메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

Gut Pharmacomicrobiomics: The tip of an iceberg of complex interactions between drugs and gut-associated microbes

Author keywords

Human microbiome project; Liver enzymes; Metabolomics; Metabonomics; Metagenome; Microbiota; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacomicrobiomics; Xenobitoics

Indexed keywords


EID: 84871538443     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17574749     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-4-16     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (129)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 84862276328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome
    • Human Microbiome Project Consortium 10.1038/nature11234 22699609
    • Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Human Microbiome Project Consortium, Nature 2012 486 207 214 10.1038/nature11234 22699609
    • (2012) Nature , vol.486 , pp. 207-214
  • 2
    • 0017341656 scopus 로고
    • Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract
    • 10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543 334036
    • Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Savage DC, Annu Rev Microbiol 1977 31 107 133 10.1146/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543 334036
    • (1977) Annu Rev Microbiol , vol.31 , pp. 107-133
    • Savage, D.C.1
  • 4
    • 84861961018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tackling the microbiome
    • 10.1126/science.1225475 22674329
    • Tackling the microbiome. Hood L, Science 2012 336 1209 10.1126/science.1225475 22674329
    • (2012) Science , vol.336 , pp. 1209
    • Hood, L.1
  • 5
    • 0016333703 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of drugs by microorganisms in the intestine
    • 4155602
    • Metabolism of drugs by microorganisms in the intestine. Goldman P, Peppercorn MA, Goldin BR, Am J Clin Nutr 1974 27 1348 1355 4155602
    • (1974) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.27 , pp. 1348-1355
    • Goldman, P.1    Peppercorn, M.A.2    Goldin, B.R.3
  • 6
    • 0014198434 scopus 로고
    • The bacterial degradation of chloramphenicol
    • 4165044
    • The bacterial degradation of chloramphenicol. Holt R, Lancet 1967 1 1259 1260 4165044
    • (1967) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 1259-1260
    • Holt, R.1
  • 7
    • 0014064170 scopus 로고
    • Role of intestinal microorganisms in determining cycasin toxicity
    • 4960684
    • Role of intestinal microorganisms in determining cycasin toxicity. Spatz M, Smith DW, McDaniel EG, Laqueur GL, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1967 124 691 697 4960684
    • (1967) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med , vol.124 , pp. 691-697
    • Spatz, M.1    Smith, D.W.2    McDaniel, E.G.3    Laqueur, G.L.4
  • 8
    • 0019442903 scopus 로고
    • Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: Reversal by antibiotic therapy
    • Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: reversal by antibiotic therapy. Lindenbaum J, Rund DG, Butler VP Jr, Tse-Eng D, Saha JR, N Engl J Med 1981 305 789 794 10.1056/NEJM198110013051403 7266632 (Pubitemid 11007233)
    • (1981) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.305 , Issue.14 , pp. 789-794
    • Lindenbaum, J.1    Rund, D.G.2    Butler, V.P.3
  • 9
    • 0024383615 scopus 로고
    • Geographic differences in digoxin inactivation, a metabolic activity of the human anaerobic gut flora
    • Geographic differences in digoxin inactivation, a metabolic activity of the human anaerobic gut flora. Mathan VI, Wiederman J, Dobkin JF, Lindenbaum J, Gut 1989 30 971 977 10.1136/gut.30.7.971 2759492 (Pubitemid 19187939)
    • (1989) Gut , vol.30 , Issue.7 , pp. 971-977
    • Mathan, V.I.1    Wiederman, J.2    Dobkin, J.F.3    Lindenbaum, J.4
  • 10
    • 17844404232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gut microorganisms, mammalian metabolism and personalized health care
    • DOI 10.1038/nrmicro1152
    • Gut microorganisms, mammalian metabolism and personalized health care. Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Wilson ID, Nat Rev Microbiol 2005 3 431 438 10.1038/nrmicro1152 15821725 (Pubitemid 40590386)
    • (2005) Nature Reviews Microbiology , vol.3 , Issue.5 , pp. 431-438
    • Nicholson, J.K.1    Holmes, E.2    Wilson, I.D.3
  • 11
    • 50849084986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gastrointestinal microbiota as a site for the biotransformation of drugs
    • 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.009 18682282
    • The gastrointestinal microbiota as a site for the biotransformation of drugs. Sousa T, Paterson R, Moore V, Carlsson A, Abrahamsson B, Basit AW, Int J Pharm 2008 363 1 25 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.07.009 18682282
    • (2008) Int J Pharm , vol.363 , pp. 1-25
    • Sousa, T.1    Paterson, R.2    Moore, V.3    Carlsson, A.4    Abrahamsson, B.5    Basit, A.W.6
  • 12
    • 84863401504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Xenobiotic metabolomics: Major impact on the metabolome
    • 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134748 21819238
    • Xenobiotic metabolomics: major impact on the metabolome. Johnson CH, Patterson AD, Idle JR, Gonzalez FJ, Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012 52 37 56 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134748 21819238
    • (2012) Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.52 , pp. 37-56
    • Johnson, C.H.1    Patterson, A.D.2    Idle, J.R.3    Gonzalez, F.J.4
  • 13
    • 0018603220 scopus 로고
    • Acetamide: A metabolite of metronidazole formed by the intestinal flora
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90407-6
    • Acetamide-a metabolite of metronidazole formed by the intestinal flora. Koch RL, Chrystal EJ, Beaulieu BB Jr, Goldman P, Biochem Pharmacol 1979 28 3611 3615 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90407-6 231450 (Pubitemid 10177020)
    • (1979) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.28 , Issue.24 , pp. 3611-3615
    • Koch, R.L.1    Chrystal, E.J.T.2    Beaulieu Jr., B.B.3    Goldman, P.4
  • 14
    • 10944226351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metagenomics: Genomic analysis of microbial communities
    • DOI 10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.091216
    • Metagenomics: genomic analysis of microbial communities. Riesenfeld CS, Schloss PD, Handelsman J, Annu Rev Genet 2004 38 525 552 10.1146/annurev.genet. 38.072902.091216 15568985 (Pubitemid 40013737)
    • (2004) Annual Review of Genetics , vol.38 , pp. 525-552
    • Riesenfeld, C.S.1    Schloss, P.D.2    Handelsman, J.3
  • 15
    • 19144366140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral metagenomics
    • DOI 10.1038/nrmicro1163
    • Viral metagenomics. Edwards RA, Rohwer F, Nat Rev Microbiol 2005 3 504 510 10.1038/nrmicro1163 15886693 (Pubitemid 40716177)
    • (2005) Nature Reviews Microbiology , vol.3 , Issue.6 , pp. 504-510
    • Edwards, R.A.1    Rohwer, F.2
  • 16
    • 84873728735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developing a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism
    • 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.07.009
    • Developing a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism. Haiser HJ, Turnbaugh PJ, Pharmacol Res 2012 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.07.009
    • (2012) Pharmacol Res
    • Haiser, H.J.1    Turnbaugh, P.J.2
  • 17
    • 78649294933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Human Microbiome Project, personalized medicine and the birth of pharmacomicrobiomics
    • The Human Microbiome Project, personalized medicine and the birth of pharmacomicrobiomics. Rizkallah MR, Saad R, Aziz RK, Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med 2010 8 182 193
    • (2010) Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med , vol.8 , pp. 182-193
    • Rizkallah, M.R.1    Saad, R.2    Aziz, R.K.3
  • 18
    • 84871563866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking pharmacogenomics in an ecosystem: Drug-microbiome interactions, pharmacomicrobiomics, and personalized medicine for the human supraorganism
    • Rethinking pharmacogenomics in an ecosystem: drug-microbiome interactions, pharmacomicrobiomics, and personalized medicine for the human supraorganism. Aziz RK, Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med 2012 10 258 261
    • (2012) Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med , vol.10 , pp. 258-261
    • Aziz, R.K.1
  • 19
    • 83455190096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PharmacoMicrobiomics or how bugs modulate drugs: An educational initiative to explore the effects of human microbiome on drugs
    • PharmacoMicrobiomics or how bugs modulate drugs: an educational initiative to explore the effects of human microbiome on drugs. Aziz RK, Saad R, Rizkallah MR, BMC Bioinforma 2011 12 10
    • (2011) BMC Bioinforma , vol.12 , pp. 110
    • Aziz, R.K.1    Saad, R.2    Rizkallah, M.R.3
  • 20
    • 70149092771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs, bugs, and personalized medicine: Pharmacometabonomics enters the ring
    • 19706501
    • Drugs, bugs, and personalized medicine: pharmacometabonomics enters the ring. Wilson ID, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009 106 14187 14188 19706501
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.106 , pp. 14187-14188
    • Wilson, I.D.1
  • 21
    • 0036891425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New technologies, human-microbe interactions, and the search for previously unrecognized pathogens
    • DOI 10.1086/344935
    • New technologies, human-microbe interactions, and the search for previously unrecognized pathogens. Relman DA, J Infect Dis 2002 186 Suppl 2 254 S258 12424706 (Pubitemid 35370490)
    • (2002) Journal of Infectious Diseases , vol.186 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Relman, D.A.1
  • 22
    • 0036885585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The host-microbe interface within the gut
    • 10.1053/bega.2002.0342 12473298
    • The host-microbe interface within the gut. Shanahan F, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002 16 915 931 10.1053/bega.2002.0342 12473298
    • (2002) Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol , vol.16 , pp. 915-931
    • Shanahan, F.1
  • 24
    • 31944450239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond diversity: Functional microbiomics of the human colon
    • DOI 10.1016/j.tim.2005.12.007, PII S0966842X05003380
    • Beyond diversity: functional microbiomics of the human colon. Egert M, de Graaf AA, Smidt H, de Vos WM, Venema K, Trends Microbiol 2006 14 86 91 10.1016/j.tim.2005.12.007 16406528 (Pubitemid 43190738)
    • (2006) Trends in Microbiology , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 86-91
    • Egert, M.1    De Graaf, A.A.2    Smidt, H.3    De Vos, W.M.4    Venema, K.5
  • 25
    • 0031886030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The business of pharmacogenomics
    • DOI 10.1038/nbt0298-209
    • The business of pharmacogenomics. Persidis A, Nat Biotechnol 1998 16 209 210 10.1038/nbt0298-209 9487533 (Pubitemid 28078513)
    • (1998) Nature Biotechnology , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 209-210
    • Persidis, A.1
  • 26
    • 0043069547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding 'global' systems biology: Metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism
    • Opinion: understanding 'global' systems biology: metabonomics and the continuum of metabolism. Nicholson JK, Wilson ID, Nat Rev Drug Discov 2003 2 668 676 10.1038/nrd1157 12904817 (Pubitemid 37361770)
    • (2003) Nature Reviews Drug Discovery , vol.2 , Issue.8 , pp. 668-676
    • Nicholson, J.K.1    Wilson, I.D.2
  • 27
    • 84869208741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-metabolome network of carbohydrate metabolism: Interactions between gut microbiota and host
    • 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.045 23085046
    • A meta-metabolome network of carbohydrate metabolism: Interactions between gut microbiota and host. Ibrahim M, Anishetty S, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012 428 2 278 284 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.045 23085046
    • (2012) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.428 , Issue.2 , pp. 278-284
    • Ibrahim, M.1    Anishetty, S.2
  • 28
    • 66649100229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of gut microbiota on intestinal and hepatic levels of phase 2 xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the rat
    • 10.1124/dmd.108.025916 19282396
    • Impact of gut microbiota on intestinal and hepatic levels of phase 2 xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the rat. Meinl W, Sczesny S, Brigelius-Flohe R, Blaut M, Glatt H, Drug Metab Dispos 2009 37 1179 1186 10.1124/dmd.108.025916 19282396
    • (2009) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.37 , pp. 1179-1186
    • Meinl, W.1    Sczesny, S.2    Brigelius-Flohe, R.3    Blaut, M.4    Glatt, H.5
  • 29
    • 0025301495 scopus 로고
    • Mutagen excretion and cytochrome P-450-dependent activity in germfree and conventional rats fed a diet containing fried meat
    • DOI 10.1016/0278-6915(90)90037-N
    • Mutagen excretion and cytochrome P-450-dependent activity in germfree and conventional rats fed a diet containing fried meat. Overvik E, Lindeskog P, Midtvedt T, Gustafsson JA, Food Chem Toxicol 1990 28 253 261 10.1016/0278-6915(90)90037-N 2358251 (Pubitemid 20184096)
    • (1990) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 253-261
    • Overvik, E.1    Lindeskog, P.2    Midtvedt, T.3    Gustafsson, J.A.4
  • 31
    • 0023680667 scopus 로고
    • Interactions of the gut microflora and the host in toxicology
    • 10.1177/019262338801600207 3055224
    • Interactions of the gut microflora and the host in toxicology. Rowland IR, Toxicol Pathol 1988 16 147 153 10.1177/019262338801600207 3055224
    • (1988) Toxicol Pathol , vol.16 , pp. 147-153
    • Rowland, I.R.1
  • 32
    • 0037401211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human colonic microflora influences the alterations of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by catechins in male F344 rats
    • DOI 10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00010-3
    • The human colonic microflora influences the alterations of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by catechins in male F344 rats. Lhoste EF, Ouriet V, Bruel S, Flinois JP, Brezillon C, Magdalou J, Cheze C, Nugon-Baudon L, Food Chem Toxicol 2003 41 695 702 10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00010-3 12659723 (Pubitemid 36349551)
    • (2003) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.41 , Issue.5 , pp. 695-702
    • Lhoste, E.F.1    Ouriet, V.2    Bruel, S.3    Flinois, J.-P.4    Brezillon, C.5    Magdalou, J.6    Cheze, C.7    Nugon-Baudon, L.8
  • 33
    • 0020530213 scopus 로고
    • Formation of catechol estrogens by intestinal bacterial demethylation of 2-methoxyestrone
    • Formation of catechol estrogens by intestinal bacterial demethylation of 2-methoxyestrone. Axelson M, Sjovall J, Biochim Biophys Acta 1983 751 162 165 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90170-4 6299367 (Pubitemid 13101013)
    • (1983) Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , vol.751 , Issue.2 , pp. 162-165
    • Axelson, M.1    Sjovall, J.2
  • 34
    • 0038653491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlorogenic acid bioavailability largely depends on its metabolism by the gut microflora in rats
    • Chlorogenic acid bioavailability largely depends on its metabolism by the gut microflora in rats. Gonthier MP, Verny MA, Besson C, Remesy C, Scalbert A, J Nutr 2003 133 1853 1859 12771329 (Pubitemid 36666525)
    • (2003) Journal of Nutrition , vol.133 , Issue.6 , pp. 1853-1859
    • Gonthier, M.-P.1    Verny, M.-A.2    Besson, C.3    Remesy, C.4    Scalbert, A.5
  • 35
    • 0035870843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Directly coupled high-performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic with chemometric studies on metabolic variation in Sprague-Dawley rats
    • DOI 10.1006/abio.2000.5034
    • Directly coupled high-performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic with chemometric studies on metabolic variation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Gavaghan CL, Nicholson JK, Connor SC, Wilson ID, Wright B, Holmes E, Anal Biochem 2001 291 245 252 10.1006/abio.2000.5034 11401298 (Pubitemid 32373159)
    • (2001) Analytical Biochemistry , vol.291 , Issue.2 , pp. 245-252
    • Gavaghan, C.L.1    Nicholson, J.K.2    Connor, S.C.3    Wilson, I.D.4    Wright, B.5    Holmes, E.6
  • 36
    • 0037401122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of isoflavones and lignans by the gut microflora: A study in germ-free and human flora associated rats
    • DOI 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00324-1
    • Metabolism of isoflavones and lignans by the gut microflora: a study in germ-free and human flora associated rats. Bowey E, Adlercreutz H, Rowland I, Food Chem Toxicol 2003 41 631 636 10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00324-1 12659715 (Pubitemid 36349543)
    • (2003) Food and Chemical Toxicology , vol.41 , Issue.5 , pp. 631-636
    • Bowey, E.1    Adlercreutz, H.2    Rowland, I.3
  • 37
    • 33645870138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interindividual differences in microbial counts and biochemical- associated variables in the feces of healthy Spanish adults
    • 10.1007/s10620-006-3200-5 16614997
    • Interindividual differences in microbial counts and biochemical- associated variables in the feces of healthy Spanish adults. Delgado S, Ruas-Madiedo P, Suarez A, Mayo B, Dig Dis Sci 2006 51 737 743 10.1007/s10620-006-3200-5 16614997
    • (2006) Dig Dis Sci , vol.51 , pp. 737-743
    • Delgado, S.1    Ruas-Madiedo, P.2    Suarez, A.3    Mayo, B.4
  • 38
    • 0034534704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baicalin, the predominant flavone glucuronide of scutellariae radix, is absorbed from the rat gastrointestinal tract as the aglycone and restored to its original form
    • DOI 10.1211/0022357001777621
    • Baicalin, the predominant flavone glucuronide of scutellariae radix, is absorbed from the rat gastrointestinal tract as the aglycone and restored to its original form. Akao T, Kawabata K, Yanagisawa E, Ishihara K, Mizuhara Y, Wakui Y, Sakashita Y, Kobashi K, J Pharm Pharmacol 2000 52 1563 1568 11197087 (Pubitemid 32058657)
    • (2000) Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , vol.52 , Issue.12 , pp. 1563-1568
    • Akao, T.1    Kawabata, K.2    Yanagisawa, E.3    Ishihara, K.4    Mizuhara, Y.5    Wakui, Y.6    Sakashita, Y.7    Kobashi, K.8
  • 39
    • 68249114506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: Role in human health
    • 10.1021/jf902107d 19580283
    • Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health. Selma MV, Espin JC, Tomas-Barberan FA, J Agric Food Chem 2009 57 6485 6501 10.1021/jf902107d 19580283
    • (2009) J Agric Food Chem , vol.57 , pp. 6485-6501
    • Selma, M.V.1    Espin, J.C.2    Tomas-Barberan, F.A.3
  • 40
    • 54949108677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PubChem: Integrated platform of small molecules and biological activities
    • PubChem: integrated platform of small molecules and biological activities. Bolton EE, Wang Y, Thiessen PA, Bryant SH, Annu Rep Comput Chem 2008 4 217 241
    • (2008) Annu Rep Comput Chem , vol.4 , pp. 217-241
    • Bolton, E.E.1    Wang, Y.2    Thiessen, P.A.3    Bryant, S.H.4
  • 41
    • 80054905060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Human Microbiome Project in 2011 and beyond
    • 10.1016/j.chom.2011.10.001 22018227
    • The Human Microbiome Project in 2011 and beyond. Proctor LM, Cell Host Microbe 2011 10 287 291 10.1016/j.chom.2011.10.001 22018227
    • (2011) Cell Host Microbe , vol.10 , pp. 287-291
    • Proctor, L.M.1
  • 43
    • 70149096873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism
    • 10.1073/pnas.0904489106 19667173
    • Pharmacometabonomic identification of a significant host-microbiome metabolic interaction affecting human drug metabolism. Clayton TA, Baker D, Lindon JC, Everett JR, Nicholson JK, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009 106 14728 14733 10.1073/pnas.0904489106 19667173
    • (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.106 , pp. 14728-14733
    • Clayton, T.A.1    Baker, D.2    Lindon, J.C.3    Everett, J.R.4    Nicholson, J.K.5
  • 44
    • 0344942468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An in vitro study on the active conversion of flucytosine to fluorouracil by microorganisms in the human intestinal microflora
    • DOI 10.1159/000069784
    • An in vitro study on the active conversion of flucytosine to fluorouracil by microorganisms in the human intestinal microflora. Vermes A, Kuijper EJ, Guchelaar HJ, Dankert J, Chemotherapy 2003 49 17 23 10.1159/000069784 12714804 (Pubitemid 36469790)
    • (2003) Chemotherapy , vol.49 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 17-23
    • Vermes, A.1    Kuijper, E.J.2    Guchelaar, H.-J.3    Dankert, J.4
  • 45
    • 84857010401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The gut microbiome and pre-systemic metabolism: Current state and evolving research
    • The gut microbiome and pre-systemic metabolism: current state and evolving research. Grundmann O, J Drug Metab Toxicol 2010 1 105
    • (2010) J Drug Metab Toxicol , vol.1 , pp. 105
    • Grundmann, O.1
  • 46
    • 77954311469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacteroides fragilis RecA protein overexpression causes resistance to metronidazole
    • 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.04.003 20435137
    • Bacteroides fragilis RecA protein overexpression causes resistance to metronidazole. Steffens LS, Nicholson S, Paul LV, Nord CE, Patrick S, Abratt VR, Res Microbiol 2010 161 346 354 10.1016/j.resmic.2010.04.003 20435137
    • (2010) Res Microbiol , vol.161 , pp. 346-354
    • Steffens, L.S.1    Nicholson, S.2    Paul, L.V.3    Nord, C.E.4    Patrick, S.5    Abratt, V.R.6
  • 47
    • 0023234065 scopus 로고
    • The reduction of sulphinpyrazone and sulindac by intestinal bacteria
    • The reduction of sulphinpyrazone and sulindac by intestinal bacteria. Strong HA, Renwick AG, George CF, Liu YF, Hill MJ, Xenobiotica 1987 17 685 696 10.3109/00498258709043976 3630204 (Pubitemid 17121204)
    • (1987) Xenobiotica , vol.17 , Issue.6 , pp. 685-696
    • Strong, H.A.1    Renwick, A.G.2    George, C.F.3
  • 49
    • 0027137849 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of 5'-ether prodrugs of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2- bromovinyl)uracil in rats
    • DOI 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90610-9
    • Metabolism of 5'-ether prodrugs of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2- bromovinyl)uracil in rats. Ashida N, Ijichi K, Watanabe Y, Machida H, Biochem Pharmacol 1993 46 2201 2207 10.1016/0006-2952(93)90610-9 8274153 (Pubitemid 24012312)
    • (1993) Biochemical Pharmacology , vol.46 , Issue.12 , pp. 2201-2207
    • Ashida, N.1    Ijichi, K.2    Watanabe, Y.3    Machida, H.4
  • 50
    • 0030985696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intestinal anaerobic bacteria hydrolyse sorivudine, producing the high blood concentration of 5-(E)-(2-bromovinyl)uracil that increases the level and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil
    • DOI 10.1097/00008571-199702000-00005
    • Intestinal anaerobic bacteria hydrolyse sorivudine, producing the high blood concentration of 5-(E)-(2-bromovinyl)uracil that increases the level and toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. Nakayama H, Kinouchi T, Kataoka K, Akimoto S, Matsuda Y, Ohnishi Y, Pharmacogenetics 1997 7 35 43 10.1097/00008571-199702000- 00005 9110360 (Pubitemid 27153317)
    • (1997) Pharmacogenetics , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 35-43
    • Nakayama, H.1    Kinouchi, T.2    Kataoka, K.3    Akimoto, S.4    Matsuda, Y.5    Ohnishi, Y.6
  • 51
  • 54
    • 68949205722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations between RNA and protein expression profiles in 23 human cell lines
    • 10.1186/1471-2164-10-365 19660143
    • Correlations between RNA and protein expression profiles in 23 human cell lines. Gry M, Rimini R, Stromberg S, Asplund A, Ponten F, Uhlen M, Nilsson P, BMC Genomics 2009 10 365 10.1186/1471-2164-10-365 19660143
    • (2009) BMC Genomics , vol.10 , pp. 365
    • Gry, M.1    Rimini, R.2    Stromberg, S.3    Asplund, A.4    Ponten, F.5    Uhlen, M.6    Nilsson, P.7
  • 55
    • 84859907317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A road map for the development of community systems (CoSy) biology
    • 22450377
    • A road map for the development of community systems (CoSy) biology. Zengler K, Palsson BO, Nat Rev Microbiol 2012 10 366 372 22450377
    • (2012) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.10 , pp. 366-372
    • Zengler, K.1    Palsson, B.O.2
  • 56
    • 84872273476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systems biology approach to studying the role of microbes in human health
    • A systems biology approach to studying the role of microbes in human health. Thiele I, Heinken A, Fleming RM, Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012
    • (2012) Curr Opin Biotechnol
    • Thiele, I.1    Heinken, A.2    Fleming, R.M.3
  • 57
    • 0031416567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First-pass effect: Significance of the intestine for absorption and metabolism
    • First-pass effect: significance of the intestine for absorption and metabolism. Doherty MM, Pang KS, Drug Chem Toxicol 1997 20 329 344 10.3109/01480549709003891 9433662 (Pubitemid 28078544)
    • (1997) Drug and Chemical Toxicology , vol.20 , Issue.4 , pp. 329-344
    • Doherty, M.M.1    Pang, K.S.2
  • 59
    • 79959503826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The International HapMap Project: The International HapMap Consortium
    • DOI 10.1038/nature02168
    • The International HapMap Project. International HapMap Consortium, Nature 2003 426 789 796 10.1038/nature02168 14685227 (Pubitemid 38056856)
    • (2003) Nature , vol.426 , Issue.6968 , pp. 789-796
  • 62
    • 42049109764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PharmGKB and the international warfarin pharmacogenetics consortium: The changing role for pharmacogenomic databases and single-drug pharmacogenetics
    • DOI 10.1002/humu.20731
    • PharmGKB and the International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium: the changing role for pharmacogenomic databases and single-drug pharmacogenetics. Owen RP, Altman RB, Klein TE, Hum Mutat 2008 29 456 460 10.1002/humu.20731 18330919 (Pubitemid 351536983)
    • (2008) Human Mutation , vol.29 , Issue.4 , pp. 456-460
    • Owen, R.P.1    Altman, R.B.2    Klein, T.E.3
  • 64
    • 70449714354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database facilitates identification and understanding of chemical-gene-disease associations: Arsenic as a case study
    • 10.1186/1755-8794-1-48 18845002
    • The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database facilitates identification and understanding of chemical-gene-disease associations: arsenic as a case study. Davis AP, Murphy CG, Rosenstein MC, Wiegers TC, Mattingly CJ, BMC Med Genomics 2008 1 48 10.1186/1755-8794-1-48 18845002
    • (2008) BMC Med Genomics , vol.1 , pp. 48
    • Davis, A.P.1    Murphy, C.G.2    Rosenstein, M.C.3    Wiegers, T.C.4    Mattingly, C.J.5
  • 65
    • 84867009591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pharmacomicrobiomics portal: A database for drug-microbiome interactions
    • 10.2174/187569212802510030
    • The pharmacomicrobiomics portal: a database for drug-microbiome interactions. Rizkallah MR SG-E, Saad R, Aziz RK, Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med 2012 10 195 203 10.2174/187569212802510030
    • (2012) Curr Pharmacogenomics Person Med , vol.10 , pp. 195-203
    • Rizkallah Mr, S.-E.1    Saad, R.2    Aziz, R.K.3
  • 66
    • 0033982936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
    • KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Kanehisa M, Goto S, Nucleic Acids Res 2000 28 27 30 10.1093/nar/28.1.27 10592173 (Pubitemid 30047706)
    • (2000) Nucleic Acids Research , vol.28 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-30
    • Kanehisa, M.1    Goto, S.2
  • 67
    • 77956696072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-throughput generation, optimization and analysis of genome-scale metabolic models
    • 10.1038/nbt.1672 20802497
    • High-throughput generation, optimization and analysis of genome-scale metabolic models. Henry CS, DeJongh M, Best AA, Frybarger PM, Linsay B, Stevens RL, Nat Biotechnol 2010 28 977 982 10.1038/nbt.1672 20802497
    • (2010) Nat Biotechnol , vol.28 , pp. 977-982
    • Henry, C.S.1    Dejongh, M.2    Best, A.A.3    Frybarger, P.M.4    Linsay, B.5    Stevens, R.L.6
  • 69
    • 33750490761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Variome Project: An international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation
    • DOI 10.2217/14622416.7.7.969
    • Human Variome Project: an international collaboration to catalogue human genetic variation. Ring HZ, Kwok PY, Cotton RG, Pharmacogenomics 2006 7 969 972 10.2217/14622416.7.7.969 17054407 (Pubitemid 44644777)
    • (2006) Pharmacogenomics , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 969-972
    • Ring, H.Z.1    Kwok, P.-Y.2    Cotton, R.G.H.3
  • 71
    • 84859165788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD) v.4: Status of genomic and metagenomic projects and their associated metadata
    • 10.1093/nar/gkr1100
    • The Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD) v.4: status of genomic and metagenomic projects and their associated metadata. Pagani I, Liolios K, Jansson J, Chen IM, Smirnova T, Nosrat B, Markowitz VM, Kyrpides NC, Nucleic Acids Res 2012 40 571 579 10.1093/nar/gkr1100
    • (2012) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.40 , pp. 571-579
    • Pagani, I.1    Liolios, K.2    Jansson, J.3    Chen, I.M.4    Smirnova, T.5    Nosrat, B.6    Markowitz, V.M.7    Kyrpides, N.C.8
  • 72
    • 84871588520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systems-level characterization of a host-microbe metabolic symbiosis in the mammalian gut
    • Systems-level characterization of a host-microbe metabolic symbiosis in the mammalian gut. Heinken A, Sahoo S, Fleming RM, Thiele I, Gut Microbes 2013 4 1 13
    • (2013) Gut Microbes , vol.4 , pp. 1-13
    • Heinken, A.1    Sahoo, S.2    Fleming, R.M.3    Thiele, I.4
  • 73
    • 34247638361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive model for the outcome of infliximab therapy in crohn's disease based on apoptotic pharmacogenetic index and clinical predictors
    • DOI 10.1002/ibd.20024
    • Predictive model for the outcome of infliximab therapy in Crohn's disease based on apoptotic pharmacogenetic index and clinical predictors. Hlavaty T, Ferrante M, Henckaerts L, Pierik M, Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S, Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007 13 372 379 10.1002/ibd.20024 17206723 (Pubitemid 46668240)
    • (2007) Inflammatory Bowel Diseases , vol.13 , Issue.4 , pp. 372-379
    • Hlavaty, T.1    Ferrante, M.2    Henckaerts, L.3    Pierik, M.4    Rutgeerts, P.5    Vermeire, S.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.