology 2002 Nov, 13(6):718-720.
42. Landtblom A.M., Flodin U., Soderfeldt B., Wolfson C., Axelson O. Organic solvents and multiple sclerosis: a synthesis of the current evidence. Epidemiology 1996 Jul, 7(4):429-433.
43. Bovenzi M., Barbone F., Pisa F.E., Betta A., Romeo L., Tonello A., et al. A case-control study of occupational exposures and systemic sclerosis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004 Jan, 77(1):10-16.
44. Maitre A., Hours M., Bonneterre V., Arnaud J., Arslan M.T., Carpentier P., et al. Systemic sclerosis and occupational risk factors: role of solvents and cleaning products. J Rheumatol 2004 Dec, 31(12):2395-2401.
45. Jaakkola J.J., Knight T.L. The role of exposure to phthalates from polyvinyl chloride products in the development of asthma and allergies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2008 Jul, 116(7):845-853.
46. Kallberg H., Padyukov L., Plenge R.M., Ronnelid J., Gregersen P.K., van der Helm-van Mil A.H., et al. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions involving HLA-DRB1, PTPN22, and smoking in two subsets of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet 2007 May, 80(5):867-875.
47. Bang S.Y., Lee K.H., Cho S.K., Lee H.S., Lee K.W., Bae S.C. Smoking increases rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility in individuals carrying the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope, regardless of rheumatoid factor or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody status. Arthritis Rheum 2010 Feb, 62(2):369-377.
48. Karlson E.W., Costenbader K.H. Epidemiology: Interpreting studies of interactions between RA risk factors. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010 Feb, 6(2):72-73.
49. Costenbader K.H., Feskanich D., Mandl L.A., Karlson E.W. Smoking intensity, duration, and cessation, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women. Am J Med 2006 Jun, 119(6):503-509.
50. Baka Z., Buzas E., Nagy G. Rheumatoid arthritis and smoking: putting the pieces together. Arthritis Res Ther 2009, 11(4):238.
51. Harel-Meir M., Sherer Y., Shoenfeld Y. Tobacco smoking and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2007 Dec, 3(12):707-715.
52. Carlens C., Hergens M.P., Grunewald J., Ekbom A., Eklund A., Hoglund C.O., et al. Smoking, use of moist snuff, and risk of chronic inflammatory diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 Jun 1, 181(11):1217-1222.
53. Ascherio A., Munger K.L. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part II: noninfectious factors. Ann Neurol 2007 Jun, 61(6):504-513.
54. Costenbader K.H., Kim D.J., Peerzada J., Lockman S., Nobles-Knight D., Petri M., et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2004 Mar, 50(3):849-857.
55. Vestergaard P. Smoking and thyroid disorders-a meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2002 Feb, 146(2):153-161.
56. Calkins B.M. A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 1989 Dec, 34(12):1841-1854.
57. Mahid S.S., Minor K.S., Soto R.E., Hornung C.A., Galandiuk S. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2006 Nov, 81(11):1462-1471.
58. Sanchez-Guerrero J., Karlson E.W., Colditz G.A., Hunter D.J., Speizer F.E., Liang M.H. Hair dye use and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1996 Apr, 39(4):657-662.
59. Prince M.I., Ducker S.J., James O.F. Case-control studies of risk factors for primary biliary cirrhosis in two United Kingdom populations. Gut 2010 Apr, 59(4):508-512.
60. Gershwin M.E., Selmi C., Worman H.J., Gold E.B., Watnik M., Utts J., et al. Risk factors and comorbidities in primary biliary cirrhosis: a controlled interview-based study of 1032 patients. Hepatology 2005 Nov, 42(5):1194-1202.
61. Hancock S.L., Cox R.S., McDougall I.R. Thyroid diseases after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. N Engl J Med 1991 Aug 29, 325(9):599-605.
62. Jereczek-Fossa B.A., Alterio D., Jassem J., Gibelli B., Tradati N., Orecchia R. Radiotherapy-induced thyroid disorders. Cancer Treat Rev 2004 Jun, 30(4):369-384.
63. Meller J., Siefker U., Hamann A., Hufner M. Incidence of radioiodine induced Graves' disease in patients with multinodular toxic goiter. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006 May, 114(5):235-239.
64. Lyon J.L., Alder S.C., Stone M.B., Scholl A., Reading J.C., Holubkov R., et al. Thyroid disease associated with exposure to the Nevada nuclear weapons test site radiation: a reevaluation based on corrected dosimetry and examination data. Epidemiology 2006 Nov, 17(6):604-614.
65. Lloyd R.D., Tripp D.A., Kerber R.A. Limits of fetal thyroid risk from radioiodine exposure. Health Phys 1996 Apr, 70(4):559-562.
66. Davis S., Kopecky K.J., Hamilton T.E., Onstad L. Thyroid neoplasia, autoimmune thyroiditis, and hypothyroidism in persons exposed to iodine 131 from the hanford nuclear site. JAMA 2004 Dec 1, 292(21):2600-2613.
67. Kasatkina E.P., Shilin D.E., Rosenbloom A.L., Pykov M.I., Ibragimova G.V., Sokolovskaya V.N., et al. Effects of low level radiation from the Chernobyl accident in a population with iodine deficiency. Eur J Pediatr 1997 Dec, 156(12):916-920.
68. Tronko M.D., Brenner A.V., Olijnyk V.A., Robbins J., Epstein O.V., McConnell R.J., et al. Autoimmune thyroiditis and exposure to iodine 131 in the Ukrainian cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases after the Chornobyl accident: results from the first screening cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 200 Nov 1998-2000, 91(11):4344-4351.
69. Axelson O., Landtblom A.M., Flodin U. Multiple sclerosis and ionizing radiation. Neuroepi 2001 Aug, 20(3):175-178.
70. Milo R., Kahana E. Multiple sclerosis: geoepidemiology, genetics and the environment. Autoimmun Rev 2010 Mar, 9(5):A387-A394.
71. Beretich B.D., Beretich T.M. Explaining multiple sclerosis prevalence by ultraviolet exposure: a geospatial analysis. Mult Scler 2009 Aug, 15(8):891-898.
72. van der Mei I.A., Ponsonby A.L., Dwyer T., Blizzard L., Simmons R., Taylor B.V., et al. Past exposure to sun, skin phenotype, and risk of multiple sclerosis: case-control study. BMJ 2003 Aug 9, 327(7410):316.
73. Norman J.E., Kurtzke J.F., Beebe G.W. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in U.S. veterans: 2. Latitude, climate and the risk of multiple sclerosis. J Chronic Dis 1983, 36(8):551-559.
74. Sloka J.S., Pryse-Phillips W.E., Stefanelli M. The relation of ultraviolet radiation and multiple sclerosis in Newfoundland. Can J Neurol Sci 2008 Mar, 35(1):69-74.
75. Kampman M.T., Wilsgaard T., Mellgren S.I. Outdoor activities and diet in childhood and adolescence relate to MS risk above the Arctic Circle. J Neurol 2007 Apr, 254(4):471-477.
76. Mohr S.B., Garland C.F., Gorham E.D., Garland F.C. The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide. Diabetologia 2008 Aug, 51(8):1391-1398.
77. Sloka S., Grant M., Newhook L.A. The geospatial relation between UV solar radiation and type 1 diabetes in Newfoundland. Acta Diabetol 2010 Mar, 47(1):73-78.
78. Vieira V.M., Hart J.E., Webster T.F., Weinberg J., Puett R., Laden F., et al. Association between residences in U.S. northern latitudes and rheumatoid arthritis: a spatial analysis of the Nurses' Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 2010 Jul, 118(7):957-961.
79. Gatenby P.A., Lucas R.M., Engelsen O., Ponsonby A.L., Clements M. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides: could geographic patterns be explained by ambient ultraviolet radiation?. Arthritis Rheum 2009 Oct 15, 61(10):1417-1424.
80. Ponsonby A.L., Pezic A., Ellis J., Morley R., Cameron F., Carlin J., et al. Variation in associations between allelic variants of the vitamin D receptor gene and onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus by ambient winter ultraviolet radiation levels: a meta-regression analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2008 Aug 15, 168(4):358-365.
81. Bengtsson A.A., Rylander L., Hagmar L., Nived O., Sturfelt G. Risk factors for developing systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study in southern Sweden. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002 May, 41(5):563-571.
82. Rider L.G., Miller F.W. Deciphering the clinical presentations, pathogenesis, and treatment of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. JAMA 2011 Jan 12, 305(2):183-190.
83. Okada S., Weatherhead E., Targoff I.N., Wesley R., Miller F.W. Global surface ultraviolet radiation intensity may modulate the clinical and immunologic expression of autoimmune muscle disease. Arthritis Rheum 2003 Aug, 48(8):2285-2293.
84. Love L.A., Weinberg C.R., McConnaughey D.R., Oddis C.V., Medsger T.A., Reveille J.D., et al. Ultraviolet radiation intensity predicts the relative distribution of dermatomyositis and anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies in women. Arthritis Rheum 2009 Aug, 60(8):2499-2504.
85. Ascherio A., Munger K.L. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: epidemiological evidence. Clin Exp Immunol 2010 Apr, 160(1):120-124.
86. Goodin D.S. The causal cascade to multiple sclerosis: a model for MS pathogenesis. PLoS One 2009, 4(2):e4565.
87. Sundstrom P., Nystrom L., Jidell E., Hallmans G. EBNA-1 reactivity and HLA DRB1*1501 as statistically independent risk factors for multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Mult Scler 2008 Sep, 14(8):1120-1122.
88. Levin L.I., Munger K.L., Rubertone M.V., Peck C.A., Lennette E.T., Spiegelman D., et al. Temporal relationship between elevation of Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers and initial onset of neurological symptoms in multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2005 May 25, 293(20):2496-2500.
89. Levin L.I., Munger K.L., O'Reilly E.J., Falk K.I., Ascherio A. Primary infection with the Epstein-Barr virus and risk of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2010 Jun, 67(6):824-830.
90. Yu S.F., Wu H.C., Tsai W.C., Yen J.H., Chiang W., Yuo C.Y., et al. Detecting Epstein-Barr virus DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Taiwan. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 2005 May, 194(3):115-120.
91. James J.A., Harley J.B., Scofield R.H. Role of viruses in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001 Sep, 13(5):370-376.
92. James J.A., Neas B.R., Moser K.L., Hall T., Bruner G.R., Sestak A.L., et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in adults is associated with previous Epstein-Barr virus exposure. Arthritis Rheum 2001 May, 44(5):1122-1126.
93. Anzilotti C., Merlini G., Pratesi F., Tommasi C., Chimenti D., Migliorini P. Antibodies to viral citrullinated peptide in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2006 Apr, 33(4):647-651.
94. Caliskan R., Masatlioglu S., Aslan M., Altun S., Saribas S., Ergin S., et al. The relationship between arthritis and human parvovirus B19 infection. Rheumatol Int 2005 Nov, 26(1):7-11.
95. Lonnrot M., Korpela K., Knip M., Ilonen J., Simell O., Korhonen S., et al. Enterovirus infection as a risk factor for beta-cell autoimmunity in a prospectively observed birth cohort: the Finnish Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. Diabetes 2000 Aug, 49(8):1314-1318.
96. Lonnrot M., Salminen K., Knip M., Savola K., Kulmala P., Leinikki P., et al. Enterovirus RNA in serum is a risk factor for beta-cell autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes: a prospective study. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. J Med Virol 2000 Jun, 61(2):214-220.
97. Stene L.C., Oikarinen S., Hyoty H., Barriga K.J., Norris J.M., Klingensmith G., et al. Enterovirus infection and progression from islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes and Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Diabetes 2010 Dec, 59(12):3174-3180.
98. Oikarinen S., Martiskainen M., Tauriainen S., Huhtala H., Ilonen J., Veijola R., et al. Enterovirus RNA in blood is linked to the development of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2011 Jan, 60(1):276-279.
99. Kagnoff M.F. Coeliac disease: genetic, immunological and environmental factors in disease pathogenesis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1985, 114:45-54.
100. Guandialini S. Celiac disease. Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2004, 435-450. Taylor & Francis, London. S. Guandalini (Ed.).
101. Posada dlP., Philen R.M., Borda A.I. Toxic oil syndrome: the perspective after 20 years. Epidemiol Rev 2001, 23(2):231-247.
102. Kamb M.L., Murphy J.J., Jones J.L., Caston J.C., Nederlof K., Horney L.F., et al. Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome in L-tryptophan-exposed patients. JAMA 1992, 267:77-82.
103. Norris J.M., Scott F.W. A meta-analysis of infant diet and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: do biases play a role?. Epidemiology 1996 Jan, 7(1):87-92.
104. Akobeng A.K., Ramanan A.V., Buchan I., Heller R.F. Effect of breast feeding on risk of ceoliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Arch Dis Child 2006, 91:39-43.
105. Norris J.M., Barriga K., Klingensmith G., Hoffman M., Eisenbarth G.S., Erlich H.A., et al. Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity. JAMA 2003 Oct 1, 290(13):1713-1720.
106. Norris J.M., Barriga K., Hoffenberg E.J., Taki I., Miao D., Haas J.E., et al. Risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and timing of gluten introduction in the diet of infants at increased risk of disease. JAMA 2005 May 18, 293(19):2343-2351.
107. Ziegler A.G., Schmid S., Huber D., Hummel M., Bonifacio E. Early infant feeding and risk of developing type 1 diabetes-associated autoantibodies. JAMA 2003 Oct 1, 290(13):1721-1728.
108. Virtanen S.M., Kenward M.G., Erkkola M., Kautiainen S., Kronberg-Kippila C., Hakulinen T., et al. Age at introduction of new foods and advanced beta cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2006 Jul, 49(7):1512-1521.
109. Knip M., Virtanen S.M., Seppa K., Ilonen J., Savilahti E., Vaarala O., et al. Dietary intervention in infancy and later signs of beta-cell autoimmunity. N Engl J Med 2010 Nov 11, 363(20):1900-1908.
110. Munger K.L., Zhang S.M., O'Reilly E., Hernan M.A., Olek M.J., Willett W.C., et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004 Jan 13, 62(1):60-65.
111. Munger K.L., Levin L.I., Hollis B.W., Howard N.S., Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2006 Dec 20, 296(23):2832-2838.
112. Cerhan J.R., Saag K.G., Merlino L.A., Mikuls T.R., Criswell L.A. Antioxidant micronutrients and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of older women. Am J Epidemiol 2003 Feb 15, 157(4):345-354.
113. Costenbader K.H., Kang J.H., Karlson E.W. Antioxidant intake and risks of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in women. Am J Epidemiol 2010 Jul 15, 172(2):205-216.
114. Amre D.K., D'Souza S., Morgan K., Seidman G., Lambrette P., Grimard G., et al. Imbalances in dietary consumption of fatty acids, vegetables, and fruits are associated with risk for Crohn's disease in children. Am J Gastroenterol 2007 Sep, 102(9):2016-2025.
115. Russel M.G., Engels L.G., Muris J.W., Limonard C.B., Volovics A., Brummer R.J., et al. Modern life' in the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study with special emphasis on nutritional factors. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998 Mar, 10(3):243-249.
116. Halfvarson J., Jess T., Magnuson A., Montgomery S.M., Orholm M., Tysk C., et al. Environmental factors in inflammatory bowel disease: a co-twin control study of a Swedish-Danish twin population. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006 Oct, 12(10):925-933.
117. Sakamoto N., Kono S., Wakai K., Fukuda Y., Satomi M., Shimoyama T., et al. Dietary risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter case-control study in Japan. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005 Feb, 11(2):154-163.
118. Geerling B.J., Dagnelie P.C., Badart-Smook A., Russel M.G., Stockbrugger R.W., Brummer R.J. Diet as a risk factor for the development of ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 Apr, 95(4):1008-1013.
119. Virtanen S.M., Laara E., Hypponen E., Reijonen H., Rasanen L., Aro A., et al. Cow's milk consumption, HLA-DQB1 genotype, and type 1 diabetes: a nested case-control study of siblings of children with diabetes. Childhood diabetes in Finland study group. Diabetes 2000 Jun, 49(6):912-917.
120. Verge C.F., Howard N.J., Irwig L., Simpson J.M., Mackerras D., Silink M. Environmental factors in childhood IDDM. A population-based, case-control study. Diabetes Care 1994 Dec, 17(12):1381-1389.
121. Kallberg H., Jacobsen S., Bengtsson C., Pedersen M., Padyukov L., Garred P., et al. Alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from two Scandinavian case-control studies. Ann Rheum Dis 2009 Feb, 68(2):222-227.
122. Pedersen M., Jacobsen S., Klarlund M., Pedersen B.V., Wiik A., Wohlfahrt J., et al. Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther 2006, 8(4):R133.
123. Maxwell J.R., Gowers I.R., Moore D.J., Wilson A.G. Alcohol consumption is inversely associated with risk and severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010 Nov, 49(11):2140-2146.
124. Heliovaara M., Aho K., Knekt P., Impivaara O., Reunanen A., Aromaa A. Coffee consumption, rheumatoid factor, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2000 Aug, 59(8):631-635.
125. Mikuls T.R., Cerhan J.R., Criswell L.A., Merlino L., Mudano A.S., Burma M., et al. Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study. Arthritis Rheum 2002 Jan, 46(1):83-91.
126. Karlson E.W., Mandl L.A., Aweh G.N., Grodstein F. Coffee consumption and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003 Nov, 48(11):3055-3060.
127. Pereyo N. Tartrazine, the complement system, and photosensitivity. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987 Jul, 17(1):143.
128. Nicklin S., Miller K. Induction of a transient reaginic antibody to tartrazine in an animal model. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1985, 76(2):185-187.
129. Whittam J., Jensen C., Hudson T. Alfalfa, vitamin E, and autoimmune disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 1995 Nov, 62(5):1025-1026.
130. Farnsworth N.R. Alfalfa pills and autoimmune diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 1995 Nov, 62(5):1026-1028.
131. Herbert V., Kasdan T.S. Alfalfa, vitamin E, and autoimmune disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 1994 Oct, 60(4):639-640.
132. Dahlquist G.G., Blom L.G., Persson L.A., Sandstrom A.I., Wall S.G. Dietary factors and the risk of developing insulin dependent diabetes in childhood. BMJ 1990 May 19, 300(6735):1302-1306.
133. Virtanen S.M., Jaakkola L., Rasanen L., Ylonen K., Aro A., Lounamaa R., et al. Nitrate and nitrite intake and the risk for type 1 diabetes in Finnish children. Childhood diabetes in Finland study group. Diabet Med 1994 Aug, 11(7):656-662.
134. Gourley M., Miller F.W. Mechanisms of disease: environmental factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatic disease. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2007 Mar, 3(3):172-180.
135. Jostins L., Barrett J.C. Genetic risk prediction in complex disease. Hum Mol Genet 2011 Oct 15, 20(R2):R182-R188.
136. Miller F.W. Environmental agents and autoimmune diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011, 711:61-81.
137. Makol A., Reilly M.J., Rosenman K.D. Prevalence of connective tissue disease in silicosis (1985-2006)-a report from the state of Michigan surveillance system for silicosis. Am J Ind Med 2011 Apr, 54(4):255-262.
138. Conrad K., Mehlhorn J., Luthke K., Dorner T., Frank K.H. Systemic lupus erythematosus after heavy exposure to quartz dust in uranium mines: clinical and serological characteristics. Lupus 1996 Feb, 5(1):62-69.
139. Brown L.M., Gridley G., Olsen J.H., Mellemkjaer L., Linet M.S., Fraumeni J.F.Jr. Cancer risk and mortality patterns among silicotic men in Sweden and Denmark. J Occup Environ Med 1997, 39:633-638.
140. Sugiyama D., Nishimura K., Tamaki K., Tsuji G., Nakazawa T., Morinobu A., et al. Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis 2010 Jan, 69(1):70-81.
141. Klareskog L., Stolt P., Lundberg K., Kallberg H., Bengtsson C., Grunewald J., et al. A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum 2006 Jan, 54(1):38-46.
142. Klareskog L., Padyukov L., Alfredsson L. Smoking as a trigger for inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007 Jan, 19(1):49-54.
143. Freedman D.M., Dosemeci M., Alavanja M.C. Mortality from multiple sclerosis and exposure to residential and occupational solar radiation: a case-control study based on death certificates. Occup Environ Med 2000 Jun, 57(6):418-421.
144. van der Mei I.A., Ponsonby A.L., Blizzard L., Dwyer T. Regional variation in multiple sclerosis prevalence in Australia and its association with ambient ultraviolet radiation. Neuroepi 2001 Aug, 20(3):168-174.
145. Islam T., Gauderman W.J., Cozen W., Mack T.M. Childhood sun exposure influences risk of multiple sclerosis in monozygotic twins. Neurology 2007 Jul 24, 69(4):381-388.
146. Arnson Y., Shoenfeld Y., Amital H. Effects of tobacco smoke on immunity, inflammation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J258-J265.
147. Biggioggero M., Meroni P.L. The geoepidemiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A299-A304.
148. Tobon G.J., Youinou P., Saraux A. The environment, geo-epidemiology, and autoimmune disease: rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A288-A292.
149. Tomer Y. Hepatitis C and interferon induced thyroiditis. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J322-J326.
150. Borchers A.T., Naguwa S.M., Keen C.L., Gershwin M.E. The implications of autoimmunity and pregnancy. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J287-J299.
151. Brooks W.H., Le Dantec C., Pers J.O., Youinou P., Renaudineau Y. Epigenetics and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J207-J219.
152. Chandran V., Raychaudhuri S.P. Geoepidemiology and environmental factors of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J314-J321.
153. Chang C. The immune effects of naturally occurring and synthetic nanoparticles. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J234-J246.
154. Meyer N., Misery L. Geoepidemiologic considerations of auto-immune pemphigus. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A379-A382.
155. Chen M., Kallenberg C.G. The environment, geoepidemiology and ANCA-associated vasculitides. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A293-A298.
156. Deane S., Teuber S.S., Gershwin M.E. The geoepidemiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A342-A349.
157. Ehrenfeld M. Geoepidemiology: the environment and spondyloarthropathies. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A325-A329.
158. Hemminki K., Li X., Sundquist J., Sundquist K. The epidemiology of Graves' disease: evidence of a genetic and an environmental contribution. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J307-J313.
159. Hoffmann M.H., Trembleau S., Muller S., Steiner G. Nucleic acid-associated autoantigens: pathogenic involvement and therapeutic potential. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J178-J206.
160. Invernizzi P. Geoepidemiology of autoimmune liver diseases. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J300-J306.
161. Lambert J.F., Nydegger U.E. Geoepidemiology of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A350-A354.
162. Leung P.S., Shu S.A., Kenny T.P., Wu P.Y., Tao M.H. Development and validation of gene therapies in autoimmune diseases: epidemiology to animal models. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A400-A405.
163. Lleo A., Invernizzi P., Gao B., Podda M., Gershwin M.E. Definition of human autoimmunity-autoantibodies versus autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A259-A266.
164. Borchers A.T., Naguwa S.M., Shoenfeld Y., Gershwin M.E. The geoepidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A277-A287.
165. Borchers A.T., Uibo R., Gershwin M.E. The geoepidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A355-A365.
166. Logan I., Bowlus C.L. The geoepidemiology of autoimmune intestinal diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A372-A378.
167. Selmi C., Tsuneyama K. Nutrition, geoepidemiology, and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A267-A270.
168. Shapira Y., Agmon-Levin N., Shoenfeld Y. Defining and analyzing geoepidemiology and human autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J168-J177.
169. Mackay I.R. Travels and travails of autoimmunity: a historical journey from discovery to rediscovery. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A251-A258.
170. Maverakis E., Miyamura Y., Bowen M.P., Correa G., Ono Y., Goodarzi H. Light, including ultraviolet. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J247-J257.
171. Round J.L., O'Connell R.M., Mazmanian S.K. Coordination of tolerogenic immune responses by the commensal microbiota. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J220-J225.
172. Sands J., Tuscano J.M. Geoepidemiology and autoimmune manifestations of lymphoproliferative disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A335-A341.
173. Mavragani C.P., Moutsopoulos H.M. The geoepidemiology of Sjogren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A305-A310.
174. Meyer A., Levy Y. Chapter 33: geoepidemiology of myasthenia gravis. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A383-A386.
175. Chang C., Gershwin M.E. Drugs and autoimmunity-a contemporary review and mechanistic approach. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J266-J275.
176. Chen M., Daha M.R., Kallenberg C.G. The complement system in systemic autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J276-J286.
177. Powell J.J., Faria N., Thomas-McKay E., Pele L.C. Origin and fate of dietary nanoparticles and microparticles in the gastrointestinal tract. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J226-J233.
178. Prieto S., Grau J.M. The geoepidemiology of autoimmune muscle disease. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A330-A334.
179. Ranque B., Mouthon L. Geoepidemiology of systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A311-A318.
180. Segelmark M., Hellmark T. Autoimmune kidney diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A366-A371.
181. Berkun Y., Padeh S. Environmental factors and the geoepidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A319-A324.
182. Bhat A., Naguwa S., Cheema G., Gershwin M.E. The epidemiology of transverse myelitis. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A395-A399.
183. Selmi C. The worldwide gradient of autoimmune conditions. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A247-A250.
184. Stojanovich L. Stress and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2010, 9:A271-A276.
185. Youinou P., Pers J.O., Gershwin M.E., Shoenfeld Y. Geo-epidemiology and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J163-J167.
186. Zeki A.A., Schivo M., Chan A.L., Hardin K.A., Kenyon N.J., Albertson T.E., et al. Geoepidemiology of COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Autoimmun 2010, 34:J327-J338.